Examine individual changes

'{{For|the organization that coordinated pre-state Jewish immigration|Mossad LeAliyah Bet}} {{pp-pc1}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}} <!-- good enough ---> {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations | nativename = | nativename_a = {{lang|he|'''מדינת ישראל'''<br />הַמוֹסָד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים}}<br /><br />{{lang|ar|الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة }} | seal = Official Mossad logo.png | seal_width = 200px | seal_caption = "Where no counsel is, the people fall, but in the multitude of counselors there is safety."([[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] XI:14) | formed = December 13, 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination | headquarters = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] | employees = 1,200 (est) | budget = | chief1_name = [[Tamir Pardo]] | chief1_position = Director | parent_agency = [[Prime Minister of Israel|Office of the Prime Minister]] | website = [https://www.mossad.gov.il/eng/Pages/default.aspx Official Website] }} {{Coord|32.145494|34.844344|display=title}} '''Mossad''' ({{lang-he|הַמוֹסָד}}, {{IPA-he|ha moˈsad|IPA}}; {{lang-ar|الموساد}}, ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-Mōsād}}''; literally meaning "the Institute"), short for ''{{transl|he|HaMossad leModiʿin uleTafkidim Meyuḥadim}}'' ({{lang-he|המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים}}, meaning "Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations"), is the national [[intelligence agency]] of [[Israel]]. It is one of the main entities in the [[Israeli Intelligence Community]], along with [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Aman]] ([[military intelligence]]) and [[Shin Bet]] (internal security). Mossad is responsible for [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence collection]], [[covert operation]]s, and [[counterterrorism]], as well as bringing [[Jews]] to Israel from countries where official [[Aliyah]] agencies are forbidden, and protecting Jewish communities. Its director reports directly to the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]]. On 7 Dec 2015 [[Yossi Cohen]] was announced as the next Director, to replace [[Tamir Pardo]], who leaves the post in January 2016 after five years.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-names-new-head-of-mossad-spy-agency/2015/12/07/26632682-9d1c-11e5-9ad2-568d814bbf3b_story.html][http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Prime-Minister-holds-surprise-Press-Conference-to-nominate-new-head-of-Mossad-436584] If you watch Ncis you'll see Mossad being brought up a lot due to Ziva being a member of it until she becomes a US citizen and full NCIS member. ==Organization== ===Executive offices=== The largest department of Mossad is Collections, tasked with many aspects of conducting espionage overseas. Employees in the Collections Department operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial.<ref name="Globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm Mossad profile], Global Security. Retrieved October 28, 2006.</ref> The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for working with allied foreign intelligence services, and nations that have no normal diplomatic relations with Israel.<ref name="Globalsecurity"/> Additionally, Mossad has a Research Department, tasked with intelligence production, and a Technology Department concerned with the development of tools for Mossad activities.<ref>[https://fas.org/irp/world/israel/mossad/index.html Mossad profile], Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved October 28, 2006.</ref> ===History=== Mossad was formed on December 13, 1949, as the Central Institute for Coordination at the recommendation of Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] to [[Reuven Shiloah]]. Ben Gurion wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services—the army's intelligence department (AMAN), the Internal Security Service (''Shin Bet''), and the foreign office's "political department". In March 1951, it was reorganized and made a part of the prime minister's office, reporting directly to the prime minister. ===Motto=== Mossad's former motto, ''be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh'' ({{lang-he|בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה}}) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance you can wage your war" ([[New Revised Standard Version|NRSV]]). The motto was later changed to another Proverbs passage: ''be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts'' ({{lang-he|באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ}}, Proverbs 11:14). This is translated by NRSV as: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety." === Counter-terrorist units === The [[Kidon]] is described by Yaakov Katz as "an elite group of expert assassins who operate under the [[Kidon|Caesarea]] branch of the espionage organization. Not much is known about this mysterious unit, details of which are some of the most closely guarded secrets in the [[Israeli intelligence community]]." The unit only recruits from "former soldiers from the elite [[Sayeret|IDF special force units]]."<ref> ''Israel Vs. Iran: The Shadow War'', Potomac Books, Inc, 2012, page 91, By Yaakov Katz, Yoaz Hendel</ref> ==Directors== * [[Reuven Shiloah]], 1949–53 * [[Isser Harel]], 1953–63 * [[Meir Amit]], 1963–68 * [[Zvi Zamir]], 1968–73 * [[Yitzhak Hofi]], 1973–82 * [[Nahum Admoni]], 1982–89 * [[Shabtai Shavit]], 1989–96 * [[Danny Yatom]], 1996–98 * [[Efraim Halevy]], 1998–2002 * [[Meir Dagan]], 2002–2011 * [[Tamir Pardo]], 2011–present<ref name="Israel’s New Head of Mossad">{{cite news|url=http://liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/29/israels-new-head-of-mossad/?test=latestnews |title=Israel's new head of Mossad |publisher=Liveshots.blogs.foxnews.com |date= November 29, 2010|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> ==Operations== {{Speculation section}} ===Americas=== ====Argentina==== In 1960, Mossad discovered that the [[Nazi]] leader [[Adolf Eichmann]] was in [[Argentina]]. A team of five Mossad agents led by Shimon Ben Aharon slipped into Argentina and through [[surveillance]], confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted on May 11, 1960 and taken to a hideout. He was subsequently smuggled to Israel, where he was tried and executed. Argentina protested what it considered as the violation of its sovereignty, and the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]] noted that "repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace" while also acknowledging that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused."<ref>Argentina claimed that the "illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine State's right of sovereignty[.]" Bass, Gary J. (2004.) The Adolf Eichmann Case: Universal and National Jurisdiction. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes''. (ch.4) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. In Eichmann's case, the most salient feature from the perspective of international law was the fact of Israeli law enforcement action in another state's territory without consent; the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel[.] Damrosch, Lori F. (2004.) Connecting the Threads in the Fabric of International Law. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes''. (ch.5) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. The principle of territorial integrity (in Art. 2(4) UN Charter) At its most obvious level this means that the exercise of enforcement jurisdiction within the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity <SUP>32</SUP> Note 32: E.g. after Adolf Eichmann [...] was abducted from Argentina by a group of Israelis, now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service (Mossad), the Argentine Government lodged a complaint with the UN Security Council [...] It is however unclear whether as a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to return the offender. [[Rosalyn Higgins|Higgins, Rosalyn]] and Maurice Floy. (1997). ''Terrorism and International Law.'' UK: Routledge. (p. 48)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1960/scres60.htm|title=Security Council Resolution 138, "Question Relating to the Case of Adolf Eichmann"|publisher=UN|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> Mossad abandoned a second operation, intended to capture [[Josef Mengele]].<ref>Posner, Gerald L.; John Ware. [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-05-18/features/8602040597_1_josef-mengele-field-hospital-red-army "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years"]. [[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago Tribune Magazine]]. May 18, 1986.</ref> ====United States==== During the 1990s, Mossad discovered a [[Hezbollah]] agent operating within the United States in order to procure materials needed to manufacture [[Improvised explosive device|IED]]s and other weapons. In a joint operation with U.S. intelligence, the agent was kept under surveillance in hopes that he would betray more Hezbollah operatives, but was eventually arrested.<ref>Ross, Michael ''The Volunteer'', pp. 168–171</ref> Mossad informed the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and CIA in August 2001 that based on its intelligence as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the United States and planning "a major assault on the United States." The Israeli intelligence agency cautioned the FBI that it had picked up indications of a "large-scale target" in the United States and that Americans would be "very vulnerable."<ref name="latimes2001">[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/20/news/mn-47840 Officials Told of ‘Major Assault’ Plans].</ref> However, "It is not known whether U.S. authorities thought the warning to be credible, or whether it contained enough details to allow counter-terrorism teams to come up with a response,"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/03/23/uae.hamas.killing/index.html?iref=allsearch|title=UK: Israel behind passport forgery in Dubai killing|newspaper=CNN|date=March 23, 2010|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> A month later, [[September 11 terrorist attacks|terrorists struck at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon]].<ref name="latimes2001"/> ====Uruguay==== Mossad assassinated [[Latvian people|Latvian]] [[Nazi]] collaborator [[Herberts Cukurs]] in 1965.<ref name="wiesenthal">{{cite web|url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=fwLYKnN8LzH&b=245494&ct=948863|title=Simon Wiesenthal Center |publisher=Wiesenthal|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> ===Europe=== ====Austria==== Mossad gathered information on Austrian politician [[Jörg Haider]] using a [[Mole (espionage)|mole]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article528859.ece|location=London|newspaper=The Times|first=Roger|last=Boyes| title=Mossad spied on farright Austrian|date=June 2, 2005}}</ref> ====Belgium==== Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the killing of Canadian engineer and [[ballistics]] expert [[Gerald Bull]] on March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his [[Brussels]] apartment.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Murdered by the Mossad?|publisher= [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=February 12, 1991|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3361/ |format=asf|accessdate=August 30, 2009}}</ref> Bull was at the time working for [[Iraq]] on the [[Project Babylon]] [[supergun]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Who killed Gerald Bull? (Video) – CBC|author=Frum, Barbara|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3359/|accessdate=July 15, 2009|date=April 5, 1990}}</ref> Others, including Bull's son, believe that Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes. The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA. [[Iraq]] and [[Iran]] are also candidates for suspicion.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-74-626/people/gerald_bull/ Dr. Gerald Bull: Scientist, Weapons Maker, Dreamer] at CBC.ca</ref> ====Bosnia and Herzegovina==== Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war-torn [[Sarajevo]] to Israel in 1992 and 1993.<ref>Traynor, Ian. ''Cover story: Those who are called'', [[The Guardian]] 10 December 1994</ref> ====Cyprus==== The killing of [[Operation Wrath of God|Hussein Al Bashir]] in Nicosia, Cyprus, in 1973 in relation to the [[Munich massacre]].<ref name="JVLibrary">[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/hits.html Israeli "Hits" On Terrorists], Jewish Virtual Library, last updated December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.</ref> ====France==== [[Cherbourg Project]] - Operation Noa, the 1969 smuggling of five [[Sa'ar 3-class missile boat]]s out of Cherbourg. The alleged killing of [[Zuheir Mohsen]], a pro-Syrian member of the [[PLO]] in 1979.<ref>Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (HarperCollins Publishers, 1998, 2nd ed.), p. 118</ref> The alleged killing of [[Atef Bseiso]], a top intelligence officer of the [[PLO]] in Paris in 1992. French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at point blank range.<ref>Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response, ISBN 0-8129-7463-8</ref> The killing of [[Yehia El-Mashad]], the head of the Iraq nuclear weapons program, in 1980.<ref>Ford, Peter S., Major, USAF, "Israel's Attack on Osiraq: A Model for Future Preventive Strikes?", INSS Occasional Paper 59, USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, Colorado, July 2005, p. 15</ref> The killing of Dr. Mahmoud Hamshari, coordinator of the [[Munich massacre]], with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The killing of Dr. Basil Al-Kubaissi, who was involved in the [[Munich massacre]], in Paris in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The killing of Mohammad Boudia, member of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|PFLP]], in Paris in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> On April 5, 1979, Mossad agents are believed to have triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 percent of components being built in [[Toulouse]] for an Iraqi reactor. Although an environmental organization, ''Groupe des écologistes français'', unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast,<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception">{{Citation|author=Ostrovsky, Victor|title=By Way of Deception - The making and unmaking of a Mossad Officer|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1990|location=New York|ISBN=0-9717595-0-2}}</ref> most French officials discount the claim. The reactor itself was subsequently destroyed by [[Operation Opera|an Israeli air strike]] in 1981.