Bioengineering

13 pages, 2573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrast-Enhancing Lesion Segmentation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Deep Learning Approach Validated in a Multicentric Cohort

by Martina Greselin, Po-Jui Lu, Lester Melie-Garcia, Mario Ocampo-Pineda, Riccardo Galbusera, Alessandro Cagol, Matthias Weigel, Nina de Oliveira Siebenborn, Esther Ruberte, Pascal Benkert, Stefanie Müller, Sebastian Finkener, Jochen Vehoff, Giulio Disanto, Oliver Findling, Andrew Chan, Anke Salmen, Caroline Pot, Claire Bridel, Chiara Zecca, Tobias Derfuss, Johanna M. Lieb, Michael Diepers, Franca Wagner, Maria I. Vargas, Renaud Du Pasquier, Patrice H. Lalive, Emanuele Pravatà, Johannes Weber, Claudio Gobbi, David Leppert, Olaf Chan-Hi Kim, Philippe C. Cattin, Robert Hoepner, Patrick Roth, Ludwig Kappos, Jens Kuhle and Cristina Granziera Show full author list Hide full author list

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080858 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 463

Abstract

The detection of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) is fundamental for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This task is time-consuming and suffers from high intra- and inter-rater variability in clinical practice. However, only a few studies proposed automatic approaches for [...] Read more.

The detection of contrast-enhancing lesions (CELs) is fundamental for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This task is time-consuming and suffers from high intra- and inter-rater variability in clinical practice. However, only a few studies proposed automatic approaches for CEL detection. This study aimed to develop a deep learning model that automatically detects and segments CELs in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. A 3D UNet-based network was trained with clinical MRI from the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort. The dataset comprised 372 scans from 280 MS patients: 162 showed at least one CEL, while 118 showed no CELs. The input dataset consisted of T1-weighted before and after gadolinium injection, and FLuid Attenuated Inversion Recovery images. The sampling strategy was based on a white matter lesion mask to confirm the existence of real contrast-enhancing lesions. To overcome the dataset imbalance, a weighted loss function was implemented. The Dice Score Coefficient and True Positive and False Positive Rates were 0.76, 0.93, and 0.02, respectively. Based on these results, the model developed in this study might well be considered for clinical decision support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Applications, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Load on Cervical Disc Prosthesis by Imposing Complex Motion: Multiplanar Motion and Combined Rotational–Translational Motion

by Hossein Ansaripour, Stephen J. Ferguson and Markus Flohr

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080857 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 422

Abstract

(1) Background: The kinematic characteristics of disc prosthesis undergoing complex motion are not well understood. Therefore, examining complex motion may provide an improved understanding of the post-operative behavior of spinal implants. (2) Methods: The aim of this study was to develop kinematic tests [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The kinematic characteristics of disc prosthesis undergoing complex motion are not well understood. Therefore, examining complex motion may provide an improved understanding of the post-operative behavior of spinal implants. (2) Methods: The aim of this study was to develop kinematic tests that simulate multiplanar motion and combined rotational–translational motion in a disc prosthesis. In this context, five generic zirconia-toughened alumina (BIOLOX^®delta, CeramTec, Germany) ball and socket samples were tested in a 6 DOF spine simulator under displacement control with an axial compressive force of 100 N in five motion modes: (1) flexion–extension (FE = ± 7.5°), (2) lateral bending (LB = ± 6°), (3) combined FE-LB (4) combined FE and anteroposterior translation (AP = 3 mm), and (5) combined LB and lateral motion (3 mm). For combined rotational–translational motion, two scenarios were analyzed: excessive translational movement after sample rotation (scenario 1) and excessive translational movement during rotation (scenario 2). (3) Results: For combined FE-LB, the resultant forces and moments were higher compared to the unidirectional motion modes. For combined rotational–translational motion (scenario 1), subluxation occurred at FE = 7.5° with an incremental increase in AP translation = 1.49 ± 0.18 mm, and LB = 6° with an incremental increase of lateral translation = 2.22 ± 0.16 mm. At the subluxation point, the incremental increase in AP force and lateral force were 30.4 ± 3.14 N and 40.8 ± 2.56 N in FE and LB, respectively, compared to the forces at the same angles during unidirectional motion. For scenario 2, subluxation occurred at FE = 4.93° with an incremental increase in AP translation = 1.75 mm, and LB = 4.52° with an incremental increase in lateral translation = 1.99 mm. At the subluxation point, the incremental increase in AP force and lateral force were 39.17 N and 38.94 N in FE and LB, respectively, compared to the forces in the same angles during the unidirectional motion. (4) Conclusions: The new test protocols improved the understanding of in vivo-like behavior from in vitro testing. Simultaneous translation–rotation motion was shown to provoke subluxation at lower motion extents. Following further validation of the proposed complex motion testing, these new methods can be applied future development and characterization of spinal motion-preserving implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spine Biomechanics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3454 KiB

Open AccessReview

Driving Deployment of Bioengineered Products—An Arduous, Sometimes Tedious, Challenging, Rewarding, Most Exciting Journey That Has to Be Made!

by Gordon George Wallace

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080856 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 431

Abstract

More than three decades ago, we embarked on a number of bioengineering explorations using the most advanced materials and fabrication methods. In every area we ventured into, it was our intention to ensure fundamental discoveries were deployed into the clinic to benefit patients. [...] Read more.

More than three decades ago, we embarked on a number of bioengineering explorations using the most advanced materials and fabrication methods. In every area we ventured into, it was our intention to ensure fundamental discoveries were deployed into the clinic to benefit patients. When we embarked on this journey, we did so without a road map, not even a compass, and so the path was arduous, sometimes tedious. Now, we can see the doorway to deployment on the near horizon. We now appreciate that overcoming the challenges has made this a rewarding and exciting journey. However, maybe we could have been here a lot sooner, and so maybe the lessons we have learned could benefit others and accelerate progress in clinical translation. Through a number of case studies, including neural regeneration, cartilage regeneration, skin regeneration, the 3D printing of capsules for islet cell transplantation, and the bioengineered cornea, here, we retrace our steps. We will summarise the journey to date, point out the obstacles encountered, and celebrate the translational impact. Then, we will provide a framework for project design with the clinical deployment of bioengineered products as the goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Bioengineering: Perspectives in Bioengineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CycP: A Novel Self-Assembled Vesicle-Forming Cyclic Antimicrobial Peptide to Control Drug-Resistant S. aureus

by Piyush Baindara, Dinata Roy and Santi M. Mandal

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080855 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 552

