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List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll

While submarines were invented centuries ago, development of self-propelled torpedoes during the latter half of the 19th century dramatically increased the effectiveness of military submarines.

Heavy casualties occurred when submarines sank large passenger ships converted into military transports, such as the Wilhelm Gustloff, that were overloaded with soldiers, prisoners, or refugees.

Initial submarine scouting patrols against surface warships sank several cruisers during the first month of World War I. Incidental submarine encounters with merchant ships were performed by signalling ships to stop, then sinking them after evacuation of the crew, in accordance with international law. After unrestricted submarine warfare began in February 1915, any ship could be sunk unexpectedly from the heavy underwater hull damage inflicted by torpedoes. Many large ships sank without their crews being able to alert friendly forces in time, and the submarines which sank them were too small to rescue more than a few survivors.[1]

Many personnel casualties continued through World War II, and there have been a few later sinkings.

List of ships sunk by submarines by death tolls exceeding 150

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Deaths Name Typ National affiliation Date Submarine National affiliation
9,343[2] Wilhelm Gustloff Cruise ship converted into a military transport serving as evacuation ship   Deutschland 30 January 1945 S-13   Soviet Union
6,500[3] Goya Freighter converted into a troop transport serving as evacuation ship   Deutschland 16 April 1945 L-3   Soviet Union
5,620[4] Junyō Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 18 September 1944 HMS Tradewind   Vereinigtes Königreich
5,400[5] Toyama Maru Troopship   Japan 29 June 1944 USS Sturgeon   Vereinigte Staaten
4,998[6] Ryusei Maru Troopship   Japan 24 February 1944 USS Rasher   Vereinigte Staaten
4,406-4,755[7] Tamatsu Maru Troopship   Japan 19 August 1944 USS Spadefish   Vereinigte Staaten
3,608[8] General von Steuben Ocean liner converted into a troop transport serving as evacuation ship   Deutschland 10 February 1945 S-13   Soviet Union
3,546[9] Mayasan Maru Troopship   Japan 18 November 1944 USS Picuda   Vereinigte Staaten
3,219[10] Nikkin Maru Troopship   Japan 30 June 1944 USS Tang   Vereinigte Staaten
3,000[6] Tango Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 24 February 1944 USS Rasher   Vereinigte Staaten
2,765[11] Lima Maru [ja] Troopship   Japan 8 February 1944 USS Snook   Vereinigte Staaten
2,670[5] Petrella Prisoner transport   Deutschland 8 February 1944 HMS Sportsman   Vereinigtes Königreich
2,665[7] Teia Maru Troopship   Japan 19 August 1944 USS Rasher   Vereinigte Staaten
2,649[12] Yoshida Maru No. 1 Troopship   Japan 26 April 1944 USS Jack   Vereinigte Staaten
2,495[13] Yoshino Maru Troopship   Japan 31 July 1944 USS Parche   Vereinigte Staaten
2,475[13] Sakito Maru Troopship   Japan 1 March 1944 USS Trout   Vereinigte Staaten
2,246[9] Akitsu Maru Aircraft carrier   Japan 14 November 1944 USS Queenfish   Vereinigte Staaten
2,134[14] Hawaii Maru Troopship   Japan 2 December 1944 USS Sea Devil   Vereinigte Staaten
2,113[15] Edogawa Maru Troopship   Japan 17 November 1944 USS Sunfish   Vereinigte Staaten
2,089[16] Dainichi Maru Troopship   Japan 8 October 1943 USS Gurnard   Vereinigte Staaten
2,035[14] Kamakura Maru Troopship   Japan 28 April 1943 USS Gudgeon   Vereinigte Staaten
2,008[17] Awa Maru Ocean liner   Japan 1 April 1945 USS Queenfish   Vereinigte Staaten
2,000[5] Ural Maru Ocean liner   Japan 27 September 1944 USS Flasher   Vereinigte Staaten
2,000[18] Salzburg Transport ship serving as prisoner transport   Deutschland 1 October 1942 M-118   Soviet Union
1,934[13] Nichiren Maru Troopship   Japan 16 March 1944 USS Tautog   Vereinigte Staaten
1,926[19] Principe Umberto Troopship   Italien 8 June 1916 SM U-5   Austria-Hungary
1,773[20] Arisan Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 24 October 1944 USS Snook or USS Shark   Vereinigte Staaten
