State legislative elections, 2024

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In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers are holding regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections are for 5,793 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (78%). The general election for state legislative races is on November 5, 2024.

To learn more about the state legislative races that will be on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers are holding regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections will be held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

On this page you will find:

Want to learn about other types of elections in 2024? Click one of the links below:

Partisan balance

As of July 19th, 2024, Republicans controlled 54.91% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 44.29%. Republicans held a majority in 56 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 41 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions.

Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
Legislative chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Grey.png Other Vacant
State senates 845 1,113 4 11
State houses 2,426 2,943 20 24
Total: 3,271

4,056

24

35

Noteworthy elections

Trifectas

See also: State government trifectas

State government trifecta is a term to describe single-party government, when one political party holds the governorship and majorities in both chambers of the state legislature.

As of July 19, 2024, there are 23 Republican trifectas, 17 Democratic trifectas, and 10 divided governments where neither party holds trifecta control.

Elections by state

Incumbents defeated

See also: Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024

General elections

Primaries

Twenty-six states have held state legislative primaries: seven with Democratic trifectas, 15 with Republican trifectas, and four with a divided government. Across those states, 106 incumbents lost to primary challengers, 3.8% of incumbents who ran for re-election.

In 2024 primaries:

  • 22 Democratic incumbents lost, 2.0% of the 1,114 Democratic incumbents who ran.
  • 84 Republican incumbents lost, 5.1% of the 1,652 Republican incumbents who ran.
  • The total number of incumbents defeated in primaries—106—is less than at this point in 2022 (130) and more than this point in 2020 (83).

    • The chart below shows a partisan breakdown of incumbents defeated in primaries from 2010 to 2024.

    Click [show] on the header below to see a full list of incumbents defeated in primaries by state. Winners marked with (i) were incumbents from the same chamber.

    State legislative leaders defeated in primaries

    As of June 30, 2024, 92 state legislative leaders in 25 states have had primaries.[83][84] Fifteen of those leaders (16.3%) faced contested primaries.[85] Of those, 11 were Republicans and four were Democrats. Three legislative leaders were defeated in their primaries, representing 20.0% of those who faced primaries and 3.3% of all legislative leaders seeking re-election.

    The 15 state legislators who faced primary challengers included three Idaho legislators as well as two each from Nevada and West Virginia.

    Click [show] on the table below for a table detailing the results of contested primaries involving state legislative leaders in 2024.


    All three legislative leaders who were defeated in primaries in 2024 were Republican state senators. One served as president, one as president pro tempore, and one as majority leader.

    Republican Party Chuck Winder
    See also: Chuck Winder

    First elected in 2008, Winder has served as Idaho's senate president pro tempore since December 2020.[88] Winder lost the Republican primary to Josh Keyser (R) 52.3%–47.7%. Winder ran on his experience, with his campaign website quoting an editorial describing the incumbent as a "force of stability...a true conservative," saying Winder had "stepped up to oppose extremism while many others have remained silent."[89] Keyser ran as a political outsider, saying he would "offer a fresh perspective to help navigate the complex challenges we face in our beautiful state."[90]

    Idaho media identified Winder's opposition to the Idaho Freedom Caucus as an element in his defeat. Ahead of the 2024 legislative session, Winder removed two caucus members from committee leadership positions and disciplined a third, saying the members had posted content on social media that was defamatory to fellow legislative Republicans. Following the removal, the Republican Party of Ada County—Idaho's largest county—censured Winder.[91] In an interview with the Idaho Press, Winder said his opposition to the affiliated Idaho Freedom Foundation was a factor in his defeat.[92]

    Republican Party Greg McCortney
    See also: Greg McCortney

    First elected in 2016, McCortney has served as Oklahoma's senate majority leader since October 2021 and was selected earlier in 2024 to serve as president pro tempore after the 2024 elections.[93][94] McCortney lost the Republican primary to Jonathan Wingard (R) 51.8%–48.2%. McCortney said he was running "to continue working for the things that make our area truly special things [sic] like our conservative values, strong schools, an improved economy, protecting our natural resources and promoting agriculture and energy."[95] Wingard ran on his military experience and values, saying he would "fight for you as a conservative, value-driven Oklahoman...It is my honor and privilege to ask you to join me as we fight the good fight of faith, freedom and rights."[96]

