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{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| type =
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Merkelis Giedraitis
| name = Merkelis Giedraitis
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
| title = Bishop of Samogitia
| title = Bishop of Samogitia
| image = Merkelis Giedraitis 1585.jpg
| image = Merkelis Giedraitis 1585.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
⚫
| caption = Portrait of Giedraitis from 1585
| alt =
⚫
| church = Roman Catholic Church
⚫
| caption = Portrait of Giedraitis from 1585
⚫
| archdiocese =
⚫
| church = Roman Catholic Church
⚫
| diocese = [[Diocese of Samogitia]]
⚫
| archdiocese =
| see =
⚫
| diocese = [[Diocese of Samogitia]]
⚫
| term_start = 16 January 1576
| see =
⚫
| term_end = 6 April 1609
⚫
| term_start = 16 January 1576
| predecessor = [[Jurgis Petkūnas]]
⚫
| term_end = 6 April 1609
| predecessor = [[Jurgis Petkūnas]]
| successor = [[Mikołaj Pac]]
⚫
| opposed =
| successor = [[Mikołaj Pac]]
⚫
| other_post = <!---------- Orders ---------->
⚫
| opposed =
⚫
| ordination = 1571
| other_post =
⚫
| ordained_by =
⚫
<!---------- Orders ---------->
⚫
| consecration = Easter 1576
⚫
| ordination = 1571
⚫
| consecrated_by = [[Walerian Protasewicz]]
⚫
| ordained_by =
⚫
| rank = <!---------- Personal details ---------->
⚫
| consecration = Easter 1576
| birth_name =
⚫
| consecrated_by = [[Walerian Protasewicz]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{circa|1536}}
| rank =
⚫
| birth_place = [[Videniškiai]]?, [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
⚫
<!---------- Personal details ---------->
| birth_name =
| death_date = 6 April 1609
⚫
| death_place = [[Alsėdžiai]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
⚫
| birth_date = {{circa|1536}}
⚫
| buried = [[Varniai Cathedral]]
⚫
| birth_place = [[Videniškiai]]?, [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
| death_date = 6 April 1609
⚫
| death_place = [[Alsėdžiai]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
⚫
| buried = [[Varniai Cathedral]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = Lithuanian
| nationality = Lithuanian
| religion = Roman Catholic
| religion = Roman Catholic
| residence =
| residence =
| parents = {{ill|Matas Giedraitis|lt}} and Anna Kroszyńska<ref name="herbst">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1958 |title=Melchior Giedroyć |encyclopedia=Polski Słownik Biograficzny |location=Wrocław |last=Herbst |first=Stanisław |author-link=Stanisław Herbst |volume=7 |pages=430–431 |language=pl}}</ref>
| parents = {{ill|Matas Giedraitis|lt}}
| occupation =
| occupation =
| profession = <!-- or | previous_post = -->
| profession = <!-- or | previous_post = -->
| education =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Königsberg]] <br> [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|University of Wittenberg]] <br> [[University of Tübingen]] <br> [[University of Leipzig]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Königsberg]] <br> [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|University of Wittenberg]] <br> [[University of Tübingen]] <br> [[University of Leipzig]]
| motto =
| motto =
| signature =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
}}
}}
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==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
Giedraitis was born into the [[Giedraičiai family]] of the [[Lithuanian nobility]]. His father {{ill|Matas Giedraitis|lt}} was a [[Court Marshall of Lithuania]] and was sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] in 1551.<ref name=vle/> The family's main estate was in [[Videniškiai]] and it is likely that Merkelis Giedraitis was born there.<ref name=vojev/> His date of birth is unknown, but estimated to be {{circa|1536}} as of his appointment as bishop he was around 40-years old.<ref name=ivins4854/> His portrait completed in 1585 recorded that he was 48-years old at the time (i.e. born in 1537).<ref name=rabik/>
Giedraitis was born into the [[Giedraičiai family]] of the [[Lithuanian nobility]]. His father [[Motiejus Giedraitis]] was a [[Court Marshall of Lithuania]] and was sent on a diplomatic mission to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] in 1551.<ref name=vle/> The family's main estate was in [[Videniškiai]] and it is likely that Merkelis Giedraitis was born there.<ref name=vojev/> His date of birth is unknown, but estimated to be {{circa|1536}} as of his appointment as bishop he was around 40-years old.<ref name=ivins4854/> His portrait completed in 1585 recorded that he was 48-years old at the time (i.e. born in 1537).<ref name=rabik/>


In February 1551,<ref name=rabik/> together with his brother Kasparas, he enrolled into the [[University of Königsberg]]. He then disappears from written records for a decade. In February 1560, he enrolled into the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Universities of Wittenberg]].<ref name=ivins/> Six months later, he was the first among eight Lithuanian students who were brought by their tutor [[Jurgis Zablockis]] to the [[University of Tübingen]].<ref name=birzi/> The group was initiated by [[Pier Paolo Vergerio]] who visited [[Vilnius]] twice and [[Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł]]. With short breaks, Giedraitis studied in Tübingen for about three years.<ref name=ivins/> There, in 1561, he published his only known work – a 16-page Latin [[eulogy]] to commemorate the death of Katarzyna, the mother of {{ill|Piotr Wiesiołowski|pl}}, a fellow Lithuanian student in Tübingen.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=birzi/> She was a [[Protestant]].<ref name=ivins4854/> The 244-line eulogy shows Giedraitis' mastery of the Latin language as well as familiarity with classical authors ([[Theocritus]], [[Virgil]]) and [[Greek mythology]] ([[Philomela]], [[Niobe]], [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]], etc.).<ref name=ulcin/> At the end of 1563, together with two relatives of [[Chancellor (Poland)|Grand Chancellor]] {{ill|Ostafi Wołłowicz|pl}} and Pidrikis Skuminas ([[Tiškevičius]]), Giedraitis enrolled into the [[University of Leipzig]]. As it was quite common at the time, Giedraitis did not earn an academic degree.<ref name=ivins/>
In February 1551,<ref name=rabik/> together with his brother Kasparas, he enrolled into the [[University of Königsberg]]. He then disappears from written records for a decade. In February 1560, he enrolled into the [[Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Universities of Wittenberg]].<ref name=ivins/> Six months later, he was the first among eight Lithuanian students who were brought by their tutor [[Jurgis Zablockis]] to the [[University of Tübingen]].<ref name=birzi/> The group was initiated by [[Pier Paolo Vergerio]] who visited [[Vilnius]] twice and [[Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł]]. With short breaks, Giedraitis studied in Tübingen for about three years.<ref name=ivins/> There, in 1561, he published his only known work – a 16-page Latin [[eulogy]] to commemorate the death of Katarzyna, the mother of {{ill|Piotr Wiesiołowski|pl}}, a fellow Lithuanian student in Tübingen.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=birzi/> She was a [[Protestant]].<ref name=ivins4854/> The 244-line eulogy shows Giedraitis' mastery of the Latin language as well as familiarity with classical authors ([[Theocritus]], [[Virgil]]) and [[Greek mythology]] ([[Philomela]], [[Niobe]], [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]], etc.).<ref name=ulcin/> At the end of 1563, together with two relatives of [[Chancellor (Poland)|Grand Chancellor]] {{ill|Ostafi Wołłowicz|pl}} and {{ill|Teodor Skumin Tyszkiewicz|pl}}, Giedraitis enrolled into the [[University of Leipzig]]. As it was quite common at the time, Giedraitis did not earn an academic degree.<ref name=ivins/>


Giedraitis studied at four Protestant universities and was close with some Protestant activists, but there is no evidence that he converted to Protestantism – documents related to his appointment as bishop are silent on the issue.<ref name=ivins/> After his studies, Giedraitis worked as a secretary at the Grand Duke's chancellery.<ref name=ivins4854/> Together with his brother Kasparas, he signed the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569 which established the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name=ivins/> In Vilnius, Giedraitis was noticed by [[Bishop of Vilnius]] [[Walerian Protasewicz]] who offered him a teaching position and likely encouraged to become a priest.<ref name=petra/> Giedraitis was ordained as a priest in 1571. In February 1572, Protasewicz raised Giedraitis to members of the [[cathedral chapter]] and put him in charge of church property (''custos'').<ref name=ivins/>
Giedraitis studied at four Protestant universities and was close with some Protestant activists, but there is no evidence that he converted to Protestantism – documents related to his appointment as bishop are silent on the issue.<ref name=ivins/> After his studies, Giedraitis worked as a secretary at the Grand Duke's chancellery.<ref name=ivins4854/> Together with his brother Kasparas, he signed the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569 which established the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name=ivins/> In Vilnius, Giedraitis was noticed by [[Bishop of Vilnius]] [[Walerian Protasewicz]] who offered him a teaching position and likely encouraged to become a priest.<ref name=petra/> Giedraitis was ordained as a priest in 1571. In February 1572, Protasewicz raised Giedraitis to members of the [[cathedral chapter]] and put him in charge of church property (''custos'').<ref name=ivins/>


