The 2A46 (also called D-81TM) is a 125 mm/L48 smoothbore cannon of Soviet origin used in several main battle tanks. It was designed by OKB-9 (Artillery Plant No. 9) in Yekaterinburg.

2A46 125 mm gun
2A46M-1 in Motovilikha Plants museum
TypeSmoothbore tank gun
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In serviceSince 1970
Production history
DesignerSpetstekhnika Design Bureau
Produced1970–present
Specifications
Mass2A46: 2,675 kg
2A46M: 2,400 kg
Length2A46: 6,350 mm
2A46M: 6,381 mm
Barrel length6,000 mm L48

Caliber125 mm
Muzzle velocityAPFSDS: 1,715-1,800 m/s

HEAT: 905-950 m/s

HE: 760 m/s
Effective firing rangeAPFSDS / HEAT: 3,000 m

HE: 4,000 m

ATGM: 5,000 m

Description

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It was developed by the Spetstekhnika Design Bureau in Ekaterinburg in the 1960s originally for the T-64 tank. They were subsequently manufactured at Artillery Plant No. 9 in Ekaterinburg and Motovilikha in Perm. Other variations include 2A46M, 2A46M-1, 2A46M-2, 2A46M-4, 2A46M-5, and Ukrainian KBA-3 and Chinese ZPT-98.

The 2A46 can fire armour-piercing fin-stabilised discarding sabot (APFSDS), high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high-explosive fragmentation (HEF) projectiles. The ammunition for the 2A46 gun is in two pieces: the projectile is loaded first, followed by a separate propellant charge.

The early versions of the 2A46 suffered from a relatively short barrel life, but this was rectified on the 2A46M-1 version. Depending on the version it offers 510.0 MPa (73,970 psi) or from the 2A46M-1 650.0 MPa (94,270 psi) Pmax chamber pressure.[1]

The Ukrainian KBA-3 guns are based on the 2A46 gun. In addition, the Chinese ZPT-98 is based on 2A46M imported from Russia's T-72 or T-80.[2]

Projectiles

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Projectile specifications for 2A46 and 2A46M[3][4][5][6][7][8]
Note: There are different ways to measure penetration value. NATO uses the 50% (This means that 50% of the projectile had to go through the plate), while the Soviet/Russia standard is higher (80% had to go through). According to authorities like Paul Lakowski, the difference in performance can reach as much as 8%[9]
Round index Projectile index Charge index Round weight, kg Projectile weight, kg Charge weight, kg Penetration, mm/deg[note 1]
APFSDS Rounds
3VBM3 3BM9/3BM10 4Zh40 19.6 5.67 5.0/5.0+3.4 245mm/0°, 140mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM6 3BM12/3BM13 4Zh40 19.6 5.67 5.0/5.0+3.4 380mm/0°, 140mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM7 3BM15/3BM16 4Zh40 20.0 5.9 5.0/5.0+3.4 400mm/0°, 150mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM8 3BM17/3BM18 4Zh40 20.0 5.9 5,0/5,0+3,4 265mm/0°, 150mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM9 3BM22/3BM23 4Zh40 20.2 6.55 5,0/5,0+3,4 420mm/0°, 170mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM11 3BM26/3BM27 4Zh63 20.43 7.05 5.3/5.3+2.9 410mm/0°, 200mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM12 3BM29/3BM30 6.55 360mm /0°, 210mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM13 3BM32/3BM38 4Zh63 20.55 7.05 5.3/5.3+2.9 395mm/0°, 230mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM17 3BM42/3BM44 ("Mango") 4Zh63 20.4 7.05 5.3/5.3+2.9 450mm/0°, 230mm/60° @ 2km
—- 3BM44-2 (“Mango-2”) 480mm/0°, 280mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM19 3BM42M/3BM44M ("Lekalo") 4Zh63 20.4 7.05 5.3/5.3+2.9 ???mm/0°, ???mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM20 3BM46/3BM48 ("Svinets") 4Zh63 20.4 7.05 5.3/5.3+2.9 495mm/0°, 290mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM22 3BM59 ("Svinets-1") 8.8 ???mm/0°, 315mm/60° @ 2km
3VBM23 3BM60 ("Svinets-2") 8.1 ???mm/0°, 300mm/60° @ 2km
125-mm TAPNA 6.7 5.5/5.5+3.3 460mm/0°, 270mm/60° @ 2km
ZPS Pronit[note 2] 4Zh63 5.855/5.855+3.0 430mm/0°, 250mm/60° @ 2km
125-I[note 3] 23.0 7.37 430mm/0°, 250mm/60° @ 2km
125-II / DTW-125 [note 4] 23.0 7.44 515mm/0°, 300mm/60° @ 2km
125-III / DTC10-125 [note 5] ???mm/0°, 330mm/60° @ 2km [1]
HEAT Rounds
3VBK7 3BK12(M) 4Zh40 29.0 19.0 5.0 220/60°
3VBK10 3BK14(M) 4Zh40 29.0 19.0 5.0 220/60°
3VBK16 3BK18(M) 4Zh40 29.0 19.0 5.0 260/60°
3VBK17 3BK21B 4Zh52 29.0 19.0 10.0 260/60°
3VBK25 3BK29(M) 4Zh52 28.4 18.4 10.0 300/60°
3VBK27 3BK31 19.0 350/60°[note 6]
125-mm HEAT[note 7] 19.0 200/60°
125-mm HEAT-T[note 8] 33.0 23.0 10,0
125-mm HEAT-T[note 9] 19.5 200/60°
M88[note 10]
HE Rounds
3VOF22 3OF19 4Zh40 33.0 23.0 5.0
3VOF36 3OF26 4Zh40 33.0 23.0 5.0
Practice HEAT Rounds
3VP5 3P11 4Zh40 29.0 19.0 5.0
Practice APFSDS Rounds
3VP6 3P31/3P35 4Zh40 19.5 5.2 5.0/5.0+4.3
Practice HE Rounds
3VP24 3P23 4Zh40 33.0 23.0 5.0
Training Rounds
3VPU4 3PU12 4PU105 19.1 9.6
3VPU5 3PU13 4PU105 28.5 19.0
3VPU6 3PU14 4PU105 32.5 23.0
Inert 4Kh33 13
Guided weapons for 2A46-2, 2A46M and their variants
ATGMs[10][11][12][13][14]
9M112 9D129 33.2 250/60°
9M112M 300/60°
9M112M2 31.1 24 300..350/60°
9M124 33.6 27.9 450/60°
3UBK14 9M119 9Kh949 23.3 16.5 7.1 325..375/60°
Sokol-1 4Zh63 23.0 5.3 350/60°
Explosive ATGMs[15][16]
3UBK14F 9M119F 9Kh949 23.6 16.5 7.1
3UBK14F1 9M119F1 9Kh949 23.3 16.5 6.8
Guided weapons for 2A46M and its variants
3UBK20 9M119M 9Kh949 24.3 17.2 7.1 325..375/60°
3UBK20M 9M119M1 9Kh949 24.3 17.2 7.1 425..450/60°
AP projectiles for 2A46M-5
3VBM22 3BM59 4Zh96 540/0° @ 2km
3VBM23 3BM60 4Zh96 515/0° @ 2km
??? 3BM69 ???/0°
??? 3BM70 ???/0°

