Colorado's 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Colorado. Located in the eastern part of the state, the district encompasses most of the rural Eastern Plains, as well as portions of the Colorado Front Range, including Loveland, Highlands Ranch, Castle Rock, and Parker.
Colorado's 4th congressional district | |
---|---|
Representative | |
Distribution |
|
Population (2022) | 748,891[2] |
Median household income | $108,087[3] |
Ethnicity |
|
Cook PVI | R+13[4] |
The district is currently vacant, and was last represented by Republican Ken Buck. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+13, it is the most Republican district in Colorado.[4] No Democrat has received more than 40% of the vote as a U.S. House candidate in the district since 2010.
History
edit1990s
editFollowing the 1990 U.S. census and associated realignment of Colorado congressional districts, the 4th congressional district consisted of Baca, Bent, Cheyenne, Crowley, Elbert, Kiowa, Kit Carson, Larimer, Las Animas, Lincoln, Logan, Morgan, Otero, Phillips, Prowers, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma counties, as well as portions of Adams and Arapahoe counties.
2000s
editFollowing the 2000 U.S. census and associated realignment of Colorado congressional districts, the 4th congressional district consisted of Baca, Bent, Cheyenne, Crowley, Kiowa, Kit Carson, Larimer, Lincoln, Logan, Morgan, Phillips, Prowers, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma counties, as well as portions of Boulder, and Otero counties.
2010s
editFollowing the 2010 U.S. census and associated realignment of Colorado congressional districts, the 4th congressional district consisted of Baca, Bent, Cheyenne, Crowley, Elbert, Kiowa, Kit Carson, Las Animas, Lincoln, Logan, Morgan, Otero, Phillips, Prowers, Sedgwick, Washington, Weld and Yuma counties. The district also includes portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder and Douglas counties and very little portions of Larimer County.
Characteristics
editThis district consists mainly of the area of Colorado that is part of the Great Plains region of the United States. It is largely rural. The only large populated places in the district are Loveland, Highlands Ranch, Castle Rock, and Parker. Until the 2010s redistricting, Fort Collins was the largest city in the district and provided a large Democratic base, making the district somewhat competitive: before the 2020 redistricting, Greeley was the largest city in the district but has since been moved to the 8th district.
While the 4th takes in some suburbs of the Democratic-leaning Denver metropolitan area, the 4th takes in Douglas County, the most Republican region in the area. However, it is still far more friendly to the Democrats than the other counties in the district (especially in blue-leaning Highlands Ranch and Lone Tree) and is the only area in the district with any Democratic support of real significance. On the other hand, the district takes in some of the most Republican counties in Colorado, such as Washington, Kit Carson, and Logan, where Democrats rarely exceed even 20 percent of the vote.
Historically, the district has been Republican-leaning, though Marilyn Musgrave won relatively narrow victories in 2004 and 2006 due to her Democratic opponents' strength in Fort Collins. Musgrave had to rely on strong performances in more conservative Greeley to hold onto her seat. In 2008, Musgrave lost reelection to Betsy Markey, who became the first Democrat to represent the district since the early 1970s. Markey was defeated in 2010 by Republican Cory Gardner, and the district was made more Republican in redistricting due to the removal of Fort Collins; no Democratic nominee has won more than 40% of the vote since she left office.
George W. Bush received 58% of the vote in this district in 2004. John McCain narrowly carried the district in 2008 with 50% of the vote.
