Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Oral Cancer
1.2. Polyphenols
2. Classification and Resources of Dietary Polyphenols
2.1. Phenolic Acids
2.2. Flavonoids
2.3. Resveratrol, Lignans and Ellagic Acid
3. Dietary Intake of Phenolic Compounds
4. Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds
5. Dietary Polyphenol and Oral Cancer Prevention
5.1. In Vitro Studies
5.1.1. EGCG and other Green Tea Polyphenols
Compound | Cell line(s) | Treatment dose/duration | Targets/Outcome (Reference) |
---|---|---|---|
BTEs | SCC-4 | 10–40 μg/mL, 24 h | Reducing MMP-2 and uPA [30] |
Cranberry polyphenols | KB and CAL27 | 200 µg/mL, 48 h | Inhibiting oral cancer cells [31] |
CG and other TPs | S-G, CAL27, and HSG | 25–200 µM, up to 72 h | Inducing cell death and inhibiting proliferation [29] |
DMF | SCC-9 | 0.1–100 µM, up to 48 h | Inhibiting CYP1B1/1A1 function [32] |
ECG and other TPs | HSC-2 and HGF-2 | 50–500 µM, up to 72 h | Inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis [33] |
EGCG | CAL-27 | 25–100 μM, up to 48 h | Suppressing p-EGFR and MMP-2 [34] |
EGCG | SCC-9 | 5–20 µM, up to 24 h | Reducing expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, uPA, p-FAK, Src, snail-1, and vimentin [35] |
EGCG | Tu177, Tu212, Tu686 , and 686LN | 30 µM, up to 72 h | Inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53 [36] |
EGCG | HSC3, HSC4, SCC9, SCC25 | 5–50 µM, up to 5 days | Enhancing RECK expression, inhibiting MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression [37] |
EGCG | OC2 | 5–60 µM, 24 h | Inhibiting cell invasion and migration [38] |
EGCG | OSC2, G6, S2, and S5 | 50 µM, up to 72 h | Regulating p21WAF1, p57 modulating epithelial cell differentiation, or apoptosis [39,40] |
EGCG | OECM-1 | 1–20 µM, 24 h | Inhibiting APP expression [26] |
EGCG | NS-SV-AC, NSSV, OSC-2, and OSC-4 | 12.5–50 µM, 24 h | Protecting cells from chemical or irradiation-induced damage [41] |
EGCG and curcumin | MSK Leuk1 | 50 µM, 5 days | Cell growth [27] |
EGCG, ECG, EGC, resveratrol, and quercetin | SCC-25 | 50–200 µM, up to 72 h | Cell growth [42,43] |
GTE and EGCG | CAL-27, SCC-25, and KB | 50-200 µM, up to 72 h | Inhibiting cell growth via EGFR and Notch signaling [44] |
Polyphenon-E and Polyphenon-B | CAL-27 | 25–400 µg/mL, 24 h | Inducting ROS generation and Bcl-2/Bax-mediated apoptosis [45] |
GTPs and EGCG | OSC2 | 50–200 µM, up to 72 h | Inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell growth [46,47,48] |
Methoxylated flavones | SCC-9 | 25 µM, 24 h | Inhibiting CYP1B1 mRNA expression [49] |
MT | SCC-61 and OSCC-3 | 0.05–1000 µg/mL, 48 h | Inhibiting oral cancer proliferation [50] |
150 of natural and synthetic polyphenols | HSC-2, HSG | Various, up to 48 h | Cytotoxic activity [51,52] |
Quercetin | SCC-9 cells | 0–200 µM, up to 72 h | Inducing cell death [53] |
Quercetin, resveratrol, and ellagic acid | Oral tissue | 25 µM, 24 h | Inhibiting BaP-DNA binding and oxidization [54] |
Sasa senanensis Rehder leaves extracts | HSC-2 | 0.22% and 0.18%, 24 h | Protecting cells from ultraviolet -induced injury [55] |
TF-2A and TF-2B | HSC-2 and CAL27 | 100–500 µM, up to 24 h | Prooxidant action [56,57] |
TPs | Tca8113 | 25–200 µM, up to 72 h | Inhibiting cell proliferation and hTERT expression [58,59] |
Tea extracts and EGCG | CAL27, HSC-2, HSG, S-G, GN56, and HGF-1 | 0–200 µg/mL, up to 72 h | Oxidative stress-induced cell death [28] |
TPs and EGCG | KB-A-1 | 0.2 µg/mL, 24 h | Enhancing intracellular concentration of DOX and modulating MDR [60] |
5.1.2. Black Tea Polyphenols
5.1.3. Other Dietary Polyphenols
5.2. Animal Studies
Compound | Animal studies | Treatment dose, route, and duration | Target/Outcome (Reference) |
---|---|---|---|
EGCG | Immuno-deficient nude mice | 10–20 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, 45 days | Inhibition of tumor growth and cell invasion [35] |
EGCG | MBN-treated HBP carcinomas | 0.2%, drinking water, 9 weeks | Decreasing the incidence of carcinomas and APP expression [26] |
EGCG and EGC | Wistar strain rats | 200 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, 13 weeks | Inhibiting Phase I enzymes to deactivate carcinogen, inducing Phase II enzymes to detoxify 4-NQO [71] |
(−)-Gossypol | Athymic nude mice | 5 and 15 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal, 91 days | Inhibiting tumor growth [74] |
GTPs | DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis in golden Syrian hamsters | 0.5%–1.5%, drinking water, 15 weeks | Inhibiting oral carcinogenesis, protecting from DNA damage and suppression of cell proliferation [64] |
GTPs | Wistar strain rats | 200 mg/kg/day, oral gavage, 30 days | Reducing oxidant production and enhancing cellular thiol status to mitigate oral cancer and attenuating MC activation [72,73] |