<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception"/><ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0611FF385C0C738DDDAF0894D9484D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIraq FRANCE PROTESTS TO ISRAEL ON RAID]", ''The New York Times,'' June 10, 1981. Retrieved November 16, 2006.</ref> Mossad allegedly assisted [[Morocco]]'s domestic security service in the disappearance of dissident politician [[Mehdi Ben Barka]] in 1965.<ref>Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi (1987) ''The Israeli connection'', I.B.Tauris, p. 46.</ref> ====Germany==== [[Operation Plumbat]] (1968) was an operation by [[Lekem]]-Mossad to further Israel's nuclear program. The German freighter "Scheersberg A" disappeared on its way from [[Antwerp]] to [[Genoa]] along with its cargo of 200 tons of [[yellowcake]], after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship.<ref name=bs>[http://intellit.muskingum.edu/israel_folder/israelplumbat.html ISRAEL The Plumbat Operation (1968)] retrieved 10/12/2008</ref> The sending of [[letter bombs]] during the [[Operation Wrath of God]] campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. A Mossad letter bomb led to fugitive Nazi war-criminal [[Alois Brunner]] losing 4 fingers from his right hand in 1980.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/nazis/article/0,2763,445717,00.html |title=French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi|newspaper=The Guardian|date=March 3, 2001|accessdate=October 27, 2006}}</ref> The alleged targeted killing of Dr [[Wadie Haddad]], using poisoned chocolate. Haddad died on 28 March 1978, in the [[German Democratic Republic]] supposedly from leukemia. According to the book ''Striking Back'', published by Aharon Klein in 2006, Haddad was eliminated by Mossad, which had sent the [[chocolate]]-loving Haddad [[Belgian chocolate]]s coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die severals months later. "It took him a few long months to die", Klein said in the book.<ref name=smh8may>{{cite news|title=Israel used chocs to poison Palestinian|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Israel-used-chocs-to-poison-Palestinian/2006/05/08/1146940441701.html|accessdate=27 February 2013|newspaper=SMH|date=8 May 2008}}</ref> Mossad discovered that [[Hezbollah]] had recruited a German national named Steven Smyrek, and that he was travelling to Israel. In an operation conducted by Mossad, the [[CIA]], the German Internal Security agency [[Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz]] (BfV), and the Israeli Internal Security agency [[Shin Bet]], Smyrek was kept under constant surveillance, and arrested as soon as he landed in Israel.<ref>Ross, Michael, ''The Volunteer'', pp. 158–159</ref> Mossad is alleged to have been involved in [[industrial espionage]] in Germany. In the late 1990s, the head of the BfV reportedly warned his department chiefs that Mossad remained a prime threat in stealing the country's latest computer secrets.<ref name=thomas>Thomas, Gordon: ''Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad'' (Fifth Edition)</ref> ====Greece==== The killing of Zaiad Muchasi, [[Fatah]] representative to [[Cyprus]], by an explosion in his Athens hotel room in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> ====Ireland==== The [[assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh]] - a senior [[Hamas]] military leader - in [[Dubai]], 2010, was suspected to be the work of Mossad, and there were eight Irish passports (six of which were used) fraudulently obtained by the Israeli embassy in [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] for use by apparent Mossad agents in the operation. The [[Government of Ireland|Irish government]] was angered over the use of Irish passports, summoned the Israeli ambassador and expelled the Israeli diplomat deemed responsible from Dublin, following an investigation. One of the passports was registered to a residence on Pembroke Road, [[Ballsbridge]], on the same road as the Israeli embassy. The house was empty when later searched, but there was suspicion it had been used as a Mossad [[safe house]] in the past.<ref>{{cite news|last=Black|first=Ian|title=Ireland orders Israeli diplomat out of embassy over forged passports|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/15/ireland-israeli-envoy-quit-embassy|accessdate=10 May 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mossad and the Irish connection|url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/mossad-and-the-irish-connection-26823193.html|accessdate=10 May 2014|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=1 December 2012}}</ref> Mossad is reported to have a working relationship with Ireland's national intelligence agency, the [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (Ireland)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Secret army squad keeps watch on 60 Al Qaeda in Ireland|url=http://www.thestar.ie/star/secret-army-squad-keeps-watch-on-60-al-qaeda-in-ireland-26336/|accessdate=30 May 2014|newspaper=Irish Daily Star|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> and has previously tipped the Irish authorities off about arms shipments from the Middle East to Ireland for use by [[dissident republican]] militants, resulting in their interception and arrests.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Hanlon|first=Ray|title=Inside File The Mossad’s long arm|url=http://irishecho.com/2011/02/inside-file-the-mossads-long-arm-2/|accessdate=19 May 2014|newspaper=Irish Echo|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> Mossad is also believed to cooperate with the British government in combating IRA terrorism, including involvement in [[Operation Flavius]], 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gideon's Spies: The Secret History of the Mossad|url=http://www.rulit.net/books/gideon-039-s-spies-the-secret-history-of-the-mossad-read-302181-32.html|work=2013|publisher=Rulit.net|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref> ====Italy==== The killing of [[Wael Zwaiter]], thought to be a member of [[Black September (group)|Black September]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Ken|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/arts/design/13jaci.html|title=Material for a Palestinian’s Life and Death|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 13, 2009|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/20/60II/main318655.shtml|title="An Eye for an Eye", Bob Simon|publisher=CBS News|date=November 20, 2011|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In 1986, Mossad used an undercover agent to lure nuclear whistleblower [[Mordechai Vanunu]] from the United Kingdom to Italy in a honey trap style operation where he was abducted and shipped to Israel where he was tried and found guilty of treason because of his role in exposing [[Israel's nuclear programme]].