Examine individual changes

'{{multiple issues| {{cleanup-rewrite|date=April 2014}} {{refimprove|date=May 2015}} {{Original research|date=May 2015}} }} [[File:1887 Bettanier Der Schwarze Fleck anagoria.JPG|thumb|A painting from 1887 depicting a child being taught about the lost province of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] in the aftermath of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] that is depicted in the colour black on a map of France.]] '''Irredentism''' (from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''irredento'' for "unredeemed") is any political or popular movement intended to reclaim and reoccupy a lost homeland. As such, irredentism tries to justify its territorial claims on the basis of (real or imagined) historic or ethnic affiliations. It is often advocated by [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[pan-nationalism|pan-nationalist]] movements and has been a feature of [[identity politics]], [[cultural geography|cultural]], and [[political geography]]. An area that may be subjected to a potential claim is sometimes called an '''''irredenta'''''. Not all irredentas are necessarily involved in irredentism.<ref>[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/irredenta "Irredenta"], ''Free Dictionary''</ref> ==Etymology== {{Unreferenced section|date=December 2015}} {{Main|Italian irredentism}} The word was coined in [[Italy]] from the phrase ''Italia irredenta'' ("unredeemed Italy"). This originally referred to rule by [[Austria-Hungary]] over territories mostly or partly inhabited by [[Italians|ethnic Italians]], such as [[Trentino]], [[Trieste]], [[Gorizia]], [[Istria]], [[Rijeka]] and [[Dalmatia]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries. A common way to express a claim to adjacent territories on the grounds of historical or ethnic association is by using the epithet "Greater" before the country name. This conveys the image of national territory at its maximum conceivable extent with the country "proper" at its core. The use of "Greater" does not always convey an irredentistic meaning. ==Formal irredentism== Some states formalize their irredentist claims by including them in their constitutional documents, or through other means of legal enshrinement. ===Afghanistan=== The [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] border with [[Pakistan]], known as the [[Durand Line]], was agreed to by Afghanistan and British India in 1893. The [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribes inhabiting the border areas were divided between what have become two nations; Afghanistan never accepted the still-porous border and clashes broke out in the 1950s and 1960s between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the issue. All Afghan governments of the past century have declared, with varying intensity, a long-term goal of re-uniting all Pashtun-dominated areas under Afghan rule.<ref name="Roashan">[http://www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org/Contributions/Commentaries/DRRoashanArch/2001_08_11_unholy_durand_line.htm Dr. G. Rauf Roashan, "The Unholy Durand Line, Buffering the Buffer"], Institute for Afghan Studies, August 11, 2001. {{wayback|url=http://www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org/Contributions/Commentaries/DRRoashanArch/2001_08_11_unholy_durand_line.htm |date=20120325161737 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/10/AR2009051001959.html Selig S. Harrison, "Pakistan's Ethnic Fault Line"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 11 May 2009</ref> ===Argentina=== {{see also|Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute}} The Argentine government has maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands since 1833, and renewed it as recently as January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/03/world/europe/argentina-falklands-letter/index.html|title=Argentina presses claim to Falkland Islands, accusing UK of colonialism |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2012-01-08}}</ref> It considers the archipelago part of the [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego Province]], along with [[South Georgia]] and the [[South Sandwich Islands]]. The Argentine claim is included in the transitional provisions of the [[Constitution of Argentina]] as [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|amended in 1994]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/cuerpo1.php |title=Constitución Nacional |language=Spanish |date=22 August 1994 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20132021481000/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/cuerpo1.php |archivedate=February 5, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |date=22 August 1994 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110604215413/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |archivedate=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> {{quote|The Argentine Nation ratifies its legitimate and non-prescribing sovereignty over the Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands and over the corresponding maritime and insular zones, as they are an integral part of the National territory. The recovery of these territories and the full exercise of sovereignty, respecting the way of life for its inhabitants and according to the principles of international law, constitute a permanent and unwavering goal of the Argentine people.}} ===Bolivia=== [[Image:BoliviaChile.jpg|thumb|200x|right|Bolivian irredentism over losses in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884): "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold on [[roto]]s (Chileans), because here come the Colorados of Bolivia"]] The 2009 constitution of [[Bolivia]] states that the country has an unrenounceable right over the territory that gives it access to the [[Pacific Ocean]] and its maritime space.<ref>CAPÍTULO CUARTO, REIVINDICACIÓN MARÍTIMA. Artículo 267. I. El Estado boliviano declara su derecho irrenunciable e imprescriptible sobre el territorio que le dé acceso al océano Pacífico y su espacio marítimo. II. La solución efectiva al diferendo marítimo a través de medios pacíficos y el ejercicio pleno de la soberanía sobre dicho territorio constituyen objetivos permanentes e irrenunciables del Estado boliviano.[http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/documentos/publicaciones/constitucion.pdf Constitution of Bolivia]</ref> This is understood as territory that Bolivia and Peru ceded to Chile after the [[War of the Pacific]], which left Bolivia as a [[landlocked]] country. ===China=== {{main|Chinese Unification|Greater China}} The preamble to the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]] states, "[[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the lofty duty of the entire [[Chinese people]], including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of [[Chinese Unification|reunifying the motherland]]." The PRC claim to sovereignty over Taiwan is generally based on the theory of the [[succession of states]], with the PRC claiming that it is the successor state to the [[Republic of China (1912–49)]].<ref name=prc_wp>{{cite web|year=2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue |work=PRC Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Taiwan%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate=2006-03-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20060213045631/http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Taiwan%20Issue&m_id=4 |archivedate=13 February 2006 }}</ref> [[File:ROC Administrative and Claims.svg|thumb|right|Official territorial claims according to the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]]]] The Government of the Republic of China formerly administered both mainland China and Taiwan; the government has been administering only Taiwan since its defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]] by the armed forces of the [[Communist Party of China]]. While the official name of the state remains 'Republic of China', the country is commonly called 'Taiwan', since Taiwan makes up 99% of the controlled territory of the ROC. Article 4 of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] originally stated that "[t]he territory of the Republic of China within its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by a resolution of the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]]". Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan maintained itself to be the legitimate ruler of Mainland China as well. As part of its current policy continuing of the 'status quo', the ROC has not renounced claims over the territories currently controlled by the People's Republic of China, [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], [[Burma]] and some [[Central Asia]]n states. However, Taiwan does not actively pursue these claims in practice; the remaining claims that Taiwan is actively seeking are the [[Senkaku Islands]], whose sovereignty is also asserted by [[Japan]] and the PRC; Paracel Islands and the [[Spratly Islands]] in [[South China Sea]], with multiple claimants. ===Comoros=== Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of the [[Comoros]] begins: "The Union of the Comoros is a republic, composed of the autonomous islands of [[Mohéli]], [[Mayotte]], [[Anjouan]], and [[Grande Comore]]." Mayotte, geographically a part of the Comoro Islands, was the only island of the four to vote against independence from France (independence losing 37%–63%) in the referendum held December 22, 1974. The total vote was 94%–5% in favor of independence. Mayotte is currently a department of the French Republic.<ref>UN General Assembly, [http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36] {{wayback|url=http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |date=20080527195255 }}</ref><ref>Security Council S/PV. 1888 para 247 S/11967 [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm] [http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm|date =20080317010910|bot=DASHBot}}</ref> ===India=== {{Main|Akhand Bharat|Indo-Pak Confederation}} All of the European colonies on the [[Indian subcontinent]] which were not part of the [[British Raj]] have been annexed by [[India]] since it gained its independence from the [[British Empire]]. An example of such territories was the 1961 [[Indian annexation of Goa]]. An example of annexation of a territory from the British Raj was the [[Indian integration of Junagadh]]. [[Akhand Bharat]], literally Undivided India, is an irredentist call to reunite [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] with [[India]] to form an ''Undivided India'' as it existed before [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947 (and before that, during other periods of political unity in [[South Asia]], such as during the [[Maurya Empire]], the [[Gupta Empire]], the [[Mughal Empire]] or the [[Maratha Empire]]). The call for ''Akhand Bharat'' has often been raised by mainstream [[India]]n nationalistic cultural and political organizations such as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=Ferguson>Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, ''Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world'', page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2</ref><ref name=Majumder>Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", ''Feminist Review'', issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4</ref><ref name=Martensson>Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, ''Fundamentalism in the Modern World'' (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0</ref> Other major Indian political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]], while maintaining positions against the partition of India on religious grounds, do not necessarily subscribe to a call to reunite South Asia in the form of Akhand Bharat. The region of [[Kashmir]] in northwestern India has been the issue of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Multiple wars have been fought over the issue, the first one immediately upon independence and partition in 1947 itself. To stave off a Pakistani and tribal invasion, [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] with India. Kashmir has remained divided in three parts, administered by India, Pakistan and [[China]], since then. However, on the basis of the instrument of accession, India continues to claim the entire Kashmir region as its integral part. All modern Indian political parties support the return of the entirety of Kashmir to India, and all official maps of India show the entire [[Jammu and Kashmir]] state (including parts under Pakistani or Chinese administration after 1947) as an integral part of India.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} ===Indonesia=== {{Main|Greater Indonesia}} Indonesia claimed all territories of the former [[Dutch East Indies]], and previously viewed British plans to group the [[British Malaya]] and [[British Borneo|Borneo]] into a new independent federation of [[Malaysia]] as a threat to its objective to create a united state called [[Greater Indonesia]]. The Indonesian opposition of Malaysian formation has led to the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] in the early 1960s. It also held [[History of East Timor|Portuguese Timor]] (modern [[East Timor]]) from 1975 to 2002 based on irredentist claims. The idea of uniting former British and Dutch colonial possessions in Southeast Asia actually has its roots in the early 20th century, as the concept of Greater Malay (''Melayu Raya'') was coined in [[British Malaya]] espoused by students and graduates of [[Sultan Idris Education University|Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers]] in the late 1920s.<ref name="McIntyre">{{cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Angus |authorlink= |year=1973 |title=The 'Greater Indonesia' Idea of Nationalism in Malaysia and Indonesia. |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=75–83 |id= |url= |accessdate= 2008-02-16 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000439X}}</ref> Some of political figures in Indonesia including [[Mohammad Yamin]] and [[Sukarno]] revived the idea in the 1950s and named the political union concept as Greater Indonesia. ===Israel=== {{Main|Israeli nationalism|Palestinian nationalism|Greater Israel}} {{unreferenced section|date=December 2015}} The nation state of Israel was established in 1948. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed U.N. Resolution 181 otherwise known as the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]] by an overwhelming 78% of the UNGA passing the resolution. Eventually, Israeli independence was achieved following the liquidation of the former British-administered Mandate of Palestine, the departure of the British and the "Independence War" between the Jews in ex-[[Mandatory Palestine]] and five Arab states' armies. The Jewish claim for Palestine as the "Jewish homeland" can be seen as an example of irredentism, based on ancestral conquest and the [[Hebrew Bible|Bible]]. Proponents of the formation, expansion, or defense of Israel, who subscribe to these historical or religious justifications, are sometimes called (and refer to themselves as) [[Zionism|"Zionists"]]. It should also be noted that [[Mandatory Palestine]] had sizable [[History of the Jews in Palestine|Jewish]] and [[Palestinians|Arab]] populations before the [[Second World War]]. [[Judea]] and [[Samaria]], as they are called in the Bible, were part of the ancient [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]] (designated the [[West Bank]] by Jordan in 1947) and the [[Gaza Strip]], previously annexed by Jordan and occupied by Egypt respectively, were conquered and occupied by Israel in the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967. Israel withdrew from Gaza in August 2005; Judea and Samaria (West Bank) remain under Israeli control. Israel has never explicitly claimed sovereignty over any part of the West Bank apart from [[East Jerusalem]], which it unilaterally annexed in 1980. However, the Israeli military supports and defends hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens who have [[Israeli settlements|migrated]] to the West Bank, incurring criticism by some who otherwise support Israel. The United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, and some countries and international organizations continue to regard Israel as occupying Gaza. ''(See [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-Occupied Territories]].)'' The Israeli annexing instrument, the [[Jerusalem