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics to fight against the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance. Other than their potent antimicrobial properties, AMP-based vesicles can be used as efficient drug-delivery vehicles. In the present study, we synthesized and characterized [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics to fight against the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance. Other than their potent antimicrobial properties, AMP-based vesicles can be used as efficient drug-delivery vehicles. In the present study, we synthesized and characterized a new cyclic AMP, consisting of all-hydrophobic cores with antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Interestingly, CycP undergoes supramolecular self-assembly, and self-assembled CycP (sCycP) vesicles are characterized under an electron microscope; however, these vesicles do not display antimicrobial activity. Next, sCycP vesicles are used in combination with SXT (sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim) vesicles to check the drug loading and delivery capacity of sCycP vesicles to bacterial cell membranes. Interestingly, sCycP vesicles showed synergistic action with SXT vesicles and resulted in a significant reduction in MIC against S. aureus. Further, electron microscopy confirmed the membrane-specific killing mechanism of SXT-loaded sCycP vesicles. Additionally, CycP showed high binding affinities with the β-lactamase of S. aureus, which was one of its possible antimicrobial mechanisms of action. Overall, the results suggested that CycP is a novel self-assembled dual-action cyclic AMP with non-cytotoxic properties that can be used alone as an AMP or a self-assembled drug delivery vehicle for antibiotics to combat S. aureus infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptide-Based Vaccines: An Efficient Alternative to Combat Infectious Diseases and Drug Resistance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Placentome-Derived Extracellular Matrix: A Sustainable 3D Scaffold for Cultivated Meat

by Cemile Bektas, Kathleen Lee, Anisha Jackson, Mohit Bhatia and Yong Mao

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080854 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Cultivated meat, an advancement in cellular agriculture, holds promise in addressing environmental, ethical, and health challenges associated with traditional meat production. Utilizing tissue engineering principles, cultivated meat production employs biomaterials and technologies to create cell-based structures by introducing cells into a biocompatible scaffold, [...] Read more.

Cultivated meat, an advancement in cellular agriculture, holds promise in addressing environmental, ethical, and health challenges associated with traditional meat production. Utilizing tissue engineering principles, cultivated meat production employs biomaterials and technologies to create cell-based structures by introducing cells into a biocompatible scaffold, mimicking tissue organization. Among the cell sources used for producing muscle-like tissue for cultivated meats, primary adult stem cells like muscle satellite cells exhibit robust capabilities for proliferation and differentiation into myocytes, presenting a promising avenue for cultivated meat production. Evolutionarily optimized for growth in a 3D microenvironment, these cells benefit from the biochemical and biophysical cues provided by the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulating cell organization, interactions, and behavior. While plant protein-based scaffolds have been explored for their utilization for cultivated meat, they lack the biological cues for animal cells unless functionalized. Conversely, a decellularized bovine placental tissue ECM, processed from discarded birth tissue, achieves the biological functionalities of animal tissue ECM without harming animals. In this study, collagen and total ECM were prepared from decellularized bovine placental tissues. The collagen content was determined to be approximately 70% and 40% in isolated collagen and ECM, respectively. The resulting porous scaffolds, crosslinked through a dehydrothermal (DHT) crosslinking method without chemical crosslinking agents, supported the growth of bovine myoblasts. ECM scaffolds exhibited superior compatibility and stability compared to collagen scaffolds. In an attempt to make cultivate meat constructs, bovine myoblasts were cultured in steak-shaped ECM scaffolds for about 50 days. The resulting construct not only resembled muscle tissues but also displayed high cellularity with indications of myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the meat constructs were cookable and able to sustain the grilling/frying. Our study is the first to utilize a unique bovine placentome-derived ECM scaffold to create a muscle tissue-like meat construct, demonstrating a promising and sustainable option for cultivated meat production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Engineering Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 7246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Alternative Methods for Measuring Leg Length Discrepancy after Robot-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty

by Hamad Nazmy, Giovanni Solitro, Benjamin Domb and Farid Amirouche

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080853 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Background: Our study addresses the lack of consensus on measuring leg length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We will assess the inter-observer variability and correlation between the five most commonly used LLD methods and investigate the use of trigonometric principles in [...] Read more.

Background: Our study addresses the lack of consensus on measuring leg length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We will assess the inter-observer variability and correlation between the five most commonly used LLD methods and investigate the use of trigonometric principles in overcoming the limitations of current techniques. Methods: LLD was measured on postoperative AP pelvic radiographs using five conventional methods. CT images created a 3D computer model of the pelvis and femur. The resulting models were projected onto a 2D, used to measure LLD by the five methods. The measurements were evaluated via Taguchi analysis, a statistical method identifying the process’s most influential factors. The approach was used to assess the new trigonometric method. Results: Conventional methods demonstrated poor correlation. Methods referenced to the centers of the femoral heads were insensitive to LLD originating outside the acetabular cup. Methods referencing either the inter-ischial line or the inter-obturator foramina to the lesser trochanter were sensitive to acetabular and femoral components. Trigonometry-based measurements showed a higher correlation. Conclusions: Our results underscore clinicians’ need to specify the methods used to assess LLD. Applying trigonometric principles was shown to be accurate and reliable, but it was contingent on proper radiographic alignment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals of Orthopaedic Biomechanics: Implants, AI, and Innovation in Surgery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Synergic Effect of Tubal Endometriosis and Women’s Aging on Fallopian Tube Function: Insights from a 3D Mechanical Model

by Mayssam Nassir, Mattan Levi and Natan T. Shaked

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080852 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 554

Abstract

The fallopian tubes are essential for human fertility, facilitating the movement of sperm and oocytes to the fertilization site and transporting fertilized oocytes to the uterus. Infertility can result from changes in the fallopian tubes due to tubal endometriosis and women’s aging. In [...] Read more.

