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Coordinates: 15°02′43″S 70°22′22″W / 15.04528°S 70.37278°W / -15.04528; -70.37278
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{{short description|Archaeological site in Peru}}
{{About|the archaeological site and its associated 'Pukara culture' in the Puno Region, Peru|other uses|Pukara (disambiguation){{!}}Pukara (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the archaeological site and its associated 'Pukara culture' in the Puno Region, Peru|other uses|Pukara (disambiguation){{!}}Pukara (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
Line 4: Line 5:
| native_name =
| native_name =
| alternate_name =
| alternate_name =
| image = File:Eglise de Saint-Elizabeth à Pukara (1).jpg
| image = File:Eglise Santa Isabel à Pukara (1).jpg
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Iglesia de Santa Isabel de Pucará, Perú
| caption = Iglesia de Santa Isabel de Pucará, Perú
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| map_size =
| map_size =
| relief =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|02|43|S|70|22|22|W|display=inline,title}}
| latd = 15
| latm = 02
| lats = 43
| latNS = S
| longd = 70
| longm = 22
| longs = 22
| longEW = W
| coordinates_display = title
| location = [[Peru]], [[Puno Region]]
| location = [[Peru]], [[Puno Region]]
| region = [[Andes]]
| region = [[Andes]]
Line 46: Line 39:
| notes =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''Pukara''' ([[Aymara language|Aymara]] and [[Quechua language|Quechua]] for [[Pukara|fortress]], Hispanicized spellings ''Pucara, Pucará'', also ''Pukará'') is an archaeological site in the far southern highlands of [[Peru]], dating as early as 1,800 BC. The site has given its name to what some archaeologists refer to as a distinct 'Pukara culture'. It is located to the north-west of [[Lake Titicaca]] in the [[Puno Region]], [[Lampa Province]], [[Pucará District, Lampa|Pucará District]], in the west of the village of the same name.<ref name=mincetur>[http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 mincetur.gob.pe] "Complejo arqueológico de Pukara", retrieved on January 27, 2014</ref> The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage ''(Patrimonio Cultural)'' of Peru by the [[National Institute of Culture]].<ref name=mincetur/> The site is very large, spread in the area of ​​approximately 4.2 km2. This was the first large urban center in the region.
'''Pucará, Puno''' ([[Aymara language|Aymara]] and [[Quechua language|Quechua]]: ''Pukara'', which means [[Pukara|fortress]]; Hispanicized spellings ''Pucará, Pucara'', also ''Pukará'') is a town in the [[Puno Region]], [[Lampa Province]], [[Pucará District, Lampa|Pucará District]], [[Peru]]. It is located to the north-west of [[Lake Titicaca]].


The ancient archaeological site of Pucará, dated as early as 1,800 BC, is located to the west of the town. The site is very large, spread in the area of approximately 4.2 km2. This was the first large urban center in the region. The site also gave its name to what some archaeologists refer to as a distinct ''Pukara culture''.<ref name=mincetur>[http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 mincetur.gob.pe] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204053214/http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 |date=2014-02-04 }} "Complejo arqueológico de Pukara", retrieved on January 27, 2014</ref> The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage ''(Patrimonio Cultural)'' of Peru by the [[National Institute of Culture]].<ref name=mincetur/>
==Administrative and religious center==

⚫
This was an important highland administrative and religious center.<ref>[http://www.rotasturisticas.com/complejo_arqueologico_kalasaya_o_pucara_puno_local_de_interesse_historico_4033.html Complejo Arqueológico Kalasaya o Pucará] rotasturisticas.com</ref> There was a ceremonial sector and the urban sector or city. The ceremonial sector is composed of 9 pyramids of various shapes and sizes, the most important being the pyramid 'Kalasaya'. This structure is built of large monoliths of finely crafted stone, and includes some sculptures. In front of the pyramid, there is a staircase to the upper temple decorated with stelae. There are also figures of mythological beings of men and animals, such as frogs, snakes, fish, and pumas.<ref>[http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO DE PUKARA] mincetur.gob.pe</ref>
==Ancient cultural center==
[[File:Pucará (Lampa) Pérou (2).jpg|thumb|300px|The mountain overlooking the Pukara archaeological site]]