<ref name="haaretz.com"/> ====Malta==== The killing of [[Fathi Shiqaqi]]. Shiqaqi, a leader of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], was shot several times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in [[Sliema]], [[Malta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file=PIJ-Organization.htm|title=Resources|publisher=Military|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> ====Norway==== {{Main|Lillehammer affair}} On July 21, 1973, [[Ahmed Bouchiki]], a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] waiter in [[Lillehammer]], Norway, was killed by Mossad agents. He had been mistaken for [[Ali Hassan Salameh]], one of the leaders of [[Black September (group)|Black September]], the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] group responsible for the [[Munich massacre]], who had been given shelter in Norway. Mossad agents had used fake [[Canadian passport]]s, which angered the Canadian government. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident became known as the [[Lillehammer affair]]. Israel subsequently paid compensation to Bouchiki's family.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y|work=[[Haaretz]]|title=Capturing nuclear whistle-blower}}{{dead link|date=October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E6DA1639F93BA15752C0A960958260 |title=Israelis to Compensate Family of Slain Waiter|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 28, 1996|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903989,00.html?internalid=ACA|newspaper=Time|title=TERRORISM: Fatal Error|date=August 6, 1973}}</ref> ====United Kingdom==== Mossad assisted the UK Intelligence organisation [[MI5]] following the [[7/7]] bombings in London. According to the 2007 edition of a book about Mossad titled ''[[Gideon’s Spies]]'', shortly after the 7/7 London underground bombings, MI5 gathered evidence that a senior [[al-Qaeda]] operative known only by the alias Mustafa travelled in and out of Britain shortly before the 7/7 bombings. For months, the real identity of Mustafa remained unknown, but in early October 2005, Mossad told MI5 that this person was, in fact, [[Azahari Husin|Azhari Husin]], a bomb-making expert with [[Jemaah Islamiyah]], the main al-Qaeda affiliate in Southeast Asia. Husin studied in Britain and reports claim that he met the main 7/7 bomber, [[Mohammad Sidique Khan]], in late 2001 in a militant training camp in the Philippines (see Late 2001). Meir Dagan, the then head of Mossad, apparently also told MI5 that Husin helped plan and recruit volunteers for the bombings. Mossad claimed that Husin may have been in London at the time of the bombings, and then fled to al-Qaeda’s principal haven in the tribal area of Pakistan, where he sometimes hid after bombings. Husin was killed in a shootout in Indonesia in November 2005.<ref>Thomas, 2007, pp.&nbsp;520, 522</ref> Later official British government reports about the 7/7 bombings did not mention Husin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=israel_institute_for_intelligence_and_special_tasks |title=Israel Institute for Intelligence and Special Tasks (Mossad)|publisher=[[History Commons]]|accessdate=October 23, 2010}}</ref> In addition, ''Gideon's Spies'' also claimed that Mossad conducted [[industrial espionage]] in the UK, and that shortly after [[Tony Blair]] was elected Prime Minister, MI5 briefed him on Mossad's efforts to obtain British scientific and defense data. ====Switzerland==== According to secret [[CIA]] and [[US State Department]] documents discovered by the Iranian students who took over the [[U.S. Embassy in Tehran]] on November 4, 1979: {{Quote box |quote = In [[Switzerland]] the Israelis have an Embassy in Bern and a Consulate-General in [[Zürich]] which provide cover for Collection Department officers involved in unilateral operations. These Israeli diplomatic installations also maintain close relations with the Swiss on a local level in regard to overt functions such as physical security for Israeli official and commercial installations in the country and the protection of staff members and visiting Israelis. There is also close collaboration between the Israelis and Swiss on scientific and technical matters pertaining to intelligence and security operations. Swiss officials have made frequent trips to Israel. There is a continual flow of Israelis to and through Switzerland. These visits, however, are usually arranged through the Political Action and Liaison regional controller at the Embassy in [[Paris]] directly with the Swiss and not through the officials in the Israeli Embassy in [[Bern]], although the latter are kept informed. |align = left |width = 100% |fontsize = 100% |bgcolor = AliceBlue |style = |title_bg = |title_fnt = |tstyle = text-align: left; |qalign = left |qstyle = text-align: left; |quoted = yes |salign = right |sstyle = text-align: right;}} In February 1998, five Mossad agents were caught wiretapping the home of a [[Hezbollah]] agent in a [[Bern]] suburb. Four agents were freed, but the fifth was tried, found guilty, sentenced to one year in prison, and following his release was banned from entering Switzerland for five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/mossad2.html|title=Swiss Courts Gives Israeli Spy Suspended Sentence|publisher=Jewish virtual library|date=July 10, 2000|accessdate=October 23, 2010}}</ref> ====Soviet Union/Russia==== Mossad was involved in outreach to [[Refusenik]]s in the Soviet Union during the [[Russian aliya|crackdown]] on [[History of the Jews in Russia#The Soviet Union and Zionism|Soviet Jews]] in the period between the 1950s and the 1980s. Mossad helped establish contact with Refuseniks in the USSR, and helped them acquire Jewish religious items, banned by the Soviet government, in addition to passing communications into and out of the USSR. Many rabbinical students from Western countries travelled to the Soviet Union as part of this program in order to establish and maintain contact with refuseniks. ====Ukraine==== In February 2011, a Palestinian engineer, [[Dirar Abu Seesi]], was allegedly pulled off a train by Mossad agents en route to the capital [[Kiev]] from [[Kharkiv]]. He had been planning to apply for Ukrainian citizenship, and reappeared in an Israeli jail only 3 weeks after the incident.<ref>{{cite news|title=UN confirms Mossad kidnaps Gaza's chief power plant engineer, Dirar Abu Seesi, from Ukraine, suspects Ukrainian help|url=http://wlcentral.org/node/1442|accessdate=March 11, 2011|newspaper=WikiLeaks Central|date=March 10, 2011}}</ref> ===Middle East=== A report published on the Israeli military’s official website in February, 2014 said that Middle Eastern countries that cooperate with Israel (Mossad) are the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Afghanistan]], the [[Republic of Azerbaijan]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. The report claimed that Bahrain has been providing Israel with intelligence on [[Iran]]ian and Palestinian organizations. The report also highlights the growing secret cooperation with Saudi Arabia, claiming that Mossad has been in direct contact with Saudi intelligence about [[Iran]]’s nuclear energy program.