Composition
edit# | County | Seat | Population |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Adams | Brighton | 533,365 |
5 | Arapahoe | Littleton | 656,061 |
9 | Baca | Springfield | 3,344 |
11 | Bent | Las Animas | 5,681 |
17 | Cheyenne | Cheyenne Wells | 1,727 |
25 | Crowley | Ordway | 5,636 |
35 | Douglas | Castle Rock | 383,906 |
39 | Elbert | Kiowa | 28,806 |
41 | El Paso | Colorado Springs | 744,215 |
61 | Kiowa | Eads | 1,384 |
63 | Kit Carson | Burlington | 6,994 |
69 | Larimer | Fort Collins | 370,771 |
73 | Lincoln | Hugo | 5,480 |
75 | Logan | Sterling | 20,619 |
87 | Morgan | Fort Morgan | 29,524 |
95 | Phillips | Holyoke | 4,476 |
99 | Prowers | Lamar | 11,751 |
115 | Sedgwick | Julesburg | 2,299 |
121 | Washington | Akron | 4,855 |
123 | Weld | Greeley | 359,442 |
125 | Yuma | Wray | 9,862 |
Cities of 10,000 people or more
edit- Highlands Ranch – 105,631
- Loveland – 76,378
- Castle Rock – 73,158
- Parker – 58,512
- Windsor – 35,788
- Lone Tree – 14,253
- Sterling – 13,735
- The Pinery – 11,311
- Castle Pines – 11,036
2,500 – 10,000 people
edit- Roxborough Park – 9,416
- Stonegate – 9,072
- Lamar – 7,687
- Severance – 7,683
- Eaton – 5,802
- Brush – 5,339
- Meridian – 4,786
- Castle Pines Village – 4,327
- Sierra Ridge – 3,490
- Yuma – 3,456
- Ponderosa Park – 3,334
- Strasburg – 3,307
- Meridian Village – 3,202
- Burlington – 3,172
- Acres Green – 2,922
- Bennett – 2,862
- Stepping Stone – 2,780
Voting
editElection results from presidential races[5]
Election results | ||
---|---|---|
Year | Office | Results |
2000 | President | Bush 57–37% |
2004 | President | Bush 58–41% |
2008 | President | McCain 50–49% |
2012 | President | Romney 59–40% |
2016 | President | Trump 57–34% |
Senate | Glenn 57–38% | |
2018 | Governor | Stapleton 57.7–38.1% |
2020 | President | Trump 57–41% |
Senate | Gardner 59–39% | |
2022 | Governor | Ganahl 55–43% |
Senate | O'Dea 57–40% |
List of members representing the district
editElection results
edit1914
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (Incumbent) | 26,562 | 57.83 | ||
Republican | H. J. Baird | 15,015 | 32.69 | ||
Socialist | George Kunkle | 4,353 | 9.48 | ||
Total votes | 45,930 | 100.0 | |||
Democratic win (new seat) |
1916
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 30,926 | 65.78 | |
Republican | H. J. Baird | 13,397 | 28.49 | |
Socialist | Emery D. Cox | 2,695 | 5.73 | |
Total votes | 47,018 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1918
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 22,423 | 65.72 | |
Republican | Straud M. Logan | 11,695 | 34.28 | |
Total votes | 34,118 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1920
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 25,994 | 55.32 | |
Republican | Merle D. Vincent | 20,991 | 44.68 | |
Total votes | 46,985 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1922
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 30,331 | 64.26 | |
Republican | Merle D. Vincent | 16,870 | 35.74 | |
Total votes | 47,201 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1924
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 33,262 | 65.54 | |
Republican | Webster S. Whinnery | 17,486 | 34.46 | |
Total votes | 50,748 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1926
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 32,093 | 66.75 | |
Republican | Webster S. Whinnery | 15,990 | 33.25 | |
Total votes | 48,083 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1928
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 30,142 | 58.84 | |
Republican | William P. Dale | 21,089 | 41.16 | |
Total votes | 51,231 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1930
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 34,536 | 66.95 | |
Republican | Webster S. Whinnery | 17,051 | 33.05 | |
Total votes | 51,587 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1932
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 40,736 | 65.99 | |
Republican | Richard C. Callen | 20,993 | 34.01 | |
Total votes | 61,729 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1934
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 39,747 | 67.30 | |
Republican | Harry McDevitt | 17,234 | 29.18 | |
Veterans' Party | Gustavis A. Billstrom | 1,625 | 2.75 | |
Independent | O. W. Daggett | 457 | 0.77 | |
Total votes | 59,063 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1936
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 42,010 | 65.45 | |
Republican | John S. Woody | 22,175 | 34.55 | |
Total votes | 64,185 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1938
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 43,596 | 63.74 | |
Republican | John S. Woody | 24,805 | 36.26 | |
Total votes | 68,401 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1940
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Edward T. Taylor (incumbent) | 44,095 | 59.41 | |
Republican | Paul W. Crawford | 30,126 | 40.59 | |