⚫
This was an important highland administrative and religious center.<ref>[http://www.rotasturisticas.com/complejo_arqueologico_kalasaya_o_pucara_puno_local_de_interesse_historico_4033.html Complejo Arqueológico Kalasaya o Pucará] rotasturisticas.com</ref> There was a ceremonial sector and the urban sector or city. The ceremonial sector is composed of 9 pyramids of various shapes and sizes, the most important being the pyramid ''Kalasaya''.<ref>Not to be confused with the [[Kalasasaya]] structure at [[Tiwanaku]]</ref> This structure is built of large monoliths of finely crafted stone, and includes some sculptures. In front of the pyramid, there is a staircase to the upper temple decorated with stelae. There are also figures of mythological beings of men and animals, such as frogs, snakes, fish, and pumas.<ref>[http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO DE PUKARA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204053214/http://www.mincetur.gob.pe/TURISMO/OTROS/inventario%20turistico/Ficha.asp?cod_Ficha=460 |date=2014-02-04 }} mincetur.gob.pe</ref>


There was also a large sunken central court containing carved stone steles.<ref>[http://peru.com/viajes/conozca-peru/puno-impresionante-complejo-arquitectonico-kalasasaya-fotos-noticia-333195 Puno: Impresionante complejo arquitectónico de kalasaya] (FOTOS) peru.com</ref>
There was also a large sunken central court containing carved stone steles.<ref>[http://peru.com/viajes/conozca-peru/puno-impresionante-complejo-arquitectonico-kalasasaya-fotos-noticia-333195 Puno: Impresionante complejo arquitectónico de kalasaya] (FOTOS) peru.com</ref>


==Pukara culture==
==Pukara culture==
This was an influential culture north of Lake Titicaca, centred at Pukara. This culture incorporated earlier communities of the [[Chiripa]] period, and ultimately dominated the entire lake region by 200 BC.
This was an influential culture north of Lake Titicaca, centred at Pukara. This culture incorporated earlier communities of the [[Chiripa culture|Chiripa]] period, and ultimately dominated the entire lake region by 200 BC.


The Pukara engaged in agriculture, herding and fishing. The population lived in small towns and villages, which was ruled from central location.<ref>[http://www.unm.edu/~gbawden/324-TOrigins/324-TOrigins.htm Initial Period Origins of Titicaca Basin Civilization] unm.edu</ref>
The Pukara engaged in agriculture, herding and fishing. The population lived in small towns and villages, which was ruled from central location.<ref name="unm.edu">[http://www.unm.edu/~gbawden/324-TOrigins/324-TOrigins.htm Initial Period Origins of Titicaca Basin Civilization] unm.edu</ref>


Pukara ceramics are painted in various colours. They are finely made, and include many non-utilitarian forms, such as human and animal motifs.
Pukara ceramics are painted in various colours. They are finely made, and include many non-utilitarian forms, such as human and animal motifs.


Pukara pottery and textiles are found widely in the middle Andean, and the coastal Pacific valleys, reaching out into Peru and Chile.<ref>[http://www.unm.edu/~gbawden/324-TOrigins/324-TOrigins.htm Initial Period Origins of Titicaca Basin Civilization] unm.edu</ref>
Pukara pottery and textiles are found widely in the middle Andean, and the coastal Pacific valleys, reaching out into Peru and Chile.<ref name="unm.edu"/>


The rise of [[Tiwanaku]] may have contributed to the weakening of Pukara around 200 AD.
The rise of [[Tiwanaku]] may have contributed to the weakening of Pukara around 200 AD.

