Rupak Desai, Department of Outcomes Research, Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA 30033, United States

Priyatham Gurram, Adil S Mohammed, Paritharsh Ghantasala, Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States

Rishabh B Salian, Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore 575001, India

Shanmukh Sai Pavan Lingamsetty, Sandeep Guntuku, Ravi Venkata Sai Krishna Medarametla, Department of Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam 507002, India

Rawnak Jahan, Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka 110015, Bangladesh

Zainab Muslehuddin, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Sinai Grace Hospital, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States

Co-first authors: Rupak Desai and Priyatham Gurram.

Author contributions: Desai R was responsible for conceptualization, methodology, software, formal analysis, resources, data curation, and project administration; Gurram P, Mohammad AS, Salian RB, Lingamsetty SSP, Guntuku S, Medarametla RVSK, Muslehuddin Z, Ghantasala P, and Jahan P were responsible for writing, original draft; Desai R, Gurram P, Mohammad AS, and Ghantasala P were responsible for writing, original draft, writing, review, editing, and visualization; all authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Institutional review board statement: This manuscript is exempt from Institutional Review Board Approval Form or Document since National Inpatient Sample database was used to draw specific patient samples. The National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) is part of a family of databases and software tools developed for the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The NIS is the largest publicly available all-payer inpatient healthcare database designed to produce U.S. regional and national estimates of inpatient utilization, access, cost, quality, and outcomes. Unweighted, it contains data from around 7 million hospital stays each year. Weighted, it estimates around 35 million hospitalizations nationally. Developed through a Federal-State-Industry partnership sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), HCUP data inform decision making at the national, State, and community levels.

Informed consent statement: Consent from patient was not needed as the data used has unidentified information.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

Data sharing statement: The data utilized in this study were derived from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, which is publicly available and can be accessed through the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) website (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/). Due to the nature of the NIS database, which includes de-identified patient information, there are no restrictions on data access.

Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Corresponding author: Paritharsh Ghantasala, FACP, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1000 Houghton Avenue, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States. [email protected]

Received: May 14, 2024
Revised: July 26, 2024
Accepted: August 7, 2024
Published online: September 26, 2024
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