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List of waterfalls in Hamilton, Ontario

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Webster's Falls

The city of Hamilton in Ontario, Canada is home to more than 100 waterfalls and cascades, most of which are on or near the Bruce Trail as it winds through the Niagara Escarpment. Ontario's internationally recognized Niagara Escarpment provides perfect geological conditions for waterfalls to occur, from Tobermory to Niagara Falls.

With its 30 metres (98 ft) crest, Webster's Falls is the largest waterfall within the city.[1] Tew's Falls is a 41 metres (135 ft) ribbon waterfall, and is the tallest waterfall found in Hamilton. Both Webster's and Tew's Falls are located at the Spencer Gorge / Webster's Falls Conservation Area.[1] Albion Falls was once seriously considered as a possible source of water for Hamilton. Rocks from the Albion Falls area were used in the construction of the Royal Botanical Gardens' Rock Garden.[2]

There used to be more waterfalls in Hamilton than exist today. Many of the waterfalls in central Hamilton slowly vanished as population and construction on Hamilton Mountain increased. As well, in the early years, James Street extended south, but was interrupted by a bog at Hunter Street which eventually (1844) was drained out and graded.[3][page needed] Many of Hamilton's main buildings and factories in the north end are built on reclaimed or infilled land, which harmed the drainage of Hamilton and the water ecology of Hamilton Harbour.

Many of the falls in west Hamilton are accessible from the Chedoke Radial Trail. It is built on what was once the route for the Brantford and Hamilton Electric Railway owned by the Cataract Power Light and Traction Company (later Dominion Power and Transmission).[4] The "Five Johns", (John Cameron, John Dickenson (Canadian politician), John Morison Gibson, John Moodie, Sr. and John Sutherland), formed The Cataract Power Co. Ltd. introducing electric power to Hamilton in 1898. On August 25, 1898, power was sent twenty seven miles from DeCew Falls, St. Catharines, using water from the old Welland Canal. New industries, such as the forerunners of the Steel Co. of Canada (Stelco) and Canadian Westinghouse, were attracted here by the cheaper, more efficient power. One time this Company controlled hydro power from Brantford to St. Catharines, including the Hamilton Street Railway and the area's radial lines. Back then the city's nickname was "The Electric City."[5]

Niagara Escarpment (in red)

There are four waterfall types and they are designated as follows:

  • Ribbon – height is notably greater than its crest width; stream forms a thin ribbon of water.
  • Classical – height and crest width are nearly equal.
  • Curtain – height is notably smaller than its crest width.
  • Cascade – vertical drop is broken into a series of steps causing water to cascade down incline.

Some of the criteria used to define a separate Hamilton waterfall include: The waterfall has to have a vertical drop of at least 3 metres or 10 feet (3.0 m) either as a vertical drop or a cascade, the crest width has to be at least 1 metre or 3 feet (0.91 m) wide, the waterfall must have some natural component and not be entirely man-made; If a waterfall is beside another waterfall but coming from two separate creeks or streams, then they could be considered as two separate waterfalls and the waterfall has to be located within the boundaries of the new City of Hamilton.[6]

On January 1, 2001 the new city of Hamilton was formed from the amalgamation of the Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth and its six municipalities: Hamilton, Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, and Stoney Creek. Before amalgamation, Hamilton had a population of 331,121 divided into 100 neighbourhoods. The new amalgamated city had 490,268 people in over 200 neighbourhoods.[3][page needed]

Waterfalls list

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The Hamilton Conservation Authority maintains a web database of the city's waterfalls. The list below comes from that website, which contains 100 waterfalls.[7]