    KFOR political analyst Mike Turpen said the earlier timing of the 2024 legislative primaries as well as McCortney's business as a legislative leader were factors in the election because they left the incumbent with less time to campaign: "Everybody’s telling me this move, moving the election up a week… It cost him and others the ability to go campaign at home...And that was critical time lost on the campaign trail."[97] In an interview with KGOU, political science professor and district resident Christine Pappas said the results were a surprise: "It just kind of seemed like a regular old campaign where you expect the incumbent to win with 65%, 70% of the vote. And it was just quite shocking to see the outcome, which had Wingard narrowly beating McCortney. In fact, McCortney won no counties."[98]

    Republican Party Craig Blair
    See also: Craig Blair

    First elected in 2012, Blair has served as West Virginia's senate president since December 2020.[99] Blair lost the Republican primary to Tom Willis (R) 44.4%–32.2%. A third candidate, Michael Folk (R), received 23.4% of the vote. Blair ran on his experience in leadership, with his campaign website saying he "passed major reforms that led to more people working and being paid higher wages than ever before," "led the effort in the state legislature to pass the largest tax cut in history," and "passed the most pro-life legislation in state history which made abortion illegal in West Virginia."[100] Willis ran on his military experience and his involvement in the community, saying he was "the leader we need to build a better West Virginia."[101]

    Local media coverage discussed Blair's loss in the context of other incumbent defeats in the state senate. Blair was one of four state senators to lose a primary out of the 14 who filed for re-election in 2024. West Virginia MetroNews correspondent Brad McElhinny said Blair emphasized different policies than his two challengers: "Blair was conservative but emphasized his passion for economic development, for growth in West Virginia...The other two guys, Willis and (Mike) Folk, were much more animated by cultural issues." In an interview with MetroNews, consultant Greg Thomas said the district's demographics worked against Blair: "It’s the fastest growing part or [sic] the state and you have a lot of new voters which diminishes the power of the incumbency."[102]

    What's on your ballot?

    See also: Sample Ballot Lookup

    State legislative special elections

    See also: State legislative special elections, 2024

    As of July 2024, 47 state legislative special elections have been scheduled for 2024 in 21 states. Between 2011 and 2021, an average of 74 special elections took place each year.

    Impact of term limits

    See also: Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024
    HIGHLIGHTS
  • In 2024, 179 state legislators—77 state senators and 102 state representatives—are term-limited in 2024. This represents 3.1% of the 5,793 total seats up for election in November 2024.[103]
  • There are fewer term-limited legislators in 2024 than in 2022 and 2020. In 2022 and 2020, there were 252 and 211 term-limited state legislators, respectively. Ballotpedia tracked the most term-limited legislators in 2010 when 375 legislators were termed out.
  • 100 Republicans are term-limited, while 66 Democrats and 13 independents are term-limited. In even-numbered election years between 2010 and 2022, Democrats averaged about 99 term-limited legislators, while Republicans averaged 148 term-limited legislators.
  • The Nebraska State Senate and Montana House of Representatives have the highest percentage of term-limited legislators in 2024. In the Nebraska Senate, 52% of the incumbents up for election are term-limited, while 17% of the Montana House are term-limited.

    • Historical competitiveness data

    See also: Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 13, 2023

    Ballotpedia began examining the competitiveness of every state legislative race in the country in 2010. Three factors are used in this analysis: seats where the incumbent did not run for re-election, incumbents who ran in contested primaries, and seats contested by both major parties.

    The following table details competitiveness data collected from regularly scheduled state legislative elections between 2010 and 2023. Even-year elections are shown grouped together first followed by odd-year elections.

