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{{Other hurricanes|Tropical Storm Norman|the Pacific hurricane that made landfall in California in 1978}}
{{Short description|Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 1978}}
{{good article}}
⚫
{{Infobox Hurricane
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
⚫
| Name=Hurricane Norman
⚫
{{Infobox weather event
| Type=hurricane
⚫
| name = Hurricane Norman
⚫
| Year=1978
| image = Norman 1978-09-02 1800Z.png
| Basin=EPac
| caption = Hurricane Norman at peak intensity south of the [[Baja Peninsula]] on September 2
| Image location=Norman Sept 2 1978 0600Z.png
| formed = August 30, 1978
| Image name=Hurricane Norman at peak intensity
| Formed=August 30, 1978
| dissipated = September 6, 1978
}}{{Infobox weather event/NWS
| Dissipated=September 6, 1978
| 1-min winds=120
| winds = 120
| pressure =
| Fatalities=4 indirect, 17 missing
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| Damages=300
⚫
| year = 1978
| Areas=[[California]], [[Nevada]], [[Arizona]]
| fatalities = 8
⚫
| Hurricane season=[[1978 Pacific hurricane season]]
| missing = 4
| damage = 300300000
| areas = [[Mexico]], [[California]], [[Nevada]]
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
⚫
| season = [[1978 Pacific hurricane season]]
}}
}}
'''Hurricane Norman''' was a rare [[tropical cyclone]] that impacted California in early September 1978. The fourteenth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the [[1978 Pacific hurricane season|1978 Pacific season]], Norman originated from a [[tropical wave]] that spawned an area of disturbed weather south of [[Acapulco]]. The system coalesced into a tropical depression on August 30 and thrived amid favorable environmental conditions, becoming a powerful [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 4 hurricane]] with winds of {{convert|140|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} at its peak intensity. The system curved northward, passing into cooler waters that brought an end to its status as a [[tropical cyclone]] on September 6. However, its remnants combined with an [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] and front over California, contributing to locally heavy rainfall that caused dozens of traffic accidents and sporadic power outages. In higher elevations, the system produced accumulating snow which stranded and killed many hikers throughout [[Sierra Nevada]]. Most heavily affected was California's raisin crop, which suffered a record-breaking 95 percent loss. Overall, Norman killed eight people and caused over $300 million in damage.
'''Hurricane Norman''' was the most recent tropical system to make [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in [[California]]. The 14th named storm, 11th hurricane, and 6th major hurricane of the [[1978 Pacific hurricane season]], Norman evolved from a tropical disturbance noted {{convert|400|mi|km nmi|abbr=on}} southeast of Acapulco on the afternoon of August 29, 1978. The system moved westward and developed into a tropical depression on August 30. Modest strengthening ensued, and the cyclone became a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|tropical storm]] that evening and a hurricane on the evening of August 31 as it turned to the west-northwest. Late on the night of September 1, Norman became a major hurricane with an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] {{convert|40|mi|km nmi}} wide, and a nearby ship reported seas of {{convert|41|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The center grazed the northeast side of [[Socorro Island]] on the afternoon of September 2. Moving over cooler waters west of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]], the cyclone slowly weakened. By early on September 4, moisture from the hurricane spread north into California initiating rains in the Golden State. A developing [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] to its west caused the initial influx of moisture and Norman's turn to the north as a weakening tropical storm. Eventually turning north-northeast towards southern California, the cyclone did eventually turn north-northeast towards southern [[California]], and the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression as it passed the 30th parallel. Hurricane Norman made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in [[California]] on September 5, as a minimal tropical depression. The tropical cyclone became a [[Extratropical cyclone|remnant low]] shortly after California landfall, and the final advisory was issued at 00:00 GMT, on September 6. Over {{convert|7.01|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain occurred in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] range.<ref name="NORMAN">{{cite web|title=Hurricane Norman - August 30-September 6|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/norman1978.html|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> Rare snowfall was also reported.{{fact|date=September 2017}}


