Examine individual changes

'{{See also|Illegal emigration}} {{redirect|Illegals|the Russian spy network|Illegals Program|the band|Los Illegals}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}} '''Illegal immigration''' is the [[illegal entry]] of a person or a group of persons across a country's [[border]], in a way that violates the [[immigration law]]s of the destination country, with the intention to remain in the country, as well as people who remain living in another country when they do not have the legal right to do so. Illegal immigration, as well as [[immigration]] in general, is overwhelmingly upward, from a poorer to a richer country.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark|last=Taylor|title=The Drivers of Immigration in Contemporary Society: Unequal Distribution of Resources and Opportunities|work=Human Ecology|volume=35|number=6|date=December 2007|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/3194641502768341|accessdate=10 December 2009|doi=10.1007/s10745-007-9111-z|pages=775–776}}</ref> Living in another country illegally includes a variety of restrictions, as well as the risk of being detained and deported or of facing other sanctions.<ref>{{cite journal|first=V. M.|last=Briggs|title=The State of U.S. Immigration Policy: The Quandary of Economic Methodology and the Relevance of Economic Research to Know|work=Journal of Law, Economics and Policy|volume=5|number=1|year=2009|pages=177–193|url=http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/256|accessdate=10 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221074428/http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/articles/256/|archive-date=21 December 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Asylum seekers who were denied asylum may face [[impediment to expulsion]], for example if the home country refuses to receive the person or if new asylum reasons occur after the decision. In some countries or cases, these people are considered as illegal immigrants, and in others, they may get a temporary residence permit, for example with reference to the principle of [[non-refoulement]] in the international [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees|Refugee Convention]]. The [[European Court of Human Rights]], referring to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]], has shown in a number of indicative judgments that there are enforcement barriers to expulsion to certain countries, for example due to the risk of torture.<ref>[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"fulltext":["impediment to expulsion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328055357/http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{ |date=28 March 2017 }},"kpthesaurus":["350"]} Search results on "Impediment to expulsion" in the European Court of Human Rights archive</ref> ==Terminology== There have been campaigns in many countries since 2007 discouraging the use of the term "illegal immigrant". They are generally based on the argument that the act of immigrating illegally does not make the people themselves illegal, but rather they are "people who have immigrated illegally". In the [[United States]], a "Drop the I-Word" campaign was launched in 2010 advocating for the use of terms such as '''undocumented immigrants''' or '''unauthorized immigrants''' when referring to the foreign nationals who reside in a country illegally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colorlines.com/droptheiword/|title=Drop the I-Word Campaign|work=Race Forward|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223051558/http://colorlines.com/droptheiword/|archive-date=23 February 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://picum.org/words-matter/|title=Words matter • PICUM|publisher=|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220225318/http://picum.org/words-matter/|archive-date=20 December 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Others contend, however, that the term "illegal immigrant" is a valid descriptor of a person's lack of legal immigration status detached from a value judgment about the person apart from having violated immigration law. News associations that have discontinued or discourage the use of the adjective "illegal" to describe nouns that describe people include the US [[Associated Press]],<ref>[http://blog.ap.org/2013/04/02/illegal-immigrant-no-more/ Illegal Immigrant no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822002138/http://blog.ap.org/2013/04/02/illegal-immigrant-no-more/ |date=22 August 2013 }} Associated Press Blog, 2013 April 2</ref> UK [[Press Association]], [[European Journalism Observatory]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Nazhmidinova|first=Rukhshona|title=User Generated Racism: Russia’s media and migrants|url=http://en.ejo.ch/8244/ethics_quality/user-generated-racism-russias-media-migrants#more-8244|publisher=The European Journalism Observatory|accessdate=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505202900/http://en.ejo.ch/8244/ethics_quality/user-generated-racism-russias-media-migrants#more-8244|archive-date=5 May 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[European Journalism Centre]],<ref>{{cite web|title=How journalism can rid migration of its sour reputation|url=http://ejc.net/magazine/article/how-journalism-can-rid-migration-of-its-sour-reputation#.U2eXWIGSxA0|publisher=European Journalism Centre|accessdate=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505180957/http://ejc.net/magazine/article/how-journalism-can-rid-migration-of-its-sour-reputation#.U2eXWIGSxA0|archive-date=5 May 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Association of European Journalists]], [[Australian Press Council]],<ref>{{cite web|title='Asylum seekers', 'illegal immigrants' and entry without a visa|url=http://www.presscouncil.org.au/advisory-guidelines/|work=Advisory Guidelines 2011|publisher=Australian Press Council|accessdate=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801075645/http://www.presscouncil.org.au/advisory-guidelines/|archive-date=1 August 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Australian [[Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Romano|first=Angela|title=Missing the Boat? A paper delivered to ‘Reporting on Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Walkley Media Forum’ convened by the Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance, 19 June 2007|url=http://eprints.qut.edu.au/14110/1/14110.pdf|work=Proceedings Reporting on Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Walkley Media Forum, Regatta Hotel, Brisbane, Australia.