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Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary

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The ethno-linguistic composition of Austria-Hungary according to the census of 31 December 1910 was as follows:[1]

Population[edit]

Demographics of pre-WW1 Austria (red) and Hungary (green) in Europe
Combined demographics of the Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary (1910).
Area Number %
Cisleithania[2] 28,571,934 55.6
Transleithania[3] 20,886,487 40.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro-Hungarian condominium) 1,931,802 3.8
Total 51,390,223 100.0

Largest cities[edit]

Data: census in 1910[4][5]

Austrian Empire
Rank Current English name Contemporary official name[6] Other Present-day country Population in 1910 Present-day population
1. Vienna Wien Bécs, Beč, Dunaj Österreich 2,031,498

(city without the suburb 1,481,970)

1,840,573

(Metro: 2,600,000)

2. Prague Prag, Praha Prága Tschechische Republik 668,000

(city without the suburb 223,741)

1,301,132

(Metro: 2,620,000)

3. Trieste Triest Trieszt, Trst Italien 229,510 204,420
4. Lviv Lemberg, Lwów Ilyvó, Львів, Lvov, Львов Ukraine 206,113 728,545
5. Kraków Krakau, Kraków Krakkó, Krakov Polen 151,886 762,508
6. Graz Grác, Gradec Österreich 151,781 328,276
7. Brno Brünn, Brno Berén, Börön, Börénvásár Tschechische Republik 125,737 377,028
8. Chernivtsi Czernowitz Csernyivci, Cernăuți, Чернівці Ukraine 87,128 242,300
9. Plzeň Pilsen, Plzeň Pilzen Tschechische Republik 80,343 169,858
10. Linz Linec Österreich 67,817 200,841
Kingdom of Hungary
Rank Current English name Contemporary official name[6] Other Present-day country Population in 1910 Present-day population
1. Budapest Budimpešta Ungarn 1,232,026 (city without the suburb 880,371) 1,735,711 (Metro: 3,303,786)
2. Szeged Szegedin, Segedin Ungarn 118,328 170,285
3. Subotica Szabadka Суботица Serbien 94,610 105,681
4. Debrecen Ungarn 92,729 208,016
5. Zagreb Zágráb, Agram Kroatien 79,038 803,000 (Metro: 1,228,941)
6. Bratislava Pozsony Pressburg, Prešporok Slowakei 78,223 425,167
7. Timișoara Temesvár Temeswar Rumänien 72,555 319,279
8. Kecskemét Ungarn 66,834 111,411
9. Oradea Nagyvárad Großwardein Rumänien 64,169 196,367
10. Arad Arad Rumänien 63,166 159,074
11. Hódmezővásárhely Ungarn 62,445 46,047
12. Cluj-Napoca Kolozsvár Klausenburg Rumänien 60,808 324,576
13. Újpest Ungarn 55,197 100,694
14. Miskolc Ungarn 51,459 157,177
15. Pécs Ungarn 49,852 145,347

Languages[edit]

Distribution of the German language in Austria-Hungary in 1910
Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. (Rusyns are registered as Ukrainians)

In the Austrian Empire (Cisleithania), the census of 1911 recorded Umgangssprache, everyday language. Jews and those using German in offices often stated German as their Umgangssprache, even when having a different Muttersprache. The Istro-Romanians were counted as Romanians.

In the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania), the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.[7][8][9][10] According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.[7] This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population[11]) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).[12]

Sprache Number %
German 12,006,521 23.36
Hungarian 10,056,315 19.57
Czech 6,442,133 12.54
Serbo-Croatian 5,621,797 10.94
Polish 4,976,804 9.68
Ruthenian 3,997,831 7.78
Romanian 3,224,147 6.27
Slovak 1,967,970 3.83
Slovene 1,255,620 2.44
Italian 768,422 1.50
Other 1,072,663 2.09
Total 51,390,223 100.00

Cisleithanian states (Austrian Empire)[edit]

Land Main language Others (if more than 2%)
Bohemia Czech (63.2%) German (36.8%)
Dalmatia Serbo-Croatian (94.6%) Italian (2.8%)
Galicia Polish (58.6%) Ruthenian (40.2%)
Lower Austria German (95.9%) Czech (3.8%)
Upper Austria German (99.7%)
Bukovina Ruthenian (38.4%) Romanian (34.4%), German (21.2%), Polish (4.6%)
Carinthia German (78.6%) Slovenian (20.7%)
Carniola Slovenian (94.4%) German (4.9%)
Salzburg German (99.7%)
Austrian Silesia German (43.9%) Polish (31.7%), Czech (24.3%)
Styria German (70.5%) Slovenian (28.4%)
Moravia Czech (71.8%) German (27.6%)
County of Tyrol German (57.3%) Italian (42.1%)
Austrian Littoral Italian (39.6%) Slovenian (29.5%), Serbo-Croatian (18.8%), German (3.1%)
Vorarlberg German (95.4%) Italian (4.4%)

Transleithanian lands (Kingdom of Hungary)[edit]

