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{{short description|Turkic sultanate in Caucasus }}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name =
| common_name = Shamshadil
| status = [[
| capital = [[Yuxarı Öysüzlü|Oksuzlu]]
|
▲| official_languages = [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| area_km2 =
| year_start = 1747
| year_end =
| image_map=
| image_map_caption=
|<!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 -->
|p1 = Afsharid
|flag_p1 = Nader Shah Flag.svg
|border_p1 = no
|s1 = Russian Empire
|flag_s1 = Flag of the
|
}}
'''Shamshadil''' (also spelled '''Shams al-Din''' or '''Shamshadin''') was a [[sultanate]] (a semi-autonomous district governed by a military commander) in the [[South Caucasus]] established in 1747. It was located in what is now northeastern [[Armenia]] and northwestern [[Azerbaijan]].
== Background ==
During the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] period, Shamshadil was part of the [[Safavid Karabakh|Karabakh]] province, which was governed by the [[Ziyadoghlu Qajar|Ziyadoghlu]] branch of the [[Qajars (tribe)|Qajar tribe]].{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=250}} After [[Nader Shah|Nader]] repelled the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] from the area in 1735, he appointed Ughurlu Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar as its [[khan (title)|khan]]. The latter was later the only khan who did not support Nader when he petitioned to become [[shah]] (king) of Iran at the assembly at the [[Mughan plain]]. This made Nader Shah split the Karabakh province in order to curtail the power of the Qajars.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|pp=250–251}} The [[Zangezur]] district was given to the ''[[beglerbegi]]'' (governor-general) of [[Tabriz]]; the autonomy of the [[Melikdoms of Karabakh|Armenian Melikdoms]] was restored, and Borchalu, the [[Kazakh sultanate]] and Shamshadil were given to the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] king [[Teimuraz II of Kartli|Teimuraz II of Kakheti]] ({{reign|1732|1762}}). Ughurlu Khan was thus only left with [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] and its surroundings.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=251}}
Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the [[South Caucasus]]. There the Georgians and local khans fought over land.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2016|p=107}} With no central authority left in Iran, [[Heraclius II of Georgia|Heraclius II]] ({{reign|1762|1798}}), the king of [[Eastern Georgia (country)|Eastern Georgia]] ([[Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti|Kartli-Kakheti]]), and the khans, district ''aqalars'' (grandees) and ''soltans'' (military commander of a district) attempted to preserve their recent freedom by collaborating with or against their neighbours.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2016|p=107. For the meaning of "''soltan''", see p. 120, note 2}} The area soon split into multiple semi-autonomous khanates and districts, such as the [[Ganja Khanate]].{{sfn|Bournoutian|2016|pp=107–108}} Shamshadil was amongst the sultanates that emerged during this period.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=11 (see also note 59)}}
== History ==
Although some khans and ''soltans'' had showed interest in receiving Russian protection, [[Javad Khan]] of Ganja staunchly opposed it. He remained loyal to the shah and planned to defy any Russian intrusion. When Javad Khan was made aware of the gradual Russian expansion into the neighboring districts, he had his son Hossein Qoli Aqa relocate the Tatar and Armenian families of Shamshadil to Ganja. Javad Khan also plundered the district, seizing livestock and forcing many locals to flee to Georgia.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=36}} In response, the Russian general [[Karl Knorring]] sent a diplomat named Gorgin Beg to Javad Khan, asking him to stop his hostility, as Shamshadil was Georgian land and that it had only been controlled by Ganja due to being granted by [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]]. Javad Khan responded by saying that while Shamshadil had occasionally been detached from Ganja, it had still been part of it for centuries. He also added that he desired good relations with his neighbour. Knorring responded back, by repeating that the district belongs to Georgia, which was now part of Russia.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=37}}
On 4 June, 1802, Knorring sent a Russian force under Lazarev into Shamshadil. Lazarev and his men only had supplies to last until June 13, and thus had hoped to acquire some from the Armenian villages bordering Ganja. However, when he reached the border on June 8, he discovered that 29 out of 33 Armenian and Tatar villages, which amounted to 1,900 families, had been moved to Ganja. Recognizing his dangerous position, Lazarev and his men withdrew into the Kazakh sultanate and Borchalu.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=37}} Shamshadil was amongst the lands that Iran ceded to Russia by agreeing to the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] in 1813.{{sfn|Bournoutian|2021|p=233}}
Under Russian rule, the [[Kazakh uezd]] of the [[Elizavetpol Governorate]] was frequently called Kazakh-Shamshadin, since the southern half of the uezd was still known as Shamshadin.{{Sfn|Hakobyan|Melikʻ-Bakhshyan|Barseghyan|1998}} The name was preserved in the Soviet period as the [[Shamshadin District]] of the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]], which was renamed Tavush in 1990 and later abolished and made a part of the modern-day [[Tavush Province]] of Armenia.{{Sfn|Hakobyan|Melikʻ-Bakhshyan|Barseghyan|1998}}
== References ==
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* {{cite journal |last1=Bournoutian |first1=George |authorlink = George Bournoutian |title=Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4 |date=2016 |pages= 107–124|journal = Iranian Studies | issue = 1 | volume = 50 | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bournoutian |first1=George |title=From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813 |date=2021 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9004445154}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Hakobyan |first1=Tʻ. Kh. |title=Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran |last2=Melikʻ-Bakhshyan |first2=St. T. |last3=Barseghyan |first3=H. Kh. |publisher=Yerevan State University |year=1998 |volume=4 |pages=72 |language=hy |trans-title=Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories |chapter=Shamshadin |author-link=Tadevos Hakobyan |chapter-url=http://nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=61&dt=HY_HY&pageNumber=3146}}
{{Azerbaijan topics}}
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[[Category:18th century in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:19th century in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Former countries in
[[Category:Russo-Persian Wars]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Tavush Province]]
[[Category:1747 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Tovuz District]]
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