Law]]—one of the [[Basic Laws of Israel]] (Israel does not have a constitution)—declares Jerusalem, "complete and united", to be the capital of Israel. Article 3 of the Basic Law of the [[Palestinian Authority]], which was ratified in 2002 by the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and serves as an interim constitution, claims that "[[Jerusalem]] is the capital of Palestine." ''De facto'', the Palestinian government administers the parts of the [[West Bank]] that Israel has granted it authority over from [[Ramallah]], while the [[Gaza Strip]] is administered by [[Hamas|the Hamas movement]] from [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The United States does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and maintains its embassy in Tel Aviv. In Jerusalem, the United States maintains two Consulates General as a diplomatic representation to the city of Jerusalem alone, separate from representation to the state of Israel. One of the Consulates General was established before the 1967 war, and the other in a recently constructed building on the Israeli side of Jerusalem. However, Congress passed the [[Jerusalem Embassy Act]] in 1995 that says the US shall move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, but allows the [[President of the United States|president]] to delay the move every year if it is deemed contrary to national security interests. Since 1995, every president has delayed the move. A minority of Israelis and Jews regard the [[Transjordan (region)|East Bank of the Jordan river]] (which is today the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]]) as the eastern parts of the [[Land of Israel]] (following the [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] idea) because, according to the Bible, the [[Tribes of Israel|Israelite tribes]] of [[Tribe of Manasseh|Menasseh]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]], and [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]] settled on the east bank of the Jordan, and because that area was designated a [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish national home]] by the [[League of Nations]] in the [[Mandate for Palestine]]. ===Korea=== {{main|Korean reunification}} Since their founding, both Korean states have disputed the legitimacy of the other. [[South Korea]]'s constitution claims jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula. It acknowledges the [[division of Korea]] only indirectly by requiring the president to work for reunification. The [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces]], established in 1949, is the South Korean authority charged with the administration of Korean territory north of the [[Military Demarcation Line]] (i.e., North Korea), and consists of the governors of the five provinces, who are appointed by the [[President of the Republic of Korea|President]]. However the body is purely symbolic and largely tasked with dealing with Northern defectors; if reunification were to actually occur the Committee would be dissolved and new administrators appointed by the [[Ministry of Unification]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/03/18/south-koreas-governors-in-theory-for-north-korea/|title=South Korea’s Governors-in-Theory for North Korea|date=March 18, 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> [[North Korea]]'s constitution also stresses the importance of reunification, but, while it makes no similar formal provision for administering the South, it effectively claims its territory as it does not [[Diplomatic recognition|diplomatically recognise]] the Republic of Korea, deeming it an "entity occupying the Korean territory". Other territories sometimes disputed to belong to Korea are [[Korean nationalism#Manchuria and Gando Disputes|Manchuria and Gando]]. === Venezuela === {{main|Guayana Esequiba}} The [[Guayana Esequiba]] is a territory administered by [[Guyana]] but claimed by [[Venezuela]]. It was first included in the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] and the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] by [[Spain]], but was later included in [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] by the Dutch and in [[British Guiana]] by the [[United Kingdom]]. Originally, parts of what is now eastern Venezuela were included in the disputed area. This territory of 159,500&nbsp;km² is the subject of a long-running boundary dispute inherited from the colonial powers and complicated by the independence of Guyana in 1966. The status of the territory is subject to the Treaty of Geneva, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela and British Guiana governments on February 17, 1966. This treaty stipulates that the parties will agree to find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory solution to the dispute.<ref name=Geneva>[http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20561/volume-561-I-8192-English.pdf Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (Treaty of Geneva, 1966)] from [[UN]]</ref> ==Other irredentism== ===Europe=== ====Former Yugoslavia==== {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Some of the most violent irredentist conflicts of recent times in [[Europe]] flared up as a consequence of the break-up of the former [[Yugoslavia]]n federal state in the early 1990s.{{dubious|date=October 2011}}{{clarify|date=October 2011}} The conflict erupted further south with the ethnic Albanian majority in [[Kosovo]] seeking to switch allegiance to the adjoining state of [[Albania]].<ref>See [[Naomi Chazan]] 1991, ''Irredentism and international politics''</ref> ====Albania==== {{main|Albanian nationalism|Greater Albania}} Greater Albania<ref>http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/07%2811%29MD.pdf,"as Albanians continue mobilizing their ethnic presence in a cultural, geographic and economic sense, they further the process of creating a Greater Albania. "</ref> or ''Ethnic Albania'' as called by the Albanian nationalists themselves,<ref name="Bogdani2007">{{Cite book|title=Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration |last=Bogdani |first=Mirela |authorlink= |author2=John Loughlin |year=2007 |publisher=IB Taurus |location= |isbn= 978-1-84511-308-7|page=230 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA230&dq=ethnic+albania&cd=4#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20albania |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> is an irredentist concept of lands outside the borders of [[Albania]] which are considered part of a greater national homeland by most Albanians,<ref name=Balkan-Insight>[http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/survey-greater-albania-remains-popular Poll Reveals Support for 'Greater Albania'], Balkan Insight, 17 Nov 2010</ref> based on claims on the present-day or historical presence of Albanian populations in those areas. The term incorporates claims to [[Kosovo]], as well as territories in the neighbouring countries [[Montenegro]], [[Greece]] and the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Albanians themselves mostly use the term ''ethnic Albania'' instead.<ref name="Bogdani2007" /> According to the ''Gallup Balkan Monitor'' 2010 report, the idea of a Greater Albania is supported by the majority of Albanians in Albania (63%), Kosovo (81%) and the Republic of Macedonia (53%).<ref name=Balkan-Insight/><ref>[http://www.balkan-monitor.eu/files/BalkanMonitor-2010_Summary_of_Findings.pdf Gallup Balkan Monitor], 2010</ref> In 2012, as part of the celebrations for the [[100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania]], Prime Minister [[Sali Berisha]] spoke of "Albanian lands" stretching from [[Preveza]] in Greece to [[Preševo]] in Serbia, and from the Macedonian capital of [[Skopje]] to the Montenegrin capital of [[Podgorica]], angering Albania's neighbors. The comments were also inscribed on a parchment that will be displayed at a museum in the city of Vlore, where the country's independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared in 1912.<ref>''Albania celebrates 100 years of independence, yet angers half its neighbors'' Associated Press, November 28, 2012.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/albania-celebrates-100-years-of-independence-yet-angers-half-its-neighbors/2012/11/28/a17de6d4-398a-11e2-9258-ac7c78d5c680_print.html]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref> ====Bulgaria==== {{main|Greater Bulgaria}} Based on the territorial definition of a historic Bulgarian state, a "[[Greater Bulgaria]]" nationalist movement has been active for more than a century that would annex most of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Thrace]], and [[Moesia]]. ====France==== {{main|Natural borders of France}} The idea of the natural borders of France is a political theory conceptualized primarily in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that focused on widening the borders primarily based on either practical reasons or the territory that was thought to be the maximum extent that the ancient Gauls inhabited. This theory lays claim to portions of Belgium and Germany. ====Germany==== {{main|German Question|Pan-Germanism|Anschluss|Munich Agreement}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} During the [[unification of Germany]] (1871), the term ''Großdeutschland'' "Greater Germany" referred to a possible German nation consisting of the states that later comprised the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria]]. The term ''Kleindeutschland'' "Lesser Germany" referred to a possible German state without Austria. The term was also used by Germans referring to Greater Germany, a state consisting of pre-World War I Germany, Austria and the [[Sudetenland]]. This issue was known as the [[German Question]]. A main point of [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]] was to reunify all Germans either born or living outside of Germany to create an "all-German [[Reich]]." These beliefs ultimately resulted in the Munich Agreement, which ceded to Germany areas of Czechoslovakia that were mainly inhabited by those of German descent and the Anschluss, which ceded the entire country of Austria to Germany; both events occurred in 1938. ====Greece==== {{Main|Megali Idea}} Following the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1821–1832, [[Greece]] began to contest areas inhabited by Greeks, primarily against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Megali Idea]] (Great Idea) envisioned Greek incorporation of Greek-inhabited lands, but also historical lands in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] corresponding with the predominantly Greek and Orthodox [[Byzantine Empire]] and the dominions of the ancient Greeks. [[File:Greekhistory.GIF|thumb|Territorial evolution of modern Greece]] The Greek quest began with the acquisition of [[Thessaly]] through the [[Convention of Constantinople (1881)|Convention of Constantinople in 1881]], [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|a failed war against Turkey in 1897]] and the [[Balkan Wars]] ([[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], some [[Aegean Islands]]). After World War I, Greece acquired [[Western Thrace]] from [[Bulgaria]] as per the [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]], but also [[Ionia]]/[[İzmir|Smyrna]] and [[East Thrace|Eastern Thrace]] (excluding [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]) from the Ottoman Empire as ordained in the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. Subsequently, Greece launched an [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|unsuccessful campaign]] to further their gains in Asia Minor, but were halted by the [[Turkish War of Independence|Turkish revolution]]. The events culminated into the [[Great Fire of Smyrna]], [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] and [[Treaty of Lausanne]] which returned Eastern Thrace and Ionia to the newfound Turkish Republic. The events are known as the "Asia Minor Catastrophe" to Greeks. The [[Ionian Islands]] were ceded by Britain in 1864, and the [[Dodecanese]] by Italy in 1947. Another Greek irredentist claim includes [[Northern Epirus]] (currently part of [[Albania]]), where a sizable Greek minority lives. Greece officially annexed Northern Epirus in March 1916, but was forced to revoke by the Great Powers. In 1917 Greece lost control of the rest of Northern Epirus to Italy. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded the area to Greece after World War I, however, political developments such as the Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) and, crucially, Italian, Austrian and German lobbying in favor of Albania resulted in the area being ceded to Albania in November 1921. Another concern of the Greeks is the [[Enosis|incorporation of Cyprus]] which was ceded by the Ottomans to [[British Cyprus|the British]]. As a result of the [[Cyprus Emergency]] the island gained independence as the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]] in 1960. The failed incorporation by Greece through [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] and the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974 led to the formation of the mostly unrecognized [[Northern Cyprus]] and has culminated into the present-day [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus issue]]. The Aegean islands of [[Imbros and Tenedos]] which were not ceded to Greece over the course of the 20th century and where the dominant Greek community has faced persecution are also of concern. ====Hungary==== {{Main|Hungarian irredentism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The restoration of the borders of [[Hungary]] to their state prior to World War I, in order to unite all ethnic Hungarians within the same country once again. ====Ireland==== {{main|United Ireland}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} From 1937 until 1999, [[Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland]] provided that "[t]he national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland". However, "[p]ending the re-integration of the national territory", the powers of the state were restricted to legislate only for the area that had ceded from the [[United Kingdom]]. Arising from the [[Northern Ireland peace process]], the matter was mutually resolved in 1998. The [[Republic of Ireland]]'s constitution was altered by [[referendum]] and its territorial claim to [[Northern Ireland]] was suspended. The amended constitution asserts that while it is the entitlement of "every person born in the island of Ireland{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}&nbsp;... to be part of the Irish Nation" and to hold Irish citizenship, "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island." Certain [[North/South Ministerial Council|joint policy and executive bodies]] were created between Northern Ireland, the part of the island that remained in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, and these were given executive authority. The advisory and consultative role of the government of Ireland in the government of Northern Ireland granted by the United Kingdom, that had begun with the 1985 [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], was maintained, although that Agreement itself was ended. The two states also settled the long-running [[Names of the Irish state|dispute concerning their respective names]]: ''Ireland'' and the ''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'', with both governments agreeing to use those names. ====Italy==== [[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|200px|Italian territory claims by Italian irredentism activists in the 1930s.]] {{main|Italian irredentism|Italian Empire}} Italy's territorial claims were on the basis of re-establishing a Romanesque Empire, a fourth shore according to the concept of Mare Nostrum (Latin for 'Our Sea') and traditional ethnic borders. Evident in Italy's rapid takeover of surrounding territories under Fascist leader Benito Mussolini and claims following the collapsed 1915 [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]] and 1918 [[Treaty of Versailles]] which established feelings of betrayal. Similar to the Nazis' stab-in-the-back myth, Mussolini and Hitler's similarities including a joint hatred towards the French and wanting to expand their territories brought the two leaders together, solidified in the [[Pact of Steel]] and later WW2. By 1942 Italy had conquered Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia), Libya, Much of Egypt, Tunisia, Kenya and Somalia. And – on the European continent – Istria, Dalmatia, Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, the Spanish island of Majorca and France's Corsica; Malta was also bombed. Underlying tensions remained with France, over its territories of Corsica, Nice and Savoy. ====Macedonia==== {{main|United Macedonia}} [[File:Macedonia barbed wire.jpg|thumb|200px|Map distributed by [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonian]] nationalists circa 1993.]] The [[Republic of Macedonia]] promotes the irredentist concept of a [[United Macedonia]] ({{lang-mk|Обединета Македонија, ''Obedineta Makedonija''}}) among [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|ethnic Macedonian]] [[nationalism|nationalists]] which involves territorial claims on the northern province of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] in [[Greece]], but also in [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ("Pirin Macedonia") in Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia. The United Macedonia concept aims to unify the transnational [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]] in the [[Balkans]] (which they claim as their homeland and which they assert was wrongfully divided under the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] in 1913), into a single state under Macedonian domination, with the [[Greece|Greek]] city of [[Thessaloniki]] (''Solun'' in the [[Slavic languages]]) as its capital.<ref name="Times">Greek Macedonia "not a problem", ''The Times'' (London), August 5, 1957</ref><ref>{{YouTube|t2GMihoOmF8|A large assembly of people during the inauguration of the Statue of Alexander the Great in Skopje}}, {{YouTube|Kh25jfXxY2w|the players of the national basketball team of the Republic of Macedonia during the European Basketball Championship in Lithuania}}, {{YouTube|97ucJP97Sto|and a little girl}}, singing a nationalistic tune called Izlezi Momče (Излези момче, "Get out boy"). Translation from Macedonian: <poem> Get out, boy, straight on the terrace And salute [[Gotse Delchev|Goce's]] race Raise your hands up high Ours will be [[Thessaloniki]]'s area.</poem></ref> ====Norway==== {{main|Norwegian Empire|List of possessions of Norway#Former dependencies and homelands}} [[File:Norway About 1265.png|thumb|220px|The Kingdom of Norway at its greatest extent.]] The Kingdom of [[Norway]] maintains some claim to territories lost at the dissolution of the [[Denmark-Norway]] union. The [[Norwegian Empire]], which was the Norwegian territories at its maximum extent, included [[Iceland]], the settleable areas of [[Greenland]], the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Shetland]] among others. Under Danish sovereignty since they established a hegemonic position in the [[Kalmar Union]], the territories were considered as Norwegian colonies. When in the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in 1814, Norway's territories were transferred from [[Denmark]] to [[Sweden]], the territories of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands were maintained by Denmark. In 1919, Norway declared sovereignty over an area in Eastern Greenland in the [[Ihlen Declaration]], which led to a dispute with Denmark that was not settled until 1933, by the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]]. Norway formerly included the provinces [[Jämtland]], [[Härjedalen]], [[Idre]], [[Särna]] (lost since the [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)|Second Treaty of Brömsebro]]), and [[Bohuslän]] (lost since the [[Treaty of Roskilde]]), which were ceded to Sweden after Danish defeats in wars such as the [[Thirty Years' War]] and [[Second Northern War]]. ====Poland==== {{See also|Polish nationalism|Kresy}} [[Kresy]] ("Borderlands"), is a term that refers to the eastern lands that formerly belonged to [[Poland]]. In 1921, Polish troops crossed the [[Curzon Line]], the border between ethnic Polish and ethnic Ukrainian and Belorussian territories and [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|seized large Ukrainian and Belorussian territories]], and also [[Żeligowski's Mutiny|seized 7 percent of Lithuania's territory in 1920]]. These territories were re-annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939 under the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]], and include major cities, like [[Lviv]] (Ukraine), [[Vilnius]] (the capital of Lithuania), and [[Hrodna]] (Belarus). Even though ''Kresy'', or the ''Eastern Borderlands'', are no longer Polish territories, the area is still inhabited by a significant Polish minority, and the memory of a Polish ''Kresy'' is still cultivated. The attachment to the "myth of Kresy", the vision of the region as a peaceful, idyllic, rural land, has been criticized in Polish discourse.<ref>[http://wyborcza.pl/51,97863,7751751.html?i=0Czas odczarować mit Kresów Czas odczarować mit Kresów Marcin Wojciechowski, Gazeta Wyborcza 2010-04-12, ]</ref> In January, February and March 2012, the [[Centre for Public Opinion Research]] conducted a survey, asking Poles about their ties to the Kresy. It turned out that almost 15% of the population of Poland (4.3–4.6 million people) declared that they had either been born in the Kresy, or had a parent or a grandparent who came from that region. Numerous treasures of Polish culture remain and there are numerous Kresy-oriented organizations. There are Polish sports clubs ([[Pogoń Lwów]], [[FK Polonia Vilnius]]), newspapers ([[Gazeta Lwowska]], [[Kurier Wileński]]), radio stations (in Lviv and Vilnius), numerous theatres, schools, choirs and folk ensembles. Poles living in ''Kresy'' are helped by [[Fundacja Pomoc Polakom na Wschodzie]], a Polish government-sponsored organization, as well as other organizations, such as The ''Association of Help of Poles in the East Kresy'' (see also [[Karta Polaka]]). Money is frequently collected to help those Poles who live in ''Kresy'', and there are several annual events, such as a ''Christmas Package for a Polish Veteran in Kresy'', and ''Summer with Poland'', sponsored by the [[Association "Polish Community"]], in which Polish children from ''Kresy'' are invited to visit Poland.<ref>[http://www.dzienniklodzki.pl/wakacje/432777,dzieci-z-kresow-zwiedzaja-lodz-zdjecia,id,t.html Dzieci z Kresów zwiedzają Łódź]</ref> Polish language handbooks and films, as well as medicines and clothes are collected and sent to ''Kresy''. Books are most often sent to Polish schools which exist there&nbsp;— for example, in December 2010, The University of Wrocław organized an event called ''Become a Polish Santa Claus and Give a Book to a Polish Child in Kresy''.<ref>[http://www.ksiazka.net.pl/index.php?id=4&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6825&cHash=0882d0da2f ''Zostań polskim świętym Mikołajem – podaruj książkę polskiemu dziecku na Kresach.'']</ref> Polish churches and cemeteries (such as [[Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów]]) are renovated with money from Poland. ====Portugal==== {{main|Olivenza#Claims of sovereignty|Greater Portugal}} [[Portugal]] does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of [[Olivenza]], ceded under coercion to Spain during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/eterna/disputa/Olivenza-Olivenca/elpepunac/20061204elpepinac_13/Tes |title=La eterna disputa de Olivenza-Olivença &#124; Edición impresa &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> Since the [[Rexurdimento]] of the mid-nineteenth century, there has been an intellectual [[Reintegrationism|movement pleading for the reintegration]] between [[Portugal]] and the region of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], under Spanish sovereignty. Although this movement has become increasingly popular on both sides of the border, there is no consensus in regard to the nature of such ''reintegration'': whether political, socio-cultural or merely linguistic. ====Romania==== {{Main|Greater Romania|Unification of Romania and Moldova}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Romania lays claims to Greater Romania, which include [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bucovina]] as [[Moldova]], since they were parts of Romania' and are inhabited in majority by Romanians (same people as Moldavians). ====Russia==== {{Main|Russian nationalism|All-Russian nation|Eurasianism|Greater Russia}} {{See also|Republic of Crimea|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] in 2014 was based on a claim of protecting [[Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|ethnic Russians]] residing there. Crimea was part of the [[Russian Empire]] from 1783 to 1917, after which it enjoyed a few years of autonomy until it was made part of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (which was a part of Soviet Union) from 1921 to 1954 and then [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] to [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] (which also was a part of Soviet Union) in 1954, which remained part of Ukraine until February 2014. Russia declared Crimea to be part of the Russian Federation in March 2014, and effective administration commenced. The Russian regional status is not currently recognised by the UN General Assembly and by many countries. Russian irredentism also includes southeastern and coastal Ukraine, known as ''[[Novorossiya]]'', a term from the Russian Empire. ====Serbia==== {{Main|Serbian nationalism|Greater Serbia}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Pan-Serbism or [[Greater Serbia]] sees the creation of a Serb land which would incorporate all regions of traditional significance to the Serbian nation, and regions outside of Serbia that are populated mostly by [[Serbs]]. This movement's main ideology is to unite all Serbs (or all [[List of Serb countries and regions|historically ruled or Serb populated lands]]) into one [[Sovereign state|state]], claiming, depending on the version, different areas of many surrounding countries. ====Spain==== {{further|Spanish nationalism|Disputed status of Gibraltar}} Spain maintains a claim on [[Gibraltar]], a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] near the southernmost tip of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which has been British since the 18th Century. Gibraltar was [[Capture of Gibraltar|captured in 1704]], during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714). The [[Crown of Castile|Kingdom of Castile]] formally ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown in 1713, under [[:s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain#ARTICLE X|Article X]] of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]]. Spain's territorial claim was formally reasserted by the Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] in the 1960s and has been continued by successive [[Government of Spain|Spanish governments]]. In 2002 an agreement in principle on joint sovereignty over [[Gibraltar]] between the governments of the United Kingdom and Spain was decisively rejected in a [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 2002|referendum]]. The British Government now refuses to discuss sovereignty without the consent of the Gibraltarians.<ref name="Answer to Q257 at the FAC hearing">{{cite web|author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |title=Answer to Q257 at the FAC hearing |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> ===Western Asia=== ====Caucasus==== {{main|Armenian nationalism|Azerbaijani nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=January 2015}} Irredentism is acute in the Caucasus region, too. The [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] movement's original slogan of ''miatsum'' ('union') was explicitly oriented towards unification with Armenia, feeding an Azerbaijani understanding of the conflict as a bilateral one between itself and an irredentist Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick Barron |url=http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/resources-for-peace.php |title=Dr Laurence Broers, The resources for peace: comparing the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia peace processes, Conciliation Resources, 2006 |publisher=C-r.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=CRIA |url=http://cria-online.org/5_4.html |title=Fareed Shafee, Inspired from Abroad: The External Sources of Separatism in Azerbaijan, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2 (4) – Autumn 2008, pp. 200–211 |publisher=Cria-online.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>[http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=224 What is Irredentism?] SEMP, Biot Report #224, USA, June 21, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneps.net/NNE/09NNNSaidemanAyres.pdf |title=Saideman, Stephen M. and R. William Ayres, For Kin and Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism and War, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=17598&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=212 Irredentism enters Armenia's foreign policy], Jamestown Foundation Monitor Volume: 4 Issue: 77, Washington DC, April 22, 1998</ref> According to Prof. Thomas Ambrosio, "Armenia's successful irredentist project in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan" and "From 1992 to the cease-fire in 1994, Armenia encountered a highly permissive or tolerant international environment that allowed its annexation of some 15 percent of Azerbaijani territory".<ref>Prof. Thomas Ambrosio, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&pg=PA146 Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001</ref> In the view of Nadia Milanova, Nagorno-Karabakh represents a combination of separatism and irredentism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milanova|first=Nadia|title=The Territory-Identity Nexus in the Conflict over Nagorno Karabakh|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=115850|publisher=[[European Centre for Minority Issues]]|accessdate=12 July 2013|location=Flensburg, Germany|page=2|year=2003|quote=The conflict over Nagorno Karabakh, defined as an amalgam of separatism and irredentism&nbsp;...}}</ref> ====Armenia==== {{Main|Armenian nationalism|United Armenia}} ====Assyria==== {{main|Assyrian nationalism|Assyrian homeland}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} ====Azerbaijan==== {{main|Azerbaijani nationalism|Western Azerbaijan (political concept)|Whole Azerbaijan}} [[Whole Azerbaijan]] is a concept based on the political and historical union of territories currently and historically inhabited by [[Azerbaijanis]] or historically controlled by them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diaspora agrees to reintegrate Iranian Azerbaijan in Republic of Azerbaijan|url=http://abc.az/eng/news_30_08_2012_67610.html|work=abc.az|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> [[Western Azerbaijan (political concept)|Western Azerbaijan]] is an irredentist political concept that is used in [[Azerbaijan]] mostly to refer to [[Armenia]]. Azerbaijani statements claim that the territory of the modern Armenian republic were lands that once belonged to Azerbaijanis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Present-day Armenia located in ancient Azerbaijani lands – Ilham Aliyev |agency=News.Az |date=October 16, 2010 |url=http://www.news.az/articles/24723 |accessdate=}}</ref> ====Iraq==== Saddam Hussein's Iraq wanted to annex [[Khuzestan Province]] of [[Iran]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] due to the Arab population living there. ====Kurdistan==== {{main|Kurdish nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Kurds have often used the ancient entity of [[Corduene]] as evidence that they should have a state separate from the countries where they are now a minority.{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} ====Lebanon==== {{main|Lebanese nationalism}} The Lebanese nationalism goes even further and incorporates irredentist views going beyond the Lebanese borders, seeking to unify all the lands of ancient [[Phoenicia]] around present day Lebanon.<ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=PTDkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=%22Lebanese+irredentism%22&source=bl&ots=A_Whv3gvKc&sig=CaFjoJ9r2SJuWQGYImKiNRxxgQ0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdtaKo3rvJAhUF7B4KHZ3pCRQQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Lebanese%20irredentism%22&f=false Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for Identity in Lebanon By Asher Kaufman]</ref> This comes from the fact that present day Lebanon, the Mediterranean coast of Syria, and northern Israel is the area that roughly corresponds to ancient Phoenicia and as a result the majority of the Lebanese people identify with the ancient Phoenician population of that region.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kamal S. Salibi, "The Lebanese Identity" Journal of Contemporary History 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971:76–86).</ref> The proposed Greater Lebanese country includes [[Lebanon]], Mediterranean coast of [[Syria]], and northern [[Israel]]. ====Syria==== {{main|Syrian nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The French [[Mandate of Syria]] handed over the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]] to Turkey which turned it into [[Hatay Province]]. Syria disputes this and still regards the region as belonging to Syria. The [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]], which operates in [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]], works for the unification of most modern states of the [[Levant]] and beyond in a single state referred to as [[Greater Syria]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} The proposed Syrian country includes [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]]; and southern [[Turkey]], northern [[Egypt]], and southwestern [[Iran]].{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} ====Turkey==== {{Main|Turkish nationalism|Misak-ı Millî|Neo-Ottomanism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Misak-ı Millî is the set of six important decisions made by the last term of the [[Ottoman Parliament]]. Parliament met on 28 January 1920 and published their decisions on 12 February 1920. These decisions worried the occupying [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], resulting in the [[Occupation of Constantinople]] by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], [[French Third Republic|French]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] troops on 16 March 1920 and the establishment of a new [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish nationalist]] parliament, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]], in [[Ankara Government|Ankara]]. The Ottoman Minister of Internal Affairs, [[Damat Ferid Pasha]], made the opening speech of parliament due to [[Mehmed VI]]'s illness. A group of parliamentarians called ''Felâh-ı Vatan'' was established by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]'s friends to acknowledge the decisions taken at the [[Erzurum Congress]] and the [[Sivas Congress]]. Mustafa Kemal said "It is the nation's iron fist that writes the Nation's Oath which is the main principle of our independence to the annals of history." Decisions taken by this parliament were used as the basis for the new [[Turkish Republic]]'s claims in the [[Treaty of Lausanne]].{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} ====United Arab Emirates==== The [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] are disputed by the [[United Arab Emirates]] against [[Iran]]. ====Yemen==== {{main|Greater Yemen}} Greater Yemen is a theory giving Yemen claim to former territories that were held by various predecessor states that existed between the 13th and 18th centuries. The areas claimed include parts of Saudi Arabia and Oman. ===East Asia=== ====China==== {{main|Chinese nationalism|Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|Transfer of sovereignty over Macau}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} When [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] were [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] territories, respectively, China considered these two territories to be Chinese territories under British and Portuguese administration, respectively. Therefore, [[Hong Kong people]] and [[Macanese people]] descended from Chinese immigrants were entitled to [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport|Hong Kong]]s or [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport]]s after the two territories became the [[special administrative region]]s. ====Japan==== {{main|Japanese nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Japan claims the two southernmost islands of the Russian-administered [[Kuril Islands]], the island chain north of [[Hokkaido]], annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] following World War II. Japan also claims the South Korean-administered [[Liancourt Rocks dispute|Liancourt Rocks]], which are known as Takeshima in Japan and have been claimed since the end of the Second World War. ====Korea==== The 1909 [[Gando Convention]] addressed a territory dispute between China and [[Joseon Korea]] in China's favor. Both Korean states now accept the convention border as an administrative boundary. However, because the convention was made by the occupying [[Empire of Japan]], [[South Korea]] has disputed its legality and some Koreans claim that Korea extends into ''de facto'' PRC territory, viz. [[Dandong]] and [[Liaoning]]. The most ambitious claims include all parts of [[Manchuria]] that the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom controlled. ====Mongolia==== {{main|Pan-Mongolism}} The irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of [[Mongols]]. The proposed territory usually includes the independent state of [[Mongolia]], the Chinese regions of [[Inner Mongolia]] (Southern Mongolia) and [[Dzungaria]] (in [[Xinjiang]]), and the Russian subjects of [[Buryatia]]. Sometimes [[Tuva]] and the [[Altai Republic]] are included as well. ===South Asia=== {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} [[South Asia]] too is another region in which armed irredentist movements have been active for almost a century, in [[North-East India]], Burma and [[Bangladesh]]. {{dubious|date=January 2012}}{{clarify|date=January 2012}} Most prominent amongst them are the [[Naga (clan)|Naga]] fight for Greater [[Nagaland]], the [[Chin people|Chin]] struggle for a unified [[Chinland]], the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] struggle for a return of their state under [[Tamil Eelam]] and other self-determinist movements by the [[ethnic]] [[indigenous peoples]] of the erstwhile [[Assam]] both under the British and post-British Assam under India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} ====Bangladesh==== {{Main|Greater Bangladesh}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Greater Bangladesh is an assumption of several Indian intellectuals that the neighboring country of Bangladesh has an aspiration to unite all Bengali dominated regions under their flag. These include the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]] as well as the [[Andaman Islands]] which are currently part of India and the Burmese [[Arakan Province]]. The theory is principally based on a widespread belief amongst Indian masses that a large number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants reside in Indian territory. It is alleged that illegal immigration is actively encouraged by some political groups in Bangladesh as well as the state of Bangladesh to convert large parts of India's northeastern states and West Bengal into Muslim-majority areas that would subsequently seek to separate from India and join Muslim-majority Bangladesh. Scholars have reflected that under the guise of anti-Bangladeshi immigrant movement it is actually an anti-Muslim agenda pointed towards Bangladeshi Muslims by false propaganda and widely exaggerated claims on immigrant population. In 1998, Lieutenant General S.K. Sinha, then the Governor of Assam, claimed that massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh was directly linked with "the long-cherished design of Greater Bangladesh. ====India==== {{Main|Indian nationalism|Greater India}}[[Akhand Bharat]] {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The call for creation of the ''Akhand Bharat'' or ''Akhand Hindustan'' has on occasions been raised by some [[India]]n right wing [[Hindutva]]di cultural and political organisations such as the [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Ferguson"/><ref name="Majumder"/><ref name="Martensson"/><ref name="Suda1953">{{cite book|last=Suda|first=Jyoti Prasad|title=India, Her Civic Life and Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVsNAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 July 2014|year=1953|publisher=Jai Prakash Nath & Co.