When [[Bishop of Samogitia]] [[Jurgis Petkūnas]] died in July 1574, [[Jakub Uchański]], [[Primate of Poland]] and [[Archbishop of Gniezno]], attempted to promote his nephew Jakub Woroniecki to the vacancy. He was supported by [[Tolomeo Gallio]], [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].<ref name=ivins4890/> Bishop Protasewicz, Samogitian cathedral chapter, Lithuanian [[Jesuits]], [[Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł]], and other nobles protested this [[nepotism]] and instead promoted Giedraitis, who had a clear advantage of speaking [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Samogitian dialect|Samogitian]]. They also did not want increasing Polish influence in Lithuania after the Union of Lublin – bishops were automatically granted a seat in the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Senate of Poland–Lithuania]].<ref name=ivins4890/> Any new bishop first needed a nomination from the king. At the time, the king was [[Henry III of France|Henry de Valois]] who abandoned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in June 1574 to become the [[King of France]]. Therefore, Giedraitis traveled to Paris to obtain the nomination in person in April 1575. At the same time, he acted as an envoy of Lithuanian nobles in an attempt to persuade Henry to return to Poland–Lithuania.<ref name=ivins4890/> [[Pope Gregory XIII]] approved Giedraitis as bishop on 16 January 1576 and he was consecrated by Protasewicz during [[Easter]] in [[Vilnius]].<ref name=ivins/>
When [[Bishop of Samogitia]] [[Jurgis Petkūnas]] died in July 1574, [[Jakub Uchański]], [[Primate of Poland]] and [[Archbishop of Gniezno]], attempted to promote his nephew Jakub Woroniecki to the vacancy. He was supported by [[Tolomeo Gallio]], [[Cardinal Secretary of State]].<ref name=ivins4890/> Bishop Protasewicz, Samogitian cathedral chapter, Lithuanian [[Jesuits]], [[Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł]], and other nobles protested this [[nepotism]] and instead promoted Giedraitis, who had a clear advantage of speaking [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Samogitian dialect|Samogitian]]. They also did not want increasing Polish influence in Lithuania after the Union of Lublin – bishops were automatically granted a seat in the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Senate of Poland–Lithuania]].<ref name=ivins4890/> Any new bishop first needed a nomination from the king. At the time, the king was [[Henry III of France|Henry de Valois]] who abandoned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in June 1574 to become the [[King of France]]. Therefore, Giedraitis traveled to Paris to obtain the nomination in person in April 1575. At the same time, he acted as an envoy of Lithuanian nobles in an attempt to persuade Henry to return to Poland–Lithuania.<ref name=ivins4890/> [[Pope Gregory XIII]] approved Giedraitis as bishop on 16 January 1576 and he was consecrated by Protasewicz during [[Easter]] in [[Vilnius]].<ref name=ivins/>
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Giedraitis found the diocese neglected. Giedraitis conducted a [[canonical visitation]] with Jesuit Mikołaj Sędkowski ({{lang-la|Nicolaus Sedkovius}}, {{lang-lt|Mikalojus Sedkovskis}}) in 1576.<ref name=jovai2011/> Tarquinius Peculus, the plenipotentiary of the [[papal nuncio]] Giovanni Andrea Caligari, conducted an apostolic visitation in 1579. The report provides a detailed picture of the neglect.<ref name=jovai2006/> Peculus described neglected churches, poorly educated priests who could not recite the [[Ten Commandments]] or barely read Latin, did not speak local language despite living in the diocese for over thirty years, shirked their pastoral duties and held masses only occasionally, openly kept lovers and raised illegitimate children, etc. Only one priest, [[Mikalojus Daukša]], was evaluated as properly qualified and diligently going about his church duties.<ref name=krasa/> Of the seven members of the [[cathedral chapter]], only three were ordained as priests.<ref name=ivins6139/> According to a list from 1589, the diocese had 58 Catholic churches, but only 27 of them were open. Others were empty or taken over by the Protestants.<ref name=kiaup/>
Giedraitis found the diocese neglected. Giedraitis conducted a [[canonical visitation]] with Jesuit Mikołaj Sędkowski ({{lang-la|Nicolaus Sedkovius}}, {{lang-lt|Mikalojus Sedkovskis}}) in 1576.<ref name=jovai2011/> Tarquinius Peculus, the plenipotentiary of the [[papal nuncio]] Giovanni Andrea Caligari, conducted an apostolic visitation in 1579. The report provides a detailed picture of the neglect.<ref name=jovai2006/> Peculus described neglected churches, poorly educated priests who could not recite the [[Ten Commandments]] or barely read Latin, did not speak local language despite living in the diocese for over thirty years, shirked their pastoral duties and held masses only occasionally, openly kept lovers and raised illegitimate children, etc. Only one priest, [[Mikalojus Daukša]], was evaluated as properly qualified and diligently going about his church duties.<ref name=krasa/> Of the seven members of the [[cathedral chapter]], only three were ordained as priests.<ref name=ivins6139/> According to a list from 1589, the diocese had 58 Catholic churches, but only 27 of them were open. Others were empty or taken over by the Protestants.<ref name=kiaup/>


The diocese had only about 18 to 20 priests (about seven of them spoke Lithuanian),<ref name=petra/> and the shortage of priests – particularly those who spoke Lithuanian – was one of the most pressing issues.<ref name=ivins/> There was no priest seminary in Lithuania until [[Vilnius Priest Seminary]] was established in 1582. That meant that most priests came from Poland after they could not get a local posting due to lack of education or moral virtues.<ref name=ivins6139/> Only a few select Lithuanian nobles could travel to universities abroad.<ref name=ivins4829/> Varniai cathedral school provided primary education. Giedraitis established and taught at educational courses in [[Alsėdžiai]] that prepared about twenty priests; one of them – {{ill|Merkelis Geišas|pl|Melchior Gieysz}} – later became bishop of Samogitia.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=petra/> Based on the last will of his predecessor [[Jurgis Petkūnas]], Giedraitis sponsored education of 12 clerics at the seminary in Vilnius laying the foundation for the [[Samogitian Priest Seminary]].<ref name=alisa/> He also sought to establish [[Kražiai College]], which was accomplished after his death. Giedraitis sought assistance from the [[Jesuits]] and invited them to Samogitia. In April 1582, he consecrated [[St. James's Cathedral, Riga]], which was granted to the Jesuits by King [[Stephen Báthory]].<ref name=ivins/> The Jesuits in Riga organized several missions into northern Diocese of Samogitia, but that was insufficient and Giedraitis wrote to the [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] asking to send Jesuit missionaries. The Superior General sent two men, Motiejus Galminas and Merkelis Daugėla, who settled in [[Kražiai]].<ref name=ivins/> When Giedraitis became the bishop, there were no monasteries in the diocese. In 1603, Hetman [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] brought the [[Order of Friars Minor|Bernadines]] to [[Kretinga]] where they established the [[Kretinga Monastery]].<ref name=ivins/>
The diocese had only about 18 to 20 priests (about seven of them spoke Lithuanian),<ref name=petra/> and the shortage of priests – particularly those who spoke Lithuanian – was one of the most pressing issues.<ref name=ivins/> There was no priest seminary in Lithuania until [[Vilnius Priest Seminary]] was established in 1582. That meant that most priests came from Poland after they could not get a local posting due to lack of education or moral virtues.<ref name=ivins6139/> Only a few select Lithuanian nobles could travel to universities abroad.<ref name=ivins4829/> Varniai cathedral school provided primary education. Giedraitis established and taught at educational courses in [[Alsėdžiai]] that prepared about twenty priests; one of them – {{ill|Melchior Gieysz|pl|Melchior Gieysz}} – later became bishop of Samogitia.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=petra/> Based on the last will of his predecessor [[Jurgis Petkūnas]], Giedraitis sponsored education of 12 clerics at the seminary in Vilnius laying the foundation for the [[Samogitian Priest Seminary]].<ref name=alisa/> He also sought to establish [[Kražiai College]], which was accomplished after his death. Giedraitis sought assistance from the [[Jesuits]] and invited them to Samogitia. In April 1582, he consecrated [[St. James's Cathedral, Riga]], which was granted to the Jesuits by King [[Stephen Báthory]].<ref name=ivins/> The Jesuits in Riga organized several missions into northern Diocese of Samogitia, but that was insufficient and Giedraitis wrote to the [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] asking to send Jesuit missionaries. The Superior General sent two men, Motiejus Galminas and Merkelis Daugėla, who settled in [[Kražiai]].<ref name=ivins/> When Giedraitis became the bishop, there were no monasteries in the diocese. In 1603, Hetman [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]] brought the [[Order of Friars Minor|Bernadines]] to [[Kretinga]] where they established the [[Kretinga Monastery]].<ref name=ivins/>