Total votes | 74,221 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1941 (special)
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Robert F. Rockwell | 19,918 | 54.04 | |||
Democratic | Frank Delaney | 16,941 | 45.96 | |||
Total votes | 36,859 | 100.0 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
1942
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Robert F. Rockwell (incumbent) | 28,460 | 58.75 | |
Democratic | Elizabeth E. Pellet | 19,979 | 41.25 | |
Total votes | 48,439 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1944
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Robert F. Rockwell (incumbent) | 38,671 | 61.67 | |
Democratic | John L. Heuschkel | 24,039 | 38.33 | |
Total votes | 62,710 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1946
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Robert F. Rockwell (incumbent) | 28,894 | 58.75 | |
Democratic | Thomas Matthews | 20,290 | 41.25 | |
Total votes | 49,184 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1948
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall | 34,695 | 51.86 | |||
Republican | Robert F. Rockwell (incumbent) | 32,206 | 48.14 | |||
Total votes | 66,901 | 100.0 | ||||
Democratic gain from Republican |
1950
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 35,797 | 57.30 | |
Republican | Jack Evans | 26,674 | 42.70 | |
Total votes | 62,471 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1952
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 39,676 | 50.02 | |
Republican | Howard M. Shults | 39,647 | 49.98 | |
Total votes | 79,323 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1954
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 34,294 | 53.49 | |
Republican | Charles E. Wilson | 29,818 | 46.51 | |
Total votes | 64,112 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1956
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 48,489 | 61.76 | |
Republican | Hugh Caldwell | 30,026 | 38.24 | |
Total votes | 78,515 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1958
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 43,785 | 63.61 | |
Republican | J. R. "Dick" Wells | 25,048 | 36.39 | |
Total votes | 68,833 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1960
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 58,731 | 68.54 | |
Republican | Charles P. Casteel | 26,960 | 31.46 | |
Total votes | 85,691 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1962
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 42,462 | 58.65 | |
Republican | Leo L. Sommerville | 29,943 | 41.35 | |
Total votes | 72,405 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1964
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 106,685 | 63.02 | |
Republican | Edwin S. Lamm | 62,617 | 36.98 | |
Total votes | 169,302 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1966
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 84,107 | 58.61 | |
Republican | James Paul Johnson | 59,404 | 41.39 | |
Total votes | 143,511 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1968
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 92,680 | 54.69 | |
Republican | Fred E. Anderson | 76,776 | 45.31 | |
Total votes | 169,456 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1970
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Wayne Aspinall (incumbent) | 76,244 | 55.08 | |
Republican | Bill Gossard | 62,169 | 44.92 | |
Total votes | 138,413 | 100.0 | ||
Democratic hold |
1972
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Paul Johnson | 94,994 | 51.03 | |||
Democratic | Alan Merson | 91,151 | 48.97 | |||
Total votes | 186,145 | 100.0 | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
1974
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Paul Johnson (incumbent) | 82,982 | 52.05 | |
Democratic | John Carroll | 76,452 | 47.95 | |
Total votes | 159,434 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1976
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Paul Johnson (incumbent) | 119,458 | 54.05 | |
Democratic | Daniel Ogden | 76,995 | 34.84 | |
Independent | Dick Davis | 20,398 | 9.23 | |
Independent | Henry Thiel | 4,167 | 1.89 | |
Total votes | 221,018 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1978
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | James Paul Johnson (incumbent) | 103,121 | 61.18 | |
Democratic | Morgan Smith | 65,421 | 38.82 | |
Total votes | 168,542 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1980
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Hank Brown | 178,221 | 68.42 | |
Democratic | Polly Baca | 76,849 | 29.50 | |
Libertarian | Cynthia Molson-Smith | 5,421 | 2.08 | |
Total votes | 260,491 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1982
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Hank Brown (incumbent) | 105,550 | 69.76 | |
Democratic | Charles "Bud" Bishopp | 45,750 | 30.24 | |