|publisher=Queensland University of Technology|accessdate=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505181446/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/14110/1/14110.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Related terms that describe actions are not similarly discouraged by these campaigns. For example, Associated Press continues to use the term "illegal immigration" to describe the action of entering or residing in a country illegally. In contrast, in some contexts the term "illegal immigrants" is shortened, often pejoratively,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/llegals/?_r=0|title=‘Illegals’|access-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114202/https://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/llegals/?_r=0|archive-date=25 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> to "'''illegals'''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/06/us/politics/undocumented-illegal-immigrants.html|title=Here’s the Reality About Illegal Immigrants in the United States|last=Yee|first=Vivian|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629024527/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/03/06/us/politics/undocumented-illegal-immigrants.html|archive-date=29 June 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/07/25/crimes_by_illegals_are_buried_in_amnesty_push|title= Crimes by Illegals are Buried in Amnesty Push|access-date= 4 June 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220220/http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/07/25/crimes_by_illegals_are_buried_in_amnesty_push|archive-date= 14 July 2014|dead-url= no|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bazelon |first=Emily |date=23 August 2015 |title=The Unwelcome Return of 'Illegals' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/the-unwelcome-return-of-illegals.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location= |access-date=19 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818140913/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/the-unwelcome-return-of-illegals.html |archive-date=18 August 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/15/121-murders-attributed-illegal-immigrants-released/?page=all|title= 121 murders attributed to illegals released by Obama administration|last1= Dinan|first1= Stephen|website= The Washington Times|access-date= 21 August 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150811040145/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/15/121-murders-attributed-illegal-immigrants-released/?page=all|archive-date= 11 August 2015|dead-url= no|df= dmy-all}}</ref> On the other hand, the term '''undocumented''' has been cited by [[The New York Times]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Illegal, Undocumented, Unauthorized: The Terms of Immigration Reporting|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/insider/illegal-undocumented-unauthorized-the-terms-of-immigration-reporting.html|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310171926/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/insider/illegal-undocumented-unauthorized-the-terms-of-immigration-reporting.html|archive-date=10 March 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> as a "term preferred by many immigrants and their advocates, but it has a flavor of [[euphemism]] and should be used with caution outside quotation". [[Newsweek]] questions the use of the phrase 'undocumented immigrants' as a method of euphemistic [[Framing (social sciences)|framing]], namely, "a psychological technique that can influence the perception of social phenomena".<ref>{{cite web|title=You Say ‘Illegal Alien.’ I Say ‘Undocumented Immigrant.’ Who’s Right?|url=http://www.newsweek.com/you-say-illegal-alien-i-say-undocumented-immigrant-whos-right-750644|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231936/http://www.newsweek.com/you-say-illegal-alien-i-say-undocumented-immigrant-whos-right-750644|archive-date=25 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Newsweek also suggests that persons who enter a country unlawfully cannot be entirely "undocumented" because they "just lack the certain specific documents for legal residency and employment. Many have drivers licenses, debit cards, library cards, and school identifications which are useful documents in specific contexts but not nearly so much for immigration." For example, in the U.S., youths brought into the country illegally are granted access to public K-12 education and benefits regardless of citizenship status,<ref name="Gonzales">{{cite journal|last=Gonzales|first=Roberto G.|year=2011|title=Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood|journal=[[American Sociological Review]]|publisher=[[American Sociological Association]]|volume=76|issue=4|pages=602–619|doi=10.1177/0003122411411901|url=http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf|accessdate=March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000648/http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> so the youths are documented for educational purposes, and are not entirely undocumented. U.S. immigration laws do use the phrase '''illegal immigrant''' at least in some contexts. A related term, '''irregular migration''', is sometimes used e.g. by the [[International Organization for Migration]], but it describes a somewhat wider concept which also includes illegal emigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms|title=Key Migration Terms|date=14 January 2015|publisher=|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042555/https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms|archive-date=12 January 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the U.S., the term '''illegal alien''' is used in many statutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/658 |title=2 USC 658 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=February 22, 2011 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063554/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/658 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1252c |title=8 USC 1252c |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=March 29, 2011 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513231320/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1252c |archive-date=13 May 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1330 |title=8 USC 1330 |publisher=Law.cornell.edu. |date=March 29, 2011 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092848/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1330 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1356 |title=8 USC 1356 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092904/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1356 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1365 |title=8 USC 1365 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=March 29, 2011 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092908/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1365 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1366 |title=8 USC 1366 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=September 30, 1996 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092826/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1366 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1621 |title=8 USC 1621 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=August 22, 1996 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328193557/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1621 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/6705 |title=42 USC 6705 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092824/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/6705 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/40125 |title=49 USC 40125 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=November 1, 1999 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092933/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/49/40125 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and elsewhere (e.g., court cases, executive orders). U.S. law also uses the term "unauthorized alien",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1188 |title=8 USC 1188 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=June 1, 1986 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092906/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1188 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1255 |title=8 USC 1255 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224062732/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1255 |archive-date=24 February 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1324 |title=8 USC 1324 |publisher=Cornell University Law School |date=March 29, 2011 |accessdate=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170716/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1324 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> but U.S. law provides no overarching explicit definition of the term illegal alien. ===Criminal immigration vs unauthorized immigration=== Overstaying a visa is a [[civil violation]] handled by [[immigration court]], while entering (including re-entering) the US without approval from an immigration officer is a crime: specifically a [[misdemeanor]] on the first offense. Illegal reentry after deportation is a federal offense. This is the distinction between the larger group referred to as '''unauthorized immigrants''' and the smaller subgroup referred to as '''criminal immigrants'''.<ref>{{cite web |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/24/politics/undocumented-immigrants-not-necessarily-criminal/index.html |title=Are undocumented immigrants committing a crime? Not necessarily |first=Laura |last=Jarrett |date=24 February 2017 |quote=Under federal law, it is a crime for anyone to enter into the US without the approval of an immigration officer -- it's a misdemeanor offense that carries fines and no more than six months in prison. Many foreign nationals, however, enter the country legally every day on valid work or travel visas, and end up overstaying for a variety of reasons. But that's not a violation of federal criminal law -- it's a civil violation that gets handled in immigration court proceedings.<br>So although there are more than 11 million unauthorized immigrants living in the US, they haven't all committed a crime just by being in the country. |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035122/https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/24/politics/undocumented-immigrants-not-necessarily-criminal/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{failed verification|bolded terminology is not contained in cited source - July 2018|date=July 2018}} ==Effects of illegal immigration== {{see|Human migration#Theories for migration for work in the 21st century}} ===Economy and labour market=== {{see|Economic results of migration|Economic migrant}} Research on the economic effects of illegal immigrants is scant but existing studies suggest that the effects are positive for the native population,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palivos|first=Theodore|date=4 June 2008|title=Welfare effects of illegal immigration|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00148-007-0182-3|journal=Journal of Population Economics|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=131–144|doi=10.1007/s00148-007-0182-3|issn=0933-1433}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xiangbo|date=1 December 2010|title=On the macroeconomic and welfare effects of illegal immigration|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188910001600|journal=Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control|volume=34|issue=12|pages=2547–2567|doi=10.1016/j.jedc.2010.06.030}}</ref> and public coffers.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/41645|title=The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments|date=2007-12-06|access-date=2016-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722162216/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/41645|archive-date=22 July 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://voxeu.org/article/effects-legalising-undocumented-immigrants|title=Understanding the effects of legalising undocumented immigrants|last=Monras|first=Joan|last2=Vázquez-Grenno|first2=Javier|date=2018-05-15|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=2018-05-16|last3=Elias|first3=Ferran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152629/https://voxeu.org/article/effects-legalising-undocumented-immigrants|archive-date=17 May 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{clarify}} A 2015 study{{by whom?}} shows that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native."<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Chassamboulli|first=Andri|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|date=1 October 2015|title=The labor market effects of reducing the number of illegal immigrants |journal=Review of Economic Dynamics|volume=18|issue=4|pages=792–821|doi=10.1016/j.red.2015.07.005}}</ref> Studies{{which?}} show that legalization of illegal immigrants would boost the U.S. economy; a 2013 study found that granting amnesty to illegal immigrants would raise their incomes by a quarter (increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $1.4 trillion over a ten-year period){{how?}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/EconomicEffectsCitizenship-6.pdf|title=The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> and a 2016 study found that "legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20%, to 3.6% of private-sector GDP."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Ryan|last2=Ortega|first2=Francesc|date=2017 |title=The Economic Contribution of Unauthorized Workers: An Industry Analysis |journal=Regional Science and Urban Economics |volume=67 |issue= |pages=119–134 |doi=10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.09.004 }}</ref> A paper by Spanish economists found that upon legalizing the undocumented immigrant population in Spain, the fiscal revenues increased by around €4,189 per newly legalized immigrant.<ref name=":0"/> The paper found that the wages of the newly legalized immigrants increased after legalization, some low-skilled natives had worse labor market outcomes and high-skilled natives had improved labor market outcomes.<ref name=":0"/> According to economist [[George Borjas]], undocumented immigrants may have caused the decline of real wages of US workers without a high school degree by 9% between 1980 and 2000 due to increased competition.<ref>{{cite journal|first=George|last=Borjas|title=The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market|work=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=118|number=4|pages=1335–1374|year=2003 |doi=10.1162/003355303322552810}}</ref> However, migration scholars such as [[Gordon Hanson]] and [[Douglas Massey]] have criticized this view for being oversimplified and not accounting for contradictory evidence, such as the low net illegal immigration from Mexico to the US before the 1980s despite significant economic disparity.<ref name="logic">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ImmigrationCSR26.pdf|title=The Economic Logic of Illegal Immigration. Report to the Council on Foreign Relations|last=Hanson|first=Gordon H.|date=April 2007|work=Council on Foreign Relations (CSR No. 26)|accessdate=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523094508/http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ImmigrationCSR26.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Douglas Massey]] argues that there is bifurcation in the labor market in developed countries, which creates a structural demand for unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs which citizens do not seek, regardless of wages.<ref name="massey">{{cite book|first1=Douglas|last1=Massey|first2=Jorge|last2=Durand|first3=Nolan J.|last3=Malone|title=Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|location=New York|year=2003}}</ref> That means that [[postindustrial]] economies have a widening gap between well-paying, [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] jobs that require ever higher levels of education and human capital, for which citizens and legal immigrants can qualify, and bottom-tier jobs that are [[Social stigma|stigmatized]], require no education and are often filled by undocumented immigrants. Massey argues that this refutes claims that undocumented immigrants are "lowering wages" or stealing jobs from native-born workers, and that it instead shows that undocumented immigrants "take jobs that no one else wants."<ref name="massey" /> However, other economists and [[populism|populist]] politicians perceive this view as [[elitism|elitist]], taking offense at the insinuation that "no one wants blue collar jobs". Since the decline of middle-class [[blue-collar]] jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have acquired higher education{{where?}}. In the US, only 12% of the labor force has less than a high school education, but 70% of illegal workers from Mexico lack a high school degree.<ref name="logic"/> The majority of new blue-collar jobs qualify as Massey's "underclass" work, and suffer from unreliability, subservient roles and, critically, a lack of potential for advancement. These "underclass" jobs, which have a disproportionate number of illegal immigrants, include harvesting crops, unskilled labor in landscaping and construction, house-cleaning, and maid and [[busboy]] work in hotels and restaurants. However, even these "underclass" jobs have higher relative wages than those in home countries, so they are still attractive for undocumented immigrants, and many undocumented immigrants often anticipate working only temporarily in the destination country, so the lack of opportunity for advancement is seen by many undocumented workers as less of a problem. Support for this claim can be seen in a Pew Hispanic Center poll of over 3,000 undocumented immigrants from Mexico in the US, which found that 79% would voluntarily join a [[temporary worker]] program that allowed them to work legally for several years but then required them to leave.<ref name="pew survey">{{cite web|first=Roberto|last=Suro|title=Survey of Mexican Migrants, Part One: Attitudes about Immigration and Major Demographic Characteristics|work=Pew Hispanic Center|date=2 March 2005|url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/41.pdf|accessdate=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211132206/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/41.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> From this it is assumed that the willingness to take undesirable jobs is what gives undocumented immigrants their employment.<ref name="massey"/> Evidence for this may be seen in the average wages of illegal day laborers in California, which was between $10 and $12 per hour according to a 2005 study, and the fact that this was higher than many entry-level white collar work or service jobs.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Abel|last1=Valenzuela, Jr.