Giedraitis worked to strengthen existing parishes, regain parishes taken over by the Protestants, and establish new parishes. He obtained two royal decrees (from [[Stephen Báthory]] on 1 August 1578 and from [[Sigismund III Vasa]] on 2 April 1592) ordering the Protestants to return lands and property usurped from the Catholic Church.<ref name=ivins/> In several instances, Giedraitis had to sue the Protestants in courts. He managed to recover several churches, including in [[Kražiai]], [[Kėdainiai]], [[Linkuva]] (1605), and [[Kelmė]] (shortly after his death in 1609).<ref name=petra/><ref name=alisa/> Giedratis constructed certain tents next to Catholic churches occupied by the Protestants so that Catholic priests could attract people visiting the traditional [[parish festival]]s. The Reformation peaked in Samogitia in 1580s and 1590s.<ref name=alisa/> During Giedraitis' tenure, twelve new churches were built in the diocese. They were funded by the King, nobles, or Giedraitis himself. Some of them were built near the borders with the Protestant [[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Duchy of Livonia]]. When Giedraitis died, the diocese had 50 parishes.<ref name=ivins/> According to [[Motiejus Valančius]], Giedraitis established three deaneries (in [[Virbalis]], [[Viduklė]], and [[Luokė]]) in 1587, but documents mentioning deaneries in the diocese date only from 1619–1620.<ref name=jovai2011/>
Giedraitis worked to strengthen existing parishes, regain parishes taken over by the Protestants, and establish new parishes. He obtained two royal decrees (from [[Stephen Báthory]] on 1 August 1578 and from [[Sigismund III Vasa]] on 2 April 1592) ordering the Protestants to return lands and property usurped from the Catholic Church.<ref name=ivins/> In several instances, Giedraitis had to sue the Protestants in courts. He managed to recover several churches, including in [[Kražiai]], [[Kėdainiai]], [[Linkuva]] (1605), and [[Kelmė]] (shortly after his death in 1609).<ref name=petra/><ref name=alisa/> Giedratis constructed certain tents next to Catholic churches occupied by the Protestants so that Catholic priests could attract people visiting the traditional [[parish festival]]s. The Reformation peaked in Samogitia in 1580s and 1590s.<ref name=alisa/> During Giedraitis' tenure, twelve new churches were built in the diocese. They were funded by the King, nobles, or Giedraitis himself. Some of them were built near the borders with the Protestant [[Duchy of Prussia]] and [[Duchy of Livonia]]. When Giedraitis died, the diocese had 50 parishes.<ref name=ivins/> According to [[Motiejus Valančius]], Giedraitis established three deaneries (in [[Virbalis]], [[Viduklė]], and [[Luokė]]) in 1587, but documents mentioning deaneries in the diocese date only from 1619–1620.<ref name=jovai2011/>


Giedraitis was actively involved with the congregation – he frequently visited different parishes, delivered sermons in Lithuanian, heard confessions, taught basic catechism, etc. He supported and worked to implement decisions of the [[Council of Trent]] except there is no evidence that Giedraitis called an annual diocesan [[synod]] as mandated by the council.<ref name=ivins/> There is evidence that he did call a synod in 1577 or 1578, which would be the first known synod in the diocese.<ref name=krasa/> He worked to improve discipline among the priests, fought corruption by preventing several church [[benefice]]s falling into same hands, combated informal marriages that did not receive proper [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|matrimonial sacrament]], insisted on proper liturgy, etc. Giedraitis was fond of church singing and developed a local choir and brought it to performed at [[Vilnius Cathedral]].<ref name=ivins/> He also authorized singing during [[Wake (ceremony)|wakes]].<ref name=stumbra/>
Giedraitis was actively involved with the congregation – he frequently visited different parishes, delivered sermons in Lithuanian, heard confessions, taught basic catechism, etc. He supported and worked to implement decisions of the [[Council of Trent]] except there is no evidence that Giedraitis called an annual diocesan [[synod]] as mandated by the council.<ref name=ivins/> There is evidence that he did call a synod in 1577 or 1578, which would be the first known synod in the diocese.<ref name=krasa/> He worked to improve discipline among the priests, fought corruption by preventing several church [[benefice]]s falling into same hands, combated informal marriages that did not receive proper [[Marriage in the Catholic Church|matrimonial sacrament]], insisted on proper liturgy, etc. Giedraitis was fond of church singing and developed a local choir and brought it to perform at [[Vilnius Cathedral]].<ref name=ivins/> He also authorized singing during [[Wake (ceremony)|wakes]].<ref name=stumbra/>


===Other activities===
===Other activities===
[[File:Mikalojus Daukša 1595.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of the [[Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša]] sponsored by Giedraitis – the first Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
[[File:Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša, 1595.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of the [[Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša]] sponsored by Giedraitis – the first Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
He supported the [[Lithuanian language]] and sponsored publication of the first Lithuanian printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<ref name=ulcin/> In 1595, [[Mikalojus Daukša]] translated a catechism by {{illm|Diego de Ledesma|es}}, Spanish [[Jesuit]], and published it as ''[[Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša|Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian]]'' in [[Vilnius]]. Four years later, Daukša published the much larger ''[[Postil of Mikalojus Daukša|Catholic Postil]]'' (collection of sermons) which was translated from a Polish postil by [[Jakub Wujek]]. In 1578, [[Maciej Stryjkowski]] arrived to Varniai.<ref name=ulcin/> Sponsored by Giedraitis, he became a member of the Samogitian [[cathedral chapter]] and wrote a history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was published in 1582. It became the first published history of Lithuania. The postil and the history were both dedicated to Giedraitis.<ref name=ulcin/>
He supported the [[Lithuanian language]] and sponsored publication of the first Lithuanian printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<ref name=ulcin/> In 1595, [[Mikalojus Daukša]] translated a catechism by {{illm|Diego de Ledesma|es}}, Spanish [[Jesuit]], and published it as ''[[Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša|Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian]]'' in [[Vilnius]]. Four years later, Daukša published the much larger ''[[Postil of Mikalojus Daukša|Catholic Postil]]'' (collection of sermons) which was translated from a Polish postil by [[Jakub Wujek]]. In 1578, [[Maciej Stryjkowski]] arrived to Varniai.<ref name=ulcin/> Sponsored by Giedraitis, he became a member of the Samogitian [[cathedral chapter]] and wrote a history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was published in 1582. It became the first published history of Lithuania. The postil and the history were both dedicated to Giedraitis.<ref name=ulcin/> In the [[preface]]s of his Catholic Postil (1599), Daukša expressed that the Lithuanian language situation had improved and thanked to Giedraitis for his works.<ref name="Dubonis2016">{{cite journal |last1=Dubonis |first1=Artūras |title=The Prestige and decline of the official (state) language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (fifteenth-sixteenth century): problems in Belarusian historiography |journal=Lithuanian Historical Studies |date=2016 |volume=20 |pages=21 |doi=10.30965/25386565-02001002 |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2016~1512655799738/datastreams/DS.002.1.01.ARTIC/content |access-date=4 November 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>