Total votes | 151,300 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1984
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Hank Brown (incumbent) | 146,469 | 71.13 | |
Democratic | Mary Fagan Bates | 56,462 | 27.42 | |
Libertarian | Randy Fitzgerald | 2,999 | 1.45 | |
Total votes | 205,930 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1986
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Hank Brown (incumbent) | 117,089 | 69.80 | |
Democratic | David Sprague | 50,672 | 30.20 | |
Total votes | 167,761 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1988
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Hank Brown (incumbent) | 156,202 | 73.08 | |
Democratic | Charles S. Vigil | 57,552 | 26.92 | |
Total votes | 213,754 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1990
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Wayne Allard | 89,285 | 54.05 | |
Democratic | Richard R. "Dick" Bond | 75,901 | 45.95 | |
Total votes | 165,186 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1992
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Wayne Allard (incumbent) | 139,884 | 57.84 | |
Democratic | Tom Redder | 101,957 | 42.16 | |
Total votes | 241,841 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1994
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Wayne Allard (incumbent) | 136,251 | 72.30 | |
Democratic | Cathy Kipp | 52,202 | 27.70 | |
Total votes | 188,453 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1996
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Schaffer | 137,012 | 56.14 | |
Democratic | Guy Kelley | 92,837 | 38.04 | |
American | Wesley Paul "Wes" McKinley | 7,428 | 3.04 | |
Natural Law | Cynthia Parker | 6,790 | 2.78 | |
Total votes | 244,067 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
1998
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Schaffer (incumbent) | 131,318 | 59.34 | |
Democratic | Susan Kirkpatrick | 89,973 | 40.66 | |
Total votes | 221,291 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
2000
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Bob Schaffer (incumbent) | 209,078 | 79.50 | |
Natural Law | Dan Sewell Ward | 19,721 | 7.50 | |
Libertarian | Kordon L. Baker | 19,713 | 7.50 | |
Constitution | Leslie J. Hanks | 9,955 | 3.77 | |
Write-in | 4,539 | 1.73 | ||
Total votes | 263,006 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
2002
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Marilyn Musgrave | 115,359 | 54.95 | |
Democratic | Stan Matsunaka | 87,499 | 41.68 | |
Libertarian | John Volz | 7,097 | 3.37 | |
Total votes | 209,955 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
2004
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Marilyn Musgrave (incumbent) | 155,958 | 51.05 | |
Democratic | Stan Matsunaka | 136,812 | 44.78 | |
Green | Bob Kinsey | 12,739 | 4.17 | |
Total votes | 305,509 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
2006
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Marilyn Musgrave (incumbent) | 109,732 | 45.61 | |
Democratic | Angie Paccione | 103,748 | 43.11 | |
Reform | Eric Eidsness | 27,133 | 11.28 | |
Total votes | 240,613 | 100.0 | ||
Republican hold |
2008
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | Betsy Markey | 187,348 | 56% | |||
Republican | Marilyn Musgrave (incumbent) | 146,030 | 44% | |||
Total votes | 333,378 | 100% | ||||
Democratic gain from Republican |
2010
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Cory Gardner | 138,634 | 52% | |||
Democratic | Betsy Markey (incumbent) | 109,249 | 41% | |||
Constitution | Doug Aden | 12,312 | 5% | |||
No party | Ken "Wasko" Waszkiewicz | 3,986 | 2% | |||
Total votes | 264,181 | 100% | ||||
Republican gain from Democratic |
2012
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Cory Gardner (incumbent) | 200,006 | 59% | |
Democratic | Brandon Shaffer | 128,800 | 37% | |
Libertarian | Josh Gilliland | 10,682 | 3% | |
Constitution | Doug Aden | 5,848 | 1% | |
Total votes | 345,336 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2014
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ken Buck | 185,292 | 65% | |
Democratic | Vic Meyers | 83,727 | 29% | |
Libertarian | Jess Loban | 9,472 | 3% | |
Independent | Grant Doherty | 8,016 | 3% | |
Total votes | 286,507 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2016
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ken Buck (incumbent) | 248,230 | 63.5% | |
Democratic | Bob Seay | 123,642 | 31.7% | |
Libertarian | Bruce Griffith | 18,761 | 4.8% | |
Total votes | 390,633 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2018
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ken Buck (incumbent) | 224,038 | 60.61% | |
Democratic | Karen McCormick | 145,544 | 39.38% | |
Write-in | 38 | 0.01% | ||
Total votes | 369,620 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2020
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ken Buck (incumbent) | 285,606 | 60.1% | |
Democratic | Ike McCorkle | 173,945 | 36.6% | |