Variants

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Soviet Union and Russia

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  • 2A46-1 / DT-81TM (1970): Used on T-64A and T-72A.
  • 2A46-2 / DT-81K (1976): Used on T-64B and T-80B.
  • 2A46M (1981): Used on T-72AV, and T-72B.
  • 2A46M-1 (1981): Used on T-64BV, T-72B, T-80BV and T-80U.
  • 2A46M-2 (1992): Used on T-72S, T-90, T-90A, and T-90S tanks.
  • 2A46M-4: Used on Object 640 (aka, Black Eagle) [citation needed]
  • 2A46M-5: Used on T-90M, T-80BVM, and T72B3 Obr2017.
  • 2A82-1M: Used on T-14 Armata.[17]

Source:[18]

China

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Ukraine

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Tanks using the 2A46

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Map with 2A46 operators in blue with former operators in red

The 2A46 has been used in numerous tanks, almost exclusively Soviet/Russian designs or foreign derivatives:

See also

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Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

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Sources

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References

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  1. ^ "Vasiliy Fofanov's Modern Russian Armor Page". Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  2. ^ a b Charlie Gao (20 December 2021). "Chinese Tanks Still Lag Behind Other Top Armies". The national interest. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  3. ^ 2А46ТО1. 125-мм танковые пушки 2А26, 2А46, 2А46-1, 2А46М, 2А46М-1, 2А46-2. Техническое описание и инструкция по эксплуатации. Часть 3. Боеприпасы.
  4. ^ Рособронэкспорт (2003) [Land forces weapons. Export catalogue]. "Вооружение сухопутных войск". Каталог экспортного вооружения. «Интервестник». p. 120.
  5. ^ А. В. Карпенко (2001). "Часть 1". Каталог современного российского вооружения и конверсионной техники на международных выставках вооружений и военной техники (1992-2001 гг.). С-Пб.: «Бастион». p. 336.
  6. ^ А. Хлопотов. (2009). "Танк Т-72БА: посредственная модернизация или модернизация по средствам?". Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра (10). М.: Техинформ: 20.
  7. ^ Jane’s Ammunition Handbook 2001—2002
  8. ^ Суворов С. (2003). "Танк Т-64". Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра (Журнал) (11). М.: «Техинформ»: 28. ISSN 1682-7597.
  9. ^ "Pokonać pancerz! Część III – dane amunicji APFSDS-T". Archived from the original on 2018-07-02. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
  10. ^ "Противотанковая управляемая ракета "9М119 9М117"". Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
  11. ^ А. В. Карпенко, Ракетные танки, стр. 36
  12. ^ "Комплекс управляемого танкового вооружения 9К112 Кобра". Информационно-новостная система «Ракетная техника». Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
  13. ^ Энциклопедия XXI век. Оружие и технологии России. Том 12. Средства поражения и боеприпасы, стр. 185
  14. ^ Р. Ангельский. (2006). ""Кобры" стерегут страну советов". Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра (7). М.: Техинформ: 19.
  15. ^ "Выстрел 3УБК14Ф с управляемой ракетой 9М119Ф". Завод имени В.А. Дегтярёва. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  16. ^ "Выстрел 3УБК14Ф1 с управляемой ракетой 9М119Ф1". Завод имени В.А. Дегтярёва. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  17. ^ "Overview". www.militaryperiscope.com. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  18. ^ "120mm and 125mm Main Guns". fofanov.armor.kiev.ua. Retrieved 2022-12-23.
  19. ^ "Ukrainian Tanks". www.pmulcahy.com. Retrieved 2022-12-23.

Notes

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  1. ^ Standard RHA plates at 2000 m
  2. ^ Polish variant
  3. ^ Chinese variant
  4. ^ Chinese variant
  5. ^ Chinese variant
  6. ^ ERA armor.
  7. ^ Bulgarian variant
  8. ^ Iranian variant
  9. ^ Polish variant
  10. ^ Yugoslavian variant
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