Before the [[1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election]] a congress of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's nobles was held on 20 April 1576 in [[Grodno]] which adopted an Universal, signed by Giedraitis and other participating high-ranking Lithuanian officials and nobles, which announced that if the delegates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania will feel pressure from the Poles in the [[Election sejm]], the Lithuanians will not be obliged by an oath of the Union of Lublin and will have the right to select a separate monarch.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kiaupinienė |first1=Jūratė |title=Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Seimas – valstybės modernizacijos grandis (1572–1587 metai) |pages=31–32 |url=https://journals.lnb.lt/parliamentary-studies/article/download/725/720/1097 |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |language=lt |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
On 29 May 1580, Giedraitis crowned [[Stephen Báthory]] as Grand Duke of Lithuania in [[Vilnius Cathedral]].<ref name=kiaup/> In addition to his duties in the diocese, Giedraitis had responsibilities in the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. For a number of years, he was a member of a commission tasked with the delineation of the border between Samogitia and [[Courland]].<ref name=ivins/> In 1601, he mediated the dispute between the [[Radziwiłł family|Radziwiłł]] and the [[Chodkiewicz]] families. In 1579, when the Jesuit Academy was established in Vilnius (predecessor to [[Vilnius University]]), Giedraitis became its protector.<ref name=ivins/> He donated some land near [[Riešė]] and Stirniai (near [[Ukmergė]]) to the academy.<ref name=jucas2/> Together with his brother, Giedraitis also funded the Church of St. Lawrence in their native [[Videniškiai]].<ref name=janon/>

On 29 May 1580, Giedraitis crowned [[Stephen Báthory]] as Grand Duke of Lithuania in [[Vilnius Cathedral]].<ref name=kiaup/> This ceremony consisted of Giedraitis' presentation of a [[Blessed sword and hat|luxuriously decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearl]]s (both were sanctified by [[Pope Gregory XIII]] himself) to Báthory, while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of [[Gediminas%27 Cap#Inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs|elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania]], this way ignoring the stipulations of the [[Union of Lublin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija |url=https://www.valdovurumai.lt/lt/naujienos/i/2680/vavelio-pilies-lobyne-ir-valdovu-rumu-istorija20220721/ |website=Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bues |first1=Almut |title=The year-book of Lithuanian history |date=2005 |page=9 |url=https://www.istorija.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/02/lim-2003-2-1-a.-bues-politine-ceremonialo-paskirtis-elekcineje-monarchijoje-p.-5-20.pdf |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stryjkowski |first1=Maciej |title=Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 2. |date=1846 |location=Warsaw |page=432 |url=https://polona.pl/preview/e45e12f2-4de5-4c17-b150-d7704ac29662 |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ragauskienė |first1=Raimonda |last2=Ragauskas |first2=Aivas |last3=Bulla |first3=Noémi Erzsébet |title=Tolimos bet artimos: Lietuvos ir Vengrijos istoriniai ryšiai |date=2018 |location=Vilnius |page=67 |url=https://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/TOLIMOS_BET_ARTIMOS_LIETUVOS_IR_VENGRIJOS_ISTORINIAI_RY%C5%A0IAI_LIT_2019.12.pdf |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}</ref> In addition to his duties in the diocese, Giedraitis had responsibilities in the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. For a number of years, he was a member of a commission tasked with the delineation of the border between Samogitia and [[Courland]].<ref name=ivins/> In 1601, he mediated the dispute between the [[Radziwiłł family|Radziwiłł]] and the [[Chodkiewicz]] families. In 1579, when the Jesuit Academy was established in Vilnius (predecessor to [[Vilnius University]]), Giedraitis became its protector.<ref name=ivins/> He donated some land near [[Riešė]] and Stirniai (near [[Ukmergė]]) to the academy.<ref name=jucas2/> Together with his brother, Giedraitis also funded the Church of St. Lawrence in their native [[Videniškiai]].<ref name=janon/>


The Diocese of Samogitia was poor and neglected and many bishops looked for better positions in other dioceses, particularly the Diocese of Vilnius. During Giedraitis' tenure, the Diocese of Vilnius was vacated twice – in 1579 after the death of [[Walerian Protasewicz]] and in 1591 after the reassignment of [[Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)|Jerzy Radziwiłł]] to the [[Diocese of Kraków]] – but due to unknown reasons, Giedraitis did not pursue the post.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=jovai2000/> After Radziwiłł's reassignment in 1591, the King wanted to move [[Bernard Maciejowski]], [[Bishop of Lutsk]], to Vilnius. However, Grand Chancellor [[Lew Sapieha]] refused to confirm the appointment leading to a power struggle that lasted almost a decade.<ref name=ivins4890/> [[Benedykt Woyna]], the new Bishop of Vilnius, was confirmed only in 1600. Giedraitis was an ardent supporter of Sapieha and argued against appointing a "foreigner" to bishops in Lithuania.<ref name=slies/><ref name=jucas/>
The Diocese of Samogitia was poor and neglected and many bishops looked for better positions in other dioceses, particularly the Diocese of Vilnius. During Giedraitis' tenure, the Diocese of Vilnius was vacated twice – in 1579 after the death of [[Walerian Protasewicz]] and in 1591 after the reassignment of [[Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)|Jerzy Radziwiłł]] to the [[Diocese of Kraków]] – but due to unknown reasons, Giedraitis did not pursue the post.<ref name=ivins/><ref name=jovai2000/> After Radziwiłł's reassignment in 1591, the King wanted to move [[Bernard Maciejowski]], [[Bishop of Lutsk]], to Vilnius. However, Grand Chancellor [[Lew Sapieha]] refused to confirm the appointment leading to a power struggle that lasted almost a decade.<ref name=ivins4890/> [[Benedykt Woyna]], the new Bishop of Vilnius, was confirmed only in 1600. Giedraitis was an ardent supporter of Sapieha and argued against appointing a "foreigner" to bishops in Lithuania.<ref name=slies/><ref name=jucas/>
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<ref name=alisa>{{cite book |title=Krikščionybės Lietuvoje istorija |first1=Darius |last1=Baronas |first2=Remigijus |last2=Černius |first3=Liudas |last3=Jovaiša |first4=Mindaugas |last4=Paknys |first5=Eligijus |last5=Raila |first6=Arūnas |last6=Streikus |first7=Paulius |last7=Subačius |editor-first=Vytautas |editor-last=Ališauskas |location=Vilnius |publisher=Aidai |year=2006 |isbn=9955-656-18-2 |language=lt |pages=177, 197, 200, 217}}</ref>
<ref name=alisa>{{cite book |title=Krikščionybės Lietuvoje istorija |first1=Darius |last1=Baronas |first2=Remigijus |last2=Černius |first3=Liudas |last3=Jovaiša |first4=Mindaugas |last4=Paknys |first5=Eligijus |last5=Raila |first6=Arūnas |last6=Streikus |first7=Paulius |last7=Subačius |editor-first=Vytautas |editor-last=Ališauskas |location=Vilnius |publisher=Aidai |year=2006 |isbn=9955-656-18-2 |language=lt |pages=177, 197, 200, 217}}</ref>


<ref name=birzi>{{cite book |first=Vaclovas |last=Biržiška |title=Aleksandrynas: senųjų lietuvių rašytojų, rašiusių prieš 1865 m., biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos |volume=I | language=lt |origyear=1960 |year=1990 |location=Vilnius |publisher=Sietynas | oclc=28707188 |page=26 }}</ref>
<ref name=birzi>{{cite book |first=Vaclovas |last=Biržiška |title=Aleksandrynas: senųjų lietuvių rašytojų, rašiusių prieš 1865 m., biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos |volume=I | language=lt |orig-year=1960 |year=1990 |location=Vilnius |publisher=Sietynas | oclc=28707188 |page=26 }}</ref>


<ref name=ivins>{{cite web |date=15 May 2003| url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Dauksa/vyskupGiedr.htm |title=Zenonas Ivinskis: Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis |publisher=Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras |work=Postilei – 400 |issn=1648-8822 |language=lt |accessdate=15 December 2019}} which published excerpts from {{cite book |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |title=Rinktiniai raštai |volume= 4. Krikščionybė Lietuvoje |publisher=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija |location=Rome |year=1987 |language=lt |oclc=464698640}}</ref>
<ref name=ivins>{{cite web |date=15 May 2003| url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Dauksa/vyskupGiedr.htm |title=Zenonas Ivinskis: Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis |publisher=Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras |work=Postilei – 400 |issn=1648-8822 |language=lt |access-date=15 December 2019}} which published excerpts from {{cite book |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |title=Rinktiniai raštai |volume= 4. Krikščionybė Lietuvoje |publisher=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija |location=Rome |year=1987 |language=lt |oclc=464698640}}</ref>