== Meteorological history ==
== Meteorological history ==
{{Storm path|Norman 1978 track.png}}
{{Storm path|Norman 1978 track.png}}
At 18:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;29, an area of disturbed weather was first observed about {{convert|460|mi|km}} southeast of Acapulco.<ref name=MWR>{{cite journal|journal=Monthly Weather Review|author=Emil B. Gunther|date=July 1979|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978|volume=107|issue=7|page=911 |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0911:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1979MWRv..107..911G |doi-access=free}}</ref> This disturbance appeared to have ties to a [[tropical wave]] that originated from Africa.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Neil L. Frank|author2=Gilbert B. Clark|title=Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1978|journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=107|issue=8|publisher=American Meteorological Society|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1035:ATSO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=|date=August 1979|page=1035 |location=Miami, Florida|issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The system moved west and organized,<ref name="MWR" /> becoming a tropical depression by 18:00&nbsp;UTC on August&nbsp;30 and further intensifying into Tropical Storm Norman six hours later.{{EPAC hurricane best track}} The newly formed system curved toward the west-northwest and tracked over [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|85|F|C|abbr=on}}, which continued to facilitate its development. Norman intensified into a hurricane by 06:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;1 while it was located about {{convert|265|mi|km}} southwest of Acapulco. A few hours later, forecasters at the [[Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center]] observed the system's small [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] for the first time via [[Weather satellite|visible satellite imagery]].<ref name="MWR" />
{{Expand section|date=June 2013}}
This system evolved from a tropical disturbance noted {{convert|400|mi|km nmi}} southeast of Acapulco on the afternoon of August
29, 1978. The system moved westward and developed into a tropical depression on August 30. Modest strengthening
ensued, and the cyclone became a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|tropical storm]] that evening and a hurricane on the evening of August 31 as it turned to the west-northwest.{{fact|date=September 2017}}


Norman intensified rapidly on September&nbsp;2. It intensified into a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] around 00:00&nbsp;UTC but vaulted to Category&nbsp;4 intensity six hours later. Around this time, the ''Asia Honesty'' – passing about {{convert|35|mi|km}} north of Norman's center – recorded easterly winds up to {{convert|107|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, along with ocean waves up to {{convert|41|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height. The hurricane passed over the northeastern coast of [[Socorro Island]] between 17:00–18:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;2. A few hours later, the first [[Hurricane Hunters|aircraft reconnaissance plane]] intercepted the cyclone, reporting a closed [[Eye (cyclone)|eyewall]] {{convert|45|mi|km}} in diameter. Data from that mission was used to raise Norman's winds to {{convert|140|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, the storm's peak intensity. [[High-pressure area|Upper-level high pressure]] centered over [[Baja California]] continued to direct the cyclone west-northwest, which brought the system over increasingly cool waters.<ref name="MWR" />
Late on the night of 1 September 1978, Norman became a major hurricane with an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] {{convert|40|mi|km nmi}} wide, and a nearby ship reported seas of {{convert|41|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The center grazed the northeast side of [[Socorro Island]] on the afternoon of 2 September. Moving over cooler waters west of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]], the cyclone slowly weakened.{{fact|date=September 2017}}


A second aircraft reconnaissance plane investigated Norman around 18:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;3, and the storm was operationally downgraded to a Category&nbsp;2 hurricane as its inner core became ill-defined.<ref name="MWR" /> Later analysis suggests that the hurricane weakened to Category&nbsp;3 intensity at this time.{{EPAC hurricane best track}} By September&nbsp;4, Norman was located on the southwest side of upper-level ridging and embedded within strong southwesterly flow aloft. This caused the system to curve north and then north-northeast over sharply colder water around {{convert|68|F|C|abbr=on}}. It rapidly weakened to Category&nbsp;1 intensity by 00:00&nbsp;UTC that day before falling under hurricane intensity eighteen hours later. The Hurricane Hunters intercepted Norman for a final time around 17:30&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;5. The cyclone barely maintained tropical storm-force winds at that time, and indeed, it was downgraded to a tropical depression 30&nbsp;minutes later.<ref name="MWR" /> Norman's final advisory was written at 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;6, when it was located about {{convert|25|mi|km}} south of [[San Clemente Island]] off the coastline of California. The former hurricane accelerated north-northeast,<ref name="MWR" /> transitioning into an [[extratropical cyclone]] around 06:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;6. It degenerated to a disturbance northeast of [[Los Angeles]] after 00:00&nbsp;UTC on September&nbsp;7.{{EPAC hurricane best track}}
By early on September 4, moisture from the hurricane spread north into California initiating rains in the Golden State. A developing [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]] to its west caused the initial influx of moisture and Norman's turn to the north as a weakening tropical storm. Eventually turning north-northeast towards southern California, the cyclone did eventually turn north-northeast towards southern [[California]], and the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression as it passed the 30th parallel.<ref name="Norman Rainfall">{{cite web|title=Hurricane NORMAN|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/norman1978.html|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1978}}</ref> Hurricane Norman made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in [[California]] on September 5, as a minimal tropical depression. The tropical cyclone became a [[Extratropical cyclone|remnant low]] shortly after California landfall, and the final advisory was issued at 00:00 GMT, on September 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tropical cyclones of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281979%29107%3C0911%3AENPTCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|author=Emil B. Guther|year=1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Tropical cyclones of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281979%29107%3C0911%3AENPTCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2|author=Emil B. Guther|year=1979|publisher=[[Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2013-06-02|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0911:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode = 1979MWRv..107..911G|volume=107|journal=Monthly Weather Review|pages=911–927}}</ref>