Photo Name Height Width Coordinates
Albion Falls 62.32 feet (19.00 m) 59.04 feet (18.00 m) 43°12′01″N 79°49′11″W / 43.2004°N 79.8196°W / 43.2004; -79.8196
Ancaster Heights Falls 43.952 feet (13.397 m) 5.904 feet (1.800 m) 43°14′23″N 79°57′46″W / 43.2397°N 79.9628°W / 43.2397; -79.9628
Auchmar Falls 40 feet (12 m) 5 feet (1.5 m) 43°14′37″N 79°53′28″W / 43.2436°N 79.8912°W / 43.2436; -79.8912
Baby Albion Falls 28 feet (8.5 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) 43°12′00″N 79°49′11″W / 43.2001°N 79.8196°W / 43.2001; -79.8196
Baby Webster Falls 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°16′33″N 79°58′55″W / 43.2757°N 79.9819°W / 43.2757; -79.9819
Beckett Falls 10 feet (3.0 m) 4 feet (1.2 m) 43°14′42″N 79°53′09″W / 43.2449°N 79.8858°W / 43.2449; -79.8858
Billy Green Falls 55.76 feet (17.00 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°12′26″N 79°45′59″W / 43.2072°N 79.7664°W / 43.2072; -79.7664
Billy Monkley Cascade 10 feet (3.0 m) 21 feet (6.4 m) 43°11′25″N 79°49′49″W / 43.1904°N 79.8304°W / 43.1904; -79.8304
Blue Falls 13 feet (4.0 m) 10 feet (3.0 m)
Borer's Falls 49.2 feet (15.0 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 43°17′38″N 79°56′12″W / 43.2938°N 79.9368°W / 43.2938; -79.9368
Broman Falls 22 feet (6.7 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) 43°12′51″N 79°48′58″W / 43.2142°N 79.816°W / 43.2142; -79.816
Buttermilk Falls 75.44 feet (22.99 m) 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 43°12′19″N 79°49′11″W / 43.2053°N 79.8196°W / 43.2053; -79.8196
Canterbury Falls 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°14′13″N 79°58′51″W / 43.237°N 79.9807°W / 43.237; -79.9807
Cave Falls 50 feet (15 m) 10 feet (3.0 m)
Centennial Falls 32.8 feet (10.0 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°12′31″N 79°46′07″W / 43.2086°N 79.7685°W / 43.2086; -79.7685
Chedoke Falls 59.04 feet (18.00 m) 29.52 feet (9.00 m)
Clappison Falls 23 feet (7.0 m) 10 feet (3.0 m)
Cliffview Falls 49.2 feet (15.0 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′39″N 79°54′28″W / 43.2443°N 79.9079°W / 43.2443; -79.9079
Darnley Cascade 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 72.16 feet (21.99 m) 43°16′38″N 80°00′24″W / 43.2772°N 80.0068°W / 43.2772; -80.0068
Denlow Falls 62.32 feet (19.00 m) 29.52 feet (9.00 m)
Devil's Punch Bowl Falls 121.36 feet (36.99 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°12′37″N 79°45′21″W / 43.2103°N 79.7559°W / 43.2103; -79.7559
Dewitt Falls 22.96 feet (7.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°12′24″N 79°43′06″W / 43.2068°N 79.7184°W / 43.2068; -79.7184
Duchess Falls 13 feet (4.0 m) 5 feet (1.5 m)
Dundas Falls 20.992 feet (6.398 m) 21.976 feet (6.698 m) 43°16′23″N 79°58′20″W / 43.273°N 79.9722°W / 43.273; -79.9722
Dyment Falls 51.496 feet (15.696 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°16′42″N 79°56′57″W / 43.2782°N 79.9491°W / 43.2782; -79.9491
East Glover's Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m)
East Greensville Falls 18.04 feet (5.50 m) 4.92 feet (1.50 m) 43°16′46″N 79°59′29″W / 43.2794°N 79.9915°W / 43.2794; -79.9915
East Iroquoia Falls 65.6 feet (20.0 m) 3.936 feet (1.200 m) 43°14′41″N 79°56′19″W / 43.2448°N 79.9386°W / 43.2448; -79.9386
East of Fifty Falls 32.8 feet (10.0 m) 4.92 feet (1.50 m) 43°11′42″N 79°38′29″W / 43.1949°N 79.6414°W / 43.1949; -79.6414
Felker's Falls 72.16 feet (21.99 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°12′13″N 79°47′25″W / 43.2035°N 79.7902°W / 43.2035; -79.7902
Ferguson Falls 97 feet (30 m) 6 feet (1.8 m)
Fifty Road Cascade 32.8 feet (10.0 m) 3.936 feet (1.200 m) 43°11′41″N 79°38′40″W / 43.1946°N 79.6445°W / 43.1946; -79.6445
Glover's Falls 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m)
Grand Cascade 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 3.28 feet (1.00 m) 43°11′46″N 79°39′00″W / 43.1962°N 79.6501°W / 43.1962; -79.6501