Libertarian | Bruce Griffith | 11,026 | 2.3% | |
Unity | Laura Ireland | 4,530 | 1.0% | |
Total votes | 475,107 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2022
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Ken Buck (incumbent) | 216,024 | 60.9% | |
Democratic | Ike McCorkle | 129,619 | 36.6% | |
American Constitution | Ryan McGonigal | 8,870 | 2.5% | |
Total votes | 354,513 | 100% | ||
Republican hold |
2024
editParty | Candidate | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Republican | Greg Lopez | 100,068 | 58.40% | |
Democratic | Trisha Calvarese | 59,003 | 34.43% | |
Libertarian | Hannah Goodman | 9,065 | 5.29% | |
Approval Voting | Frank Atwood | 3,224 | 1.88% | |
Total votes | 171,360 | 100.00% | ||
Republican hold |
Historical district boundaries
editSee also
editReferences
edit- Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
- Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
- ^ "Congressional Districts Relationship Files (state-based)". www.census.gov. US Census Bureau Geography.
- ^ "My Congressional District". www.census.gov. Center for New Media & Promotion (CNMP), US Census Bureau.
- ^ "My Congressional District".
- ^ a b "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
- ^ Presidential Election Results, by district, swingstateproject.com
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CO District 4 Race - Nov 03, 1914". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CO District 4 Race - Nov 07, 1916". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CO District 4 Race - Nov 05, 1918". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "1920 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1922 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1924 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1926 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1928 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1930 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1932 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1934 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1936 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1938 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1940 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "Our Campaigns - CO District 4 - Special Election Race - Dec 09, 1941". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ "1942 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1944 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1946 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1948 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1950 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1952 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1954 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1956 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1958 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1960 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1962 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1964 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1966 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1968 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1970 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1972 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1974 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1976 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1978 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1980 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1982 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1984 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1986 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1988 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1990 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1992 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1994 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1996 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "1998 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "2000 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "2002 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "2004 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "2006 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ "2008 Election Results" (PDF). house.gov.
- ^ a b c d "2010 Election Results". state.co.us. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "2018 Colorado general election results". Retrieved June 21, 2019.
- ^ "2020 General Election - Official Compiled Results". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved December 6, 2020.
- ^ "Certificate & Results - General Election Statewide Abstract of Votes Cast" (PDF). Colorado Secretary of State.
- ^ "Representative to the 118th United States Congress - District 4 (Congressional Vacancy Election)". Colorado Secretary of State. 2024. Retrieved July 7, 2024.