The fallopian tubes are essential for human fertility, facilitating the movement of sperm and oocytes to the fertilization site and transporting fertilized oocytes to the uterus. Infertility can result from changes in the fallopian tubes due to tubal endometriosis and women’s aging. In this study, we modeled human fallopian tubes with and without endometriosis for different women’s age groups to evaluate the chances of normal sperm cells reaching the fertilization site and oocytes arriving at the uterine cavity. For this purpose, we employed a distinctive combination of simulation tools to develop a dynamic three-dimensional (3D) model of normal human sperm cells and oocytes swimming inside normal and endometriosis-affected human fallopian tubes for different women’s group ages. We observed that in tubal endometriosis cases, fewer sperm cells reach the fertilization site and more oocytes become trapped in the tube walls compared to normal tubes. Additionally, aging decreases the number of sperm cells and oocytes reaching the fertilization site in normal and endometriosis-affected tubes. Our model evaluates the mechanisms of sperm and oocyte behaviors due to women’s aging and fallopian tube issues caused by endometriosis, presenting new avenues for developing diagnostic and treatment tools for tubal endometriosis and age-related infertility issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Bioengineered Models in Disease Modeling and Organ Regeneration)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Quantitative-Amplified Magnetic Resonance Imaging (3D q-aMRI)

by Itamar Terem, Kyan Younes, Nan Wang, Paul Condron, Javid Abderezaei, Haribalan Kumar, Hillary Vossler, Eryn Kwon, Mehmet Kurt, Elizabeth Mormino, Samantha Holdsworth and Kawin Setsompop

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 851; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080851 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 566

Abstract

Amplified MRI (aMRI) is a promising new technique that can visualize pulsatile brain tissue motion by amplifying sub-voxel motion in cine MRI data, but it lacks the ability to quantify the sub-voxel motion field in physical units. Here, we introduce a novel post-processing [...] Read more.

Amplified MRI (aMRI) is a promising new technique that can visualize pulsatile brain tissue motion by amplifying sub-voxel motion in cine MRI data, but it lacks the ability to quantify the sub-voxel motion field in physical units. Here, we introduce a novel post-processing algorithm called 3D quantitative amplified MRI (3D q-aMRI). This algorithm enables the visualization and quantification of pulsatile brain motion. 3D q-aMRI was validated and optimized on a 3D digital phantom and was applied in vivo on healthy volunteers for its ability to accurately measure brain parenchyma and CSF voxel displacement. Simulation results show that 3D q-aMRI can accurately quantify sub-voxel motions in the order of 0.01 of a voxel size. The algorithm hyperparameters were optimized and tested on in vivo data. The repeatability and reproducibility of 3D q-aMRI were shown on six healthy volunteers. The voxel displacement field extracted by 3D q-aMRI is highly correlated with the displacement measurements estimated by phase contrast (PC) MRI. In addition, the voxel displacement profile through the cerebral aqueduct resembled the CSF flow profile reported in previous literature. Differences in brain motion was observed in patients with dementia compared with age-matched healthy controls. In summary, 3D q-aMRI is a promising new technique that can both visualize and quantify pulsatile brain motion. Its ability to accurately quantify sub-voxel motion in physical units holds potential for the assessment of pulsatile brain motion as well as the indirect assessment of CSF homeostasis. While further research is warranted, 3D q-aMRI may provide important diagnostic information for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel MRI Techniques and Biomedical Image Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Stationary Cycling with Pedal Force Visual Feedback Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty: Implications for Inter-Limb Deficits in Knee Joint Biomechanics

by Erik T. Hummer, Jared Porter, Harold Cates and Songning Zhang

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080850 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 469

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the biomechanical adaptations prompted by stationary cycling paired with visual feedback of vertical pedal reaction forces during both stationary cycling and overground walking for patients who underwent a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Specifically, an emphasis [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to assess the biomechanical adaptations prompted by stationary cycling paired with visual feedback of vertical pedal reaction forces during both stationary cycling and overground walking for patients who underwent a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Specifically, an emphasis on the inter-limb deficits in knee joint biomechanics were examined. Ten patients who underwent a TKA took part in an acute intervention with pre- and post-testing measurements of kinematics (240 Hz) and kinetics (1200 Hz) during stationary cycling and overground walking. The intervention phase consisted of six cycling sessions during which participants were provided with visual feedback of their bilateral peak vertical pedal reaction force, with instructions to maintain a symmetrical loading between limbs. A 2 × 2 (work rate/speed × time) repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) was conducted on key outcome variables. Peak knee extension moment asymmetry during stationary cycling significantly improved (p = 0.038, η²_p = 0.610) following the acute intervention. Walking velocities for both preferred (p = 0.001, d = 0.583) and fast (p = 0.002, d = 0.613) walking speeds displayed improvements from pre- to post-testing. Significant improvements in the total score (p = 0.009, d = 0.492) and ADL subscale score (p = 0.041, d = 0.270) for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score were present following the acute intervention. Stationary cycling with visual feedback may be beneficial post-TKA; however, further investigation is merited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measuring Geographic Atrophy Area Using Column-Based Machine Learning Software on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography versus Fundus Auto Fluorescence

by Or Shmueli, Adi Szeskin, Ilan Benhamou, Leo Joskowicz, Yahel Shwartz and Jaime Levy

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080849 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 434

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare geographic atrophy (GA) area semi-automatic measurement using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) versus optical coherence tomography (OCT) annotation with the cRORA (complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy) criteria. Methods: GA findings on FAF and [...] Read more.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare geographic atrophy (GA) area semi-automatic measurement using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) versus optical coherence tomography (OCT) annotation with the cRORA (complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy) criteria. Methods: GA findings on FAF and OCT were semi-automatically annotated at a single time point in 36 pairs of FAF and OCT scans obtained from 36 eyes in 24 patients with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The GA area, focality, perimeter, circularity, minimum and maximum Feret diameter, and minimum distance from the center were compared between FAF and OCT annotations. Results: The total GA area measured on OCT was 4.74 ± 3.80 mm². In contrast, the total GA measured on FAF was 13.47 ± 8.64 mm² (p < 0.0001), with a mean difference of 8.72 ± 6.35 mm². Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the difference in area between OCT and FAF and the total baseline lesion perimeter and maximal lesion diameter measured on OCT (adjusted r²: 0.52; p < 0.0001) and the total baseline lesion area measured on FAF (adjusted r²: 0.83; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: We report that the GA area measured on FAF differs significantly from the GA area measured on OCT. Further research is warranted in order to determine the clinical relevance of these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Applications in Ophthalmology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Testing of a Second-Generation Prototype Accessory for Single Transapical Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

by Florian Meissner, Michelle Costa Galbas, Hendrik Straky, Heiko Vestner, Manuela Schoen, Marius Schimmel, Johanna Reuter, Martin Buechsel, Johannes Dinkelaker, Heidi Cristina Schmitz, Martin Czerny and Wolfgang Bothe

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080848 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 407

Abstract

A new accessory was developed to allow implantation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) without requiring an anastomosis to the ascending aorta. The accessory combines the LVAD inflow and outflow into a dual-lumen device. Initial prototypes encountered reduced pump performance in vitro, but [...] Read more.