|quote=Its members still swear by the ideal of Akhand Hindustan.}}</ref> The name of one organisation sharing this goal, the [[Akhand Hindustan Morcha]], bears the term in its name.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Political Parties|date=30 May 2010|publisher=General Books|isbn=9781157374923}}</ref> Other major Indian non-sectarian political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]], maintain a position against the partition of India on religious grounds, do not subscribe to a call for Akhand Bharat. ====Pakistan==== {{Main|Pakistani nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} ====Sri Lanka==== {{Main|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism}} [[Tamil Eelam]] is a proposed [[independence|independent]] [[sovereign state|state]] that [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Tamils]] in Sri Lanka and the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]] wish to reclaim in the north and east of [[Sri Lanka]]. The name is derived from the ancient Tamil name for Sri Lanka, [[Eelam]].<ref>[http://www.sangam.org/taraki/articles/2006/05-03_Eelam_Ilankai.php?uid=1707 What Do Eelam & Ilankai Mean?]. Sangam.org (2 April 2006). Retrieved on 28 July 2013.</ref> Tamils have often used the former state of the [[Vanni (Sri Lanka)|Vanni]] country, home of the [[Jaffna kingdom]] as evidence that they should have a state separate from the countries where they are now a minority. Their former state's dissolution began earlier in Sri Lanka's European colonial history, but was sealed in the [[Colebrooke–Cameron Commission]] of [[British Ceylon]] in 1833.<ref>{{cite book|author=A. Jeyaratnam Wilson|title= Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|date=2000|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=1850653380}}</ref> ===Africa=== Irredentism is commonplace in [[Africa]] due to the political boundaries of former European colonial nation-states passing through ethnic boundaries, and recent declarations of independence after civil war. For example, some Ethiopian nationalist circles still claim the former Ethiopian province of [[Eritrea]] (internationally recognized as the independent State of Eritrea in 1993 after a 30-year civil war). ====Somalia==== {{main|Greater Somalia}} [[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Estimated ethnic Somali territory in relation to neighbouring countries.The area is roughly coextensive with [[Greater Somalia]].]] Greater Somalia refers to the region in the Horn of Africa in which [[Somalis|ethnic Somalis]] are and have historically represented the predominant population. The territory encompasses The Republic of Somalia, the Ogaden region in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya and southern and eastern Djibouti. [[Ogaden]] in eastern Ethiopia has seen military and civic movements seeking to make it part of [[Somalia]]. This culminated in the 1977–78 [[Ogaden War]] between the two neighbours where the Somali military offensive between July 1977 and March 1978 over the disputed Ethiopian region Ogaden ended when the Somali Armed Forces retreated back across the border and a truce was declared. The Kenyan [[Northern Frontier District]] also saw conflict during the [[Shifta War]] (1963–1967) when a secessionist conflict in which ethnic Somalis in, what is now known as the North Eastern Province of Kenya, attempted to join with their fellow Somalis in a "[[Greater Somalia]]". There has been no similar conflicts in Djibouti, which was previously known as the "[[French Somaliland]]" during colonisation. Here the apparent struggles for unification manifested itself in political strife that ended when in a referendum to join France as opposed to the Somali Republic succeeded among rumours of widespread [[vote rigging]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin, Volume 3|author=Africa Research, Ltd|date=1966|publisher=Blackwell|page=597|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=42oEAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref> and the subsequent death of Somali nationalist [[Mahmoud Harbi]], Vice President of the Government Council, who was killed in a plane crash two years later under suspicious circumstances.<ref name=Barrington2006>Barrington, Lowell, ''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States'', (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115</ref> Some sources say that Somalia has also laid a claim to the [[Socotra]] archipelago, which is currently governed by [[Yemen]]. ===North America=== ====Mexico==== {{See also|Reconquista (Mexico)}} Irredentism is also expressed by some [[Mexican-American]] activists in the [[Reconquista (Mexico)|Reconquista]] movement. They call for the return of formerly Mexican-dominated lands in the [[American Southwest|Southwestern United States]] to Mexico. These lands were annexed by the US in the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] and became the present-day states of [[California]], [[Texas]], [[Nevada]] and [[Utah]]; and parts of [[Colorado]], [[Arizona]], [[Wyoming]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Kansas]], and [[New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán: struggles and change |last=Navarro |first=Armando |authorlink= |year=2005 |publisher=AltaMira Press |location=[[Walnut Creek, California]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0567-6 |page=753 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on1DZMLNcZIC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Congressional Record, V. 149, Pt. 9, May 14, 2003 to May 21, 2003 |last= |first= |authorlink= |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |location= |isbn= |page=11990 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7dKHW9trqIC&lpg=PA11990&dq=Aztlan%20return%20of%20Southwest%20United%20States&pg=PA11990#v=onepage&q=Aztlan%20return%20of%20Southwest%20United%20States&f=false |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/price.html |title=Chapter Two:Border Clashes in Aztlán |author= |work=International Studies Association |publisher=[[University of Arizona]] |accessdate=28 February 2012 |quote=Some leaders, particularly during the early years of El Movimiento, were political nationalists who advocated the secession of the Southwest from the Anglo-republic of the United States of America, if not fully, at least locally with regard to Chicano self-determination in local governance, education, and means of production. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fairus.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=16971&security=1601&news_iv_ctrl=1821 |title=Chicano Nationalism, Revanchism and the Aztlan Myth |author= |date=January 2005 |work= |publisher=[[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] |accessdate=28 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120618174119/http://www.fairus.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=16971&security=1601&news_iv_ctrl=1821 |archivedate=June 18, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=16245 |title=The Reconquista Movement: Mexico's Plan for the American Southwest |last1=Gilchrist |first1=Jim |last2=Corsi |first2=Jerome R. |date=27 July 2006 |work=[[Human Events]] |publisher=Eagle Publishing, Inc. |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/aztlan/atzlan_printable.html |title=Backgrounder: Nation of Aztlan |author= |year=2001 |work= |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> ==See also== *[[List of irredentist claims or disputes]] *[[Annexationism]] *[[Ethnic nationalism]] *[[Expansionism]] *[[Lebensraum]] *[[Separatism]] *[[Secession]] *[[Manifest Destiny]] *[[Pan-nationalism]] *[[Revanchism]] *[[Rump State]] *[[Status quo ante bellum]] *[[Territorial dispute]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== *Willard, Charles Arthur 1996 — ''Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy," Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-89845-8, ISBN 978-0-226-89845-2; OCLC 260223405 ==External links== {{Wiktionary}} {{commons category|Irredentism}} {{Irredentism}} {{Nationalism}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Divided regions]] [[Category:International relations theory]] [[Category:Irredentism| ]] [[Category:Pan-nationalism| ]] [[Category:Causes of war]]'