Great Falls 32.8 feet (10.0 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 43°19′50″N 79°53′14″W / 43.3305°N 79.8872°W / 43.3305; -79.8872
Grindstone Cascade 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 43°19′42″N 79°53′13″W / 43.3284°N 79.8869°W / 43.3284; -79.8869
Hannon Cascade 10 feet (3.0 m) 18 feet (5.5 m)
Harvey Falls 52.48 feet (16.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°11′59″N 79°39′35″W / 43.1998°N 79.6597°W / 43.1998; -79.6597
Heritage Falls 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′24″N 80°00′14″W / 43.24°N 80.0039°W / 43.24; -80.0039
Heritage Green Falls 40 feet (12 m) 6 feet (1.8 m) 43°12′17″N 79°47′15″W / 43.2047°N 79.7875°W / 43.2047; -79.7875
Hermitage Cascade 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 43°14′11″N 79°59′53″W / 43.2364°N 79.998°W / 43.2364; -79.998
Hidden Grindstone Falls 26 feet (7.9 m) 5 feet (1.5 m)
Jones Road Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°12′13″N 79°41′44″W / 43.2035°N 79.6956°W / 43.2035; -79.6956
Lewis Road East Falls 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 43°12′02″N 79°39′54″W / 43.2005°N 79.665°W / 43.2005; -79.665
Lewis Road West Falls 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°12′01″N 79°39′57″W / 43.2003°N 79.6657°W / 43.2003; -79.6657
Limeridge Falls 50 feet (15 m) 3 feet (0.91 m)
Little Canterbury Falls 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°14′13″N 79°58′48″W / 43.2369°N 79.98°W / 43.2369; -79.98
Little Davis Falls 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 43°12′24″N 79°47′20″W / 43.2067°N 79.7889°W / 43.2067; -79.7889
Little Falls 22.96 feet (7.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′22″N 79°57′56″W / 43.2395°N 79.9656°W / 43.2395; -79.9656
Lower Borer's Falls 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m)
Lower Chedoke Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 36.08 feet (11.00 m) 43°14′39″N 79°54′01″W / 43.2442°N 79.9004°W / 43.2442; -79.9004
Lower Cliffview Falls 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′45″N 79°54′30″W / 43.2457°N 79.9084°W / 43.2457; -79.9084
Lower Glendale Falls 11 feet (3.4 m) 13 feet (4.0 m)
Lower Hopkins Cascade 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 11.48 feet (3.50 m) 43°17′48″N 79°55′45″W / 43.2966°N 79.9292°W / 43.2966; -79.9292
Lower Little Falls 26.896 feet (8.198 m) 5.904 feet (1.800 m) 43°14′24″N 79°57′57″W / 43.24°N 79.9657°W / 43.24; -79.9657
Lower Mill Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°14′02″N 79°58′25″W / 43.234°N 79.9735°W / 43.234; -79.9735
Lower Mohawk Falls 20 feet (6.1 m) 12 feet (3.7 m)
Lower Princess Falls 129.8 feet (39.6 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′45″N 79°55′48″W / 43.2459°N 79.9299°W / 43.2459; -79.9299
Lower Punchbowl Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°12′40″N 79°45′26″W / 43.2111°N 79.7573°W / 43.2111; -79.7573
Lower Sanitorium Cascade 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′46″N 79°54′54″W / 43.246°N 79.9149°W / 43.246; -79.9149
Lower Scenic Cascade 10 feet (3.0 m) 4 feet (1.2 m)
Lower Sydenham Falls 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°16′26″N 79°57′30″W / 43.274°N 79.9584°W / 43.274; -79.9584
Lower Tew's Falls 12.136 feet (3.699 m) 21.976 feet (6.698 m)
Lower Westcliffe Falls 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°14′45″N 79°54′30″W / 43.2457°N 79.9084°W / 43.2457; -79.9084
McNeilly Falls 39.36 feet (12.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m)
Middle Glendale Falls 10 feet (3.0 m) 11 feet (3.4 m) 43°12′09″N 79°48′34″W / 43.2025°N 79.8094°W / 43.2025; -79.8094
Mill Falls 22.96 feet (7.00 m) 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 43°14′00″N 79°58′26″W / 43.2334°N 79.9739°W / 43.2334; -79.9739