    Competitiveness in state legislative elections (2010-2023)
    Year Total seats Open seats No major party competition Incs. running Incs. in contested primaries
    # % # % # %
    Even-year elections
    2022 6,278 1,492 23.8% 2,560 40.8% 4,852 1,299 26.8%
    2020 5,875 876 14.9% 2,044 34.8% 4,999 1,006 20.1%
    2018 6,065 1,194 19.7% 2,045 33.7% 4,874 1,082 22.2%
    2016 5,916 1,032 17.4% 2,508 42.4% 4,887 985 20.2%
    2014 6,051 1,019 16.8% 2,663 44.0% 5,041 983 19.5%
    2012 6,013 1,314 21.9% 2,384 39.6% 4,790 1,117 23.3%
    2010 6,127 1,143 18.7% 2,142 35.0% 4,984 995 20.0%
    Odd-year elections
    2023 578 138 23.9% 319 55.2% 443 115 26.0%
    2021 220 13 5.9% 9 4.1% 137 24 17.5%
    2019 538 105 19.5% 301 55.9% 433 125 28.9%
    2017 220 20 9.1% 45 20.5% 200 32 16.0%
    2015 538 79 14.7% 332 61.7% 460 107 23.3%
    2013 220 15 6.8% 61 27.7% 205 24 11.7%
    2011 578 98 17.0% 312 54.0% 485 104 21.4%


    Political context

    In the previous election cycle, Democrats gained control of four chambers: the Michigan House and Senate, Minnesota Senate, and Pennsylvania House. Additionally, in Alaska, a bipartisan governing coalition comprised of Democrats and Republicans won control of the Alaska Senate. Republicans previously controlled all five chambers.

    Changes in chamber partisan control, 2010 to 2023

    See also: Partisan composition of state legislatures

    From 2010 to 2023, 41 chambers switched control: 21 switched control once, 15 switched control twice, four switched control four times, and one—the New Hampshire House of Representatives—switched control five times. During that same time, there were 58 chambers that did not switch control.

    Before the 2010 elections, Democrats controlled 60 of the country's 99 state legislative chambers, Republicans controlled 37, and neither party controlled the remaining two chambers. After the 2023 elections, Democrats controlled 41 chambers and Republicans controlled 56. Multipartisan majorities controlled the Alaska Senate and House.

    Most changes in partisan control came from major elections, but some also came through special elections (Louisiana House in 2010; Washington Senate in 2017) and party-switching (Louisiana House in 2010; Mississippi Senate in 2011). In some cases, the party that gained control did not have a numerical majority but instead controlled the chamber through a bipartisan coalition (i.e., Alaska House in 2016). This table does not account for changes in party control or ties in a chamber that lasted for less than one year and were not the result of a regularly scheduled election. An example of this is the brief period of Democratic control in the Virginia State Senate in 2014.[104]

    For this chart, a red box indicates that the chamber changed from Democratic to Republican control, and a blue box indicates that the chamber changed from Republican to Democratic control.[105]

    Chamber changes in partisan control: 2010-2023
    Party changes in 2010 Party changes in 2011 Party changes in 2012 Party changes in 2014 Party changes in 2016 Party changes in 2017 Party changes in 2018 Party changes in 2019 Party changes in 2020 Party changes in 2021 Party changes in 2022 Party changes in 2023
    Alabama Senate Louisiana Senate[106][107] Alaska Senate Colorado Senate Alaska House Washington Senate Alaska House[108] Virginia Senate New Hampshire Senate Virginia House Alaska Senate[109] Virginia House
    Alabama House Mississippi Senate[110][111] Arkansas Senate Maine Senate Iowa Senate Colorado Senate Virginia House New Hampshire House Michigan House
    Colorado House Mississippi House Arkansas House Minnesota House Kentucky House Maine Senate Michigan Senate
    Indiana House Virginia Senate[112] Colorado House Nevada Senate Minnesota Senate Minnesota House Minnesota Senate
    Iowa House Maine Senate Nevada House Nevada Senate New Hampshire House Pennsylvania House[113]
    Louisiana House[114][115] Maine House New Hampshire House Nevada House New Hampshire Senate
    Maine Senate Minnesota Senate New Mexico House New Mexico House New York Senate
    Maine House Minnesota House West Virginia Senate
    Michigan House New Hampshire House West Virginia House
    Minnesota Senate Oregon House[116]
    Minnesota House Washington Senate
    Montana House[117]
    New Hampshire Senate
    New Hampshire House
    New York Senate
    North Carolina Senate
    North Carolina House
    Ohio House
    Oregon House[118]
    Pennsylvania House
    Wisconsin Senate
    Wisconsin House
    Total changes: 22 Total changes: 4 Total changes: 11 Total changes: 9 Total changes: 7 Total changes: 1 Total changes: 7 Total changes: 2 Total changes: 2 Total changes: 1 Total changes: 5 Total changes: 1