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mossad cooperates with Saudis, Bahrain|work=presstv.ir|date=February 8, 2014|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/02/08/349766/israel-cooperates-with-saudis-bahrain/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mossad chief reportedly visited Saudi Arabia for talks on Iran|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/mossad-chief-reportedly-visited-saudi-arabia-for-talks-on-iran-1.304032|work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Israeli army report reveals intelligence and security relations with several Arab and Muslim countries|work=middleeastmonitor.com|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/middle-east/9593-israeli-army-report-reveals-intelligence-and-security-relations-with-several-arab-and-muslim-countries}}</ref> ====Egypt==== *Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956. *Mossad spy [[Wolfgang Lotz]], holding West German citizenship, infiltrated Egypt in 1957, and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites, military installations, and industries. He also composed a list of German rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government, and sent some of them letter bombs. After the East German head of state made a state visit to Egypt, the Egyptian government detained thirty West German citizens as a goodwill gesture. Lotz, assuming that he had been discovered, confessed to his [[cold war]] espionage activities. *After a tense May 25, 1967 confrontation with [[CIA]] Tel Aviv station chief John Hadden, who warned that the United States would help defend Egypt if Israel launched a surprise attack, Mossad director [[Meir Amit]] flew to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. Defense Secretary [[Robert McNamara]] and reported back to the Israeli cabinet that the United States had given Israel "a flickering green light" to attack.<ref name="israel_attack_iran_nyt">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/magazine/will-israel-attack-iran.html?pagewanted=all|title=Will Israel Attack Iran?|last=Bergman|first=Ronen|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 January 2012|accessdate=2 March 2012}}</ref> *Provision of intelligence on the [[Egyptian Air Force]] for [[Operation Focus]], the opening air strike of the [[Six-Day War]]. * [[Operation Bulmus 6]] – Intelligence assistance in the Commando Assault on [[Green Island, Egypt]] during the [[War of Attrition]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} * [[Operation Damocles]] – A campaign of assassination and intimidation against [[Germans|German]] rocket scientists employed by [[Egypt]] in building missiles. ====Iran==== Prior to the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1978–79, [[SAVAK]] (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian [[secret police]] and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf Iran], ''Library of Congress Country Studies'' (pp 276). Retrieved August 12, 2015.</ref><ref>Ervand Abrahamian, [http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3s2005jq&chunk.id=d0e5364&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4549 Tortured Confessions] (University of California Press, 1999), p. 104</ref> After security relations between the United States and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the [[CIA]] training team to leave [[Iran]], Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, "training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK."<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-intelligence-agency-cia-in-persia Iranicaonline.org]</ref> A US intelligence official told ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general [[Ali Reza Askari]] on February 7, 2007.<ref>Linzer, Dafna. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/07/AR2007030702241.html Former Iranian Defense Official Talks to Western Intelligence]", ''The Washington Post'', March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.</ref> This has been denied by Israeli spokesman [[Mark Regev]]. ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left only when his cover was about to be blown.<ref>Mahnaimi, Uzi. "[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1497034.ece Defector spied on Iran for years]", ''The Sunday Times'', March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> ''[[Le Figaro]]'' claimed that Mossad was possibly behind a blast at the Iranian Revolutionary Guard's Imam Ali military base, on October 12, 2010. The explosion at the base killed 18 and injured 10 others. Among the dead was also general [[Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam]], who served as the commander of the Revolutionary Guards’ missile program and was a crucial figure in building Iran’s long-range missile program.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/15/world/middleeast/iran-mourns-missile-commander-killed-in-blast.html 'Iran mourns missile commander killed in blastt'] ''New York Times'' November 14, 2011</ref> The base is believed to store long-range missiles, including the [[Shahab-3]], and also has hangars. It is one of Iran's most secure military bases.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3974432,00.html 'Mossad behind Iranian military base blast'] Ynet, October 25, 2010</ref> Iranian Intelligence Minister Heydar Moslehi has accused Mossad of assassination plots and killings of Iranian physicists in 2010. Reports have noted that such information has not yet been evidently proven. Iranian state TV broadcast a stated confession from Majid Jamali-Fash, an Iranian man who claimed to have visited Israel to be trained by Mossad.<ref>{{cite news|author=Edward Yeranian |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Irans-Spy-Chief-Denounces-Alleged-Israeli-Plot-Against-Nuclear-Scientists-113281269.html |title='Israeli Plot Against Nuclear Scientists'|newspaper=VOA|date=January 11, 2011|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> Mossad has been accused of assassinating [[Masoud Alimohammadi]], [[Ardeshir Hosseinpour]], [[Majid Shahriari]], [[Darioush Rezaeinejad]] and [[Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan]]; scientists involved in the [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iranian nuclear program]]. It is also suspected of being behind the attempted assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist [[Fereydoon Abbasi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=283793|title=Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran |accessdate=February 4, 2007|date=February 2, 2007|newspaper=[[Stratfor]]}}(requires premium subscription)</ref> [[Meir Dagan]], who served as Director of Mossad from 2002 until 2009, while not taking credit for the assassinations, praised them in an interview with a journalist, saying "the removal of important brains" from the Iranian nuclear project had achieved so-called "white [[defection]]s," frightening other Iranian nuclear scientists into requesting that they be transferred to civilian projects.<ref name="israel_attack_iran_nyt"/> In early February 2012, Mossad director [[Tamir Pardo]] met with U.S. national security officials in Washington, D.C. to sound them out on possible American reactions in the event Israel attacked Iran over the objections of the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/02/12/obama-s-dangerous-game-with-iran.html|title=Obama's Dangerous Game With Iran |author=Daniel Klaidman, Eli Lake and Dan Ephron|newspaper=Newsweek Magazine|date=February 13, 2012|accessdate=March 3, 2012}}</ref> ====Iraq==== [[File:Hatzerim 201206 MiG21.jpg|thumb|MiG-21 at the [[Israeli Air Force Museum]] in Hatzerim]] Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of [[Munir Redfa]], an [[Iraq]]i pilot who defected and flew his [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]] to Israel in 1966: "[[Operation Diamond]]". Redfa's entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to Israel. Previously unknown information about the MiG-21 was subsequently shared with the United States. Operation Sphinx<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception"/> – Between 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq's [[Osirak]] [[nuclear reactor]] by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France. [[Operation Bramble Bush|Operation Bramble Bush II]] – In the 1990s, Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where [[Saddam Hussein]] could be ambushed by [[Sayeret Matkal]] commandos inserted into Iraq from [[Jordan]]. The mission was called off due to [[Operation Desert Fox]] and the ongoing Israeli-Arab peace process. ====Jordan==== In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against [[Khaled Mashal]], the Hamas representative in Jordan.