<ref name=ivins4829>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4829:is&catid=309:3-kovas&Itemid=341 |lang=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=March 1951 |volume=3 |issue=38 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>
<ref name=ivins4829>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4829:is&catid=309:3-kovas&Itemid=341 |language=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=March 1951 |volume=3 |issue=38 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>


<ref name=ivins4854>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4854:fi&catid=310:4-balandis&Itemid=342 |lang=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=April 1951 |volume=4 |issue=39 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>
<ref name=ivins4854>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4854:fi&catid=310:4-balandis&Itemid=342 |language=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=April 1951 |volume=4 |issue=39 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>


<ref name=ivins4890>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4890:is&catid=311:5-gegu&Itemid=343 |lang=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=May 1951 |volume=5 |issue=40 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>
<ref name=ivins4890>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4890:is&catid=311:5-gegu&Itemid=343 |language=lt |title=Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje |journal=Aidai |date=May 1951 |volume=5 |issue=40 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>


<ref name=ivins6139>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6139:fi&catid=371:6-birelis&Itemid=422 |lang=lt |title=Žemaičių religinė padėtis prieš vysk. Markelį Giedraitį |journal=Aidai |date=June 1956 |volume=6 |issue=92 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>
<ref name=ivins6139>{{cite journal |first=Zenonas |last=Ivinskis |url=http://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6139:fi&catid=371:6-birelis&Itemid=422 |language=lt |title=Žemaičių religinė padėtis prieš vysk. Markelį Giedraitį |journal=Aidai |date=June 1956 |volume=6 |issue=92 |issn=0002-208X}}</ref>


<ref name=janon>{{cite web |first=Rūta |last=Janonienė |url=http://vienuolynai.mch.mii.lt/V1-7/videniskiu.htm |title=Videniškių buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Lauryno bažnyčia |publisher=Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla |work=Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas ||date=6 June 2000 |isbn=9986-571-39-1 |lang=lt}}</ref>
<ref name=janon>{{cite book |first=Rūta |last=Janonienė |url=http://vienuolynai.mch.mii.lt/V1-7/videniskiu.htm |title=Videniškių buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Lauryno bažnyčia |publisher=Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla |work=Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas |date=6 June 2000 |isbn=9986-571-39-1 |language=lt}}</ref>


<ref name=jovai2000>{{cite book |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2000~1367162100051/J.04~2000~1367162100051.pdf |title=Tridento susirinkimas ir Lietuva |journal=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis |issn=1392-0502 |volume=16 |year=2000 |lang=lt |page=43}}</ref>
<ref name=jovai2000>{{cite journal |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2000~1367162100051/J.04~2000~1367162100051.pdf |title=Tridento susirinkimas ir Lietuva |journal=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis |issn=1392-0502 |volume=16 |year=2000 |language=lt |page=43}}</ref>


<ref name=jovai2006>{{cite book |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cplpM0l3nd8C&pg=PA182 |editor-first=Rainer |editor-last=Bendel |title=Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichtsschreibung in Nordost- und Ostmitteleuropa: Initiativen, Methoden, Theorien |chapter=The Catholic Reform in West Lithuania |volume=2 |series=Religions- und Kulturgeschichte in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa |year=2006 |isbn=3-8258-6178-3 |publisher=LIT Verlag |page=182 }}</ref>
<ref name=jovai2006>{{cite book |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cplpM0l3nd8C&pg=PA182 |editor-first=Rainer |editor-last=Bendel |title=Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichtsschreibung in Nordost- und Ostmitteleuropa: Initiativen, Methoden, Theorien |chapter=The Catholic Reform in West Lithuania |volume=2 |series=Religions- und Kulturgeschichte in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa |year=2006 |isbn=3-8258-6178-3 |publisher=LIT Verlag |page=182 }}</ref>


<ref name=jovai2011>{{cite book |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |url=https://www.lkma.lt/site/archive/fhl/XI/fhl_XI_zemaiciu-vyskupijos-vizitaciju-aktai_1611-1651.pdf |title=Žemaičių vyskupijos vizitacijos ir jų aktai (1576–1655) |series=Lietuvos istorijos šaltiniai |volume=XI |publisher=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija |year=2011 |isbn=978-9986-592-68-6 |lang=lt |pages=ix, xv}}</ref>
<ref name=jovai2011>{{cite book |first=Liudas |last=Jovaiša |url=https://www.lkma.lt/site/archive/fhl/XI/fhl_XI_zemaiciu-vyskupijos-vizitaciju-aktai_1611-1651.pdf |title=Žemaičių vyskupijos vizitacijos ir jų aktai (1576–1655) |series=Lietuvos istorijos šaltiniai |volume=XI |publisher=Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija |year=2011 |isbn=978-9986-592-68-6 |language=lt |pages=ix, xv}}</ref>


<ref name=jucas>{{cite book |first=Mečislovas |last=Jučas | title=Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unija | publisher=Aidai |year=2000 |language=lt |isbn=9986-590-95-7 |pages=263–264}}</ref>
<ref name=jucas>{{cite book |first=Mečislovas |last=Jučas | title=Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unija | publisher=Aidai |year=2000 |language=lt |isbn=9986-590-95-7 |pages=263–264}}</ref>
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<ref name=krasa>{{cite journal |first=Rapolas |last=Krasauskas |title=Kataliku Bažnyčia Lietuvoje XVI–XVII amžiuje. Nuosmukio priežastys ir atgimimo veiksniai |url=http://www.prodeoetpatria.lt/files/pdf-straipsniai/Suv-darbai-VI/RAPOLAS-KRASAUSKAS-Kataliku-baznycia-Lietuvoje-XVI-XVII-amziuje.pdf |journal=LKMA Suvažiavimo darbai |volume=6 |year=1969 |issn=1392-0499 |pages=207–213, 228 |language=lt}}</ref>
<ref name=krasa>{{cite journal |first=Rapolas |last=Krasauskas |title=Kataliku Bažnyčia Lietuvoje XVI–XVII amžiuje. Nuosmukio priežastys ir atgimimo veiksniai |url=http://www.prodeoetpatria.lt/files/pdf-straipsniai/Suv-darbai-VI/RAPOLAS-KRASAUSKAS-Kataliku-baznycia-Lietuvoje-XVI-XVII-amziuje.pdf |journal=LKMA Suvažiavimo darbai |volume=6 |year=1969 |issn=1392-0499 |pages=207–213, 228 |language=lt}}</ref>


<ref name=petra>{{cite web |first=Irena |last=Petraitienė |title=Kunigaikštis Medininkų–Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis |url=http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2013-03-17-zemaiciu-kriksto-jubiliejus-kunigaikstis-medininku-zemaiciu-vyskupas-merkelis-giedraitis/96914 |lang=lt |date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Bernardinai.lt]] |accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=petra>{{cite web |first=Irena |last=Petraitienė |title=Kunigaikštis Medininkų–Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis |url=http://www.bernardinai.lt/straipsnis/2013-03-17-zemaiciu-kriksto-jubiliejus-kunigaikstis-medininku-zemaiciu-vyskupas-merkelis-giedraitis/96914 |language=lt |date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Bernardinai.lt]] |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>


<ref name=rabik>{{cite book |first=Paulius |last=Rabikauskas |title=Krikščioniškoji Lietuva |publisher=Aidai |year=2002 |isbn=9955-445-36-X | ref=harv |lang=lt |pages=158–159}}</ref>
<ref name=rabik>{{cite book |first=Paulius |last=Rabikauskas |title=Krikščioniškoji Lietuva |publisher=Aidai |year=2002 |isbn=9955-445-36-X |language=lt |pages=158–159}}</ref>


<ref name=radio>{{cite web| url=http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2016/01/17/merkelio_giedrai%C4%8Dio_konsekravimo_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_vyskupu_440_metin%C4%97s/lt-1201732 |date=17 January 2016 |title=Merkelio Giedraičio konsekravimo Žemaičių vyskupu 440 metinės |publisher=Vatican Radio|language=lt |accessdate=19 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=radio>{{cite web| url=http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2016/01/17/merkelio_giedrai%C4%8Dio_konsekravimo_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_vyskupu_440_metin%C4%97s/lt-1201732 |date=17 January 2016 |title=Merkelio Giedraičio konsekravimo Žemaičių vyskupu 440 metinės |publisher=Vatican Radio|language=lt |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>