Polyphenon-B | DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis | 0.05% and 0.2%, diet, 14 weeks | Decreasing cell proliferation and enhancing apoptosis by downregulating PCNA, NF-κB, p53 and Bcl-2 and upregulating Bax, Fas and caspase 3 expression [69] |
Polyphenon-B and BTF-35 | DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis | 0.05% and 0.2%, diet, 14 weeks | Inhibiting oxidative DNA damage and modulating xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes [75] |
Polyphenon-E and Polyphenon-B | DMBA-induced HBP carcinogenesis | 0.05%, diet, 18 weeks | Inhibiting HBP carcinogenesis and modulating carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and the redox status [65,67,68] |
5.3. Clinical Studies and Epidemiologic Studies
Compound | Human studies | Administration dose, route, duration, and cases | Target/Outcome (Reference) |
---|---|---|---|
TPs | Study in patients with cigarette smoking and oral mucosa leukoplakia | 3 g/day. Both oral and topical administration. 6 months. 59 patients. | Protection against oxidative damage and DNA damage caused by cigarette smoking, blocked lesion progress in patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia [79] |
GTE | Phase II randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial in high risk oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) | 500 mg/m2, 750 mg/m2, and 1 g/m2. Oral administration. 3 months. 11 controls and 30 patients with oral premalignant lesions. | Suppress OPLs, in part through reducing angiogenic stimulus (stromal VEGF) [78] |
Isoflavones, anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols | Case-control study about oral and pharyngeal cancer risk | 24.8 µg isoflavones, 21.9 mg anthocyanidins, 65.4 mg flavan-3-ols, 38.8 mg flavanones, 0.5 mg flavones, 22.5 mg flavonols, and 149.2 mg total flavonoids. Diet. 13 years. 2081 controls and 805 patients. | Decreasing the probability to develop oral and pharyngeal cancers by 50% [81] |
Green tea | Prospective, large-scale cohort study | 1–5 cups/day. Drinking water. 10.3 years. 65,184 subjects. | Reduced the hazard ratios (HRs) of oral cancer in women [82] |
Green tea | Pilot intervention study with heavy smokers | 400–500 mg/cup, 5 cups/day. Drinking water. 4 weeks. 3 control, 3 patients. | Inducing cell growth arrest and apoptosis [77] |
Black tea | Clinical Trial in patients with oral leukoplakia | 3 teaspoon s/day. Drinking water. 1 year. 82 patients with precancerous lesion. | Decreasing micronuclei frequency and chromosomal aberrations [80] |
Mixed green tea | Double-blind intervention trial performed in patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia | 3 g/day. Oral administration. 6 months. 30 control, 29 oral mucosa leukoplakia. | Reducing oral leukoplakia in size, inhibiting cell micronucleated exfoliation [76] |
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
4-NQO | 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide |
APP | Amyloid precursor protein |
BaP | Benzo[a]pyrene |
BTE | Black tea polyphenol extracts |
C | (+)-Catechin |
CDDP | cis-Platinum(II) diammine dichloride |
CG | (−)-Catechin gallate |
DMBA | 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) anthracene |
EC | (−)-Epicatechin |
ECG | (−)-Epicatechin gallae |
EGC | (−)-Gallocatechin |
EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
EMT | Epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
ERK | Extracellular regulated kinase |
FAK | Focal adhesion kinase |
GTE | Green tea extract |
GTPs | Green tea polyphenols |
HBP | Hamster buccal pouch |
MBN | N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine |
MDR | Multidrug resistance |
MMP-2 | Matrix metalloproteinase-2 |
MMP-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 |
MMPs | Matrix metalloproteinases |
OPL | Oral premalignant lesions |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
Stat 3 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 |
SCCHN | Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck |
TF-2A | Theaflavin-3-gallate |
TF-2B | Theaflavin-3′-gallate |
TF-3 | Theaflavin-3 and 30-digallate |
TPs | Tea polyphenols |
uPA | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator |
Conflict of Interest
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Ding, Y.; Yao, H.; Yao, Y.; Fai, L.Y.; Zhang, Z. Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer. Nutrients 2013, 5, 2173-2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5062173
Ding Y, Yao H, Yao Y, Fai LY, Zhang Z. Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer. Nutrients. 2013; 5(6):2173-2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5062173
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Yijian, Hua Yao, Yanan Yao, Leonard Yenwong Fai, and Zhuo Zhang. 2013. "Protection of Dietary Polyphenols against Oral Cancer" Nutrients 5, no. 6: 2173-2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5062173