<ref>McGeough, Paul (2009) ''Kill Khalid - The Failed Mossad Assassination of Khalid Mishal and the Rise of Hamas.'' Quartet Books. ISBN 978-0-7043-7157-6. Pages 126,127.</ref> On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate [[Fentanyl]] called Levofentanyl).<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|title=The Daring Attack That Blew Up in Israel's Face|author=Cowell, Alan|date=October 15, 1997|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/the-daring-attack-that-blew-up-in-israel-s-face.html?pagewanted=all}}</ref><ref>McGeough, Paul (2009) ''Kill Khalid - The Failed Mossad Assassination of Khalid Mishal and the Rise of Hamas.'' Quartet Books. ISBN 978-0-7043-7157-6. Page 184.</ref> Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal. The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of [[Sheik Ahmed Yassin]], the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but was met instead by the King's brother, Crown Prince Hassan.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> ====Lebanon==== The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 [[1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon|Operation Spring of Youth]] special forces raid on [[Beirut]]. The sending of [[letter bombs]] to PFLP member [[Bassam Abu Sharif]]. Sharif was severely wounded, but survived.<ref>Guerin, Orla. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2072849.stm Arafat: On borrowed time]", ''BBC News'', June 29, 2002. Retrieved October 27, 2006.</ref> The [[targeted killing]] of [[Ali Hassan Salameh]], the leader of [[Black September (group)|Black September]], on January 22, 1979 in [[Beirut]] by a car bomb.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F20F1EFD3B5C0C738DDDAE0894DB484D81 Life and Death of a Terrorist], ''The New York Times'', July 10, 1983.</ref><ref>Shalev, Noam [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4627388.stm 'The hunt for Black September'], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', January 26, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2006.</ref> The killing of the Palestinian writer and leading [[PFLP]] member [[Ghassan Kanafani]], also by a car bomb, in 1972.<ref name=Harlow>{{Cite journal|author=Barbara Harlow|title=Return to Haifa: "Opening the Borders" in Palestinian Literature|journal=Social Text|volume=No. 13/14|date=Winter–Spring 1986|pages=3–23|jstor=466196}}</ref> Providing intelligence for the killing of [[Abbas al-Musawi]], secretary general of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 1992.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> Allegedly killed [[Jihad Ahmed Jibril]], the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blanford|first=Nicholas|title=Lebanon exposes deadly Israeli spy ring|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2227831,00.html|newspaper=The Times|date=June 15, 2006|accessdate=August 14, 2006 | location=London}}</ref> Allegedly killed [[Ali Hussein Saleh]], member of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Beirut blast kills Hezbollah fighter|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3118633.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=August 2, 2003|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Allegedly killed [[Ghaleb Awwali]], a senior Hezbollah official, in Beirut in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Beirut bomb kills Hezbollah man|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3905797.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=July 19, 2004|accessdate=April 21, 2011}}</ref> Allegedly killed [[Mahmoud al-Majzoub]], a leader of [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], in Sidon in 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mrque|first=Baseem|title=Islamic Jihad Leader Killed in Lebanon|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/26/AR2006052600318.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 26, 2006|accessdate=January 22, 2010 | location=Washington}}</ref> Mossad was suspected of establishing a large spy network in Lebanon, recruited from [[Druze]], [[Christianity|Christian]], and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] communities, and officials in the Lebanese government, to spy on [[Hezbollah]] and its Iranian [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|Revolutionary Guard]] advisors. Some have allegedly been active since the [[1982 Lebanon War]]. In 2009, Lebanese Security Services supported by Hezbollah's intelligence unit, and working in collaboration with [[Syria]], [[Iran]], and possibly Russia, launched a major crackdown which resulted in the arrests of around 100 alleged spies "working for Israel".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yalibnan.com/2010/06/28/lebanon-arrests-another-2-over-spying-for-israel/|title=Lebanon arrests another 2 over spying for Israel|newspaper=Ya Libnan|date=June 28, 2010|accessdate=October 23, 2010}}</ref> Previously, in 2006, the Lebanese army uncovered a network that allegedly assassinated several Lebanese and Palestinian leaders on behalf of Israeli intelligence agency Mossad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-06/13/content_4694573.htm/ |title=Lebanon: Israeli spying cell busted|newspaper=Xinhua|date=June 13, 2006|accessdate=April 21, 2011}}</ref> ====Syria==== [[Eli Cohen]] infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a close friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense. He gave his handlers a complete plan of the Syrian defenses on the [[Golan Heights]], the Syrian Armed Forces order of battle, and a complete list of the Syrian military's weapons inventory. He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position under the pretext of shading soldiers, but the trees actually served as targeting markers for the Israel Defense Forces. He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence, tried in secret, and executed publicly in 1965.<ref>Our Man in Damascus, 1969.</ref> His information played a crucial role during the [[Six Day War]]. On 1 April 1978, 12 Syrian military and secret service personnel were killed by a sophisticated Israeli listening device planted on the main telephone cable between Damascus and Jordan.<ref name="The Spies Inside Damascus">[http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/09/19/the_spies_inside_damascus_mossad_syria The Spies Inside Damascus] [[Foreign Policy Magazine]], BY RONEN BERGMAN, SEPTEMBER 19, 2013</ref> The alleged death of General Anatoly Kuntsevich, who from the late 1990s was suspected of aiding the Syrians in the manufacture of VX nerve-gas, in exchange for which he was paid huge amounts of money by the Syrian government. On April 3, 2002, Kuntsevich died mysteriously during a plane journey, amid allegations that Mossad was responsible.<ref name="The Spies Inside Damascus"/> The alleged killing of [[Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil]], a senior member of the military wing of [[Hamas]], in an automobile booby trap in September 2004 in [[Damascus]].<ref>[http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=23020 Hamas member assassinated in Syria] News From Bangladesh, September 27, 2004</ref> The uncovering of a nuclear reactor being built in Syria as a result of surveillance by Mossad of Syrian officials working under the command of Muhammad Suleiman. As a result, the Syrian nuclear reactor was destroyed by Israeli Air Forces in September 2007 (see [[Operation Orchard]]), while Suleiman was assassinated by Israel a year later.<ref name="The Spies Inside Damascus"/> The alleged killing of [[Muhammad Suleiman]], head of Syria's nuclear program, in 2008. Suleiman was on a beach in [[Tartus]] and was killed by a sniper firing from a boat.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7028736.ece Assassinations: the work of Mossad?] Times, February 16, 2010</ref> On July 25, 2007, the al-Safir chemical weapons depot exploded, killing 15 Syrian personnel as well as 10 Iranian engineers. Syrian investigations blamed Israeli sabotage.<ref name="The Spies Inside Damascus"/> The alleged killing of [[Imad Mughniyah]], a senior leader of Hezbollah complicit in the [[1983 United States embassy bombing]], with an exploding [[headrest]] in Damascus in 2008.<ref name=SundayTimes>{{Cite news|first=Uzi|last=Mahnaimi|author2=Jaber, Hala |author3=Swain, Jon |title=Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3382343.ece |newspaper=The Sunday Times|date=February 17, 2008|accessdate=February 16, 2008|location=London}}</ref> The decomposed body of Yuri Ivanov, the deputy head of the [[GRU]], Russia's foreign military intelligence service, was found on a Turkish beach in early August 2010,<ref name=Telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7973346/Top-Russian-spys-body-washes-up-after-swimming-accident.html ''Top Russian spy’s body washes up 'after swimming accident’''], Telegraph</ref> amid allegations that Mossad may have played a role. He had disappeared while staying near Latakia, Syria.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/israel-prepares-plans-to-neutralize-syrian-chemical-weapons-a-847203.html Israel's Red Line: Fate of Syrian Chemical Weapons May Trigger War]''Der Spiegel'', By Ronen Bergman, Juliane von Mittelstaedt, Matthias Schepp and Holger Stark, July 31, 2012</ref> ====United Arab Emirates==== Mossad is suspected of killing [[Mahmoud al-Mabhouh]], a senior Hamas military commander, in January 2010 at [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]. The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the basis of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents traveling on bogus passports. The operatives entered al-Mabhouh's hotel room, where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/16/mahmoud-al-mabhouh-murder_n_463667.html Dubai Releases Video Of Alleged Assassins In Hamas Chief Killing] ''[[Huffington Post]]'' February 16, 2010, attributed to Associated Press</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=168786 UAE: European team killed Mabhouh] Jerusalem Post and Associated Press, February 15, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Yaakov|last=Katz|title=Analysis: Another blow to the ‘axis of evil’ |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=167344|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=January 31, 2010|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref><ref name=Haaretz20100202>{{cite news|first=Avi|last=Issacharoff |title=Who killed Mahmoud al-Mabhouh? / Many wanted Hamas man dead |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1146911.html|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=February 2, 2010|accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>Melman, Yossi (February 11, 2010). "[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1149042.html 10 agents including 3 women, took part in Dubai Hamas assassination]" ''Haaretz''. Retrieved February 11, 2010.</ref> Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the killing, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found. The agents' bogus passports included six British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai, five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dubai suspects had five fake Irish passports |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0218/dubai.html|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTE News]]|date=February 18, 2010 |accessdate=February 21, 2010}}</ref> forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Man in photo on Hamas leader hit squad passport not my son, says mum |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/man-in-photo-on-hamas-leader-hit-squad-passport-not-my-son-says-mum/story-fn3dxity-1225834378569|publisher=[[The Australian]]|date=February 25, 2010|accessdate=February 25, 2010}}</ref> a genuine German passport and a false French passport. Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport.<ref>'[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1152610.html U.K. police in Israel to probe passports used in Dubai hit]' (''Haaretz'', February 27, 2010</ref><ref>'[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1150754.html Interpol adds suspected Dubai assassins to most wanted list]' ''Haaretz'' February 22, 2010)</ref> Dubai's police chief has said "I am now completely sure that it was Mossad," adding: "I have presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the arrest of (Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad," for the murder.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/israeli-pms-arrest-sought-over-murder/story-e6frfku0-1225836329886 Israeli PM's arrest sought over murder] News, March 3, 2010</ref> ===Africa=== ====Morocco==== In September 1956, Mossad established a secretive network in [[Morocco]] to smuggle [[Moroccan Jews]] to Israel after a ban on immigration to Israel was imposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zionism-israel.com/Israel_espionage_timeline_1948.htm|title=Israel Intelligence and covert operations: Chronology 1948 - 1955|publisher=Zionism-israel|accessdate=December 4, 2011}}</ref> In early 1991, two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of [[Casablanca]] and planted a tracking device on the freighter ''Al-Yarmouk'', which was carrying a cargo of [[North Korea]]n missiles bound for [[Syria]]. The ship was to be sunk by the [[Israeli Air Force]], but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]].<ref>[[Michael Ross (Mossad officer)|Ross, Michael]]: ''The Volunteer'' (2006)</ref> ====Tunisia==== The 1988 killing of [[Khalil al-Wazir]] (Abu Jihad), a founder of [[Fatah]].<ref name="Intifada">{{Cite book|last=Aburish|first=Said K. |authorlink=Said K. Aburish|title=From Defender to Dictator|year=1998|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=203–210|location=New York |isbn=1-58234-049-8}}</ref> The alleged killing of [[Salah Khalaf]], head of intelligence of the [[PLO]] and second in command of [[Fatah]] behind [[Yasser Arafat]], in 1991.