    The chart below shows how many chambers each party controlled after the November elections in a given year.

    Partisan control of state legislative chambers: 2010-2023
    Election Democratic chambers Republican chambers Other
    Before 2010 60 37 2
    2010 38 59 2
    2011 35 60 4
    2012 41 56 2
    2013 41 56 2
    2014 30 68 1
    2015 30 68 1
    2016 31 68 0
    2017 32 67 0
    2018 37 61 1
    2019 39 59 1
    2020 37 61 1
    2021 36 62 1
    2022 40 57 2
    2023 41 56 2


    Trifectas from 2010 to 2023

    See also: State government trifectas

    A state government trifecta occurs when one political party controls the primary levers of power in a state: the governor's office, the state Senate, and the state House. From 2010 to 2018, the Republican Party increased its number of trifectas and the Democratic Party saw a decline in its trifectas. Democrats picked up six trifectas in the 2018 elections, and Republicans lost four trifectas. Following the 2021 elections, the Democratic trifecta in Virginia became a split government after Republicans gained control of the state House and governorship. After the 2023 elections, the divided government in Louisiana became a Republican trifecta when Jeff Landry (R) won election as governor.

    This chart shows the number of trifectas each party held heading into elections from 2010 to 2023, and the number of trifectas following the 2023 elections.

    Trifectas by year: 2010-2023
    Election Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas States under divided government
    Pre-2010 elections 17 10 23
    Pre-2012 elections 11 22 17
    Pre-2014 elections 12 24 14
    Pre-2016 elections 7 23 20
    Pre-2018 elections 8 26 16
    Pre-2020 elections 15 21 14
    Pre-2021 elections 15 23 12
    Pre-2022 elections 14 23 13
    Post-2022 elections 17 22 11
    Pre-2023 elections 17 22 11
    Post-2023 elections 17 23 10