Mineral Springs Falls 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°14′11″N 80°00′45″W / 43.2364°N 80.0124°W / 43.2364; -80.0124
Mountain Spring Falls 50 feet (15 m) 8 feet (2.4 m) 43°12′16″N 79°47′17″W / 43.2045°N 79.788°W / 43.2045; -79.788
Mountview Falls 32.8 feet (10.0 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°14′44″N 79°55′17″W / 43.2455°N 79.9214°W / 43.2455; -79.9214
Oak Knoll Falls 25 feet (7.6 m) 4 feet (1.2 m)
Patterson East Cascade 15 feet (4.6 m) 5 feet (1.5 m) 43°17′54″N 79°55′38″W / 43.2982°N 79.9271°W / 43.2982; -79.9271
Patterson West Cascade 14 feet (4.3 m) 4 feet (1.2 m) 43°17′52″N 79°55′40″W / 43.2979°N 79.9277°W / 43.2979; -79.9277
Princess Falls 22.96 feet (7.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°14′45″N 79°55′48″W / 43.2458°N 79.9299°W / 43.2458; -79.9299
Pritchard Falls 15 feet (4.6 m) 3 feet (0.91 m) 43°12′04″N 79°48′59″W / 43.2011°N 79.8163°W / 43.2011; -79.8163
Progreston Falls 21.976 feet (6.698 m) 54.12 feet (16.50 m) 43°23′53″N 79°57′36″W / 43.3981°N 79.9599°W / 43.3981; -79.9599
Promontory Falls 59.04 feet (18.00 m) 3.28 feet (1.00 m) 43°11′54″N 79°39′08″W / 43.1982°N 79.6523°W / 43.1982; -79.6523
Puddicombe Falls 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°11′40″N 79°38′16″W / 43.1945°N 79.6379°W / 43.1945; -79.6379
Rock Chapel Falls 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 4.92 feet (1.50 m) 43°17′28″N 79°56′12″W / 43.2911°N 79.9366°W / 43.2911; -79.9366
Romar Cascade 23 feet (7.0 m) 4 feet (1.2 m)
Scenic Falls 65.6 feet (20.0 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°14′39″N 79°56′05″W / 43.2442°N 79.9348°W / 43.2442; -79.9348
Sherman Falls 55.76 feet (17.00 m) 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 43°14′17″N 79°58′22″W / 43.2381°N 79.9729°W / 43.2381; -79.9729
Smith Cascade 15 feet (4.6 m) 6.5 feet (2.0 m)
Snake Falls 82 feet (25 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m)
Steven's Falls 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 16.4 feet (5.0 m)
Sugar Shack Falls 30 feet (9.1 m) 13 feet (4.0 m) 43°17′04″N 79°56′15″W / 43.2845°N 79.9375°W / 43.2845; -79.9375
Tew's Falls 134.48 feet (40.99 m) 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 43°16′51″N 79°58′42″W / 43.2807°N 79.9783°W / 43.2807; -79.9783
Tiffany Falls 68.88 feet (20.99 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m) 43°14′18″N 79°57′29″W / 43.2382°N 79.9581°W / 43.2382; -79.9581
Upper Glendale Falls 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°12′08″N 79°48′35″W / 43.2023°N 79.8097°W / 43.2023; -79.8097
Upper Hopkins Cascade 10.496 feet (3.199 m) 7.544 feet (2.299 m)
Upper Mohawk Cascade 10 feet (3.0 m) 8 feet (2.4 m)
Upper Quarry Cascade 13.12 feet (4.00 m) 3.936 feet (1.200 m) 43°18′48″N 79°54′23″W / 43.3134°N 79.9064°W / 43.3134; -79.9064
Upper Sanatorium Falls 29.52 feet (9.00 m) 9.84 feet (3.00 m) 43°14′41″N 79°54′53″W / 43.2447°N 79.9148°W / 43.2447; -79.9148
Valley Falls 14 feet (4.3 m) 14 feet (4.3 m) 43°17′51″N 79°55′42″W / 43.2975°N 79.9283°W / 43.2975; -79.9283
Veevers Falls 45.92 feet (14.00 m) 8.2 feet (2.5 m) 43°12′30″N 79°46′51″W / 43.2082°N 79.7809°W / 43.2082; -79.7809
Walnut Grove Falls 15 feet (4.6 m) 3.6 feet (1.1 m)
Washboard Falls 16.4 feet (5.0 m) 19.68 feet (6.00 m)
Webster Falls 72.16 feet (21.99 m) 98.4 feet (30.0 m) 43°16′34″N 79°58′51″W / 43.2762°N 79.9809°W / 43.2762; -79.9809
Wesley Cascade 13 feet (4.0 m) 3 feet (0.91 m)
West Iroquoia Falls 64.944 feet (19.795 m) 3.28 feet (1.00 m) 43°14′39″N 79°56′25″W / 43.2442°N 79.9404°W / 43.2442; -79.9404
West Moss Cascade 10 feet (3.0 m) 3 feet (0.91 m)
West of Fifty Upper Cascade 26.24 feet (8.00 m) 4.92 feet (1.50 m) 43°11′45″N 79°38′52″W / 43.1957°N 79.6477°W / 43.1957; -79.6477
Westcliffe Falls 49.2 feet (15.0 m) 6.56 feet (2.00 m) 43°14′43″N 79°54′31″W / 43.2454°N 79.9085°W / 43.2454; -79.9085

Water Quality Problems

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Many of Hamilton's creeks and waterfalls, especially those in the heavily-urbanized Chedoke and Red Hill creek watersheds, suffer from chronic water quality problems. Much of these systems have been buried in large underground concrete storm sewers that run under neighbourhoods established decades ago atop the Niagara escarpment. Industrial and residential use through the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries have caused, and continue to cause, substantial environmental damage to these watersheds. While the city of Hamilton has invested in wastewater storage tanks and tunnels in recent years, as of 2020, water testing performed by non-governmental monitoring bodies continues to reveal high e. coli counts. While the City of Hamilton's website does state that some waterfalls may be polluted and discourages entering the water around waterfalls, it does not state which ones are polluted, nor does the city test the water at any waterfall locations, since it does not designate them as official swimming areas.

Chedoke Falls and Watershed

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In March 2020, it was revealed that as much as 24 billion litres of untreated wastewater had been leaking into Chedoke creek since at least 2014 due to insufficiencies in Hamilton's sewerage and stormwater management system.[8] Chedoke falls is often listed as one of Hamilton's 10 most popular waterfalls, and visitors can regularly be seen swimming and wading in its waters. The Chedoke creek watershed has seen regular discharges of raw sewage for the past century; today, untreated wastewater is discharged into the river regularly during rainstorms, when the city's Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO's) and a 77 million litre concrete wastewater storage tank are incapable of handling increased water volumes.[9] The storm sewer feeding Chedoke falls has also been plagued by incorrectly-installed sanitary sewer cross-connections from the residential neighbourhoods it runs beneath. The amount of raw sewage flowing into the creek on an ongoing basis is unknown.[9] These problems are compounded by the fact that the Chedoke creek is buried in a series of concrete stormwater-and-overflow sewers for almost all of its length; indeed, Chedoke falls itself flows directly out of a storm sewer outfall, visible from the base of the falls.[10] Other waterfalls in the Chedoke creek watershed include Westcliffe Falls and Princess Falls.

Albion Falls and Watershed

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Albion falls is one of Hamilton's largest waterfalls, and sees a significant volume of visitors during the summertime. All of the water flowing over the falls originates in storm sewers that drain substantial portions of Hamilton's west mountain neighbourhoods. In particular, the Stone Church Rd. Storm Trunk Sewer that drains neighbourhoods on either side of Stone Church Road East, nicknamed the "mountain juggernaut", is the largest known sewer in Canada.[11] Water from upstream of the falls emerges from various sewer outfalls, traverses the Dartnall Rd. off-ramps from the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway, and proceeds to a pond adjacent to the falls before flowing over the falls themselves. Studies in the early 2000s and 2012 indicated high concentrations of e. coli bacteria in various locations along the Red Hill creek watershed,[12] which Albion falls is a part of. A 2013 study of a Red Hill sub-watershed, the Upper Ottawa Creek, noted high concentrations of chloride, sodium, various heavy metals, phosphorus, and likely contamination from sanitary sewer cross-connections.[12] It remains unknown whether the city has addressed these issues.

Images

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Hamilton- Waterfall Capital of the World". (www.cityofwaterfalls.ca). Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  2. ^ "Hamilton Conservation Authority: Parks & Attractions- Albion Falls". Archived from the original on 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  3. ^ a b Manson, Bill (2003). Footsteps In Time: Exploring Hamilton's heritage neighbourhoods. North Shore Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-896899-22-6.
  4. ^ "Hamilton Conservation Authority: Parks & Attractions- Scenic Falls". Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
  5. ^ Bailey, Thomas Melville (1991). Dictionary of Hamilton Biography (Vol II, 1876-1924). W.L. Griffin Ltd.
  6. ^ "Hamilton Naturalist's Club: Protecting Nature since 1919". (www.hamiltonnature.org/). Retrieved 2008-07-19.
  7. ^ "Alphabetical Search". Hamilton Waterfalls. Hamilton Conservation Authority. 2022.
  8. ^ "Chedoke Creek's sad legacy of abuse: 10 things you didn't know". The Hamilton Spectator. 2020-03-09. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  9. ^ a b "Sewergate for dummies". The Hamilton Spectator. 2019-12-19. ISSN 1189-9417. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  10. ^ "Chedoke Falls Drain | Vanishing Point". www.vanishingpoint.ca. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  11. ^ "Stonechurch Storm Trunk Sewer | Vanishing Point". www.vanishingpoint.ca. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  12. ^ a b Bowes, Gord (2017-08-17). "Feces Falls? Hikers splash around Albion Falls — but should they?". InsideHalton.com. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
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Maps

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Video clips

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