Search Results (28)

Background/Objectives: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is caused by gastric contents refluxing back into the oesophagus and oral cavity. It can lead to injuries to the mucosa in the form of erosion and ulcers. Our past research have shown acid reflux severity and disease progression is associated with alternations in the microbiota of the distal oesophagus. The aim of this study was to explore whether changes in the oral microbiota occurred in GORD patients and establish any associations with reflux severity. Methods: Fresh mouthwash samples were collected from 58 patients experiencing reflux symptoms referred for 24 h pH monitoring. The participants were categorised into three groups based on their DeMeester scores: Normal (<14.72), Mild (14.2–50), and Moderate/severe (>51). Microorganism identity and diversity were generated using hypervariable tag sequencing and analysing the V1–V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: No differences in microbiota diversity were found in oral microbiota between groups using the Chiao1 diversity index and Shannon diversity index. Microbiota in the Mild group showed reductions in Rothia dentocariosa and Lautropia, while Moryella and Clostridiales_1 were increased compared with the Normal group. In the Moderate/severe group, the abundance of Rothia aeria was reduced compared with the Normal group, while Schwartzia, Rs_045, Paludibacter, S. satelles, Treponema, and T. socranskii all had increased abundance. The abundance of Prevotella pallens was higher in the Mild group compared with Moderate/severe, while S. satelles and Paludibacter abundances were lower. Conclusions: Our study shows the oral microbiome show significant differences between acid reflux severity groups, as categorised by DeMeester score. Full article

The aim of this in vivo study was to compare total protein present in the salivary films (F) and acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) on eroded and non-eroded surfaces in patients suffering from GORD symptoms with and without GORD diagnosis (GORD, No-GORD). Thirty-nine patients suffering from GORD symptoms and erosive tooth wear on lower first molars and an unaffected posterior occlusal surface in the same quadrant were recruited from Guy’s hospital, London. Salivary film and AEP were collected from the eroded and uneroded occlusal surfaces, using 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-soaked filter papers. Total protein concentration was analysed using bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA). Statistical analysis was conducted using Shapiro–Wilk, ANOVA, and Tukey’s tests (p < 0.05), comparing four GDS sample types and GORD vs. No-GORD groups. The level of significance was set as p < 0.05. Data were compared between eroded and uneroded surfaces in the same patient with GORD symptoms, as well as between those with or without a GORD diagnosis (GORD, No-GORD). The AEP total protein concentration from the eroded [2.17 (0.49) mg/mL] and uneroded surfaces [2.24 (0.66) mg/mL] of the GORD group were statistically significantly lower than those on eroded [3.27 (1.01) mg/mL] and uneroded [3.33 (1.57) mg/mL] surfaces in the No-GORD group (p = 0.007) (p = 0.008), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed for film and AEP between eroded and uneroded surfaces (p > 0.05). Full article

Population and tourism growth has increased congestion, collisions, climate harming emissions, and transport inequities in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (B.C.), Canada. Surveys indicate a willingness among residents to switch from cars to public transit featuring better service levels and connections. We conducted an analysis on the economic feasibility of an Okanagan Valley Electric Regional Passenger Rail (OVER PR) powered by zero-emission (ZE) Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Rail (Hydrail) technology along a 342-km route between Osoyoos, B.C., at the US Border and Kamloops, B.C., the Canadian VIA rail hub. Hydrail passenger light-rail has operated successfully since 2018 in Germany and was demonstrated in Quebec, Canada, in 2023. Technical analyses have confirmed the feasibility in B.C. on steep Highway (Hwy) 97 grades and mountainous weather, with mode shift forecasts in the range of 30%. OVER PR economic analyses were also favorable, with net present value (NPV) = CAD 40 billion (CDN, base year 2023), benefit–cost ratio (BCR) = 9:1, and Return on Investments (IRR) = 33% over 30 years. Subject to additional stakeholder consultations and final design reviews, these results were tested against risks using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and Reference-Class Forecasting (RCF), including worst-case risks such as 70% cost over-runs. OVER PR promises an economic transition to clean energy, sustainable transportation, and more livable communities, benefiting all Valley communities through greater transportation equity. Full article