The hurricane's strongest winds came at {{convert|120|mph|km/h kn|abbr=on}}. These winds occurred on September 3 approximately 900 kilometers off the coast of [[Jalisco|Jalisco, Mexico]]. Hurricane Norman caused an increase in precipitation throughout the [[Rocky Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1978/NORMAN/track.dat|title = Unisys Weather|date = |accessdate = 2016-02-01|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106%3C1750:WACOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2|title = WEATHER AND CIRCULATION OF SEPTEMBER 1978|last = Taubensee|first = Robert|date = December 1978|journal = Monthly Weather Review|doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<1750:WACOS>2.0.CO;2|pmid = |accessdate = 2016-02-02}}</ref>


== Preparations and impact ==
== Preparations and impact ==
[[File:Norman 1978 rainfall.gif|thumb|190 px|Rainfall stats for Norman.]]
[[File:Norman 1978 rainfall.gif|thumb|190 px|Accumulating rainfall produced by Norman|alt=A rainfall map]]
Offshore the coastline of Mexico, the bodies of a father and one of his sons were recovered after rough seas overwhelmed their boat. The father's second son washed ashore while unconscious and was transported to a hospital in [[Cabo San Lucas]] by two hikers, where communications were severed in the wake of the cyclone.<ref>{{cite news|title=Oil Executive Is Found Dead|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91956391/the-bismarck-tribune/|newspaper=[[The Bismarck Tribune]]|volume=105|issue=213|page=15|date=September 9, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Bismarck, North Dakota|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Meanwhile, in advance of Norman in California, a [[weather front]] contributed to rainfall that staved off wildfire risk in a normally dry time of the year there. However, as this front interacted with the remnants of the cyclone, it prompted flash flood and mudslide warnings across southern portions of the state,<ref name="sacramento2">{{cite news|title=Storm|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92007647/the-sacramento-bee/|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|date=September 6, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|volume=241|issue=40044|page=2|location=Sacramento, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> in addition to heavy surf and small craft advisories along the coast. Waves of {{convert|6|–|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}, locally as high as {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} along south-facing beaches in [[North County (San Diego area)|North County]], were expected.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy rains anticipated for county|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92010740/times-advocate/|newspaper=[[Daily Times-Advocate]]|date=September 5, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=1|location=Escondido, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Rough seas battered the coastline, with waves up to {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} observed at [[Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach]] and {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} at [[Imperial Beach, California|Imperial Beach]]. Hundreds of rescues were carried out by lifeguards, including a record 586&nbsp;people at Newport Beach, an additional 200&nbsp;individuals throughout [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], 62&nbsp;people at all [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] beaches, and 10&nbsp;swimmers in [[Coronado, California|Coronado]].<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Associated Press]]|title=Southland Braces For Tropical Storm|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92011745/santa-cruz-sentinel/|newspaper=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]]|date=September 5, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=1|location=Santa Cruz, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Two ships were slammed into their berths and a third had its steel mooring cable snapped in the [[Port of Los Angeles]]. A {{convert|10000|t|kg|abbr=on}} oil tanker was also swept from its moorings. In Orange County, a {{convert|262|ft|m|abbr=on}} vessel and two barges were ripped from their anchors and ran aground in [[Dana Point, California|Dana Point Harbor]].<ref name="messenger">{{cite news|title=Sierra snows trap hikers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91956738/messenger-inquirer/|newspaper=[[Messenger-Inquirer]]|date=September 8, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|volume=104|issue=251|page=2|location=Owensboro, Kentucky|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
A flash flood watch was issued for the mountainous terrain and the desert region from [[Kern County, California|Kern County]] to the California-Mexico border by the US [[National Weather Service]].{{fact|date=September 2017}}