1,747[13] Arabia Maru Troopship   Japan 18 October 1944 USS Bluegill   Vereinigte Staaten
1,704[13] Denmark Maru Troopship   Japan 16 January 1944 USS Whale   Vereinigte Staaten
1,658[21] Laconia Ocean liner/Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 12 September 1942 U-156   Deutschland
1,650[22] Taihō Aircraft carrier   Japan 19 June 1944 USS Albacore   Vereinigte Staaten
1,602[13] Daisyō Maru Troopship   Japan 26 October 1944 USS Drum   Vereinigte Staaten
1,576[13] Marei Maru Troopship   Japan 25 January 1945 USS Silversides   Vereinigte Staaten
1,540[6] Kōshū Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 4 August 1944 USS Ray   Vereinigte Staaten
1,539[13] Kenzui Maru Troopship   Japan 23 December 1944 USS Blenny   Vereinigte Staaten
1,529[23] Tsushima Maru Cargo liner serving as evacuation ship   Japan 22 August 1944 USS Bowfin   Vereinigte Staaten
1,471[13] Jinyō Maru Troopship   Japan 7 December 1944 USS Trepang   Vereinigte Staaten
1,451[13] Hakuyo Maru Troopship   Japan 25 October 1944 USS Seal   Vereinigte Staaten
1,450[13] Maebashi Maru Troopship   Japan 30 September 1943 USS Pogy   Vereinigte Staaten
1,435[14] Shinano Aircraft carrier   Japan 29 November 1944 USS Archerfish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,428[13] Shiranesan Maru Troopship   Japan 19 October 1944 USS Raton   Vereinigte Staaten
1,400[14] Tatsuta Maru Troopship   Japan 9 February 1943 USS Tarpon   Vereinigte Staaten
1,394[14] Mizuho Maru Troopship   Japan 21 September 1944 USS Redfish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,384[14] Fuso Maru Troopship   Japan 31 July 1944 USS Steelhead   Vereinigte Staaten
1,338[24] Gallia Troopship   Frankreich 8 October 1916 SM U-35   Deutschland
1,310[14] Awata Maru Troopship   Japan 22 October 1943 USS Grayback   Vereinigte Staaten
1,300 Ashigara Heavy cruiser   Japan 8 June 1945 HMS Trenchant   Vereinigtes Königreich
1,291[25] Conte Rosso Troopship   Italien 24 May 1941 HMS Upholder   Vereinigtes Königreich
1,279[26] Khedive Ismail Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 12 February 1944 I-27   Japan
1,273[14] Tsuyama Maru Troopship   Japan 2 October 1944 USS Pomfret   Vereinigte Staaten
1,272[14] Shōkaku Aircraft carrier   Japan 19 June 1944 USS Cavalla   Vereinigte Staaten
1,262[14] Nichiran Maru Troopship   Japan 12 July 1944 USS Piranha   Vereinigte Staaten
1,250[14] Chūyō Aircraft carrier   Japan 4 December 1943 USS Sailfish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,240[14] Unryū Aircraft carrier   Japan 19 December 1944 USS Redfish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,197[27] Lusitania Ocean liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 7 May 1915 SM U-20   Deutschland
1,200[6] Takachiho Maru [ja] Ocean liner   Japan 19 March 1943 USS Kingfish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,200[28] Kongō Battleship   Japan 21 November 1944 USS Sealion   Vereinigte Staaten
1,188[29] Yasukuni Maru Troopship   Japan 24 January 1944 USS Trigger   Vereinigte Staaten
1,184[13] Rashin Maru Troopship   Japan 8 August 1945 USS Pargo   Vereinigte Staaten
1,159[14] Rakuyo Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 12 September 1944 USS Sealion   Vereinigte Staaten
1,130[30] Shinyo Aircraft carrier   Japan 17 November 1944 USS Spadefish   Vereinigte Staaten
1,118[13] Hakozaki Maru Ocean liner   Japan 19 March 1945 USS Balao   Vereinigte Staaten
1,073[14] Fukuyo Maru Troopship   Japan 6 December 1944 USS Segundo   Vereinigte Staaten
1,053[31] Montevideo Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 1 July 1942 USS Sturgeon   Vereinigte Staaten
995[32] Galilea Troopship   Italien 28 March 1942 HMS Proteus   Vereinigtes Königreich
956[14] Taihei Maru Troopship   Japan 9 July 1944 USS Sunfish   Vereinigte Staaten
935[33] HMT Royal Edward Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 13 August 1915 SM UB-14   Deutschland
921[34] Città di Palermo Armed merchant cruiser serving as troopship   Italien 5 January 1942 HMS Proteus   Vereinigtes Königreich