===Qaluyu===
The site of Qaluyu is 4&nbsp;km from Pukara, and is the type-site of the Qaluyu culture that preceded the Pukara. Qaluyu is a moderate-sized mound (about 7&nbsp;ha), and it was discovered by [[Manuel Chávez Ballón]], and was test-excavated in 1955 by Alfred Kidder and Ballón.<ref name="academia.edu">Aimee M. Plourde and Charles Stanish (2005), [https://www.academia.edu/2528520/ The emergence of complex society in the Titicaca Basin: the view from the north] academia.edu</ref>

Qaluyu culture was the dominant early culture of the north Titicaca Basin, and it is dated traditionally to 1400–500 BC. There are Qaluyu occupations under the main temples at Pucara.

There are also several Qaluyu period settlements around the towns of [[Arapa District|Arapa]] and [[Taraco District|Taraco]], and also in the [[Huancane]]-[[Putina (town)|Putina]] river valley that have been discovered recently. Some of them are about 20ha in size, much bigger than Qaluyu. These areas are located about 40–60&nbsp;km to the west of Pukara.

Near the town of Taraco, recent research<ref>Stanish and Chavez, 2004</ref> uncovered a long Qaluyu and Pucara archaeological sequence. There are also a great number of Qaluyu and Pucara stelae.<ref name="academia.edu"/>

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Pucará, elevation {{convert|3877|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020)
|Jan high C = 16.5
|Feb high C = 16.3
|Mar high C = 16.5
|Apr high C = 16.8
|May high C = 16.9
|Jun high C = 16.3
|Jul high C = 16.3
|Aug high C = 17.3
|Sep high C = 18.2
|Oct high C = 18.4
|Nov high C = 18.9
|Dec high C = 17.7
|year high C =
|Jan low C = 4.4
|Feb low C = 4.6
|Mar low C = 3.6
|Apr low C = 1.2
|May low C = -3.6
|Jun low C = -6.8
|Jul low C = -6.9
|Aug low C = -5.2
|Sep low C = -1.5
|Oct low C = 0.9
|Nov low C = 2.0
|Dec low C = 3.4
|year low C =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 143.2
|Feb precipitation mm = 131.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 114.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.2
|May precipitation mm = 9.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 4.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 3.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 9.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 17.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 53.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 57.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 112.7
|year precipitation mm =
|source 1 = National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru<ref name = SENAMHI>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230821192714/https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones
| archive-date = 21 August 2023
| url = https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=normales-estaciones
| title = Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020
| publisher=National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru
| access-date = 25 October 2023}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Pucará (Lampa)|Pukara, Puno}}
*[[Wankarani culture]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://es.slideshare.net/guestc797db/pukara3-presentation Images of Pukara culture, artefacts] es.slideshare.net (Text in Spanish)


{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}
{{Archaeological sites in Peru}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Pukara, Puno}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pukara, Puno}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Puno Region]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Puno Region]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Peru]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Puno Region]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Puno Region]]


{{peru-geo-stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:09, 7 June 2024

This article is about the archaeological site and its associated 'Pukara culture' in the Puno Region, Peru. For other uses, see Pukara (disambiguation).
Pukara
Iglesia de Santa Isabel de Pucará, Perú
LocationPeru, Puno Region
RegionAndes
Coordinates15°02′43″S 70°22′22″W / 15.04528°S 70.37278°W / -15.04528; -70.37278

Pucará, Puno (Aymara and Quechua: Pukara, which means fortress; Hispanicized spellings Pucará, Pucara, also Pukará) is a town in the Puno Region, Lampa Province, Pucará District, Peru. It is located to the north-west of Lake Titicaca.