In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.[7][8]
Ethnic Map of Hungary 1910 with Counties
Land Mother tongues (1910 census)[7][13]
Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian (54.4%), Romanian (16.1%), Slovak (10.7%), German (10.4%), Ruthenian (2.5%), Serbian (2.5%), Croatian (1.8%)
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia Croatian (62.5%), Serbian (24.6%), German (5.0%), Hungarian (4.1%)
Land Hungarian Romanian German Slovak Croatian Serbian Ruthenian Other Total
Danube Right Bank 72% (2,221,295) 0% (833) 18% (555,694) 0.6% (17,188) 5.5% (168,436) 0.5% (15,170) 0% (232) 3.4% (105,556) 14.8% (3,084,404)
Danube Left Bank 32.7% (711,654) 0% (704) 6.6% (144,395) 58.8% (1,279,574) 0.1% (2,294) 0% (200) 0% (393) 1.7% (36,710) 10.4% (2,175,924)
Danube-Tisza 81.2% (3,061,066) 0.1% (4,813) 9.5% (357,822) 2.1% (79,354) 0.1% (4,866) 4.1% (154,298) 0.3% (11,121) 4.1% (96,318) 18% (3,769,658)
Tisza Right Bank 53.5% (945,990) 0.1% (1,910) 5.6% (98,564) 25% (441,776) 0% (486) 0% (247) 14.3% (253,062) 1.6% (27,646) 8.5% (1,769,681)
Tisza Left Bank 61.8% (1,603,924) 24% (621,918) 3.2% (83,229) 3.1% (81,154) 0% (327) 0% (321) 7.5% (194,504) 0.3% (8,547) 12.4% (2,594,924)
Tisza-Maros 22.2% (474,988) 39.5% (845,850) 19.9% (427,253) 2.1% (44,715) 0.2% (4,950) 13.6% (290,434) 0.1% (3,188) 2.4% (50,391) 10.3% (2,141,769)
Transylvania 34.3% (918,217) 55% (1,472,021) 8.7% (234,085) 0.1% (2,404) 0% (523) 0% (421) 0.1% (1,759) 1.8% (48,937) 12.8% (2,678,367)
Fiume 13% (6,493) 0.3% (137) 4.6% (2,315) 0.4% (192) 26% (12,926) 0.9% (425) 0% (11) 54.8 (27,307, mostly Italian) 0.2% (49,806)
Croatia-Slavonia 4% (105,948) 0% (846) 5.1% (134,078) 0.8% (21,613) 62.5% (1,638,354) 24.6% (644,955) 0.3% (8,317) 2.6% (67,843) 12.6% (2,621,954)
Total 48.1% (10,050,575) 14.1% (2,949,032) 9.8% (2,037,435) 9.4% (1,967,970) 8.8% (1,833,162) 5.3% (1,106,471) 2.3% (472,587) 2.2% (469,255) 100% (20,886,487)

Historical regions[edit]

Region Mother Tongues Hungarian language Other languages
Transylvania Romanian – 2,819,467 (54%) 1,658,045 (31.7%) German – 550,964 (10.5%)
Upper Hungary Slovak – 1,688,413 (57.9%) 881,320 (30.2%) German – 198,405 (6.8%)
Délvidék Serbo-Croatian – 601,770 (39.8%) 425,672 (28.1%) German – 324,017 (21.4%)
Romanian – 75,318 (5.0%)
Slovak – 56,690 (3.7%)
Transcarpathia Ruthenian – 330,010 (54.5%) 185,433 (30.6%) German – 64,257 (10.6%)
Fiume Italian – 24,212 (48.6%) 6,493 (13%) Serbo-Croatian – 13,351 (26.8%)
Slovene - 2,336 (4.7%)
German - 2,315 (4.6%)
Őrvidék German – 217,072 (74.4%) 26,225 (9%) Croatian – 43,633 (15%)
Muravidék Slovene – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921 14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921 German – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921

The Germans in Croatia were mainly living in the eastern parts of the country where they had been settled along the Drava and Danube rivers, and the former Military Frontier (Militärgrenze), after the Habsburg (re)conquest of the area from the Ottomans in 1687.

Religions[edit]

Map of religions, from Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas
Religions/Confessions in all of Austria-Hungary Austrian
part 		Hungarian
part 		Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Catholics 76.6% 90.9% 61.8% 22.9%
Protestants 8.9% 2.1% 19% 0.3%
Orthodox 8.7% 2.3% 14.3% 43.5%
Jews 4.4% 4.7% 4.9% 0.6%
Muslims 1.3% 0% 0% 32.7%

See also[edit]

Sources[edit]

  • Taylor, A.J.P. (1948). The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. London: Hamish Hamilton.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.
  2. ^ Österreichische Statistik, Neue Folge (in German). Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
  3. ^ 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 17.
  4. ^ Kogutowicz Károly, Hermann Győző: Zsebatlasz: Naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal az 1914. évre. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet R. T., Budapest 1913, S. 69, 105.
  5. ^ 1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 1912. p. 22.
  6. ^ a b "Donaumonarchie Österreich-Ungarn". Donaumonarchie.com. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). "V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása" [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság [Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. ISBN 963-9015-08-3.
  8. ^ a b Kocsis, Károly. "Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area".
  9. ^ Árpád, Varga E. (1999). Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között [Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910] (PDF). Bucharest.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
  11. ^ Taylor 1948, p. 268.
  12. ^ Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary (PDF).
  13. ^ Fajth, Gáspár; Dr Gyulay, Ferenc; Dr Klinger, András; Dr Harcsa, István; Kamarás, Ferenc; Dr Csahók, István; Dr Ehrlich, Éva (1992). Történeti statisztikai idősorok 1867–1992 I.: Népesség-népmozgalom (in Hungarian). Hungarian Central Statistical Office. ISBN 9789637070433. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

Further reading[edit]

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