The remnants of Norman combined with an [[Trough (meteorology)|upper-level trough]] over California to produce locally heavy rainfall. Although accumulations were lower than expected and allowed forecasters to expire the preexisting flash flood warnings,<ref name="wisconsin">{{cite news|title=Storm kills four hikers, hurt crops|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92001615/wisconsin-state-journal/|newspaper=[[Wisconsin State Journal]]|page=24|date=September 8, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Madison, Wisconsin|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> a rainfall maxima of {{convert|7.01|in|mm|abbr=on}} was still recorded at Lodgepole Campground.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hurricane Norman - September 4–7, 1978|url=https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/norman1978.html|publisher=[[Weather Prediction Center]]|accessdate=January 6, 2022}}</ref> These rains slowed an outbreak of botulism among [[anseriformes]] in [[Tulare Lake]], cutting weekly fatality rates in half.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rain Slows Growth Of Botulism|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91956596/the-sacramento-bee/|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|date=September 9, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|volume=241|issue=40047|page=47|location=Sacramento, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Several baseball games were canceled or rescheduled.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bob Pastin|title=Dodgers, California rained out|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92009283/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/|newspaper=[[The San Bernardino Sun]]|date=September 6, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=41|location=San Bernardino, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Traffic accidents were reported along freeways between San Diego and [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]],<ref name="wisconsin" /> including 21 traffic collisions with injuries near [[Ontario, California|Ontario]].<ref name="sun2">{{cite news|author=Dick Cooper|title=Tropical rain drops on county|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92008953/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/|newspaper=The San Bernardino Sun|date=September 6, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=2|location=San Bernardino, California|via=Newspapers.com}}
A large amount of rain was produced, with over {{convert|7.01|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain occurred in the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] range at Lodgepole in [[Sequoia National Park]].<ref name="NORMAN"/> Rainfall was most intense on September 5 and September 6, with amounts exceeding {{Convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} in the mountains of southern California.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricanes in the Western US|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/whhcalif.htm|author=Jack Williams|publisher=USA TODAY|accessdate=2011-12-02|date=May 17, 2005}}</ref> In addition, Norman produced waves up to {{Convert|15|ft|m}} high.<ref name="news1">{{cite news|title=Los Angeles Braced For Storm's Remnants|author=[[United Press International]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3oRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MI8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6191,4573272&dq=tropical+storm+california&hl=en|newspaper=Ellensburg Daily Record|accessdate=2011-12-02|date=1978-09-05}}</ref>
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92008953/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ "Tropical rain drops on county", p.1]
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92008309/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/ "Tropical rain", p.2]</ref> One such accident on [[U.S. Route 50]] near [[Twin Bridges, California|Twin Bridges]] resulted in the death of a 24-year-old man who collided head-on with another vehicle after swerving to avoid large rocks that had washed onto the road. Both the passenger of his vehicle, and the driver of the vehicle he collided with, were severely injured and hospitalized.<ref name="sacramento">{{cite news|author=Thom Akeman|title=Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92004487/the-sacramento-bee/|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|page=2,6|volume=241|issue=40045|date=September 7, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Sacramento, California|via=Newspapers.com}}
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92004487/the-sacramento-bee/ "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing", p. 2]
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92005391/the-sacramento-bee/ "Storms", p. 6]</ref>{{rp|2}} On [[Interstate 10 in California]], {{convert|8500|USgal|L|abbr=on}} gasoline truck collided with a tanker truck carrying nitrogen, causing the death of one man owing to severe head injuries as well as the hospitalization of the passenger. A truck overturned in a separate accident, spilling scrap iron over three lanes of the freeway and injuring one man as well.<ref name="sun2" /> A 16-year-old boy was hospitalized after wrecking his car on wet roads in [[Riverside, California|Riverside]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Youth's car, ego smashed in first drive|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92000282/austin-american-statesman/|newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]]|volume=108|issue=45|page=10|date=September 8, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Austin, Texas|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> [[California State Route 180]] was closed for a time after being eclipsed by rocks and water. A portion of a street collapsed in [[Point Loma, San Diego]].<ref name="sacramento2" /> The storm also contributed to localized power outages affecting 15,000 customers,<ref name="wisconsin" /> including 2,000 homes in [[Mission Bay (San Diego)|Mission Bay]], [[La Jolla]], and [[Del Mar, California|Del Mar]].<ref name="sacramento2" /> These outages were primarily caused by power pole fires resultant from rainfall moistening an accumulation of dust on the insulators.<ref>{{cite news|title=Raisins: Rains Could Mean Trouble|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92010948/the-fresno-bee/|newspaper=[[The Fresno Bee]]|date=September 5, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=16|location=Fresno, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Norman caused severe crop losses throughout California. The raisin crop in particular suffered the state's largest loss on record, with 95&nbsp;percent of that crop destroyed. Agricultural losses exceeded $300&nbsp;million.<ref name=MWR /> The cyclone inflicted an additional $300,000 in damage to roads, bridges, and private property across [[Inyo County, California|Inyo County]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-EE704E43-2B51-46A7-BBE0-FCAB6E4AFF3B.pdf|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|volume=20|issue=9|page=2|date=September 1978|accessdate=January 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042908/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-EE704E43-2B51-46A7-BBE0-FCAB6E4AFF3B.pdf|archivedate=January 8, 2022}}</ref>