The Mediterranean region is highly vulnerable to climate change. Longer and more intense heatwaves and droughts are expected. The Gordes Dam in Turkey provides drinking water for Izmir city and irrigation water for a wide range of crops grown in the basin. Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), this study examined the effects of projected climate change (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) on the simulated streamflow, nitrogen loads, and crop yields in the basin for the period of 2031–2060. A hierarchical approach to define the hydrological response units (HRUs) of SWAT and the Fast Automatic Calibration Tool (FACT) were used to reduce computational time and improve model performance. The simulations showed that the average annual discharge into the reservoir is projected to increase by between 0.7 m³/s and 4 m³/s under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios. The steep slopes and changes in precipitation in the study area may lead to higher simulated streamflow. In addition, the rising temperatures predicted in the projections could lead to earlier spring snowmelt. This could also lead to increased streamflow. Projected nitrogen loads increased by between 8.8 and 25.1 t/year. The results for agricultural production were more variable. While the yields of poppy, tobacco, winter barley, and winter wheat will increase to some extent because of climate change, the yields of maize, cucumbers, and potatoes are all predicted to be negatively affected. Non-continuous and limited data on water quality and crop yields lead to uncertainties, so that the accuracy of the model is affected by these limitations and inconsistencies. However, the results of this study provide a basis for developing sustainable water and land management practices at the catchment scale in response to climate change. The changes in water quality and quantity and the ecological balance resulting from changes in land use and management patterns for economic benefit could not be fully demonstrated in this study. To explore the most appropriate management strategies for sustainable crop production, the SWAT model developed in this study should be further used in a multi-criteria land use optimization analysis that considers not only crop yields but also water quantity and quality targets. Full article

Booming population and tourism have increased congestion, collisions, climate-harming emissions, and transport inequities in The Okanagan Valley, Canada. Surveys suggest that over 30% of residents would shift from cars back to public transit and intercity tram–trains if regional service and connections were improved. Intercity streetcars (aka light-rail tram–trains) have not run in Canada since their replacement in the 1950′s by the national highway system. UBC researchers analyzed a tram–train service fashioned after the current Karlsruhe model but powered by zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell/battery hybrid rail power (hydrail) technology, along a 342 km route between Osoyoos, B.C. at the US Border and Kamloops, B.C., the Canadian VIA rail hub. Hydrail trains have operated successfully since 2018 in Germany and were demonstrated in Quebec, Canada in 2023. However, hydrail combined with tram–train technology has never been tried in Canada. Single-train simulations (STSs) confirmed its technical feasibility, showing a roughly 8 h roundtrip travel time, at an average train velocity of 86 km/h. Each hydrail tram–train consumed 2400 kWh of energy, translating to 144 kg of hydrogen fuel per roundtrip. In total, five tons of H₂/day would be consumed over 16 h daily by the 16-tram–train-vehicle fleet. The results provide valuable insights into technical aspects and energy requirements, serving as a foundation for future studies and decision-making processes in developing zero-emission passenger tram–train services not just for Okanagan Valley communities but all of Canada and NA. Full article

Ultrafiltration (UF) polymeric membranes are widely used in water treatment and support desalination and gas separation membranes. In this article, we enhance the performance of Polysulfone (PSF) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by dispersing different concentrations of thermally reduced graphene (TRG) nanofillers. The UF PSF-TRG MMMs were fabricated via the phase inversion process, and the impact of TRG loading on the characteristics of the membrane, including hydrophilicity, porosity, roughness, and morphology, were analyzed using a contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic mechanical analysis. Incorporating TRG into the PSF matrix led to favorable effects in the instantaneous de-mixing during phase inversion, increasing the porosity and hydrophilicity of MMMs and improving the mechanical properties of the membranes. Moreover, membrane performance was examined to remove dispersed oil from oil–water emulsion and support air-dehumidification membranes. MMM performance in terms of flux and oil rejection was superior to the control PSF membrane. Incorporating 0.25% TRG into PSF resulted in a 70% water flux increase and higher oil rejection compared to the control PSF membrane. As a support for air-dehumidification membranes, the MMM also demonstrated enhanced humidity reduction and an over 20% increase in water vapor permeance over the control PSF membrane. These results indicate that the PSF-TRG MMMs are an excellent candidate for reliable oil–water separation and as a support for air-dehumidification membranes. Full article

Porous low-pressure membranes have been used as active membranes in water treatment and as support for thin-film composite membranes used in water desalination and gas separation applications. In this article, microfiltration polysulfone (PSf)mixed-matrix membranes (MMM) containing amine-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-NH₂) were fabricated via a phase inversion process and characterized using XPS, SEM, AFM, DMA, XRD, and contact angle measurements. The effect of GO-NH₂ concentration on membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, and oil–water separation performance was analyzed. Significant enhancements in membrane hydrophilicity, porosity, mechanical properties, permeability, and selectivity were achieved at very low GO-NH₂ concentrations (0.05–0.2 wt.%). In particular, the water permeability of the membrane containing 0.2 wt.% GO-NH₂ was 92% higher than the pure PSf membrane, and the oil rejection reached 95.6% compared to 91.7% for the pure PSf membrane. The membrane stiffness was also increased by 98% compared to the pure PSf membrane. Importantly, the antifouling characteristics of the PSf-GO-NH₂ MMMs were significantly improved. When filtering 100 ppm bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, the PSf-GO-NH₂ MMMs demonstrated a slower flux decline and an impressive flux recovery after washing. Notably, the control membrane showed a flux recovery of only 69%, while the membrane with 0.2 wt.% GO-NH₂ demonstrated an exceptional flux recovery of 88%. Furthermore, the membranes exhibited enhanced humidity removal performance, with a permeance increase from 13,710 to 16,408. These results indicate that the PSf-GO-NH₂ MMM is an excellent candidate for reliable oil–water separation and humidity control applications, with notable improvements in antifouling performance. Full article

FANCM germline protein truncating variants (PTVs) are moderate-risk factors for ER-negative breast cancer. We previously described the spectrum of FANCM PTVs in 114 European breast cancer cases. In the present, larger cohort, we report the spectrum and frequency of four common and 62 rare FANCM PTVs found in 274 carriers detected among 44,803 breast cancer cases. We confirmed that p.Gln1701* was the most common PTV in Northern Europe with lower frequencies in Southern Europe. In contrast, p.Gly1906Alafs*12 was the most common PTV in Southern Europe with decreasing frequencies in Central and Northern Europe. We verified that p.Arg658* was prevalent in Central Europe and had highest frequencies in Eastern Europe. We also confirmed that the fourth most common PTV, p.Gln498Thrfs*7, might be a founder variant from Lithuania. Based on the frequency distribution of the carriers of rare PTVs, we showed that the FANCM PTVs spectra in Southwestern and Central Europe were much more heterogeneous than those from Northeastern Europe. These findings will inform the development of more efficient FANCM genetic testing strategies for breast cancer cases from specific European populations. Full article

Reforestation with native and non-native tree species is one of the most effective strategies to cope with climate change, and is also the most effective management method for solving soil erosion problems in degraded forests around the world. The current research investigates three skid trails, which were planted with three species in the clearcutting areas, in comparison with a natural forest of hornbeam (CB; Carpinus betulus L.) and velvet maple (AV; Acer velutinum Boiss.) and degraded land without trees (DL), as well as evaluates the recovery of soil characteristics in the skid trails in response to the planting of native species, including black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), and non-native species, including eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides L.) and Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Mill.) Gord.) in a mid-term period of 25 years, in the Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran. Significantly higher litter nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were detected in the plantation of black alder (AG), whereas the lowest values were measured under the DL treatment. Soil physio-chemical properties significantly differed among treatments, except silt content. Among the soil chemical properties, N storage and available nutrients of P and K under the black alder plantation were fully restored as compared to the value observed at the hornbeam and velvet maple (CB-AV) stand over a 25-year period after soil disturbance and planting. Over a 25-year period after logging operations, soil biological and microbial properties of carbon and nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the black alder plantation were partially recovered, but these values have not returned to pre-harvest level at the CB-AV treatment as control. Overall, these results suggested that black alder had greater positive effects on the recovery of soil properties than other trees due to the faster litter decomposition as a N-fixing species, and its labile substrate with low organic C and high N concentration. Therefore, black alder reforestation should be increase in future ecosystem restoration in the area influenced by logging operations. Full article