A new accessory was developed to allow implantation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) without requiring an anastomosis to the ascending aorta. The accessory combines the LVAD inflow and outflow into a dual-lumen device. Initial prototypes encountered reduced pump performance in vitro, but a second-generation prototype successfully addressed this issue. This feasibility study aimed to demonstrate the anatomic fit, safe implantation, and hemodynamic effectiveness of the LVAD with the accessory. The accessory was implanted in ten female pigs (104 ± 13 kg). Following sternotomy and apical coring under cardiopulmonary bypass, a balloon catheter was retrogradely inserted and exteriorized through the coring site, where it was inflated within the distal third of the outflow graft. It was utilized to pull the accessory’s outflow across the aortic valve. After LVAD attachment, the catheter was removed. Echocardiography revealed no relevant valve regurgitation post-implantation. During ramp testing, pump flow increased from 3.7 ± 1.2 to 5.4 ± 1.2 L/min. Necropsy confirmed correct accessory placement in nine animals. No valve lesions or device thrombosis were observed. The accessory enabled LVAD implantation without compromising pump performance. Future work includes design refinements for implantation without cardiopulmonary bypass and long-term testing in a chronic heart failure model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Cardiac Assist Devices)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulating the Release Kinetics of Natural Product Actinomycin from Bacterial Nanocellulose Films and Their Antimicrobial Activity

by Katarzyna Zimowska, Vuk Filipovic, Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic, Jelena Simic, Tatjana Ilic-Tomic, Malgorzata Zimowska, Jacek Gurgul and Marijana Ponjavic

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080847 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 470

Abstract

The present study aimed to create a more sustainable and controlled delivery system based on natural biopolymer bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and bacterial natural product actinomycin (Act), with the applicative potential in the biomedical field. In order to provide improved interaction between BNC and [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to create a more sustainable and controlled delivery system based on natural biopolymer bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and bacterial natural product actinomycin (Act), with the applicative potential in the biomedical field. In order to provide improved interaction between BNC and the active compound, and thus to modulate the release kinetics, the TEMPO oxidation of BNC support was carried out. A mix of actinomycins from bacterial fermentation (ActX) were used as natural antimicrobial agents with an established bioactivity profile and clinical use. BNC and TEMPO-oxidized BNC films with incorporated active compounds were obtained and analyzed by FTIR, SEM, XPS, and XRD. The ActX release profiles were determined in phosphate-buffer solution, PBS, at 37 °C over time. FTIR analysis confirmed the improved incorporation and efficiency of ActX adsorption on oxidized BNC due to the availability of more active sites provided by oxidation. SEM analysis indicated the incorporation of ActX into the less-dense morphology of the TEMPO-oxidized BNC in comparison to pure BNC. The release kinetics of ActX were significantly affected by the BNC structure, and the activated BNC sample indicated the sustained release of active compounds over time, corresponding to the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Antimicrobial tests using Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 confirmed the potency of this BNC-based system for biomedical applications, taking advantage of the capacity of modified BNC to control and modulate the release of bioactive compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biopolymers: From Synthesis to Properties and Applications—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Symptom Alerts and Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROS) in Real-World Breast Cancer Practice: Innovative Data to Derive Symptom Burden and Quality of Life

by Emelly Rusli, Debra Wujcik and Aaron Galaznik

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080846 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Treatment for breast cancer (BC) can lead to debilitating symptoms that can reduce outcomes and quality of life (QoL). Symptom surveillance using a remote symptom monitoring (RSM) platform enables the capture and reporting of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from home. Women with BC used [...] Read more.

Treatment for breast cancer (BC) can lead to debilitating symptoms that can reduce outcomes and quality of life (QoL). Symptom surveillance using a remote symptom monitoring (RSM) platform enables the capture and reporting of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from home. Women with BC used an RSM platform to complete weekly surveys and report any symptoms experienced during treatment. Symptoms reported as moderate/severe generated alerts to the clinical team. Clinical actions in response to the alert were captured. Results highlighted the value of data generated from a PRO-generated alert system to characterize longitudinal symptom burden and QoL in real-world BC practice, particularly in patients with poor functional status. The most prevalent symptoms that resulted in alerts were pain, nausea/vomiting, neuropathy, fatigue, and constipation. Most women reported one or more moderate/severe symptoms that generated an alert with an average of two alerts per week. Patients with frail status had more alerts, worse QoL and higher treatment bother, indicating that frail patients may benefit from continuous monitoring of symptoms, function, and QoL over time. A case study of patients without pre-existing peripheral neuropathy showed the rapid trajectory from the first report of mild neuropathy until alerts were generated, making a case for early intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Analytics: Real-World Evidence, Digital Health, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability in Alignment and Bone Resections in Robotically Balanced Total Knee Arthroplasties

by Matthew S. Hepinstall, Catherine Di Gangi, Christian Oakley, Michael Sybert, Patrick A. Meere and Morteza Meftah

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080845 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Image-based robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) allows three-dimensional surgical planning informed by osseous anatomy, with intraoperative adjustment based on a dynamic assessment of ligament laxity and gap balance. The aim of this study was to identify ranges of implant alignment and bone resections [...] Read more.

Image-based robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RA-TKA) allows three-dimensional surgical planning informed by osseous anatomy, with intraoperative adjustment based on a dynamic assessment of ligament laxity and gap balance. The aim of this study was to identify ranges of implant alignment and bone resections with RA-TKA. We retrospectively reviewed 484 primary RA-TKA cases, stratified by preoperative coronal alignment. Demographics and intraoperative data were collected and compared using Chi-square and ANOVA tests. Planned limb, femoral, and tibial alignment became increasingly varus in a progressive order from valgus to neutral to the highest in varus knees (p < 0.001). Planned external transverse rotation relative to the TEA was lowest in the valgus cohort; relative to the PCA, whereas the varus cohort was highest (p < 0.001, both). Planned resections of the lateral distal femur and of the medial posterior femur were greater in the varus group compared to neutral and valgus (p < 0.001). There were significant differences between cohorts in planned tibia resections, laterally and medially. Varus knees demonstrated higher variability, while valgus and neutral had more metrics with low variability. This study demonstrated trends in intraoperative planned alignment and resection metrics across various preoperative coronal knee alignments. These findings contribute to the understanding of RA-TKA and may inform surgical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Total Joint Arthroplasty: Technical Developments and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 128 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Oglat et al. The Effect of an Energy Window with an Ellipsoid Phantom on the Differential Defect Contrast on Myocardial SPECT Images. Bioengineering 2022, 9, 341

by Ammar A. Oglat, Mohannad Adel Sayah and Norlaili A. Kabir

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080844 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 236

Abstract

Norlaili A [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanobiotechnology and Biofabrication)