930[35] La Provence Troopship   Frankreich 26 February 1916 SM U-35   Deutschland
883[36] USS Indianapolis Heavy cruiser   Vereinigte Staaten 30 July 1945 I-58   Japan
880[37] Verona Troopship   Italien 11 May 1918 SM UC-52   Deutschland
870[38] Minas Troopship   Italien 15 February 1917 SM U-39   Deutschland
866[39][40] Scillin Cargo ship serving as POW ship   Italien 14 November 1942 HMS Sahib   Vereinigtes Königreich
865[41] Arandora Star Ocean liner serving as POW ship   Vereinigtes Königreich 2 July 1940 U-47   Deutschland
862[42] HMS Barham Battleship   Vereinigtes Königreich 25 November 1941 U-331   Deutschland
856[43] Nova Scotia Troopship/POW ship   Vereinigtes Königreich 28 November 1942 U-177   Deutschland
856[13] Tenryō Maru Troopship   Japan 29 May 1945 USS Sterlet   Vereinigte Staaten
846[44] Lisbon Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 1 October 1942 USS Grouper   Vereinigte Staaten
819[45] Leopoldville Troopship   Belgien 24 December 1944 U-486   Deutschland
817[14] Taiyō Maru [ja] Ocean liner   Japan 8 May 1942 USS Grenadier   Vereinigte Staaten
810[14] Akane Maru Troopship   Japan 6 October 1944 USS Whale   Vereinigte Staaten
800[25] Francesco Crispi Troopship   Italien 19 April 1943 HMS Saracen   Vereinigtes Königreich
786[46] HMS Royal Oak Battleship   Vereinigtes Königreich 14 October 1939 U-47   Deutschland
768[47] Struma Motor schooner   Panama 24 February 1942 Shch-213   Soviet Union
754[48] Athos Ocean liner   Frankreich 17 February 1917 SM U-65   Deutschland
747[14] Taiyō Aircraft carrier   Japan 18 August 1944 USS Rasher   Vereinigte Staaten
740[49] Le Calvados Troopship   Frankreich 4 November 1915 SM U-38   Deutschland
700[50] Shuntien Coastal merchant ship serving as POW ship   Vereinigtes Königreich 23 December 1941 U-559   Deutschland
688[51] Shinyō Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 7 September 1944 USS Paddle   Vereinigte Staaten
686[13] Taisei Maru Troopship   Japan 19 April 1945 USS Sunfish   Vereinigte Staaten
684[52] Léon Gambetta Armored cruiser   Frankreich 27 April 1915 SM U-5   Austria-Hungary
683[53] USS Juneau Anti-Air cruiser   Vereinigte Staaten 13 November 1942 I-26   Japan
675[54] Dorchester Troopship   Vereinigte Staaten 3 February 1943 U-223   Deutschland
672[55] SMS Prinz Adalbert Armored cruiser   Deutschland 23 October 1915 HMS E8   Vereinigtes Königreich
668[13] Nikkō Maru Passenger and cargo ship   Japan 9 April 1945 USS Tirante   Vereinigte Staaten
667[56] Taito Maru Cargo ship serving as evacuation ship   Japan 22 August 1945 L-12   Soviet Union
658[13] Tateyama Maru Troopship   Japan 1 March 1945 USS Sterlet   Vereinigte Staaten
656[13] Sanka Maru Troopship   Japan 10 March 1945 USS Kete   Vereinigte Staaten
654[57] Ceramic Ocean liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 7 December 1942 U-515   Deutschland
648[58] Suffren Pre-dreadnought battleship   Frankreich 26 November 1916 SM U-52   Deutschland
644[59] USS Liscombe Bay Escort carrier   Vereinigte Staaten 24 November 1943 I-175   Japan
643[60] HMS Hampshire Armored cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 5 June 1916 SM U-75   Deutschland
638[61] Sant Anna Troopship   Frankreich 11 May 1918 SM UC-54   Deutschland
638[62] Ogasawara Maru [ja] Cable layer serving as evacuation ship   Japan 22 August 1945 L-12   Soviet Union
615[6] Suez Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 29 November 1943 USS Bonefish   Vereinigte Staaten
611[63] Sidi-Bel-Abbès Troopship   Frankreich 20 April 1943 U-565   Deutschland
610[64] HMT Aragon Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 30 December 1917 SM UC-34   Deutschland
599[65] America Maru Ocean liner serving as evacuation ship   Japan 6 March 1944 USS Nautilus   Vereinigte Staaten
597[66] Pallada Protected cruiser   Russland 11 October 1914 SM U-26   Deutschland
595[67] Tamahoko Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 24 June 1944 USS Tang   Vereinigte Staaten
574[68] Nigitsu Maru Depot ship serving as troopship   Japan 12 January 1944 USS Hake   Vereinigte Staaten
570[69] Trento Heavy cruiser   Italien 15 June 1942 HMS Umbra   Vereinigtes Königreich
564[70] Leinster Irish Sea Ferry   Vereinigtes Königreich 10 October 1918 SM UB-123   Deutschland
562[71] HMS Cressy Armored cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 22 September 1914 SM U-9   Deutschland
555[72] Euterpe Troopship   Austria-Hungary 11 August 1918 F 7   Italien
547[73] HMS Formidable Pre-dreadnought battleship   Vereinigtes Königreich 1 January 1915 SM U-24   Deutschland
544[74] Konron Maru [ja] Troopship   Japan 5 October 1943 USS Wahoo   Vereinigte Staaten
527[75] HMS Aboukir Armored cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 22 September 1914 SM U-9   Deutschland
526[76] HMS Hawke Protected cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 15 October 1914 SM U-9   Deutschland
523[12] Aden Maru Troopship   Japan 6 May 1944 USS Gurnard   Vereinigte Staaten
518[46] HMS Courageous Aircraft carrier   Vereinigtes Königreich 17 September 1939 U-29   Deutschland
514[77] HMS Avenger Escort carrier   Vereinigtes Königreich 15 November 1942 U-155   Deutschland
503[13] Nankin Maru Troopship   Japan 17 March 1945 USS Spot   Vereinigte Staaten
500~[78] Rooseboom Troopship   Niederlande 1 March 1942 I-59   Japan
497[79] Tembien Cargo ship serving as POW ship   Italien 27 February 1942 HMS Upholder   Vereinigtes Königreich
488[14] Kachidoki Maru [ja] Prisoner transport   Japan 12 September 1944 USS Pampanito   Vereinigte Staaten
484[80] Yoma Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 17 June 1943 U-81   Deutschland
484[81][82] Armando Diaz Light cruiser   Italien 25 February 1941 HMS Upright   Vereinigtes Königreich
470[83] HMS Galatea Light cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 14 December 1941 U-557   Deutschland
461[6] Ikoma Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 20 January 1944 USS Seahorse   Vereinigte Staaten
452[14] Kenjo Maru Troopship   Japan 7 December 1944 USS Razorback   Vereinigte Staaten
450[84] Bahia Laura Troopship   Deutschland 30 August 1941 HMS Trident   Vereinigtes Königreich
450[85] Tama Light cruiser   Japan 20 October 1944 USS Jallao   Vereinigte Staaten
448[15] Seisho Maru Troopship   Japan 18 November 1944 USS Sunfish   Vereinigte Staaten
440[86] Asama Maru Prisoner transport   Japan 1 November 1944 USS Atule   Vereinigte Staaten
436[87] Djemnah Ocean liner   Frankreich 14 July 1918 SM UB-105   Deutschland
432[88] Città di Messina Troopship   Italien 12 January 1941 HMS Regent   Vereinigtes Königreich
419[89] HMS Dunedin Light cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 24 November 1941 U-124   Deutschland
417[90] HMS Penelope Light cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 18 February 1944 U-410   Deutschland
414[91] Transylvania Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 4 May 1917 SM U-63   Deutschland
400[92] Balkan Troopship   Frankreich 16 August 1918 SM UB-48   Deutschland
392[93] Empress of Canada Troopship   Vereinigtes Königreich 13 March 1943 Leonardo da Vinci   Italien
381[94] Giovanni delle Bande Nere Light cruiser   Italien 1 April 1942 HMS Urge   Vereinigtes Königreich
379[95] Brazza Ocean liner   Frankreich 28 May 1940 U-37   Deutschland
375[96] HMS Hogue Armored cruiser   Vereinigtes Königreich 22 September 1914 SM U-9   Deutschland
374[97] Amiral Charner Armored cruiser   Frankreich 8 February 1916 SM U-21   Deutschland
373[98] Marina Raskova Merchant ship   Soviet Union 13 August 1944 U-365   Deutschland
369[99] HMS Fidelity Q-ship   Vereinigtes Königreich 30 December 1942 U-435   Deutschland
364[100] Doggerbank Blockade runner   Deutschland 3 March 1943 U-43   Deutschland
362[101] Abosso Ocean liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 29 October 1942 U-575   Deutschland
360[102] Calabria Cargo and passenger liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 8 December 1940 U-103   Deutschland
360[103] Almeda Star Ocean liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 17 January 1941 U-96   Deutschland
360[104] Atago Heavy cruiser   Japan 23 October 1944 USS Darter   Vereinigte Staaten
349[105] Nagara Light cruiser   Japan 7 August 1944 USS Croaker   Vereinigte Staaten
344[106] Medjerda Troopship   Frankreich 11 May 1917 SM U-34   Deutschland
343[107] Emma Cargo ship/Troopship   Italien 16 January 1943 HMS Splendid   Vereinigtes Königreich
336[108] Maya Heavy cruiser   Japan 23 October 1944 USS Dace   Vereinigte Staaten
336[109] Diana Aviso/Sloop   Italien 29 June 1942 HMS Thrasher   Vereinigtes Königreich
334[110] Persia Ocean liner   Vereinigtes Königreich 30 December 1915 SM U-38   Deutschland
330[111] Natori Light cruiser   Japan 18 August 1944 USS Hardhead   Vereinigte Staaten
323[112] ARA General Belgrano Light cruiser   Argentinien 2 May 1982 HMS Conqueror   Vereinigtes Königreich
320[113] Sebastiano Venier Cargo ship serving as POW ship   Italien 9 December 1941 HMS Porpoise   Vereinigtes Königreich
307[6] Urakaze Destroyer   Japan 21 November 1944 USS Sealion II   Vereinigte Staaten
305[6] Mefküre Motor schooner   Türkei 5 August 1944 Shch-215   Soviet Union
300[114] Andrea Sgarallino Passenger ship   Italien 22 September 1943 HMS Uproar   Vereinigtes Königreich
272[115] Henry R. Mallory Troopship   Vereinigte Staaten 7 February 1943 U-402   Deutschland
270[116] Baependy Cargo liner   Brasilien 15 August 1942 U-507   Deutschland
268[117] AHS Centaur Hospital ship   Australien 14 May 1943 I-177   Japan
258 City of Benares Ocean liner serving as child evacuation ship   Vereinigtes Königreich 17 September 1940 U-48   Deutschland
226 Yamakaze Destroyer   Japan 25 June 1942 USS Nautilus   Vereinigte Staaten
194[118] INS Khukri Frigate   Indien 9 December 1971 PNS Hangor   Pakistan
193[119] USS Wasp Aircraft carrier   Vereinigte Staaten 15 September 1942 I-19   Japan

See also

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References

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  47. ^ "SS Struma". Cruise Line Fans. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  48. ^ "Athos". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  49. ^ "Le Calvados". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  50. ^ "Shuntien". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  51. ^ Erickson, James W (2006). "Roster of Allied Prisoners of War believed aboard Shinyo Maru when torpedoed and sunk 7 September 1944". Japanese-pow Home Page. West-Point.org. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  52. ^ "Leon Gambetta". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  53. ^ Frank, Richard B (1990). Guadalcanal. Random House. p. 459. ISBN 0-394-58875-4.
  54. ^ "Dorchester". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  55. ^ "Prinz Adalbert [+1915]". WreckSite. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  56. ^ "Taitō maru". Museum of Japanese Merchant Ship. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  57. ^ "Ceramic". Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  58. ^ "Suffren". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  59. ^ Brown, David (1995). Warship Losses of World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 74. ISBN 1-55750-914-X.
  60. ^ "HMS Hampshire". Uboat.net. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  61. ^ "Sant Anna". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  62. ^ "HLN802". NTT Union. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  63. ^ "Sidi-Bel-Abbès". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  64. ^ "Aragon". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  65. ^ Hackett, Robert (2012–2014). "IJA Hospital Ship/IJN Transport AMERICA MARU: Tabular Record of Movement". Imperial Japanese Navy Page. combinedfleet.com.
  66. ^ "Pallada". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  67. ^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2012). "IJA Transport TAMAHOKO (ex-YONE) MARU: Tabular Record of Movement". Imperial Japanese Navy Page. combinedfleet.com.
  68. ^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander; Cundall, Peter (1998–2012). "IJA Landing Craft Depot Ship NIGITSU MARU: Tabular Record of Movement". Imperial Japanese Navy Page. combinedfleet.com.
  69. ^ Giuseppe Fioravanzo, "La Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale – Volume II – La guerra nel Mediterraneo – Le azioni navali – Tomo Secondo: dal 1° aprile 1941 all’8 settembre 1943", Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare italiana
  70. ^ Donal Byrne (10 October 2018). "The Sinking of RMS Leinster and SS Dundalk". RTE. Retrieved 10 October 2018. On that morning the Leinster carried about 180 civilians, 77 crew, some 500 soldiers and 22 postal workers. ... One hundred years on, the records of how many were on the Leinster are still being probed and the death toll updated. As of six weeks ago, the figure stands at 564.
  71. ^ "Cressy". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  72. ^ "P.fo Euterpe". DIRItalia.
  73. ^ Tarrant, V.E. (2000). The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945. Sterling Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 1-85409-520-X.
  74. ^ Cressman, Robert J. (2000). The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 185. ISBN 1-55750-149-1.
  75. ^ "Aboukir". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  76. ^ "Hawke". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  77. ^ "HMS Avenger (D14)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  78. ^ "SS Rooseboom (+1942)". WreckSite. 4 November 2012.
  79. ^ Giorgerini, Giorgio. La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina tra vittoria e sconfitta 1940–1943 (in Italian). p. 519.
  80. ^ "Yoma". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  81. ^ "Ritrovato il relitto dell'incrociatore Diaz". Giornale di Vicenza (in Italian). Luca Valente. 13 April 2005. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014.
  82. ^ Other sources (Giorgio Giorgerini, La guerra italiana sul mare. La Marina fra vittoria e sconfitta 1940–1943, and Gianni Rocca, Fucilate gli ammiragli. La tragedia della Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale) says 500 victims, other 464.
  83. ^ "HMS Galatea (71)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  84. ^ "Prince Line". The Merchant Navy Association. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  85. ^ Hackett, Robert; Kingsepp, Sander (1997–2012). "IJN Light Cruiser Tama: Tabular Record of Movement". Stories and Battle Histories of the IJN's Cruiser Force. combinedfleet.com.
  86. ^ Pocock, Michael W (27 December 2007). "Asama Maru (1929)". MaritimeQuest.
  87. ^ "Djemnah". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  88. ^ "Città di Messina". conlapelleappesaaunchiodo.blogspot.it. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  89. ^ "HMS Dunedin (D93)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  90. ^ "HMS Penelope (97)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  91. ^ "SS Transylvania". Clydebuilt. Archived from the original on 7 January 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  92. ^ "Balkan". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  93. ^ Jordan, Roger (2006). The World's Merchant Fleets, 1939: The Particulars And Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 110. ISBN 1-59114-959-2.
  94. ^ "Vita operativa degli incrociatori". Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri. 1979.
  95. ^ "Brazza". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  96. ^ "Hogue". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  97. ^ "Amiral Charner". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  98. ^ "Marina Raskova". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  99. ^ "HMS Fidelity (D57)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  100. ^ "Doggerbank". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  101. ^ "Abosso". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  102. ^ "Calabria". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  103. ^ "Almeda Star". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  104. ^ Blair, Clay (1975). Silent Victory. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 730.
  105. ^ "IJN Nagara: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  106. ^ "Medjerda". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  107. ^ Rocca, Gianni. Fucilate gli ammiragli: La tragedia della Marina italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale. pp. 273–274.
  108. ^ Dull, Paul S. (1978). A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 328.
  109. ^ Cernuschi, Enrico; Brescia, Maurizio; Bagnasco, Erminio. Le navi ospedale italiane 1935–1945. p. 44.
  110. ^ "Persia". Uboat.net. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  111. ^ "IJN Natori: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  112. ^ "The sinking of the ARA General Belgrano". Bob Henneman. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  113. ^ Kemble, Mine. "British Submarine HMS Porpoise". British Submarines of World War 2. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  114. ^ "L'affondamento dello Sgarallino" (PDF). Mucchio Selvaggio. pp. 49–52. Other sources say about 330 people were killed.[citation needed]
  115. ^ Arnold, Hague (2000). The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. p. 137. ISBN 1-55750-019-3.
  116. ^ Scheina, Robert L. "Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001" Potomac Books, 2003. p. 161. ISBN 9781574884524
  117. ^ "Centaur (Hospital ship) | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  118. ^ "09/12/1971 – Submarine PNS Hangor Sinks INS Khukri". Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  119. ^ "USS Wasp (Wasp-class)". World War II Database.
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