Moisture from the storm contributed to accumulating snow up to {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} across the [[Sierra Nevada]], catching many hikers off-guard.<ref name="messenger" /> The bodies of three men and a woman were recovered at higher elevations. All four of the deceased were dressed in summer-like clothing and had little other equipment with them.<ref name="sun">{{cite news|title=Storm turns summer hike into tragedy in mountains|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91957045/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/|newspaper=The San Bernardino Sun|date=September 8, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|page=5|location=San Bernardino, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The freshly laid snow, followed by a blanket of fog across the region, slowed rescue efforts.<ref>{{cite news|author=Thom Akeman|title=Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92005391/the-sacramento-bee/|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|page=6|volume=241|issue=40045|date=September 7, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Sacramento, California|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Some 21 hikers near [[Convict Lake]] and [[Mount McGee (California)|Mount McGee]] were stranded but later recovered, and 3 others near [[Lake Italy]] were rescued as well. Initial reports suggested 17 hikers were also missing around [[Mount Whitney]],<ref name="messenger" /> but these individuals were later said to be part of a search and rescue team.<ref name="sun" /> Chains were temporarily required along [[Nevada State Route 431]], and a traveler advisory was issued across northeastern portions of the state.<ref name="nevada">{{cite news|author=Phil Barker|title=Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92006582/reno-gazette-journal/|newspaper=[[Reno Gazette Journal]]|page=1,3|date=September 7, 1978|accessdate=January 6, 2022|location=Reno, Nevada|via=Newspapers.com}}
The extratropical remains of Hurricane Norman also moved into [[Nevada]] produced very significant amounts of rainfall in the extreme central to northern portion of the state.<ref name="news2">{{cite news|title=Tropical Storm Weaker|author=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HcNHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b4AMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1068,6352909&dq=tropical+storm+nevada&hl=en|newspaper=The Victoria Advocate|accessdate=2013-06-02|date=1978-09-06}}</ref> Power lines were knocked down, and caused a brief power failure from [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] to [[San Diego]], reported by the [[Los Angeles Department of Water and Power]], the [[Southern California Edison]] and the [[San Diego Gas and Electric]].<ref name="news1"/> The high winds tossed about ships in local harbors and damaging agricultural crops in Southern California, such as raisin crops, and damage to raisins were extensive throughout [[Kern County, California|Kern]], [[Tulare County, California|Tulare]], and [[Stanislaus County, California|Stanislaus]] Counties. The rainfall also damaged [[grape]]s and other [[List of grape varieties|varieties of grapes]]. Over 1,500 people had to be rescued due to high waves. A {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}}, US$15,000 cruiser was smashed and destroyed when a surf came ashore {{convert|150|ft|m}} at [[Dana Point, California|Dana Point]].<ref name="NORMAN"/>
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92006582/reno-gazette-journal/ "Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers", p.1]

* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/92007053/reno-gazette-journal/ "Sierra snow storm", p.3]</ref>{{rp|1}} Meanwhile, a hang glider was reported missing on [[Mount Shasta]] after he was met by strong winds at an elevation of {{convert|11000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="sacramento" />{{rp|6}} A plane, harboring three travelers on a route from [[Porterville, California]], to [[Reno, Nevada]], also went missing in a mixture of rain and snow produced by the remnants of Norman and a nearby front. The [[Civil Air Patrol]] established search headquarters and readied aircraft to search the Sierra Nevada.<ref name="nevada" />{{rp|3}}
Rare late summer snow was also reported in some areas of the Sierra (especially [[Mount Whitney|Mt. Whitney]]), and the blizzard killed at least four people, and at least seventeen others were missing. It dumped at least {{convert|5|in|cm}} of snow in many hiking areas. The storm also produced surging tides at the Los Angeles Harbor, and swept a 10,000-ton tanker from its moorings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Summer Snow Brings Death To Four Hikers|author=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=reBGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bvgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1459,921856&dq=tropical+storm+california&hl=en|newspaper=The Day|date=1978-09-07|accessdate=2013-06-02}}</ref> Many search and rescue teams in [[Inyo County, California|Inyo County]] went on a search, and many hikers had to be rescued. At least three hikers that were reported missing in the Italy Lake area had to be rescued.<ref>{{cite news|title=California Snow Storm Kills Hikers|author=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zotDAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hK4MAAAAIBAJ&pg=3726,1764955&dq=tropical+storm+california&hl=en|newspaper=Williamson Daily News|date=September 7, 1978}}</ref> The tropical cyclone had managed to cause US$300 million (1978 [[United States dollar|USD]]) in damages.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Costliest Hurricanes In The United States 1900-1996|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastcost_text.html|author=Brian Maher and Jack Beven|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=2013-06-01}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical Cyclones}}
{{Portal|Tropical Cyclones}}
{{Commons category|Hurricane Norman (1978)}}
{{Commons category|Hurricane Norman (1978)}}
*[[Tropical Storm Norman|Other storms named Norman]]
*[[1858 San Diego Hurricane]]
*[[1858 San Diego Hurricane]]
*[[1939 California tropical storm]]
*[[1939 California tropical storm]]
*[[Hurricane Ismael (1983)]]
*[[Hurricane Ismael (1983)]]
*[[Hurricane Ramon]]
*[[Hurricane Ramon]]
*[[1978 Pacific hurricane season]]
*[[List of California hurricanes]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==


{{Category 4 Pacific hurricanes}}
== External links ==
*[http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1978/NORMAN/track.dat Norman track data]
*[https://archive.is/20130203035012/http://api.stormpulse.com/pacific/hurricane-norman-1978 Norman tracking data]
{{1978 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}
{{1978 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}


Latest revision as of 20:20, 29 June 2024

Hurricane Norman
Hurricane Norman at peak intensity south of the Baja Peninsula on September 2
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 30, 1978
DissipatedSeptember 6, 1978
Category 4 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds140 mph (220 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities8
Missing4
Damage$300 million (1978 USD)
Areas affectedMexico, California, Nevada
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1978 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Norman was a rare tropical cyclone that impacted California in early September 1978. The fourteenth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the 1978 Pacific season, Norman originated from a tropical wave that spawned an area of disturbed weather south of Acapulco. The system coalesced into a tropical depression on August 30 and thrived amid favorable environmental conditions, becoming a powerful Category 4 hurricane with winds of 140 mph (230 km/h) at its peak intensity. The system curved northward, passing into cooler waters that brought an end to its status as a tropical cyclone on September 6. However, its remnants combined with an trough and front over California, contributing to locally heavy rainfall that caused dozens of traffic accidents and sporadic power outages. In higher elevations, the system produced accumulating snow which stranded and killed many hikers throughout Sierra Nevada. Most heavily affected was California's raisin crop, which suffered a record-breaking 95 percent loss. Overall, Norman killed eight people and caused over $300 million in damage.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 18:00 UTC on August 29, an area of disturbed weather was first observed about 460 miles (740 km) southeast of Acapulco.[1] This disturbance appeared to have ties to a tropical wave that originated from Africa.[2] The system moved west and organized,[1] becoming a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on August 30 and further intensifying into Tropical Storm Norman six hours later.[3] The newly formed system curved toward the west-northwest and tracked over sea surface temperatures of 85 °F (29 °C), which continued to facilitate its development. Norman intensified into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on September 1 while it was located about 265 miles (426 km) southwest of Acapulco. A few hours later, forecasters at the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center observed the system's small eye for the first time via visible satellite imagery.[1]