17 pages, 7102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plaque Characteristics Derived from Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography That Predict Cardiovascular Death

by Juhwan Lee, Yazan Gharaibeh, Vladislav N. Zimin, Justin N. Kim, Neda S. Hassani, Luis A. P. Dallan, Gabriel T. R. Pereira, Mohamed H. E. Makhlouf, Ammar Hoori and David L. Wilson

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080843 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 571

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate whether plaque characteristics derived from intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) could predict a long-term cardiovascular (CV) death. This study was a single-center, retrospective study on 104 patients who had undergone IVOCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Plaque characterization was performed [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate whether plaque characteristics derived from intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) could predict a long-term cardiovascular (CV) death. This study was a single-center, retrospective study on 104 patients who had undergone IVOCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention. Plaque characterization was performed using Optical Coherence TOmography PlaqUe and Stent (OCTOPUS) software developed by our group. A total of 31 plaque features, including lesion length, lumen, calcium, fibrous cap (FC), and vulnerable plaque features (e.g., microchannel), were computed from the baseline IVOCT images. The discriminatory power for predicting CV death was determined using univariate/multivariate logistic regressions. Of 104 patients, CV death was identified in 24 patients (23.1%). Univariate logistic regression revealed that lesion length, calcium angle, calcium thickness, FC angle, FC area, and FC surface area were significantly associated with CV death (p < 0.05). In the multivariate logistic analysis, only the FC surface area (OR 2.38, CI 0.98–5.83, p < 0.05) was identified as a significant determinant for CV death, highlighting the importance of the 3D lesion analysis. The AUC of FC surface area for predicting CV death was 0.851 (95% CI 0.800–0.927, p < 0.05). Patients with CV death had distinct plaque characteristics (i.e., large FC surface area) in IVOCT. Studies such as this one might someday lead to recommendations for pharmaceutical and interventional approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI in OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) Image Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4476 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beat-by-Beat Estimation of Hemodynamic Parameters in Left Ventricle Based on Phonocardiogram and Photoplethysmography Signals Using a Deep Learning Model: Preliminary Study

by Jiachen Mi, Tengfei Feng, Hongkai Wang, Zuowei Pei and Hong Tang

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 842; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080842 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 560

Abstract

Beat-by-beat monitoring of hemodynamic parameters in the left ventricle contributes to the early diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, valvular heart disease, and other cardiovascular diseases. Current accurate measurement methods for ventricular hemodynamic parameters are inconvenient for monitoring hemodynamic indexes in daily life. [...] Read more.

Beat-by-beat monitoring of hemodynamic parameters in the left ventricle contributes to the early diagnosis and treatment of heart failure, valvular heart disease, and other cardiovascular diseases. Current accurate measurement methods for ventricular hemodynamic parameters are inconvenient for monitoring hemodynamic indexes in daily life. The objective of this study is to propose a method for estimating intraventricular hemodynamic parameters in a beat-to-beat style based on non-invasive PCG (phonocardiogram) and PPG (photoplethysmography) signals. Three beagle dogs were used as subjects. PCG, PPG, electrocardiogram (ECG), and invasive blood pressure signals in the left ventricle were synchronously collected while epinephrine medicine was injected into the veins to produce hemodynamic variations. Various doses of epinephrine were used to produce hemodynamic variations. A total of 40 records (over 12,000 cardiac cycles) were obtained. A deep neural network was built to simultaneously estimate four hemodynamic parameters of one cardiac cycle by inputting the PCGs and PPGs of the cardiac cycle. The outputs of the network were four hemodynamic parameters: left ventricular systolic blood pressure (SBP), left ventricular diastolic blood pressure (DBP), maximum rate of left ventricular pressure rise (MRR), and maximum rate of left ventricular pressure decline (MRD). The model built in this study consisted of a residual convolutional module and a bidirectional recurrent neural network module which learnt the local features and context relations, respectively. The training mode of the network followed a regression model, and the loss function was set as mean square error. When the network was trained and tested on one subject using a five-fold validation scheme, the performances were very good. The average correlation coefficients (CCs) between the estimated values and measured values were generally greater than 0.90 for SBP, DBP, MRR, and MRD. However, when the network was trained with one subject’s data and tested with another subject’s data, the performance degraded somewhat. The average CCs reduced from over 0.9 to 0.7 for SBP, DBP, and MRD; however, MRR had higher consistency, with the average CC reducing from over 0.9 to about 0.85 only. The generalizability across subjects could be improved if individual differences were considered. The performance indicates the possibility that hemodynamic parameters could be estimated by PCG and PPG signals collected on the body surface. With the rapid development of wearable devices, it has up-and-coming applications for self-monitoring in home healthcare environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Characterization: Prospects and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 2623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Midterm Results of Severe Hip Dysplasia after Using a Cementless Acetabular Component with Bulk Bone Graft in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Minimum Five-Year Follow-Up Study

by Takuya Konno, Tomohiro Shimizu, Masahiro Inoue, Takeshi Masuda, Mohamad Alaa Terkawi, Norimasa Iwasaki and Daisuke Takahashi

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080841 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 472

Abstract

In patients with severe hip dysplasia, total hip arthroplasty (THA) using bulk bone graft (BBG) enhances anatomic cup positioning and provides early structural support. This study assesses the mid-term outcomes of THA with BBG in patients with over 50% graft bone coverage. Among [...] Read more.

In patients with severe hip dysplasia, total hip arthroplasty (THA) using bulk bone graft (BBG) enhances anatomic cup positioning and provides early structural support. This study assesses the mid-term outcomes of THA with BBG in patients with over 50% graft bone coverage. Among 1951 patients who underwent THA between 2003 and 2007, 183 had BBG. After excluding early dropouts and infections, 151 patients remained. They were classified into uncovered (<50% coverage, 79 patients) and covered (>50% coverage, 72 patients) groups. The efficacy of cup fixation was compared between these groups. After ten years, the survival rate for not needing THA revision was 98% in the uncovered group and 100% in the covered group, while the rate for radiographic stability was 93% versus 99%, respectively. Although the cutoff value for the uncovered portion could not be clarified in this study, the mid-term results for 50% to approximately 70% uncovered were comparable to those for 50% or lesser, which have previously been expected to perform well. Recently, biomechanically advantageous bone grafting techniques have been identified, and based on the results of this study, it may be possible to expand the indications for THA with bone grafting for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Regenerative Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Three-Dimensional Printing Using Biomass–Fungi Composite Materials: Brief Retrospective and Prospective Views

by Zhijian Pei, Al Mazedur Rahman, Brian D. Shaw and Caleb Oliver Bedsole

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080840 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Petroleum-derived plastic materials are used to manufacture a wide range of products [...] Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

10 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Biomechanical Comparison Study of Plate–Nail and Dual-Plate Fixation in AO/OTA 41-C2 Tibial Plateau Fractures

by Wei Xie, Deqing Luo, Li Xie, Lingqi Zhu, Liang Zhou, Kejian Lian, Dasheng Lin and Hui Liu

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080839 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 351

Abstract

Background Context: This study’s purpose was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of plate–nail and dual-plate fixation for the treatment of AO/OTA 41-C2 tibial plateau fractures. Methods: Twenty synthetic tibias were selected and randomly divided into a plate–nail group (n = 10) and [...] Read more.