    See also

    Other elections

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Ohio Republican Party passes resolution condemning 22 GOP lawmakers over bipartisan Ohio House speaker vote," January 6, 2023
    2. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    3. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    4. ↑ Facebook, "Bill Lee," accessed June 14, 2024
    5. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    6. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    7. ↑ Facebook, "Bill Lee," accessed May 31, 2024
    8. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Facebook, "Ken Paxton on February 12, 2024," accessed February 16, 2024 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PaxtonEndorse" defined multiple times with different content
    10. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    11. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    12. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    13. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    14. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 The Texas Tribune "Greg Abbott, Ken Paxton declare victory in attack on House GOP defectors," March 6, 2024
    16. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    17. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    18. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    19. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    20. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    21. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    22. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed April 4, 2024
    23. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    24. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    25. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Alaska Statutes, Sec. 24.05.080," accessed November 1, 2021
    26. ↑ Alaska’s Constitution, "A Citizen’s Guide," accessed November 1, 2021
    27. ↑ Arizona Revised Statutes, "41-1101, Section B," accessed November 22, 2016
    28. ↑ Justia, "Arkansas Constitution Article 5 - Legislative Department Section 5 - Time of meeting," accessed October 26, 2021
    29. ↑ California Constitution, "Article 4, Section 2. (a)(3)," accessed November 1, 2021
    30. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 5, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    31. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 1," accessed February 9, 2021
    32. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 3," accessed February 9, 2021
    33. ↑ Colorado LegiSource, "Surprise! The 2019 Legislative Session Convening a Week Earlier," September 20, 2018
    34. ↑ Connecticut Constitution, "Article Three, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    35. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    36. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    37. ↑ Florida Constitution, "Article III, Section 15(d)," accessed November 22, 2016
    38. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Constitution - Article III, Section IV, Paragraph I," accessed February 12, 2021
    39. ↑ Legislative Reference Bureau, "Hawaii Constitution, Article III, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    40. ↑ Idaho Constitution, "Article III, Section 3," accessed December 18, 2019
    41. ↑ Illinois Constitution, "Article 4, Section 5a," accessed November 1, 2021
    42. ↑ Indiana Constitution, "Article 4, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    43. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Iowa Code, Section 39.8 - Term of office," accessed November 1, 2021
    44. ↑ Iowa Secretary of State, "Terms of Offices for Elected Officials," accessed November 1, 2021
    45. ↑ Iowa Constitution, "Article III, Legislative Department, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    46. ↑ Kansas Constitution, "Article Two, Section 2", accessed February 9, 2021
    47. ↑ Kentucky Constitution, "Section 30," accessed February 10, 2021
    48. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part First., Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    49. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part Second., Section 5," accessed November 1, 2021
    50. ↑ Excludes three nonvoting members representing the Penobscot Nation, the Passamaquoddy Tribe and the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians.
    51. ↑ Massachusetts Constitution, "Article LXXXII," accessed February 12, 2021
    52. ↑ Michigan Constitution, "Article XI, Section 2," accessed February 12, 2021
    53. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.05," accessed February 12, 2021
    54. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.011," accessed November 1, 2021
    55. ↑ Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Article III Section 20. Regular sessions of assembly — quorum — compulsory attendance — public sessions — limitation on power to adjourn.," accessed November 1, 2021
    56. ↑ Montana State Legislature, "Montana Code Annotated 2021, 5-2-102. Term of office," accessed November 4, 2021
    57. ↑ Nebraska Constitution, "Article III-10," accessed November 4, 2021
    58. ↑ Nevada Constitution, "Article 4, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    59. ↑ New Hampshire Constitution, "Part II, Article 3," accessed February 10, 2021
    60. ↑ New Mexico Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4, accessed November 1, 2021
    61. ↑ New York Senate, "New York Constitution, Article XIII, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    62. ↑ North Carolina Constitution, "Article II, Section 9," accessed February 12, 2021
    63. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 12, 2021
    64. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article 2, Section 02," accessed November 1, 2021
    65. ↑ Ohio.gov, "A Guidebook for Ohio Legislators," accessed November 1, 2021
    66. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 80.35.14," accessed November 2, 2021
    67. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 141 ," accessed November 2, 2021