Norman intensified rapidly on September 2. It intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale around 00:00 UTC but vaulted to Category 4 intensity six hours later. Around this time, the Asia Honesty – passing about 35 miles (56 km) north of Norman's center – recorded easterly winds up to 107 mph (172 km/h), along with ocean waves up to 41 ft (12 m) in height. The hurricane passed over the northeastern coast of Socorro Island between 17:00–18:00 UTC on September 2. A few hours later, the first aircraft reconnaissance plane intercepted the cyclone, reporting a closed eyewall 45 miles (72 km) in diameter. Data from that mission was used to raise Norman's winds to 140 mph (230 km/h), the storm's peak intensity. Upper-level high pressure centered over Baja California continued to direct the cyclone west-northwest, which brought the system over increasingly cool waters.[1]

A second aircraft reconnaissance plane investigated Norman around 18:00 UTC on September 3, and the storm was operationally downgraded to a Category 2 hurricane as its inner core became ill-defined.[1] Later analysis suggests that the hurricane weakened to Category 3 intensity at this time.[3] By September 4, Norman was located on the southwest side of upper-level ridging and embedded within strong southwesterly flow aloft. This caused the system to curve north and then north-northeast over sharply colder water around 68 °F (20 °C). It rapidly weakened to Category 1 intensity by 00:00 UTC that day before falling under hurricane intensity eighteen hours later. The Hurricane Hunters intercepted Norman for a final time around 17:30 UTC on September 5. The cyclone barely maintained tropical storm-force winds at that time, and indeed, it was downgraded to a tropical depression 30 minutes later.[1] Norman's final advisory was written at 00:00 UTC on September 6, when it was located about 25 miles (40 km) south of San Clemente Island off the coastline of California. The former hurricane accelerated north-northeast,[1] transitioning into an extratropical cyclone around 06:00 UTC on September 6. It degenerated to a disturbance northeast of Los Angeles after 00:00 UTC on September 7.[3]

Preparations and impact

[edit]
A rainfall map
Accumulating rainfall produced by Norman

Offshore the coastline of Mexico, the bodies of a father and one of his sons were recovered after rough seas overwhelmed their boat. The father's second son washed ashore while unconscious and was transported to a hospital in Cabo San Lucas by two hikers, where communications were severed in the wake of the cyclone.[4] Meanwhile, in advance of Norman in California, a weather front contributed to rainfall that staved off wildfire risk in a normally dry time of the year there. However, as this front interacted with the remnants of the cyclone, it prompted flash flood and mudslide warnings across southern portions of the state,[5] in addition to heavy surf and small craft advisories along the coast. Waves of 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m), locally as high as 15 ft (4.6 m) along south-facing beaches in North County, were expected.[6] Rough seas battered the coastline, with waves up to 10 ft (3.0 m) observed at Newport Beach and 8 ft (2.4 m) at Imperial Beach. Hundreds of rescues were carried out by lifeguards, including a record 586 people at Newport Beach, an additional 200 individuals throughout Orange County, 62 people at all San Diego beaches, and 10 swimmers in Coronado.[7] Two ships were slammed into their berths and a third had its steel mooring cable snapped in the Port of Los Angeles. A 10,000 t (10,000,000 kg) oil tanker was also swept from its moorings. In Orange County, a 262 ft (80 m) vessel and two barges were ripped from their anchors and ran aground in Dana Point Harbor.[8]

The remnants of Norman combined with an upper-level trough over California to produce locally heavy rainfall. Although accumulations were lower than expected and allowed forecasters to expire the preexisting flash flood warnings,[9] a rainfall maxima of 7.01 in (178 mm) was still recorded at Lodgepole Campground.[10] These rains slowed an outbreak of botulism among anseriformes in Tulare Lake, cutting weekly fatality rates in half.[11] Several baseball games were canceled or rescheduled.[12] Traffic accidents were reported along freeways between San Diego and Santa Barbara,[9] including 21 traffic collisions with injuries near Ontario.[13] One such accident on U.S. Route 50 near Twin Bridges resulted in the death of a 24-year-old man who collided head-on with another vehicle after swerving to avoid large rocks that had washed onto the road. Both the passenger of his vehicle, and the driver of the vehicle he collided with, were severely injured and hospitalized.[14]: 2  On Interstate 10 in California, 8,500 US gal (32,000 L) gasoline truck collided with a tanker truck carrying nitrogen, causing the death of one man owing to severe head injuries as well as the hospitalization of the passenger. A truck overturned in a separate accident, spilling scrap iron over three lanes of the freeway and injuring one man as well.[13] A 16-year-old boy was hospitalized after wrecking his car on wet roads in Riverside.[15] California State Route 180 was closed for a time after being eclipsed by rocks and water. A portion of a street collapsed in Point Loma, San Diego.[5] The storm also contributed to localized power outages affecting 15,000 customers,[9] including 2,000 homes in Mission Bay, La Jolla, and Del Mar.[5] These outages were primarily caused by power pole fires resultant from rainfall moistening an accumulation of dust on the insulators.[16] Norman caused severe crop losses throughout California. The raisin crop in particular suffered the state's largest loss on record, with 95 percent of that crop destroyed. Agricultural losses exceeded $300 million.[1] The cyclone inflicted an additional $300,000 in damage to roads, bridges, and private property across Inyo County.[17]

Moisture from the storm contributed to accumulating snow up to 5 in (13 cm) across the Sierra Nevada, catching many hikers off-guard.[8] The bodies of three men and a woman were recovered at higher elevations. All four of the deceased were dressed in summer-like clothing and had little other equipment with them.[18] The freshly laid snow, followed by a blanket of fog across the region, slowed rescue efforts.[19] Some 21 hikers near Convict Lake and Mount McGee were stranded but later recovered, and 3 others near Lake Italy were rescued as well. Initial reports suggested 17 hikers were also missing around Mount Whitney,[8] but these individuals were later said to be part of a search and rescue team.[18] Chains were temporarily required along Nevada State Route 431, and a traveler advisory was issued across northeastern portions of the state.[20]: 1  Meanwhile, a hang glider was reported missing on Mount Shasta after he was met by strong winds at an elevation of 11,000 ft (3,400 m).[14]: 6  A plane, harboring three travelers on a route from Porterville, California, to Reno, Nevada, also went missing in a mixture of rain and snow produced by the remnants of Norman and a nearby front. The Civil Air Patrol established search headquarters and readied aircraft to search the Sierra Nevada.[20]: 3 

See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Norman (1978).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Emil B. Gunther (July 1979). "Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1978". Monthly Weather Review. 107 (7). American Meteorological Society: 911. Bibcode:1979MWRv..107..911G. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0911:ENPTCO>2.0.CO;2.
  2. ^ Neil L. Frank; Gilbert B. Clark (August 1979). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1978". Monthly Weather Review. 107 (8). Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society: 1035. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<1035:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  3. ^ a b c National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 26, 2024). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2023". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived from the original on May 29, 2024. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ "Oil Executive Is Found Dead". The Bismarck Tribune. Vol. 105, no. 213. Bismarck, North Dakota. September 9, 1978. p. 15. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ a b c "Storm". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40044. Sacramento, California. September 6, 1978. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "Heavy rains anticipated for county". Daily Times-Advocate. Escondido, California. September 5, 1978. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Associated Press (September 5, 1978). "Southland Braces For Tropical Storm". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Santa Cruz, California. p. 1. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ a b c "Sierra snows trap hikers". Messenger-Inquirer. Vol. 104, no. 251. Owensboro, Kentucky. September 8, 1978. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b c "Storm kills four hikers, hurt crops". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. September 8, 1978. p. 24. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "Hurricane Norman - September 4–7, 1978". Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2022.
  11. ^ "Rain Slows Growth Of Botulism". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40047. Sacramento, California. September 9, 1978. p. 47. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ Bob Pastin (September 6, 1978). "Dodgers, California rained out". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. p. 41. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ a b Dick Cooper (September 6, 1978). "Tropical rain drops on county". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b Thom Akeman (September 7, 1978). "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40045. Sacramento, California. p. 2,6. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Youth's car, ego smashed in first drive". Austin American-Statesman. Vol. 108, no. 45. Austin, Texas. September 8, 1978. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Raisins: Rains Could Mean Trouble". The Fresno Bee. Fresno, California. September 5, 1978. p. 16. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). 20 (9). National Centers for Environmental Information. September 1978: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ^ a b "Storm turns summer hike into tragedy in mountains". The San Bernardino Sun. San Bernardino, California. September 8, 1978. p. 5. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ Thom Akeman (September 7, 1978). "Sierra Storms' Toll Is 5; 16 Still Missing". The Sacramento Bee. Vol. 241, no. 40045. Sacramento, California. p. 6. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ a b Phil Barker (September 7, 1978). "Sierra snow storm kills 4 hikers". Reno Gazette Journal. Reno, Nevada. p. 1,3. Retrieved January 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
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