Background Context: This study’s purpose was to evaluate the biomechanical performance of plate–nail and dual-plate fixation for the treatment of AO/OTA 41-C2 tibial plateau fractures. Methods: Twenty synthetic tibias were selected and randomly divided into a plate–nail group (n = 10) and a dual-plate group (n = 10). After the artificial tibias were osteotomized to simulate AO/OTA 41-C2 tibial plateau fractures in both groups, the plate–nail and the dual-plate methods, respectively, were used for fixation, and then axial compression loading, three-point bending, torsion, and axial failure tests were carried out. The data of each group were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: In the axial compression test, the average stiffness of the plate–nail group was higher than that of the dual-plate group (p < 0.05). The displacement generated in the plate–nail group was significantly smaller than that in the dual-plate group (p < 0.05). In the resisting varus test, the stress of the plate–nail group was significantly higher than that of the dual-plate group (p < 0.05). In the resisting valgus test, the stress of the plate–nail group was slightly higher than that of the dual-plate group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In the static torsion test, the load applied to the plate–nail group was smaller than that of the dual-plate group when rotated to 5° (p < 0.05). In the axial compression failure test, the average ultimate load of the plate–nail group was significantly higher than that of the dual-plate group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment of AO/OTA 41-C2 tibial plateau fractures with plate–nail fixation is superior to that with dual-plate fixation in resisting axial stress and preventing tibial varus deformity, while dual-plate fixation has better resisting torsional ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Orthopaedic Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Spectral Filtering and Segmental X-ray Tube Current Switch-Off on Interventionalist’s Scatter Exposure during CT Fluoroscopy

by Oliver S. Grosser, Martin Volk, Marilena Georgiades, Daniel Punzet, Bahaa Alsawalhi, Dennis Kupitz, Jazan Omari, Heiko Wissel, Michael C. Kreissl, Georg Rose and Maciej Pech

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 838; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080838 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Dose optimization in computed tomography (CT) is crucial, especially in CT fluoroscopy (fluoro-CT) used for real-time navigation, affecting both patient and operator safety. This study evaluated the impact of spectral X-ray filtering using a tin filter (Sn filter), and a method called partial-angle [...] Read more.

Dose optimization in computed tomography (CT) is crucial, especially in CT fluoroscopy (fluoro-CT) used for real-time navigation, affecting both patient and operator safety. This study evaluated the impact of spectral X-ray filtering using a tin filter (Sn filter), and a method called partial-angle computed tomography (PACT), which involves segmentally switching off the X-ray tube current at the ambient dose rate

{\dot{H}}^{*} (10)

at the interventional radiologist’s (IR) position. Measurements were taken at two body regions (upper body: head/neck; lower body: lower legs/feet) using a 120 kV X-ray tube voltage, 3 × 5.0 mm CT collimation, 0.5 s rotation speed, and X-ray tube currents of 43 Eff.mAs (without Sn filter) and 165 Eff.mAs (with Sn filter). The study found significant dose reductions in both body regions when using the Sn filter and PACT together. For instance, in the upper body region, the combination protocol reduced

{\dot{H}}^{*} (10)

from 11.8 µSv/s to 6.1 µSv/s (p < 0.0001) compared to the protocol without using these features. Around 8% of the reduction (about 0.5 µSv/s) is attributed to the Sn filter (p = 0.0005). This approach demonstrates that using the Sn filter along with PACT effectively minimizes radiation exposure for the IR, particularly protecting areas like the head/neck, which can only be insufficiently covered by (standard) radiation protection material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computed Tomography Techniques and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of Composite Cements for Wound Healing in Rats

by Alina Ioana Ardelean, Sorin Marian Marza, Madalina Florina Dragomir, Andrada Negoescu, Codruta Sarosi, Cristiana Stefania Novac, Cosmin Pestean, Marioara Moldovan and Liviu Oana

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080837 - 16 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 408

Abstract

Recent developments in biomaterials have resulted in the creation of cement composites with potential wound treatment properties, even though they are currently mainly employed for bone regeneration. Their ability to improve skin restoration after surgery is worth noting. The main purpose of this [...] Read more.

Recent developments in biomaterials have resulted in the creation of cement composites with potential wound treatment properties, even though they are currently mainly employed for bone regeneration. Their ability to improve skin restoration after surgery is worth noting. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the ability of composite cement to promote wound healing in a rat experimental model. Full-thickness 5 mm skin defects were created, and the biomaterials were applied as wound dressings. The hybrid light-cured cement composites possess an organic matrix (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, UDMA, and HEMA) and an inorganic phase (bioglasses, silica, and hydroxyapatite). The organic phase also contains γ-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane, which is produced by distributing bioactive silanized inorganic filler particles. The repair of the defect is assessed using a selection of macroscopic and microscopic protocols, including wound closure rate, histopathological analysis, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility. Both composites exerted a favorable influence on cells, although the C1 product demonstrated a more extensive healing mechanism. Histological examination of the kidney and liver tissues revealed no evidence of toxicity. There were no notable negative outcomes in the treated groups, demonstrating the biocompatibility and efficacy of these bioproducts. By day 15, the skin of both groups had healed completely. This research introduces a pioneering strategy by utilizing composite cements, traditionally used in dentistry, in the context of skin wound healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Technology for Skin Wound Healing)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substantiation and Effectiveness of Remote Monitoring System Based on IoMT Using Portable ECG Device

by Hee-Young Lee, Yoon-Ji Kim, Kang-Hyun Lee, Jung-Hun Lee, Sung-Pil Cho, Junghwan Park, Il-Hwan Park and Hyun Youk

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080836 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 521