<ref name=servi>{{cite web |first=Aurelija |last=Servienė| title=Varniai. Šeimininkai nori atsikratyti didingu paminklu prie Žemaičių vyskupystės muziejaus |url= http://tzinios.lt/varniai-seimininkai-nori-atsikratyti-didingu-paminklu-prie-zemaiciu-vyskupystes-muziejaus/ |date=5 August 2016 |publisher=Telšių žinios |language=lt |accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=servi>{{cite web |first=Aurelija |last=Servienė| title=Varniai. Šeimininkai nori atsikratyti didingu paminklu prie Žemaičių vyskupystės muziejaus |url= http://tzinios.lt/varniai-seimininkai-nori-atsikratyti-didingu-paminklu-prie-zemaiciu-vyskupystes-muziejaus/ |date=5 August 2016 |publisher=Telšių žinios |language=lt |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>


<ref name=slies>{{cite book |first=Gintautas |last=Sliesoriūnas |title=Lietuvos istorija |volume=VI: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė XVI a. pabaigoje – XVIII a. pradžioje (1588–1733 metais) |language=lt |publisher=Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla |year=2015 |location=Vilnius |isbn=978-609-8183-07-8 |pages=258–259 }}</ref>
<ref name=slies>{{cite book |first=Gintautas |last=Sliesoriūnas |title=Lietuvos istorija |volume=VI: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė XVI a. pabaigoje – XVIII a. pradžioje (1588–1733 metais) |language=lt |publisher=Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla |year=2015 |location=Vilnius |isbn=978-609-8183-07-8 |pages=258–259 }}</ref>
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<ref name=vle>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Arimeta |last=Vojevodskaitė |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Matas-Giedraitis-43943 |title=Matas Giedraitis |date=1 December 2018 |language=lt |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras }}</ref>
<ref name=vle>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Arimeta |last=Vojevodskaitė |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Matas-Giedraitis-43943 |title=Matas Giedraitis |date=1 December 2018 |language=lt |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras }}</ref>


<ref name=vojev>{{cite web |first=Arimeta |last=Vojevodskaitė |date=15 May 2003| url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Tevuzeme/teviske.htm |title=Žemaičių vyskupo Merkelio Giedraičio tėviškė |publisher=Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras |work=Postilei – 400 |issn=1648-8822 |language=lt |accessdate=15 December 2019}}</ref>
<ref name=vojev>{{cite web |first=Arimeta |last=Vojevodskaitė |date=15 May 2003| url=http://postilla.mch.mii.lt/Tevuzeme/teviske.htm |title=Žemaičių vyskupo Merkelio Giedraičio tėviškė |publisher=Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras |work=Postilei – 400 |issn=1648-8822 |language=lt |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>


}}
}}
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{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Giedraitis, Merkelis}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giedraitis, Merkelis}}
[[Category:1530s births]]
[[Category:1530s births]]
[[Category:1609 deaths]]
[[Category:1609 deaths]]
[[Category:Lithuanian bishops]]
[[Category:Lithuanian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Lithuanian nobility]]
[[Category:16th-century Lithuanian nobility]]
[[Category:17th-century Lithuanian nobility]]
[[Category:University of Königsberg alumni]]
[[Category:University of Königsberg alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]]

Latest revision as of 15:36, 26 June 2024

Merkelis Giedraitis
Bishop of Samogitia
Portrait of Giedraitis from 1585
ChurchRoman Catholic Church
DioceseDiocese of Samogitia
Installed16 January 1576
Term ended6 April 1609
PredecessorJurgis Petkūnas
SuccessorMikołaj Pac
Orders
Ordination1571
ConsecrationEaster 1576
by Walerian Protasewicz
Personal details
Bornc. 1536
Videniškiai?, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Died6 April 1609
Alsėdžiai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
BuriedVarniai Cathedral
NationalityLithuanian
DenominationRoman Catholic
ParentsMatas Giedraitis [lt] and Anna Kroszyńska[1]
Alma materUniversity of Königsberg
University of Wittenberg
University of Tübingen
University of Leipzig

Merkelis Giedraitis (Polish: Melchior Giedroyć; c. 1536 – 6 April 1609) was Bishop of Samogitia from 1576 to 1609. Educated at Protestant universities in the Duchy of Prussia and Germany, he actively combated the Reformation implementing resolutions of the Council of Trent in Samogitia. Born into the princely Giedraičiai family, he inherited a much neglected diocese that was reduced to only about 20 priests. He became known for his devotion and work to end clerical abuses, strengthen churches and schools, and increase the number of priests. Giedraitis invited the Jesuits to Kražiai where the Kražiai College was established already after his death and the Bernadines to Kretinga where they established the first monastery in Samogitia. He sponsored Mikalojus Daukša, who translated and published Catechism (1595) and Postil (1599) in the Lithuanian language—the first Lithuanian books printed within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He also supported Maciej Stryjkowski, author of the first printed history of Lithuania. In recognition of his efforts, Giedraitis is often referred to as the second baptist of Samogitia[2][3] (the first official baptism of Samogitia took place in 1413–1417).

Early life and education

[edit]

Giedraitis was born into the Giedraičiai family of the Lithuanian nobility. His father Motiejus Giedraitis was a Court Marshall of Lithuania and was sent on a diplomatic mission to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1551.[4] The family's main estate was in Videniškiai and it is likely that Merkelis Giedraitis was born there.[5] His date of birth is unknown, but estimated to be c. 1536 as of his appointment as bishop he was around 40-years old.[6] His portrait completed in 1585 recorded that he was 48-years old at the time (i.e. born in 1537).[7]

In February 1551,[7] together with his brother Kasparas, he enrolled into the University of Königsberg. He then disappears from written records for a decade. In February 1560, he enrolled into the Universities of Wittenberg.[2] Six months later, he was the first among eight Lithuanian students who were brought by their tutor Jurgis Zablockis to the University of Tübingen.[8] The group was initiated by Pier Paolo Vergerio who visited Vilnius twice and Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł. With short breaks, Giedraitis studied in Tübingen for about three years.[2] There, in 1561, he published his only known work – a 16-page Latin eulogy to commemorate the death of Katarzyna, the mother of Piotr Wiesiołowski [pl], a fellow Lithuanian student in Tübingen.[2][8] She was a Protestant.[6] The 244-line eulogy shows Giedraitis' mastery of the Latin language as well as familiarity with classical authors (Theocritus, Virgil) and Greek mythology (Philomela, Niobe, Nestor, etc.).[9] At the end of 1563, together with two relatives of Grand Chancellor Ostafi Wołłowicz [pl] and Teodor Skumin Tyszkiewicz [pl], Giedraitis enrolled into the University of Leipzig. As it was quite common at the time, Giedraitis did not earn an academic degree.[2]

Giedraitis studied at four Protestant universities and was close with some Protestant activists, but there is no evidence that he converted to Protestantism – documents related to his appointment as bishop are silent on the issue.[2] After his studies, Giedraitis worked as a secretary at the Grand Duke's chancellery.[6] Together with his brother Kasparas, he signed the Union of Lublin in 1569 which established the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[2] In Vilnius, Giedraitis was noticed by Bishop of Vilnius Walerian Protasewicz who offered him a teaching position and likely encouraged to become a priest.[10] Giedraitis was ordained as a priest in 1571. In February 1572, Protasewicz raised Giedraitis to members of the cathedral chapter and put him in charge of church property (custos).[2]

When Bishop of Samogitia Jurgis Petkūnas died in July 1574, Jakub Uchański, Primate of Poland and Archbishop of Gniezno, attempted to promote his nephew Jakub Woroniecki to the vacancy. He was supported by Tolomeo Gallio, Cardinal Secretary of State.[11] Bishop Protasewicz, Samogitian cathedral chapter, Lithuanian Jesuits, Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, and other nobles protested this nepotism and instead promoted Giedraitis, who had a clear advantage of speaking Lithuanian and Samogitian. They also did not want increasing Polish influence in Lithuania after the Union of Lublin – bishops were automatically granted a seat in the Senate of Poland–Lithuania.[11] Any new bishop first needed a nomination from the king. At the time, the king was Henry de Valois who abandoned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in June 1574 to become the King of France. Therefore, Giedraitis traveled to Paris to obtain the nomination in person in April 1575. At the same time, he acted as an envoy of Lithuanian nobles in an attempt to persuade Henry to return to Poland–Lithuania.[11] Pope Gregory XIII approved Giedraitis as bishop on 16 January 1576 and he was consecrated by Protasewicz during Easter in Vilnius.[2]

