Michigan Proposal 3, Voting Policies in State Constitution Initiative (2018)

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Michigan Proposal 3
Flag of Michigan.png
Election date
November 6, 2018
Topic
Voting policy measures
Status
Approveda Approved
Type
Constitutional amendment		Origin
Citizens

Michigan Proposal 3, the Voting Policies in State Constitution Initiative, was on the ballot in Michigan as an initiated constitutional amendment on November 6, 2018.[1] The measure was approved.

A "yes" vote supported adding eight voting policies to the Michigan Constitution, including straight-ticket voting, automatic voter registration, same-day voter registration, and no-excuse absentee voting.
A "no" vote opposed adding eight voting policies to the state constitution, maintaining that straight-ticket voting, automatic voter registration, same-day voter registration, and no-excuse absentee voting are not used in Michigan.

Election results

Michigan Proposal 3

Result Votes Prozentualer Anteil

Approved Yes

2,775,387 66.90%
No 1,373,151 33.10%
Results are officially certified.
Source

Übersicht

What did Proposal 3 change about the state's voting policies?

Proposal 3 added several voting policies to the Michigan Constitution. Some of these voting policies existed in state statute, but not the state constitution, while others were modified policies or new policies. The new policies that were added to the state constitution include straight-ticket voting; automatic voter registration; same-day voter registration; and no-excuse absentee voting during the 40 days before an election. Proposal 3 allowed eligible persons to register to vote by mail until 15 days before an election, whereas 2018 law allowed them to register to vote by mail until 30 days before an election. The ballot initiative also constitutionalized existing law providing that military members and overseas voters receive an absentee ballot at least 45 days before the election. Proposal 3 added language to the constitution to provide for the use of secret ballots and election results auditing. The following table compares existing voting policies to those found in Proposal 3:[1]

Policy As of 2018 Proposal 3
Secret ballot Constitution requires legislature to enact laws for secret ballots Constitution provides a right to use secret ballots
Military/overseas ballots Statute provides that military members and overseas voters receive an absentee ballot at least 45 days before the election Constitution provides that military members and overseas voters receive an absentee ballot at least 45 days before the election
Register-to-vote by mail deadline Statute provides that eligible persons can register to vote by mail until 30 days before an election Constitution provides that eligible persons can register to vote by mail until 15 days before an election
Register-to-vote in person deadline Statute provides that eligible persons can register to vote in person at a clerk's office until 30 days before an election Constitution provides that eligible persons can register to vote in person at a clerk's office during the final 14 days before an election and at the polls on election day
Straight-party ticket voting No straight-ticket voting Constitution provides voters with straight-ticket voting option
Automatic voter registration No automatic voter registration Constitution provides for the automatic voter registration of eligible persons when interacting with the state regarding driver’s license or state ID card, unless the person declines
Absentee voting Statute provides that specific criteria be met to vote absentee, including at least one of the following: (a) 60 years old or older; (b) unable to vote without assistance at the polls; (c) expected to be out-of-town on election day; (d) in jail awaiting arraignment or trial; (e) unable to attend the polls for religious reasons; or (f) appointed to work as an election inspector in a precinct outside of the inspector's home precinct Constitution provides that any voter can vote using an absentee ballot (no-excuse absentee voting) during the 40 days before an election
Election results auditing Statute provides for the auditing of election results Constitution provides for the auditing of election results

What other states had Proposal 3's voting policies?

Of the policies that Proposal 3 added to the Michigan Constitution, no-excuse absentee voting was found in the most states —27 and D.C. (an additional three states conduct elections via mail-in ballots). The second most common was same-day voter registration, which was used in 18 states and D.C. As of 2018, 14 states and D.C. used automatic voter registration, which was a method of voter registration first adopted in 2015 in Oregon and California. The least common of Proposal 3's policies was straight-ticket voting—seven states utilized straight-ticket voting. Michigan had straight-ticket voting until the 2018 general election. In 2016, the Michigan State Legislature voted to eliminate straight-ticket voting. However, litigation stopped the bill from taking effect until the U.S. Supreme Court declined to intervene on September 7, 2018.

Who was behind the campaigns surrounding the ballot initiative?