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease is a major global health concern, with early detection being critical. This study assesses the effectiveness of a portable ECG device, based on Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technology, for remote cardiovascular monitoring during daily activities. We conducted a clinical trial [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease is a major global health concern, with early detection being critical. This study assesses the effectiveness of a portable ECG device, based on Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) technology, for remote cardiovascular monitoring during daily activities. We conducted a clinical trial involving 2000 participants who wore the HiCardi device while engaging in hiking activities. The device monitored their ECG, heart rate, respiration, and body temperature in real-time. If an abnormal signal was detected while a physician was remotely monitoring the ECG at the IoMT monitoring center, he notified the clinical research coordinator (CRC) at the empirical research site, and the CRC advised the participant to visit a hospital. Follow-up calls were made to determine compliance and outcomes. Of the 2000 participants, 318 showed abnormal signals, and 182 were advised to visit a hospital. The follow-up revealed that 139 (76.37%) responded, and 30 (21.58% of those who responded) sought further medical examination. Most visits (80.00%) occurred within one month. Diagnostic approaches included ECG (56.67%), ECG and ultrasound (20.00%), ultrasound alone (16.67%), ECG and X-ray (3.33%), and general treatment (3.33%). Seven participants (23.33% of those who visited) were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease, including conditions such as arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, and stent requirements. The portable ECG device using the patch-type electrocardiograph detected abnormal cardiovascular signals, leading to timely diagnoses and interventions, demonstrating its potential for broad applications in preventative healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT Technology in Bioengineering Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlled Lateral Pressure on Cortical Bone Using Blade-Equipped Implants: An Experimental Study in Rabbits

by Vitor Ferreira Balan, Mauro Ferri, Eduardo Pires Godoy, Leticia Gabriela Artioli, Daniele Botticelli, Erick Ricardo Silva and Samuel Porfirio Xavier

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080835 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 399

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the biological behavior of a novel implant design incorporating decompressive cervical blades. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the healing outcomes in cortical regions where decompressive protocols were implemented using implants equipped with [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the biological behavior of a novel implant design incorporating decompressive cervical blades. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the healing outcomes in cortical regions where decompressive protocols were implemented using implants equipped with blades and installed applying a bicortical anchorage. Materials and Methods: Blades with varying diameters were integrated into the coronal portion of the implant to prepare the cortical region of rabbit tibiae. The blade diameters differed from the implant collar by the following amounts: control group (0 µm), +50 µm, and +200 µm. Results: No marginal bone loss was detected. Instead, all implants exhibited new bone formation in the coronal region. Complete closure was observed in the CG-0 group, as well as in the TG-50 and TG-200 groups, despite the presence of marginal gaps without primary bone contact at installation. In the apical region, most implants breached the cortical layer. Nevertheless, new bone formation in this region completely closed the osteotomy, effectively isolating the internal environment of the tibia from the external. Conclusions: The use of a blade incorporated into the implant body enabled precise preparation of the cortical layer, allowing for controlled decompression in the targeted area. This technique resulted in optimal osseointegration with no loss of marginal bone, and complete restoration of marginal gaps ranging from 0 µm to 200 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Aerodynamic and Elastic Properties in Tissue and Synthetic Models of Vocal Fold Vibrations

by Jacob Michaud-Dorko, Charles Farbos de Luzan, Gregory R. Dion, Ephraim Gutmark and Liran Oren

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080834 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 510

Abstract

Three laryngeal models were used to investigate the aerodynamic and elastic properties of vocal fold vibration: cadaveric human, excised canine, and synthetic silicone vocal folds. The aim was to compare the characteristics of these models to enhance our understanding of phonatory mechanisms. Flow [...] Read more.

Three laryngeal models were used to investigate the aerodynamic and elastic properties of vocal fold vibration: cadaveric human, excised canine, and synthetic silicone vocal folds. The aim was to compare the characteristics of these models to enhance our understanding of phonatory mechanisms. Flow and medial glottal wall geometry were acquired via particle image velocimetry. Elastic properties were assessed from force–displacement tests. Relatively, the human larynges had higher fundamental frequency values, while canine and synthetic models exhibited greater flow rates. Canine models demonstrated the highest divergence angles and vertical stiffness gradients followed by the human model, both displaying flow separation vortices during closing. Synthetic models, whose advantage is their accessibility and repeatability, displayed the lowest glottal divergence angles and total circulation values compared to tissue models with no flow separation vortices. The elasticity tests revealed that tissue models showed significant hysteresis and vertical stiffness gradients, unlike the synthetic models. These results underscore the importance of model selection based on specific research needs and highlight the potential of canine and synthetic models for controlled experimental studies in phonation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biophysics of Vocal Onset)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity

by Naoki Inuzuka, Yasuhiro Shobayashi, Satoshi Tateshima, Yuya Sato, Yoshio Ohba, Kazuhiko Ishihara and Yuji Teramura

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080833 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 619

Abstract

The advent of intracranial stents has revolutionized the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The utilization of stents has rendered numerous cerebral aneurysm amenable to endovascular treatment, thereby obviating the need for otherwise invasive open surgical options. Stent placement has become a mainstream approach [...] Read more.

The advent of intracranial stents has revolutionized the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The utilization of stents has rendered numerous cerebral aneurysm amenable to endovascular treatment, thereby obviating the need for otherwise invasive open surgical options. Stent placement has become a mainstream approach because of its safety and efficacy. However, further improvements are required for clinically approved devices to avoid the frequent occurrence of thrombotic complications. Therefore, controlling the thrombotic complications associated with the use of devices is of significant importance. Our group has developed a unique stent coated with a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based polymer. In this study, the surface characteristics of the polymer coating were verified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the antithrombotic properties of the coating were evaluated by measuring platelet count and thrombin–antithrombin complex levels of whole human blood after 3 h of incubation in a Chandler loop model. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine thrombus formation on the stent surface. We observed that MPC polymer-coated stents significantly reduced thrombus formation as compared to bare stents and several clinically approved devices. Finally, the coated stents were further analyzed by implanting them in the internal thoracic arteries of pigs. Angiographic imaging and histopathological examinations that were performed one week after implantation revealed that the vascular lumen was well maintained and coated stents were integrated within the vascular endothelium without inducing adverse effects. Thus, we demonstrated the efficacy of MPC polymer coating as a viable strategy for avoiding the thrombotic risks associated with neurovascular stents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials, Coatings, and Techniques: Applications in Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Survival and Regeneration Following Transplantation of 3D-Printed Biodegradable PCL Tracheal Grafts in Large-Scale Porcine Models

by Sen-Ei Shai, Yi-Ling Lai, Yi-Wen Hung, Chi-Wei Hsieh, Kuo-Chih Su, Chun-Hsiang Wang, Te-Hsin Chao, Yung-Tsung Chiu, Chia-Ching Wu and Shih-Chieh Hung

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080832 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 562