    68. ↑ Oregon Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    69. ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    70. ↑ Rhode Island Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    71. ↑ South Carolina Constitution, "Article III, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    72. ↑ South Dakota Constitution, "Article 3, Section 7," accessed November 20, 2012
    73. ↑ Tennessee Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    74. ↑ Texas Government Code, "Title 3., Subtitle A., Sec. 301.001," accessed February 17, 2021
    75. ↑ Texas Constitution, "Article 3. Legislative Department, Section 4," accessed November 4, 2021
    76. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    77. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    78. ↑ Vermont Constitution, "Chapter II, Section 46," accessed February 4, 2021
    79. ↑ Washington State Legislature, "RCW 44.04.021 Commencement of terms of office," accessed February 17, 2021
    80. ↑ West Virginia Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    81. ↑ Wisconsin Statutes, "Chapter 13: Legislative Branch: 13.02 Regular sessions," accessed October 5, 2021
    82. ↑ Justia, "2020 Wyoming Statutes Title 22 - Elections Chapter 2 - General Provisions Section 22-2-107 - When Elected State and County Officers Assume Offices.," accessed November 4, 2021
    83. ↑ The term state legislative leader refers to any officeholder holding any of the following positions in a state legislature: president, president pro tem, speaker, speaker pro tem, majority leader or minority leader.
    84. ↑ This figure includes officeholders whose primaries were canceled because no challenger filed.
    85. ↑ A top-two primary is only considered to be contested if more than two candidates filed, meaning there was a chance for a candidate to be eliminated in the primary.
    86. ↑ In a primary where only one candidate can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the winner and the runner-up. In a primary where multiple candidates can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the lowest-placing winner and the highest-placing loser.
    87. ↑ Margin of victory for the runoff. Phelan and challenger David Covey (R) advanced to a runoff because neither received more than 50% of the vote in the primary. Phelan placed second in the primary with 43.3%.
    88. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "Idaho’s House speaker retains top spot after challenge, new leader selected in Senate," December 3, 2020
    89. ↑ Chuck Winder 2024 campaign website, "Idaho Statesman Endorses Senator Winder," accessed June 30, 2024
    90. ↑ Josh Keyser 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    91. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "GOP primary race in Boise pits Republican leader against challenger backed by IFF wing," May 19, 2024
    92. ↑ KTVB, "Idaho Senate president pro tem ousted in primary election," May 22, 2024
    93. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem Announces New Leadership," October 27, 2021
    94. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    95. ↑ Greg McCortney 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    96. ↑ Jonathan Wingard 2024 campaign website, "About Me," accessed June 30, 2024
    97. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    98. ↑ KGOU, "Republican primary election upset shakes up State Senate leadership," June 28, 2024
    99. ↑ The Intelligencer, "W.Va. House Announces Leadership Changes, State Senate Has Slight Changes," December 16, 2020
    100. ↑ Craig Blair 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    101. ↑ Tom Willis 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    102. ↑ West Virginia MetroNews, "Dust settles on Senate races with changes ahead," May 15, 2024
    103. ↑ Some of the 179 term-limited state legislators in 2024 may resign before their term ends. These legislators will still be counted in the total number of term-limited legislators in 2024.
    104. ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia Republicans snatched control of the state Senate, ended budget-Medicaid impasse," June 9, 2014
    105. ↑ 2015 and 2013 are not included because no chambers changed those years.
    106. ↑ The chamber first changed from Democratic to Republican control in a February 2011 special election. Republicans increased their majority to 24-15 in the 2011 elections.
    107. ↑ Fox News, "GOP Candidate Wins Lousiana [sic] Senate Special Election, Shifting Majority," February 20, 2011
    108. ↑ Chamber went from being controlled by a Democratic-led bipartisan coalition to being led by a coalition with power split between the parties.
    109. ↑ Chamber went from a Republican majority to a bipartisan governing coalition.
    110. ↑ The chamber changed partisan control prior to the 2011 elections due to Democrats switching to the Republican Party and special election wins by Republicans. Republicans increased their majority in the 2011 elections to 31-21.
    111. ↑ The Washington Post, "Southern Democrats in dire straits; 2011 looms large," January 11, 2011
    112. ↑ In the 2011 elections, the chamber changed from a 22-18 Democratic advantage to a 20-20 tie. Republicans effectively controlled the chamber because Lieutenant Gov. Bill Bolling (R) could cast tie-breaking votes.
    113. ↑ Democrats won a majority of seats, but did not have a majority when the legislative session began due to vacancies created during the interim.
    114. ↑ This chamber did not hold elections in 2010. It switched partisan control in December 2010 when Democrat Noble Ellington changed his party affiliation to Republican. In the regularly-scheduled 2011 elections, Republicans increased their majority to 58-45.
    115. ↑ Nola.com, "Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch," December 17, 2010
    116. ↑ In this election, the Oregon House changed from a 30-30 tie to a 34-26 Democratic advantage.
    117. ↑ This chamber went from a 50-50 tie to a 68-32 Republican advantage in the 2010 elections.
    118. ↑ This chamber went from a 36-24 Democratic advantage to a 30-30 tie in the 2010 elections.
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