<ref name="Abu Iyad">{{Cite book|last=Aburish |first=Said K.|authorlink=Said K. Aburish|title=From Defender to Dictator |year=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=New York|isbn=1-58234-049-8 }}</ref> ====Uganda==== For [[Operation Entebbe]] in 1976, Mossad provided intelligence regarding [[Entebbe International Airport]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3269662,00.html|title=Mossad took photos, Entebbe Operation was on its way.|year=2006|publisher=[[Ynetnews]]|accessdate=July 6, 2009}}</ref> and extensively interviewed hostages who had been released.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-07-04-palestinian-pressure_x.htm "Israel marks 30th anniversary of Entebbe."] ''Associated Press'' in ''USA Today''. July 5, 2006.</ref> ====South Africa==== In the late 1990s, after Mossad was tipped off to the presence of two [[Iran]]ian agents in [[Johannesburg]] on a mission to procure advanced weapons systems from [[Denel]], a Mossad agent was deployed, and met up with a local Jewish contact. Posing as South African intelligence, they abducted the Iranians, drove them to a warehouse, and beat and intimidated them before forcing them to leave the country.<ref>Ross, Michael, ''The Volunteer'', pp. 251–272</ref> ====Sudan==== After the [[1994 AMIA bombing]], the largest bombing in Argentine history, Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the [[Iran]]ian embassy in [[Khartoum]] as retaliation. The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge. Mossad also assisted in [[Operation Moses]], the evacuation of [[Ethiopian Jews]] to Israel from a famine-ridden region of Sudan in 1984, also maintaining a relationship with the Ethiopian government. ===Asia=== ====Pakistan==== In a September 2003 news article,<ref>{{cite web |title=RAW & Mossad: The Secret Link |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm |date= 8 September 2003 |publisher=rediff.com}}</ref> it was alleged by Rediff News that General Pervez Musharaf, the then-President of Pakistan, decided to establish a clandestine relationship between Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in Washington, DC. ====North Korea==== Mossad may have been involved in the [[Ryongchon disaster|2004 explosion of Ryongchon]], where several Syrian nuclear scientists working on the Syrian and Iranian nuclear-weapons programs were killed and a train carrying fissionable material was destroyed.<ref name="thomas"/> ===Oceania=== ====New Zealand==== {{Further|Israel-New Zealand relations}} In July 2004, New Zealand imposed [[International sanctions|diplomatic sanctions]] on Israel over an [[2004 Israel-New Zealand spy scandal|incident]] in which two Australian based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain [[New Zealand passport]]s by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Silvan Shalom]] later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10332767">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10332767 |title=Israeli government apologises to New Zealand|date=June 26, 2005|agency=[[NZPA]]|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=October 26, 2011}}</ref> Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six-month sentences and, upon release, were [[deportation|deported]] to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze'ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended.<ref name="NZ_Herald_3596863">{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/israeli-spy-case/news/article.cfm?c_id=606&objectid=3596863|title=At home with the Mossad men|author=Hallel, Amir|date=October 2, 2004|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=October 26, 2011}}</ref> ==In fiction== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Ziva and Eli David From NCIS.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Ziva (right) and Eli David]] --> *Since the episode "[[NCIS (season 3)|Kill Ari (Part 1)]]", Mossad has played an instrumental part in the American show ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''. Mossad's presence includes one of the main characters, Agent [[Ziva David]], who is a former Mossad Agent. She originally filled the position of Mossad liaison to NCIS, until the end of [[NCIS (season 7)|Season 7]], when she became a full-time NCIS agent. Her father, [[List of NCIS characters#Eli David|Eli David]], was the director of Mossad, until the [[NCIS (season 10)|Season 10]] episode [[Shabbat Shalom (NCIS)|Shabbat Shalom]], when he was killed. Many other characters have been included in the show from Mossad, including [[List of NCIS characters#Michael Rivkin|Michael Rivkin]] and [[List of NCIS characters#Ari Haswari|Ari Haswari]]. Some episodes of the show have taken place in Israel. *The TV series ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' also had a Mossad Agent Eyal Lavin as a recurring character. *The TV series ''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]]'' also has Mossad Agent Navabi as one of the side character. ==See also== * [[Victor Ostrovsky]] * [[Duvdevan Unit]] – Israel's undercover strike unit * [[List of Israeli assassinations]] * [[Special Activities Division]] * ''[[The Spy Machine]]'' * [[Unit 8200]] – [[Israeli Intelligence Corps]] SIGINT and cyber unit * [[Yamam]] – Israel's elite Border Police SWAT Unit * [[Gadna]] * [[Operation Susannah]] * ''[[Every Spy a Prince]]'' * ''[[By Way of Deception]]'' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Bar-Zohar, Michael and Mishal, Nissim. ''Mossad: The Great Operations of Israel`s Secret Service''. The Robson Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84954-368-2. * [[Ari Ben-Menashe|Ben-Menashe, Ari]]. ''Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network''. New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992. ISBN 1-879823-01-2. {{OCLC|26586922}}. * Black, Ian and Benny Morris. ''[[Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services]]''. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4. {{OCLC|249707944}}. * [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. ''Israel: Foreign Intelligence and Security Services: A Survey.'' Washington, D.C., 1979. (Included in ''Documents from the US Espionage Den''. Tehran: Center for the Publication of the US Espionage Den's Documents, 1982.) * Jonas, George. ''[[Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team]]''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. ISBN 0-671-50611-0. {{OCLC|10507421}}. * [[Dan Raviv|Raviv, Dan]] and [[Yossi Melman|Melman, Yossi]]. ''Spies Against Armageddon: Inside Israel's Secret Wars''. Sea Cliff: Levant Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0985437831. * [[Eric Frattini|Frattini, Eric]]. ''Mossad, los verdugos del Kidon''. Madrid: Atanor Ediciones, 2011. ISBN 978-84-938718-6-4 ==External links== *{{Official website|https://www.mossad.gov.il/eng/Pages/default.aspx}} *{{Official website|http://www.mossad.gov.il}} {{he icon}} *{{Official website|http://www.mossad.gov.il/Arabic/AboutTheMossad.aspx}} {{ar icon}} *[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm GlobalSecurity.org entry for Mossad] {{Israeli Intelligence Community}} {{External national intelligence agencies}} [[Category:Government agencies established in 1949]] [[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]] [[Category:Mossad| ]] [[Category:Israeli intelligence agencies]]'