Abstract

Polycaprolactone (PCL) implants in large animals show great promise for tracheal transplantation. However, the longest survival time achieved to date is only about three weeks. To meet clinical application standards, it is essential to extend the survival time and ensure the complete integration [...] Read more.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) implants in large animals show great promise for tracheal transplantation. However, the longest survival time achieved to date is only about three weeks. To meet clinical application standards, it is essential to extend the survival time and ensure the complete integration and functionality of the implant. Our study investigates the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed, biodegradable, PCL-based tracheal grafts for large-scale porcine tracheal transplantation, assessing the feasibility and early structural integrity crucial for long-term survival experiments. A biodegradable PCL tracheal graft was fabricated using a BIOX bioprinter and transplanted into large-scale porcine models. The grafts, measuring 20 × 20 × 1.5 mm, were implanted following a 2 cm circumferential resection of the porcine trachea. The experiment design was traditionally implanted in eight porcines to replace four-ring tracheal segments, only two of which survived more than three months. Data were collected on the graft construction and clinical outcomes. The 3D-printed biosynthetic grafts replicated the native organ with high fidelity. The implantations were successful, without immediate complications. At two weeks, bronchoscopy revealed significant granulation tissue around the anastomosis, which was managed with laser ablation. The presence of neocartilage, neoglands, and partial epithelialization near the anastomosis was verified in the final pathology findings. Our study demonstrates in situ regenerative tissue growth with intact cartilage following transplantation, marked by neotissue formation on the graft’s exterior. The 90-day survival milestone was achieved due to innovative surgical strategies, reinforced with strap muscle attached to the distal trachea. Further improvements in graft design and granulation tissue management are essential to optimize outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine in Bioengineering)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

35 pages, 24997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EchoSee: An Assistive Mobile Application for Real-Time 3D Environment Reconstruction and Sonification Supporting Enhanced Navigation for People with Vision Impairments

by Broderick S. Schwartz, Seth King and Tyler Bell

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080831 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Improving the quality of life for people with vision impairments has been an important goal in the research and design of assistive devices for several decades. This paper seeks to further that goal by introducing a novel assistive technology platform that leverages real-time [...] Read more.

Improving the quality of life for people with vision impairments has been an important goal in the research and design of assistive devices for several decades. This paper seeks to further that goal by introducing a novel assistive technology platform that leverages real-time 3D spatial audio to promote safe and efficient navigation for people who are blind or visually impaired (PVI). The presented platform, EchoSee, uses modern 3D scanning technology on a mobile device to construct a live, digital 3D map of a user’s environment as they move about their surroundings. Spatialized, virtual audio sources (i.e., virtual speakers) are dynamically placed within the digital 3D scan of the world, providing the navigator with a real-time 3D stereo audio “soundscape.” The digital 3D map, and its resultant soundscape, are continuously updated as the user moves about their environment. The generated soundscape is played back through headphones connected to the navigator’s device. This paper details (1) the underlying technical components and how they were integrated to produce the mobile application that generates a dynamic soundscape on a consumer mobile device, (2) a methodology for analyzing navigation performance with the application, (3) the design and execution of a user study investigating the effectiveness of the presented system, and (4) a discussion of the results of that study along with a proposed future study and possible improvements. Altogether, this paper presents a novel software platform aimed at assisting individuals with vision impairments to navigate and understand spaces safely, efficiently, and independently and the results of a feasibility study analyzing the viability of the approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanobiotechnology and Biofabrication)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

27 pages, 5961 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in siRNA Drug Delivery Strategies for Targeted TNBC Therapy

by Md Abdus Subhan and Vladimir P. Torchilin

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080830 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 676

Abstract

Among breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been recognized as the most aggressive type with a poor prognosis and low survival rate. Targeted therapy for TNBC is challenging because it lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor [...] Read more.

Among breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has been recognized as the most aggressive type with a poor prognosis and low survival rate. Targeted therapy for TNBC is challenging because it lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are the common therapies for TNBC. Although TNBC is prone to chemotherapy, drug resistance and recurrence are commonly associated with treatment failure. Combination therapy approaches using chemotherapy, mAbs, ADC, and antibody–siRNA conjugates may be effective in TNBC. Recent advances with siRNA-based therapy approaches are promising for TNBC therapy with better prognosis and reduced mortality. This review discusses advances in nanomaterial- and nanobiomaterial-based siRNA delivery platforms for TNBC therapy exploring targeted therapy approaches for major genes, proteins, and TFs upregulated in TNBC tumors, which engage in molecular pathways associated with low TNBC prognosis. Bioengineered siRNA drugs targeting one or several genes simultaneously can downregulate desired genes, significantly reducing disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Based Drug Delivery System: Recent Developments and Future Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 4952 KiB

Open AccessReview

Green Innovation and Synthesis of Honeybee Products-Mediated Nanoparticles: Potential Approaches and Wide Applications

by Shaden A. M. Khalifa, Aya A. Shetaia, Nehal Eid, Aida A. Abd El-Wahed, Tariq Z. Abolibda, Abdelfatteh El Omri, Qiang Yu, Mohamed A. Shenashen, Hidayat Hussain, Mohamed F. Salem, Zhiming Guo, Abdulaziz M. Alanazi and Hesham R. El-Seedi

Bioengineering 2024, 11(8), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080829 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Bee products, abundant in bioactive ingredients, have been utilized in both traditional and contemporary medicine. Their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties make them valuable for food, preservation, and cosmetics applications. Honeybees are a vast reservoir of potentially beneficial products such as honey, bee [...] Read more.

Bee products, abundant in bioactive ingredients, have been utilized in both traditional and contemporary medicine. Their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties make them valuable for food, preservation, and cosmetics applications. Honeybees are a vast reservoir of potentially beneficial products such as honey, bee pollen, bee bread, beeswax, bee venom, and royal jelly. These products are rich in metabolites vital to human health, including proteins, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, sugars, vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and minerals. The advancement of nanotechnology has led to a continuous search for new natural sources that can facilitate the easy, low-cost, and eco-friendly synthesis of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles (NPs) are actively synthesized using honeybee products, which serve dual purposes in preventive and interceptive treatment strategies due to their richness in essential metabolites. This review aims to highlight the potential role of bee products in this line and their applications as catalysts and food preservatives and to point out their anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant underlying impacts. The research used several online databases, namely Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Sci Finder. The overall findings suggest that these bee-derived substances exhibit remarkable properties, making them promising candidates for the economical and eco-friendly production of NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bioprocessing of Natural Products for Biomedical Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Bioengineering, Volume 11, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 119 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI