Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sources, Pollution Status, and Hazards of Chloride in Water Bodies
2.1. Sources of Chloride
2.2. Concentration Distribution of Chloride
2.3. Hazards of Chlorides
3. Domestic Chloride Water-Quality Standard Limit Value, Development Basis, and Comparative Analysis
4. Global Water-Quality Criteria and Standards for Chloride Levels
4.1. Water-Quality Criteria and Water-Quality Standard for Chloride Levels in the United States
4.1.1. Chloride Water-Quality Criteria Studies in the United States
- The chloride of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were generally considered to be more acutely toxic to aquatic animals than NaCl, and chloride in aqueous environments was generally considered to be primarily associated with Na;
- Only the NaCl had sufficient data to be used in the derivation of WQC;
- No significant relationships were found between the acute toxicity of chloride to freshwater animals and the hardness, alkalinity, or pH levels;
- The exposure times of 24 h and 48 h were mainly chosen, with very little change observed in the acute values from 24 h to 48 h and 96 h.
4.1.2. Chloride Water-Quality Standards Studies in the United States
4.2. Development of the Water-Quality Criteria and Standards for Chloride in Canada
5. The Derivation of the Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride in China
5.1. Toxicity Data Collection and Selection
5.2. Derivation of the Water-Quality Criteria Value for Chloride
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Finanzierung
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Branchen | Sources of Wastewater | Chloride Content (Cl−, mg/L) | Median (Cl−, mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Metallurgical factory | Iron smelters wash sewage | 100.0–600.0 | 350.0 |
Metallurgical factory | Nylon production sewage | 475.0–3340.0 | 1907.5 |
Petrochemical industry | Synthetic rubber sewage | 2670.0–2800.0 | 2735.0 |
Petrochemical industry | Butadiene sewage | 1277.0–1350.0 | 1313.5 |
Petrochemical industry | Ethylene propylene rubber sewage | 361.0–602.0 | 481.5 |
Printing and dyeing mill | Steam sewage | 103.3–168.1 | 135.7 |
Printing and dyeing mill | Rinse the sewage | 234.4–296.0 | 265.2 |
Tannery | Wastewater for ash removal | 1700.0 | - |
Tannery | Chromite tanning wastewater | 215,000.0 | - |
Area | Type of Water | Chloride Content (Cl−, mg/L) | Median (Cl−, mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Luoyang City | Tap water | 24.01–42.97 | 33.49 |
Recycling water | 22.37–47.55 | 34.96 | |
Underground water | 52.97–59.49 | 56.23 | |
Surface water | 12.07–52.97 | 32.52 | |
Yangtze estuary water | Surface water | 45.16–178.11 | 111.42 |
Qiantang Estuary | Surface water | 12.70–48.50 | 30.60 |
Minjiang River Estuary | Water plant intake | 132.00–977.00 | 435.50 |
Nandu River | Surface water | 17.44–9564.80 | 487.12 |
Kanazawa Reservoir | Surface water | 42.00–52.42 | 47.21 |
Hun River | Surface water | 76.77–94.21 | 85.49 |
Liao River | Surface water | 47.09–64.77 | 55.93 |
Standards | Kategorie | Limit mg/L |
---|---|---|
GB 3838-2002 | Standard limit of supplementary projects of centralized domestic water source of surface water | 250 |
GB 5749-2006 | Water-quality routine indexes and limits/sensory traits and general chemical indexes | 250 |
Partial water-quality indicators and limits/sensory traits and general chemical indicators for small centralized and decentralized water supplies | 300 | |
GB/T 14848-2017 | Groundwater quality classification index class I | ≤50 |
Groundwater quality classification index class II | ≤150 | |
Groundwater quality classification index class III | ≤250 | |
Groundwater quality classification index class IV | ≤350 | |
Groundwater quality classification index class V | >350 | |
GB 5084-2021 | Basic control project standard value of irrigation water quality/water farming | 350 |
Basic control project standard value of irrigation water quality/dry farming | 350 | |
Basic control project standard value of irrigation water quality/vegetable | 350 | |
CJ 94-2005 | Drinking water-quality standards/general chemical index limits | 100 |
CJ/T206-2005 | Routine inspection items of water quality of urban water supply and limited/sensory characters and general chemical indexes | 250 |
Genus | Species Name | Species Latin Name | Toxic Effect | Endpoint | Exposure (h) | SGMV (mg/L) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algae | Green Algae | Raphidocelis subcapitata | Physiology | EC50 | 96 | 11,688.56 | [26] |
Crustaceans | Aquatic Sowbug | Asellus communis | Mortality | LC50 | 24 | 5600 | [27] |
Crustaceans | Water Flea | Daphnia magna | Intoxication | Immobile | 48 | 4200 | [28] |
Crustaceans | Scud | Hyalella azteca | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 5000 | [29] |
Fish | Snake-Head Catfish | Channa punctata | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 12,000 | [30] |
Fish | Striped Bass | Morone saxatilis | Mortality | LC50 | 24 | 7000 | [31] |
Fish | Guppy | Poecilia reticulata | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 11,700 | [32] |
Insects/Spiders | Common Stonefly | Acroneuria abnormis | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 10,000 | [33] |
Insects/Spiders | Stonefly | Agnetina capitata | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 10,000 | [33] |
Insects/Spiders | Damselfly | Argia sp. | Mortality | LC50 | 24 | 32,000 | [27] |
Insects/Spiders | Mayfly | Callibaetis fluctuans | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 5000 | [29] |
Insects/Spiders | Midge | Chaoborus americanus | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 5000 | [29] |
Insects/Spiders | Mayfly | Isonychia bicolor | Mortality | LC50 | 24~72 | 8000 | [34] |
Insects/Spiders | Crane Fly | Tipula abdominalis | Mortality | LC50 | 96 | 10,000 | [33] |
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Hong, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Liao, W.; Yan, Z.; Feng, C.; Xu, D. Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042875
Hong Y, Zhu Z, Liao W, Yan Z, Feng C, Xu D. Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042875
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Yajun, Ziwei Zhu, Wei Liao, Zhenfei Yan, Chenglian Feng, and Dayong Xu. 2023. "Freshwater Water-Quality Criteria for Chloride and Guidance for the Revision of the Water-Quality Standard in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2875. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042875