Bishop of Samogitia

[edit]

Diocesan affairs

[edit]
Monument to Giedraitis next to the Samogitian Diocese Museum

Giedraitis found the diocese neglected. Giedraitis conducted a canonical visitation with Jesuit Mikołaj Sędkowski (Latin: Nicolaus Sedkovius, Lithuanian: Mikalojus Sedkovskis) in 1576.[12] Tarquinius Peculus, the plenipotentiary of the papal nuncio Giovanni Andrea Caligari, conducted an apostolic visitation in 1579. The report provides a detailed picture of the neglect.[13] Peculus described neglected churches, poorly educated priests who could not recite the Ten Commandments or barely read Latin, did not speak local language despite living in the diocese for over thirty years, shirked their pastoral duties and held masses only occasionally, openly kept lovers and raised illegitimate children, etc. Only one priest, Mikalojus Daukša, was evaluated as properly qualified and diligently going about his church duties.[14] Of the seven members of the cathedral chapter, only three were ordained as priests.[15] According to a list from 1589, the diocese had 58 Catholic churches, but only 27 of them were open. Others were empty or taken over by the Protestants.[16]

The diocese had only about 18 to 20 priests (about seven of them spoke Lithuanian),[10] and the shortage of priests – particularly those who spoke Lithuanian – was one of the most pressing issues.[2] There was no priest seminary in Lithuania until Vilnius Priest Seminary was established in 1582. That meant that most priests came from Poland after they could not get a local posting due to lack of education or moral virtues.[15] Only a few select Lithuanian nobles could travel to universities abroad.[17] Varniai cathedral school provided primary education. Giedraitis established and taught at educational courses in Alsėdžiai that prepared about twenty priests; one of them – Melchior Gieysz [pl] – later became bishop of Samogitia.[2][10] Based on the last will of his predecessor Jurgis Petkūnas, Giedraitis sponsored education of 12 clerics at the seminary in Vilnius laying the foundation for the Samogitian Priest Seminary.[18] He also sought to establish Kražiai College, which was accomplished after his death. Giedraitis sought assistance from the Jesuits and invited them to Samogitia. In April 1582, he consecrated St. James's Cathedral, Riga, which was granted to the Jesuits by King Stephen Báthory.[2] The Jesuits in Riga organized several missions into northern Diocese of Samogitia, but that was insufficient and Giedraitis wrote to the Superior General of the Society of Jesus asking to send Jesuit missionaries. The Superior General sent two men, Motiejus Galminas and Merkelis Daugėla, who settled in Kražiai.[2] When Giedraitis became the bishop, there were no monasteries in the diocese. In 1603, Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz brought the Bernadines to Kretinga where they established the Kretinga Monastery.[2]

Giedraitis worked to strengthen existing parishes, regain parishes taken over by the Protestants, and establish new parishes. He obtained two royal decrees (from Stephen Báthory on 1 August 1578 and from Sigismund III Vasa on 2 April 1592) ordering the Protestants to return lands and property usurped from the Catholic Church.[2] In several instances, Giedraitis had to sue the Protestants in courts. He managed to recover several churches, including in Kražiai, Kėdainiai, Linkuva (1605), and Kelmė (shortly after his death in 1609).[10][18] Giedratis constructed certain tents next to Catholic churches occupied by the Protestants so that Catholic priests could attract people visiting the traditional parish festivals. The Reformation peaked in Samogitia in 1580s and 1590s.[18] During Giedraitis' tenure, twelve new churches were built in the diocese. They were funded by the King, nobles, or Giedraitis himself. Some of them were built near the borders with the Protestant Duchy of Prussia and Duchy of Livonia. When Giedraitis died, the diocese had 50 parishes.[2] According to Motiejus Valančius, Giedraitis established three deaneries (in Virbalis, Viduklė, and Luokė) in 1587, but documents mentioning deaneries in the diocese date only from 1619–1620.[12]

Giedraitis was actively involved with the congregation – he frequently visited different parishes, delivered sermons in Lithuanian, heard confessions, taught basic catechism, etc. He supported and worked to implement decisions of the Council of Trent except there is no evidence that Giedraitis called an annual diocesan synod as mandated by the council.[2] There is evidence that he did call a synod in 1577 or 1578, which would be the first known synod in the diocese.[14] He worked to improve discipline among the priests, fought corruption by preventing several church benefices falling into same hands, combated informal marriages that did not receive proper matrimonial sacrament, insisted on proper liturgy, etc. Giedraitis was fond of church singing and developed a local choir and brought it to perform at Vilnius Cathedral.[2] He also authorized singing during wakes.[19]

Other activities

[edit]
Title page of the Catechism of Mikalojus Daukša sponsored by Giedraitis – the first Lithuanian-language book printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

He supported the Lithuanian language and sponsored publication of the first Lithuanian printed books in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[9] In 1595, Mikalojus Daukša translated a catechism by Diego de Ledesma [es], Spanish Jesuit, and published it as Catechism, or Education Obligatory to Every Christian in Vilnius. Four years later, Daukša published the much larger Catholic Postil (collection of sermons) which was translated from a Polish postil by Jakub Wujek. In 1578, Maciej Stryjkowski arrived to Varniai.[9] Sponsored by Giedraitis, he became a member of the Samogitian cathedral chapter and wrote a history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which was published in 1582. It became the first published history of Lithuania. The postil and the history were both dedicated to Giedraitis.[9] In the prefaces of his Catholic Postil (1599), Daukša expressed that the Lithuanian language situation had improved and thanked to Giedraitis for his works.[20]

Before the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election a congress of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's nobles was held on 20 April 1576 in Grodno which adopted an Universal, signed by Giedraitis and other participating high-ranking Lithuanian officials and nobles, which announced that if the delegates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania will feel pressure from the Poles in the Election sejm, the Lithuanians will not be obliged by an oath of the Union of Lublin and will have the right to select a separate monarch.[21]

On 29 May 1580, Giedraitis crowned Stephen Báthory as Grand Duke of Lithuania in Vilnius Cathedral.[16] This ceremony consisted of Giedraitis' presentation of a luxuriously decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearls (both were sanctified by Pope Gregory XIII himself) to Báthory, while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania, this way ignoring the stipulations of the Union of Lublin.[22][23][24][25] In addition to his duties in the diocese, Giedraitis had responsibilities in the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. For a number of years, he was a member of a commission tasked with the delineation of the border between Samogitia and Courland.[2] In 1601, he mediated the dispute between the Radziwiłł and the Chodkiewicz families. In 1579, when the Jesuit Academy was established in Vilnius (predecessor to Vilnius University), Giedraitis became its protector.[2] He donated some land near Riešė and Stirniai (near Ukmergė) to the academy.[26] Together with his brother, Giedraitis also funded the Church of St. Lawrence in their native Videniškiai.[27]

The Diocese of Samogitia was poor and neglected and many bishops looked for better positions in other dioceses, particularly the Diocese of Vilnius. During Giedraitis' tenure, the Diocese of Vilnius was vacated twice – in 1579 after the death of Walerian Protasewicz and in 1591 after the reassignment of Jerzy Radziwiłł to the Diocese of Kraków – but due to unknown reasons, Giedraitis did not pursue the post.[2][28] After Radziwiłł's reassignment in 1591, the King wanted to move Bernard Maciejowski, Bishop of Lutsk, to Vilnius. However, Grand Chancellor Lew Sapieha refused to confirm the appointment leading to a power struggle that lasted almost a decade.[11] Benedykt Woyna, the new Bishop of Vilnius, was confirmed only in 1600. Giedraitis was an ardent supporter of Sapieha and argued against appointing a "foreigner" to bishops in Lithuania.[29][30]

Death and legacy

[edit]
Caskets of Bishops Giedraitis and Józef Arnulf Giedroyć [pl] at Varniai Cathedral