Promote the Vote, a political action committee, led the campaign in support of Proposal 3. The ACLU of Michigan, Michigan State Conference of the NAACP, and League of Women Voters of Michigan launched the campaign. Promote the Vote raised $5.40 million, with 49 percent of total funds from the national ACLU. Protect My Vote formed to oppose the ballot initiative and received $3.36 million in contributions. The Michigan Freedom Fund was the largest donor to the opposition, contributing $3.06 million.[2]

Aftermath

Lindsey, et al, v. Whitmer, et al.

On September 28, 2023, 11 Michigan lawmakers, including Sen. Jonathan Lindsey (R), and Rep. Steve Carra (R), filed a lawsuit with the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan. The lawsuit said that the changes in election policy approved by voters in 2018 and in 2022, saying that the both ballot measures approved by voters, Proposal 3 in 2018 and Proposal 2 in 2020, violated Article 1, Section 4, Clause 1 of the U.S. Constitution, which says that state legislatures to set the time, place and manner of conducting elections.

Text of measure

Ballot title

The ballot title was as follows:[3]

" Proposal 18-3. A proposal to authorize automatic and Election Day voter registration, no-reason absentee voting, and straight ticket voting; and add current legal requirements for military and overseas voting and postelection audits to the Michigan Constitution.[4] ”

Ballot summary

The ballot summary was as follows:[3]

"

This proposed constitutional amendment would allow a United States citizen who is qualified to vote in Michigan to:

  • Become automatically registered to vote when applying for, updating or renewing a driver’s license or state-issued personal identification card, unless the person declines.
  • Simultaneously register to vote with proof of residency and obtain a ballot during the 2-week period prior to an election, up to and including Election Day.
  • Obtain an absent voter ballot without providing a reason.
  • Cast a straight-ticket vote for all candidates of a particular political party when voting in a partisan general election.

Should this proposal be adopted?

[ ] YES

[ ] NO[4]

”

Constitutional changes

See also: Article II, Michigan Constitution

The measure amended Section 4 of Article II of the Michigan Constitution. The following underlined text was added and struck-through text was deleted:[1]

Note: Use your mouse to scroll over the below text to see the full text.


Article II, Section 4. Place and manner of elections.

(1) Every citizen of the United States who is an elector qualified to vote in Michigan shall have the following rights:

(A) The right, once registered, to vote a secret ballot in all elections.

(B) The right, if serving in the military or living overseas, to have an absent voter ballot sent to them at least forty-five (45) days before an election upon application.

(C) The right, once registered, to a “straight party” vote option on partisan general election ballots. in partisan elections, the ballot shall include a position at the top of the ballot by which the voter may, by a single selection, record a straight party ticket vote for all the candidates of one (1) party. The voter may vote a split or mixed ticket.

(D) The right to be automatically registered to vote as a result of conducting business with the secretary of state regarding a driver’s license or personal identification card, unless the person declines such registration.

(E) The right to register to vote for an election by mailing a completed voter registration application on or before the fifteenth (15th) day before that election to an election official authorized to receive voter registration applications.

(F) The right to register to vote for an election by (1) appearing in person and submitting a completed voter registration application on or before the fifteenth (15th) day before that election to an election official authorized to receive voter registration applications, or (2) beginning on the fourteenth (14th) day before that election and continuing through the day of that election, appearing in person, submitting a completed voter registration application and providing proof of residency to an election official responsible for maintaining custody of the registration file where the person resides, or their deputies. persons registered in accordance with subsection (1)(f) shall be immediately eligible to receive a regular or absent voter ballot.

(G) The right, once registered, to vote an absent voter ballot without giving a reason, during the forty (40) days before an election, and the right to choose whether the absent voter ballot is applied for, received and submitted in person or by mail. during that time, election officials authorized to issue absent voter ballots shall be available in at least one (1) location to issue and receive absent voter ballots during the election officials’ regularly scheduled business hours and for at least eight (8) hours during the Saturday and/or Sunday immediately prior to the election. Those election officials shall have the authority to make absent voter ballots available for voting in person at additional times and places beyond what is required herein.

(H) The right to have the results of statewide elections audited, in such manner as prescribed by law, to ensure the accuracy and integrity of elections.

All rights set forth in this subsection shall be self-executing. This subsection shall be liberally construed in favor of voters’ rights in order to effectuate its purposes. Nothing contained in this subsection shall prevent the legislature from expanding voters’ rights beyond what is provided herein. This subsection and any portion hereof shall be severable. If any portion of this subsection is held invalid or unenforceable as to any person or circumstance, that invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity, enforceability, or application of any other portion of this subsection.

(2) Except as otherwise provided in this constitution or in the constitution or laws of the United States, the legislature shall enact laws to regulate the time, place and manner of all nominations and elections, except as otherwise provided in this constitution or in the constitution and laws of the United States. The legislature shall enact laws to preserve the purity of elections, to preserve the secrecy of the ballot, to guard against abuses of the elective franchise, and to provide for a system of voter registration and absentee voting. No law shall be enacted which permits a candidate in any partisan primary or partisan election to have a ballot designation except when required for identification of candidates for the same office who have the same or similar surnames.[4]

Readability score

See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2018
Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The state board wrote the ballot language for this measure.


The FKGL for the ballot title is grade level 23, and the FRE is -5. The word count for the ballot title is 35, and the estimated reading time is 9 seconds. The FKGL for the ballot summary is grade level 14, and the FRE is 26. The word count for the ballot summary is 102, and the estimated reading time is 27 seconds.

In 2018, for the 167 statewide measures on the ballot, the average ballot title or question was written at a level appropriate for those with between 19 and 20 years of U.S. formal education (graduate school-level of education), according to the FKGL formula. Read Ballotpedia's entire 2018 ballot language readability report here.

Support

Promote the Vote led the campaign in support of Proposal 3.[5] The ACLU of Michigan, Michigan State Conference of the NAACP, and League of Women Voters of Michigan launched the campaign.[6]

Supporters

Officials

Organizations

Unions

Individuals

Arguments

Promote the Vote provided the following argument on the campaign's website:[5]

"

We need a voting system that works for all citizens in Michigan. Period.

From working parents who struggle with long voting lines, far-away polling places and no time off work to vote, to people who frequently move for jobs or military service, we need to set up our system so that every eligible Michigander can have their voice heard on Election Day.

The good news is that the fix to our election system -- restoring faith in our democracy -- isn’t a hard one. We can ensure all eligible Americans have access to a secure vote, an up-to-date system and accurate voter lists. In fact, most of these reforms in this constitutional amendment have been in existence for decades in other states. The citizens of Michigan deserve the same access to the ballot enjoyed by other citizens across this country.[4]

”

Opposition

Protect My Vote formed to oppose the ballot initiative on August 23, 2018.[10]

Opponents

Arguments

  • Fred Woodhams, a spokesperson for Secretary of State Ruth Johnson (R), said, "Secretary Johnson has concerns about the same-day registration portion of the proposal although she has not endorsed or opposed the proposal. She does not believe clerks would have sufficient time to mail out a forward-able mailing to confirm a voter’s address as they do now. A person would be able to sign the affidavit to register to vote without showing identification and present a single proof of residency. The lack of identity confirmation could open the door to registration fraud that would be difficult to detect on Election Day."[12]


Media editorials

Support

  • Detroit Free Press: "But safeguards that preserve and protect voters' right are so important, and the parties' propensity to manipulate them for partisan advantage so pronounced, that Proposal 3's sponsors have reason to demand the added security of a constitutional guarantee. The right to vote is the foundation of governmental legitimacy, and voters can best protect it by voting Yes on Proposal 3."[13]
  • Lansing State Journal: "If our democracy is to be “of the people, by the people and for the people,” Michigan should make voting easier. That’s why the LSJ Editorial Board supports passage of Proposal 3, a constitutional amendment that will authorize automatic and Election Day voter registration, no-reason absentee voting and straight ticket voting."[14]

Opposition

  • The Detroit News: "But this proposal would allow would-be voters to show up at the polls on Election Day and ask to be registered. Polling places would become clerks’ offices, requiring more staffing and leading to voting delays. It would also make validating voter eligibility more difficult. Michigan does very well at registering eligible voters. Roughly 95 percent of those eligible to vote are on the registration rolls. Prop 2 deals with too many separate issues that would be better debated one-by-one by the Legislature. Voters should say No."[15]

Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for Michigan ballot measures
Total campaign contributions:
Support: $5,401,892.33
Opposition: $3,362,019.39

Promote the Vote led the campaign in support of Proposal 3. Sierra Club Supporting Promote the Vote also registered to support Proposal 3. Together, the committees raised $5.40 million and expended $5.37 million.[2]

The ACLU provided the largest contribution of $2.60 million to Promote the Vote, which was about 49 percent of the PAC's total funds.[2]

There was one ballot measure committee, Protect My Vote, registered in opposition to Proposal 3 on August 23, 2018. The PAC reported $3.36 in contributions and $3.36 in expenditures. The Michigan Freedom Fund provided $3.06 million, which was about 91 percent of the PAC's total funds.[2]

Support

The following were the contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in support of the initiative.[2]

Committees in support of Proposal 3
Supporting committeesCash contributionsIn-kind servicesCash expenditures
Promote the Vote$4,688,045.34$644,936.15$4,652,759.54
Sierra Club Supporting Promote the Vote$70.00$68,840.84$0.00
Total$4,688,115.34$713,776.99$4,652,759.54
Totals in support
Total raised:$5,401,892.33
Total spent:$5,366,536.53

Donors

The following were the top five donors who contributed to the support committees.[2]

Donor Cash In-kind Total
American Civil Liberties Union $2,250,000.00 $347,686.57 $2,597,686.57
Michigan League of Conservation Voters $800,000.00 $0.00 $800,000.00
Stacy Schusterman $500,000.00 $0.00 $500,000.00
ACLU of Michigan $81,000.00 $272,278.11 $353,278.11
United Auto Workers $150,000.00 $0.00 $150,000.00

Opposition

The following were the contribution and expenditure totals for the committee in opposition to the initiative.[2]

Committees in opposition to Proposal 3
Opposing committeesCash contributionsIn-kind servicesCash expenditures
Protect My Vote$3,237,189.00$124,830.39$3,233,926.59
Total$3,237,189.00$124,830.39$3,233,926.59
Totals in opposition
Total raised:$3,362,019.39
Total spent:$3,358,756.98

Donors

The following were the top donors who contributed to the opposition committee.[2]

Donor Cash In-kind Total
Michigan Freedom Fund $2,940,000.00 $124,830.39 $3,064,830.39
Michigan Republican Party $130,000.00 $0.00 $130,000.00
Michigan Chamber PAC II $100,000.00 $0.00 $100,000.00
Business Leaders for Michigan $50,000.00 $0.00 $50,000.00
Farm Bureau Insurance $10,000.00 $0.00 $10,000.00

Polls

See also: 2018 ballot measure polls
Michigan Proposal 3, Voting Policies in State Constitution Initiative (2018)
Poll Support OpposeUndecidedMargin of errorSample size
Glengariff Group
10/25/2018 - 10/27/2018		 68.5%21.7%9.8%+/-4.0600
EPIC-MRA
10/18/2018 - 10/23/2018		 68.0%26.0%6.0%+/-4.0600
The Glengariff Group
9/30/2018 - 10/2/2018		 71.6%18.7%9.7%+/-4.0600
EPIC-MRA
9/21/2018 - 9/25/2018		 70.0%25.0%6.0%+/-4.0600
Target Insyght
6/24/2018 - 6/26/2018		 56.0%31.0%14.0%+/-3.0800
AVERAGES 66.82% 24.48% 9.1% +/-3.8 640
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected].

Background

Same-day voter registration by state

See also: Same-day voter registration

As of September 2018, 18 states and D.C. had enacted same-day registration provisions enabling voters to register and vote at the same time. Same-day voter registration enables voters to register and vote at the same time. Same-day registration is sometimes referred to as Election Day registration.

Straight-ticket voting by state

See also: Straight-ticket voting

Straight-ticket voting, also known as straight-party voting, enables a voter to select one political party's complete slate of candidates for every office by making a single mark on his or her ballot.

Michigan had straight-ticket voting until the general election in 2018. In 2016, the Michigan State Legislature voted to eliminate straight-ticket voting. Gov. Rick Snyder (R) signed the legislation. The law was put on hold pending litigation that claimed the rescission of the straight-ticket voting discriminated against African-Americans. On September 5, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit allowed the bill to go into effect in Michigan. Petitioners appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to intervene in the case on September 7, 2018, letting the appeals court's ruling stand.[16][17][18]

Voters in Michigan had twice overturned legislation to eliminate straight-ticket voting through veto referendums. In 1964, voters defeated Proposal C. In 2002, voters rejected Proposal 1.

As of September 2018, seven states provided for straight-ticket voting. Texas adopted a bill that was set to eliminate straight-ticket voting beginning in 2020.[19]

Automatic voter registration by state

See also: Automatic voter registration

As of September 2018, 14 states and the District of Columbia had enacted automatic voter registration policies. Under an automatic voter registration system, eligible voters are automatically registered to vote whenever they interact with government agencies (e.g., departments of motor vehicles). Eligible voters are registered by default, although they may request not to be registered.[20][21]

No-excuse absentee voting by state

See also: Absentee voting

As of September 2018, the following 27 states and D.C. allowed any citizen to cast an absentee ballot (this practice is referred to as no-excuse absentee voting).[22]

Election policy on the ballot in 2018


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Voters considered ballot measures addressing election policy in 15 states in 2018.

Redistricting:

See also: Redistricting measures on the ballot
  • Missouri Amendment 1, Lobbying, Campaign Finance, and Redistricting Initiative (2018) Approveda - The PAC Clean Missouri collected signatures to get the initiated amendment on the ballot. The measure made changes to the state's lobbying laws, campaign finance limits for state legislative candidates, and legislative redistricting process. The position of nonpartisan state demographer was created. Amendment 1 made the demographer responsible for drawing legislative redistricting maps and presenting them to the House and Senate apportionment commissions.

Voting requirements and ballot access:

  • Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018) Approveda - The committee Floridians for a Fair Democracy collected more than the required 766,200 signatures to get Amendment 4 placed on the ballot. The measure was designed to automatically restore the right to vote for people with prior felony convictions, except those convicted of murder or a felony sexual offense, upon completion of their sentences, including prison, parole, and probation. It was approved.
  • North Carolina Voter ID Amendment (2018) Approveda - This amendment was referred to the ballot by the state legislature along party lines with Republicans voting in favor of it and Democrats voting against it. It created a constitutional requirement that voters present a photo ID to vote in person. It was approved.

Arkansas Issue 3, a legislative term limits initiative, was certified for the ballot but was blocked by an Arkansas Supreme Court ruling. The measure would have imposed term limits of six years for members of the Arkansas House of Representatives and eight years for members of the Arkansas Senate. The ruling came too late to remove the measure from the ballot, but the supreme court ordered election officials to not count or certify votes for Issue 3.

Campaign finance, political spending, and ethics:

  • Colorado Amendment 75, Campaign Contribution Limits Initiative (2018) Defeatedd - Proponents collected more than the required 136,328 valid signatures and met the state's distribution requirement to qualify this initiative for the ballot. The measure would have established that if any candidate for state office directs (by loan or contribution) more than one million dollars in support of his or her own campaign, then every candidate for the same office in the same primary or general election may accept five times the aggregate amount of campaign contributions normally allowed. It was defeated.


Path to the ballot

See also: Laws governing the initiative process in Michigan

The state process

In Michigan, the number of signatures required to qualify an initiated constitutional amendment for the ballot is equal to 10 percent of votes cast for governor in the last gubernatorial election. Signatures older than 180 days are invalid, which means all signatures must be collected within a 180-day window. Amendment petitions must be filed 120 days prior to the election.

The requirements to get an initiated constitutional amendment certified for the 2018 ballot:

Signature petitions are filed with the secretary of state and verified by the board of state canvassers using a random sample method of verification.

This ballot initiative

The initiative was filed with the secretary of state on February 12, 2018, and was approved by the Board of State Canvassers for signature gathering on February 13, 2018.[23]

On July 9, 2018, the PAC leading the support campaign, Promote the Vote, reported filing 433,069 signatures for the ballot initiative. At least 315,654 (72.89 percent) of the signatures needed to be valid for the initiative to make the ballot.[24] Based on a random sample of signatures, elections staff estimated that 321,755 signatures were valid.[25] On September 6, 2018, the Board of State Canvassers certified the measure to appear on the ballot.[26]

Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired FieldWorks, LLC to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $2,258,871.43 was spent to collect the 315,654 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $7.16.

How to cast a vote

See also: Voting in Michigan

Poll times

In Michigan, polls are open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. local time. Most of the state is observes Eastern Time, while several counties observe Central Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[27]

Registration requirements

Check your voter registration status here.

To vote in Michigan, you must be a United States citizen and a resident of your city or township for at least 30 days. Voters must be at least 18 years old by Election Day.[28]

Voters may register to vote online, by mail, or in person at clerk's offices in their county, city, or township or at a state department branch office at least 15 days before an election.[28]

Same-day registration is available on Election Day and during the 14 days prior. "Individuals who register to vote within the 14-day period immediately preceding an election must appear in person at their city or township clerk’s office and provide proof of residency."[28] Acceptable documents for proving residency include:

  • Michigan driver’s license or State ID card
  • Current utility bill
  • Bank statement
  • Paycheck or government check
  • Other government document[28]

Automatic registration

Michigan automatically registers eligible individuals to vote when they apply for or update a driver’s license or personal identification card.[20]

Online registration

See also: Online voter registration

Michigan has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.[20]

Same-day registration

Michigan allows same-day voter registration.[20]

Residency requirements

Michigan law requires 30 days of residency in the state before a person may vote.[28]

Verification of citizenship

See also: Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

Michigan does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration.

Verifying your registration

This page, administered by the Michigan Department of State, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.

Voter ID requirements

{{#section:Election governance in Michigan |voterid

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Michigan Secretary of State, "Initiative," accessed February 19, 2018
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Michigan Secretary of State, "2018 Ballot Proposals," accessed November 20, 2017
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michigan Secretary of State, "Official Ballot Wording," accessed September 10, 2018
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Promote the Vote, "Homepage," accessed July 9, 2018
  6. ↑ ACLU, "It’s Time to Make Voting More Accessible and Secure in Michigan," March 16, 2018
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Promote the Vote, "Partners," accessed September 11, 2018
  8. ↑ Detroit Regional Chamber, "Detroit Regional Chamber Announces Ballot Initiatives Decisions," July 25, 2018
  9. ↑ Our Revolution, "Our Initiatives," accessed September 23, 2018
  10. ↑ The Detroit News, "Promote the Vote sues to make Michigan ballot," August 29, 2018
  11. ↑ The Daily Reporter, "Leutheuser: “I am against all of the ballot initiatives," September 11, 2018
  12. ↑ Detroit Metro Times, "Critics argue Proposal 3 would increase likelihood of voter fraud – studies suggest otherwise," October 30, 2018
  13. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "Endorsement: Vote Yes on Proposal 3," September 30, 2018
  14. ↑ Lansing State Journal, "Editorial: How we vote matters, so support Proposals 2 and 3," October 8, 2018
  15. ↑ The Detroit News, "Editorial: Vote no on all ballot proposals," October 9, 2018
  16. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit, "A. Philip Randolph Institute v. Johnson: On Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan," September 5, 2018
  17. ↑ U.S. News and World Report, "Supreme Court Rejects Appeal Over Michigan Election Law," September 7, 2018
  18. ↑ Ballot Access News, "Michigan Supporters of Straight Ticket Device Ask U.S. Supreme Court to Restore the Device, but Court Declines," September 7, 2018
  19. ↑ NCSL, "Straight Ticket Voting States," September 10, 2018
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 National Conference of State Legislatures, "Automatic Voter Registration," August 31, 2017 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "Automatic Voter Registration," February 10, 2018
  22. ↑ NCSL, "Absentee and Early Voting," August 17, 2017
  23. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Statewide Proposals," February 16, 2018
  24. ↑ The Detroit News, "‘Promote the Vote’ aims for Michigan ballot," July 9, 2018
  25. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Staff Report," August 31, 2018
  26. ↑ U.S. News, "Initiative to Expand Voting Access OK'd for Michigan Ballot," September 6, 2018
  27. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions: Elections and Voting," accessed April 16, 2023
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Michigan Secretary of State, "Registering to Vote," accessed August 26, 2024
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