The ancient archaeological site of Pucará, dated as early as 1,800 BC, is located to the west of the town. The site is very large, spread in the area of approximately 4.2 km2. This was the first large urban center in the region. The site also gave its name to what some archaeologists refer to as a distinct Pukara culture.[1] The site was declared a National Cultural Heritage (Patrimonio Cultural) of Peru by the National Institute of Culture.[1]

Ancient cultural center

[edit]
The mountain overlooking the Pukara archaeological site

This was an important highland administrative and religious center.[2] There was a ceremonial sector and the urban sector or city. The ceremonial sector is composed of 9 pyramids of various shapes and sizes, the most important being the pyramid Kalasaya.[3] This structure is built of large monoliths of finely crafted stone, and includes some sculptures. In front of the pyramid, there is a staircase to the upper temple decorated with stelae. There are also figures of mythological beings of men and animals, such as frogs, snakes, fish, and pumas.[4]

There was also a large sunken central court containing carved stone steles.[5]

Pukara culture

[edit]

This was an influential culture north of Lake Titicaca, centred at Pukara. This culture incorporated earlier communities of the Chiripa period, and ultimately dominated the entire lake region by 200 BC.

The Pukara engaged in agriculture, herding and fishing. The population lived in small towns and villages, which was ruled from central location.[6]

Pukara ceramics are painted in various colours. They are finely made, and include many non-utilitarian forms, such as human and animal motifs.

Pukara pottery and textiles are found widely in the middle Andean, and the coastal Pacific valleys, reaching out into Peru and Chile.[6]

The rise of Tiwanaku may have contributed to the weakening of Pukara around 200 AD.

Qaluyu

[edit]

The site of Qaluyu is 4 km from Pukara, and is the type-site of the Qaluyu culture that preceded the Pukara. Qaluyu is a moderate-sized mound (about 7 ha), and it was discovered by Manuel Chávez Ballón, and was test-excavated in 1955 by Alfred Kidder and Ballón.[7]

Qaluyu culture was the dominant early culture of the north Titicaca Basin, and it is dated traditionally to 1400–500 BC. There are Qaluyu occupations under the main temples at Pucara.

There are also several Qaluyu period settlements around the towns of Arapa and Taraco, and also in the Huancane-Putina river valley that have been discovered recently. Some of them are about 20ha in size, much bigger than Qaluyu. These areas are located about 40–60 km to the west of Pukara.

Near the town of Taraco, recent research[8] uncovered a long Qaluyu and Pucara archaeological sequence. There are also a great number of Qaluyu and Pucara stelae.[7]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Pucará, elevation 3,877 m (12,720 ft), (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.5
(61.7) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		16.9
(62.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.3
(61.3) 		17.3
(63.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.2
(62.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9) 		4.6
(40.3) 		3.6
(38.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		2.0
(35.6) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.3
(31.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 143.2
(5.64) 		131.8
(5.19) 		114.6
(4.51) 		45.2
(1.78) 		9.2
(0.36) 		4.5
(0.18) 		3.8
(0.15) 		9.0
(0.35) 		17.9
(0.70) 		53.2
(2.09) 		57.0
(2.24) 		112.7
(4.44) 		702.1
(27.63)
Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru[9]

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pukara, Puno.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b mincetur.gob.pe Archived 2014-02-04 at the Wayback Machine "Complejo arqueológico de Pukara", retrieved on January 27, 2014
  2. ^ Complejo Arqueológico Kalasaya o Pucará rotasturisticas.com
  3. ^ Not to be confused with the Kalasasaya structure at Tiwanaku
  4. ^ COMPLEJO ARQUEOLOGICO DE PUKARA Archived 2014-02-04 at the Wayback Machine mincetur.gob.pe
  5. ^ Puno: Impresionante complejo arquitectónico de kalasaya (FOTOS) peru.com
  6. ^ a b Initial Period Origins of Titicaca Basin Civilization unm.edu
  7. ^ a b Aimee M. Plourde and Charles Stanish (2005), The emergence of complex society in the Titicaca Basin: the view from the north academia.edu
  8. ^ Stanish and Chavez, 2004
  9. ^ "Normales Climáticas Estándares y Medias 1991-2020". National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
[edit]
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