Climate change is expected to lead to higher temperatures in the Mediterranean region of northern California in the Sierra Nevada. Dendroclimatic studies typically focus on large, old trees, but there relatively limited understanding on how climatic sensitivity can vary with trees of different size classes. We collected tree increment cores and compared radial growth responses of small (20.32 to ≤40.64 cm), medium (40.64 to ≤60.96 cm), and large (>60.96 cm) diameter mixed conifer species in the Sierra Nevada to different climate variables (temperature, precipitation, and climate moisture index (CMI)). The most common tree species encountered were white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.), followed by sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex P. & C. Laws), and incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin). One of the most coherent responses from all diameter groups and across all species was the positive response to increasing minimum winter temperatures. All diameter groups and species also responded positively to precipitation and CMI at some point in the analysis period, which is the seasonal window of April of the prior year to October of the current year of ring formation. Perhaps the most notable difference when comparing the three diameter groups to climate was the higher occurrence of negative responses to the temperature of the previous year from the largest diameter group, as well as the higher number of negative responses to temperature in general. These results suggest that larger trees may be more sensitive to future climate projections compared with smaller trees and they may carry those effects into the next year. The use of dendroclimatology to assess how mixed conifer species in the Sierra Nevada responded to past climate is a key resource that can be used to infer how trees may respond to a future changing climate. Full article

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) affects up to 20% of Western populations, yet sensory mechanisms underlying heartburn pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. While central mechanisms of heartburn perception have been established in earlier studies, recent studies have highlighted an important role of neurochemical, inflammatory, and cellular changes occurring in the oesophageal mucosa itself. The localization and neurochemical characterisation of sensory afferent nerve endings differ among GORD phenotypes, and could explain symptom heterogeneity among patients who are exposed to similar levels of reflux. Acid-induced stimulation of nociceptors on pain-sensing nerve endings can regulate afferent signal transmission. This review considers the role of peripheral mechanisms of sensitization in the amplification of oesophageal sensitivity in patients with GORD. Full article

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to compare high-resolution manometry (HRM) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy as diagnostic utilities in detecting a sliding hiatus hernia in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) symptoms. Material and Methods: For both diagnostic modalities, the data obtained from 31 patients (20 females; mean age 48.2) who qualified for Nissen fundoplication were analysed using oesophageal pressure topography in line with the Chicago Classification. Confirmation of hiatus hernia during the surgery was considered the gold standard. HRM protocol involved 10 consecutive boluses of 10 mL of water. Results: Sliding hiatus hernia was confirmed intraoperatively in 29 out of 31 patients. In 14 patients, hiatus hernia was detected in HRM, while 19 patients were found to have hiatus hernia by upper GI endoscopy before surgery. No false positive results were obtained in HRM, while 15 false negative results were shown. In upper GI endoscopy, false positive data were observed in 1 patient, while false negative results were found in 10 patients. Thus, the sensitivity of HRM in detecting hiatus hernia was 48% (95%CIs: 29–67%), and sensitivity of upper GI endoscopy was 66% (95%CIs: 46–82%). It was not possible to assess the specificity of HRM or upper GI endoscopy because only 2 of 31 patients had no hiatus hernia during fundoplication (gold standard). False negative results (sensitivity) were not significantly different between compared diagnostic modalities HRM and upper GI endoscopy (52% vs. 34%, respectively, p = 0.29). Conclusions: Due to poor sensitivity, both modalities, i.e., HRM and upper GI endoscopy, are not reliable tools to diagnose sliding hiatus hernia in patients with GORD symptoms. Full article