Giedraitis died on 6 April 1609 and was buried in a crypt of the Varniai Cathedral on 11 May.[2] In his last will, Giedraitis left money for the upkeep of a church in Viduklė and for the construction of a church in Pašvitinys, asked that two clerics be sent to receive education in Vilnius, and bequeathed his library (about 100 books) to the future Kražiai College.[9]

Giedraitis efforts and accomplishments were held in high regard, particularly by the Jesuits. They even reported apparitions of Giedraitis in Varniai Cathedral after his death.[17] The cathedral chapter tasked Jonas Kazakevičius (Jan Kosakiewicz), auxiliary bishop of Samogitia, to write a biography of Giedraitis, but it was not done. Bishop Motiejus Valančius (1801–1875) ordered a marble tomb of Giedraitis installed in Varniai Cathedral in 1853.[17] On the occasion of the Church Jubilee in 1900, Lithuanian Americans sent a letter to Pope Leo XIII asking to canonize Giedraitis and Andrius Rudamina, the first Lithuanian missionary to China.[2] In 1909, Lithuanians commemorated the 300th death anniversary of Giedraitis with prayers and articles about his life.[17] While his beatification case was not started, some Lithuanians pray to Giedraitis (e.g. a prayer to him was included in a prayer book published by Stasys Yla [lt] in 1964).[3] In 1999, the year the Samogitian Diocese Museum opened and the 400th anniversary of the publication of the Postil of Mikalojus Daukša, a monument to Giedraitis and Mikalojus Daukša was unveiled next to the museum.[31]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Herbst, Stanisław (1958). "Melchior Giedroyć". Polski Słownik Biograficzny (in Polish). Vol. 7. Wrocław. pp. 430–431.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Zenonas Ivinskis: Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis". Postilei – 400 (in Lithuanian). Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras. 15 May 2003. ISSN 1648-8822. Retrieved 15 December 2019. which published excerpts from Ivinskis, Zenonas (1987). Rinktiniai raštai (in Lithuanian). Vol. 4. Krikščionybė Lietuvoje. Rome: Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. OCLC 464698640.
  3. ^ a b "Merkelio Giedraičio konsekravimo Žemaičių vyskupu 440 metinės" (in Lithuanian). Vatican Radio. 17 January 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  4. ^ Vojevodskaitė, Arimeta (1 December 2018). "Matas Giedraitis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
  5. ^ Vojevodskaitė, Arimeta (15 May 2003). "Žemaičių vyskupo Merkelio Giedraičio tėviškė". Postilei – 400 (in Lithuanian). Žemaičių kultūros draugijos Informacinis kultūros centras. ISSN 1648-8822. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  6. ^ a b c Ivinskis, Zenonas (April 1951). "Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 4 (39). ISSN 0002-208X.
  7. ^ a b Rabikauskas, Paulius (2002). Krikščioniškoji Lietuva (in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 158–159. ISBN 9955-445-36-X.
  8. ^ a b Biržiška, Vaclovas (1990) [1960]. Aleksandrynas: senųjų lietuvių rašytojų, rašiusių prieš 1865 m., biografijos, bibliografijos ir biobibliografijos (in Lithuanian). Vol. I. Vilnius: Sietynas. p. 26. OCLC 28707188.
  9. ^ a b c d e Ulčinaitė, Eugenija (1999). "Merkelis Giedraitis – vyskupas, mecenatas, poetas" (PDF). Naujasis Židinys-Aidai (in Lithuanian). 9–10: 444–446. ISSN 1392-6845.
  10. ^ a b c d Petraitienė, Irena (14 March 2013). "Kunigaikštis Medininkų–Žemaičių vyskupas Merkelis Giedraitis". Bernardinai.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d Ivinskis, Zenonas (May 1951). "Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 5 (40). ISSN 0002-208X.
  12. ^ a b Jovaiša, Liudas (2011). Žemaičių vyskupijos vizitacijos ir jų aktai (1576–1655) (PDF). Lietuvos istorijos šaltiniai (in Lithuanian). Vol. XI. Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademija. pp. ix, xv. ISBN 978-9986-592-68-6.
  13. ^ Jovaiša, Liudas (2006). "The Catholic Reform in West Lithuania". In Bendel, Rainer (ed.). Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichtsschreibung in Nordost- und Ostmitteleuropa: Initiativen, Methoden, Theorien. Religions- und Kulturgeschichte in Ostmittel- und Südosteuropa. Vol. 2. LIT Verlag. p. 182. ISBN 3-8258-6178-3.
  14. ^ a b Krasauskas, Rapolas (1969). "Kataliku Bažnyčia Lietuvoje XVI–XVII amžiuje. Nuosmukio priežastys ir atgimimo veiksniai" (PDF). LKMA Suvažiavimo darbai (in Lithuanian). 6: 207–213, 228. ISSN 1392-0499.
  15. ^ a b Ivinskis, Zenonas (June 1956). "Žemaičių religinė padėtis prieš vysk. Markelį Giedraitį". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 6 (92). ISSN 0002-208X.
  16. ^ a b Kiaupienė, Jūratė; Lukšaitė, Ingė (2013). Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). Vol. V: Veržli naujųjų laikų pradžia. Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė 1529–1588 metais. Baltos lankos. pp. 264, 417. ISBN 978-9955-23-680-1.
  17. ^ a b c d Ivinskis, Zenonas (March 1951). "Merkelis Giedraitis arba Lietuva dviejų amžių sąvartoje". Aidai (in Lithuanian). 3 (38). ISSN 0002-208X.
  18. ^ a b c Baronas, Darius; Černius, Remigijus; Jovaiša, Liudas; Paknys, Mindaugas; Raila, Eligijus; Streikus, Arūnas; Subačius, Paulius (2006). Ališauskas, Vytautas (ed.). Krikščionybės Lietuvoje istorija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Aidai. pp. 177, 197, 200, 217. ISBN 9955-656-18-2.
  19. ^ Stumbra, Saulius. "Švč. Mergelei Marijai skirtos maldos ir giesmės šermenų apeigose Žemaitijoje: tradicija ir dabartis" (PDF). Soter (in Lithuanian). 27 (55): 167. ISSN 2335-8785.
  20. ^ Dubonis, Artūras (2016). "The Prestige and decline of the official (state) language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (fifteenth-sixteenth century): problems in Belarusian historiography". Lithuanian Historical Studies. 20: 21. doi:10.30965/25386565-02001002. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  21. ^ Kiaupinienė, Jūratė. "Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Seimas – valstybės modernizacijos grandis (1572–1587 metai)" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 31–32. Retrieved 4 November 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ "Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija". Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  23. ^ Bues, Almut (2005). "The year-book of Lithuanian history" (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Institute of History: 9. Retrieved 6 November 2023. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ Stryjkowski, Maciej (1846). Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 2 (in Polish). Warsaw. p. 432. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  25. ^ Ragauskienė, Raimonda; Ragauskas, Aivas; Bulla, Noémi Erzsébet (2018). Tolimos bet artimos: Lietuvos ir Vengrijos istoriniai ryšiai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. p. 67. Retrieved 6 November 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ^ Jučas, Mečislovas (2005). "Dėl Vilniaus jėzuitų akademijos ir kolegijų fundacijų ir dotacijų" (PDF). Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis (in Lithuanian). 27: 81–82. ISSN 1392-0502.
  27. ^ Janonienė, Rūta (6 June 2000). Videniškių buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Lauryno bažnyčia (in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla. ISBN 9986-571-39-1. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  28. ^ Jovaiša, Liudas (2000). "Tridento susirinkimas ir Lietuva" (PDF). Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis (in Lithuanian). 16: 43. ISSN 1392-0502.
  29. ^ Sliesoriūnas, Gintautas (2015). Lietuvos istorija (in Lithuanian). Vol. VI: Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė XVI a. pabaigoje – XVIII a. pradžioje (1588–1733 metais). Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla. pp. 258–259. ISBN 978-609-8183-07-8.
  30. ^ Jučas, Mečislovas (2000). Lietuvos ir Lenkijos unija (in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 263–264. ISBN 9986-590-95-7.
  31. ^ Servienė, Aurelija (5 August 2016). "Varniai. Šeimininkai nori atsikratyti didingu paminklu prie Žemaičių vyskupystės muziejaus" (in Lithuanian). Telšių žinios. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Bishop of Samogitia
1576–1609 		Succeeded by
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