Airborne bacteria pose a potential risk to human health upon inhalation in the indoor environments of health care facilities. Airborne bacteria may originate from various sources, including patients, workers, and daily visitors. Hence, this study investigates the quantity, size, and identification of airborne bacteria indoors and outdoors of four Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) in Doha, Qatar. Air samples were collected from the lobby, triage room, and outside environment of the centers, including, Qatar University (QU-HC), Al-Rayyan (AR-HC), Umm-Ghuwailina (UG-HC), and Old Airport (OA-HC) between August 2020 and March 2021, throughout both the hot and the cold seasons. Samples were collected using an Anderson six-stage cascade impactor. The mean of the total colony-forming units was calculated per cubic meter of air (CFU/m³). QU-HC had the lowest mean of total bacterial count compared with other centers in the indoor and outdoor areas with 100.4 and 99.6 CFU/m³, respectively. In contrast, AR-HC had the highest level, with 459 CFU/m³ indoors, while OA-HC recorded the highest bacterial concentration of the outdoor areas with a total mean 377 CFU/m³. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed for genera identification. Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas were the four most frequently identified bacterial genera in this study. The abundance of airborne bacteria in the four health centers was higher in the cold season. About 46% of the total airborne bacterial count for three PHCC centers exceeded 300 CFU/m³, making them uncompliant with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation for indoor settings. Consequently, an IAQ standards should be shaped to establish a baseline for measuring air pollution in Qatar. Additionally, it is crucial to understand seasonal fluctuations better so that hospitals can avoid rising and spreading infection peaks. Full article

Background: A growing number of communities are re-discovering the value of their streets as important public spaces for many aspects of daily life, creating the need for a transformation in the quality of those streets. An emerging concept of ‘complete streets’ is to accommodate all users of the transportation system. Methods: In this paper, we present sustainable complete streets design criteria that integrate complete streets by adding socio-environmental design criteria related to the aesthetics, environment, liveability, and safety. To help set priorities, identify the street design features, and create intuitive multimodal networks throughout the city, we have defined a list of the general and specific criteria to be addressed for sustainable complete streets. Results: The proposed design criteria provide a street network with improvements in its aesthetics, to recover the historical urban character and realize historical area planning goals; the environment, to increase the permeable surfaces, reduce the heat island effect, and to absorb traffic-related air pollution; the liveability, to create a public space destination in the urban landscape; and safety, to improve the safety of all road users. The design scenarios proposed in the study were conceived to help practitioners to consider these context-based uses and design accordingly by gaining knowledge from past experiences to benefit future projects. Conclusions: The case study of the urban rehabilitation of the “Mostra d’Oltremare” area and its cultural and architectural assets in Naples, Italy, highlights the practical application of the proposed criteria and the possibility of using these criteria in other urban contexts. Full article

Introduction: In this post hoc analysis we compared various response-assessment criteria in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GB) patients treated with tumor lysate-charged autologous dendritic cells (Audencel) and determined the differences in prediction of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: 76 patients enrolled in a multicenter phase II trial receiving standard of care (SOC, n = 40) or SOC + Audencel vaccine (n = 36) were included. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation. The Kruskal-Wallis-test was used to detect differences in PFS among the assessment criteria; for correlation analysis the Spearman test was used. Results: There was a significant difference in median PFS between mRANO (8.6 months) and Vol-mRANO (8.6 months) compared to MacDonald (4.0 months), RANO (4.2 months) and Vol-RANO (5.4 months). For the vaccination arm, median PFS by iRANO was 6.2 months. There was no difference in PFS between SOC and SOC + Audencel. The best correlation between PFS/OS was detected for mRANO (r = 0.65) and Vol-mRANO (r = 0.69, each p < 0.001). A total of 16/76 patients developed a pure T2/FLAIR progressing disease, and 4/36 patients treated with Audencel developed pseudoprogression. Conclusion: When comparing different response-assessment criteria in GB patients treated with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, the best correlation between PFS and OS was observed for mRANO and Vol-mRANO. Interestingly, iRANO was not superior for predicting OS in patients treated with Audencel. Full article