|first2=Nik|last2=Theodore|first3=Edwin|last3=Meléndez|first4=Ana Luz|last4=Gonzalez|title=On the Corner: Day Labor in the US|work=UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty|date=January 2006|accessdate=11 December 2009|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/csup/uploaded_files/Natl_DayLabor-On_the_Corner1.pdf|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010012928/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/csup/uploaded_files/Natl_DayLabor-On_the_Corner1.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Entry-level white-collar and service jobs offer advancement opportunities only for people with work permits and citizenship. Research{{which?}} indicates that the advantage to firms from employing undocumented immigrants increases as more firms in the industry do so, further increases with the breadth{{clarify|reason=What is market breadth?}} of a firm's market, and also with the labor intensity of the firm's production process. However, the advantage decreases with the skill level of the firm's workers, meaning that illegal immigrants do not provide as much competitive advantage when a high-skilled workforce is required.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/pubs/wp/wp1202a.pdf |title=Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, ''Does Employing Undocumented Workers Give Firms a Competitive Advantage?'', November 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412073407/http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/pubs/wp/wp1202a.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==Reasons for illegal immigration== ===Trade liberalization=== In recent years, developing countries have pursued the benefits of [[globalization]] by adopting measures to liberalize trade. But rapid opening of domestic markets may lead to displacement of large numbers of agricultural or unskilled workers, who are more likely to seek employment and a higher quality of life by illegal immigration.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} ===Poverty=== Undocumented immigrants are not impoverished by standards of the home country. The poorest classes in a developing country may lack the resources needed to mount an attempt to cross illegally, or the connections to friends or family already in the destination country. Studies from the Pew Hispanic Center have shown that the education and wage levels of illegal Mexican immigrants in the US are around the median for Mexico and that they are not a suitable predictor of one's choice to immigrate.<ref name="pew survey"/> Other examples do show that increases in poverty, especially when associated with immediate crises, can increase the likelihood of illegal migration. The [[1994 economic crisis in Mexico]], subsequent to the start of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar.<ref name="pietro">{{cite web|url=http://www.epriee.ncl.ac.uk/dipietro.pdf |accessdate=12 December 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217070854/http://www.epriee.ncl.ac.uk/dipietro.pdf |archivedate=17 February 2005|title=Trade, Legal, and Illegal Immigration|publisher=University of Westminster|author=Giorgio di Pietro}}{{dubious|date=March 2012}} Accessed 11 December 2009</ref> It also marked the start of a massive swell in Mexican immigration, in which net illegal migration to the US increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s. There are also examples where [[natural disasters]] and [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]] can amplify [[poverty]]-driven migration flows.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=59616|title=Ethiopia: High population growth could slow development|date=11 July 2006|accessdate=4 March 2012|work=IRIN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611185946/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=59616|archive-date=11 June 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Overpopulation=== {{see|Human overpopulation}} [[Population growth]] that exceeds the [[carrying capacity]] of an area or environment results in [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donellameadows.org/archives/poverty-causes-population-growth-causes-poverty|title=Poverty Causes Population Growth Causes Poverty|first=Donella|last=Meadows|year=1986|work=Donella Meadows Institute|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030122643/http://www.donellameadows.org/archives/poverty-causes-population-growth-causes-poverty/|archive-date=30 October 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Virginia Abernethy notes that immigration is a road that provides a "relief valve" to overpopulation that stops a population from addressing the consequences of its overpopulation and that exports this overpopulation to another location or country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://culturechange.org/issue10/overpopulation.html|title=The Road to Overpopulation is Roads|first1=Virginia|last1=Abernethy|first2=Jan C.|last2=Lundberg|accessdate=4 March 2012|work=Culture Change|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119134935/http://culturechange.org/issue10/overpopulation.html|archive-date=19 January 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Overpopulation and its consequences is a bigger issue in developing countries. ===Family reunification in new country of residence=== Some undocumented immigrants seek to live with loved ones, such as a spouse or other family members.<ref name="washpost1">{{cite news|first=N. C.|last=Aizenman|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082700771.html|title=Young Migrants Risk All to Reach U.S.|work=The Washington Post|date=28 August 2006|accessdate=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224915/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082700771.html|archive-date=11 October 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="lamigra">{{cite web|first=Rosario|last=Vital|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b2579269c3c901ad0ae85bd42dd2920d|title=Love Unites Them, La Migra Separates Them|work=New America Media|date=30 November 2006|accessdate=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174848/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b2579269c3c901ad0ae85bd42dd2920d|archive-date=27 September 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="haaretz1">{{cite news|first=Lily|last=Galili|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533868|title=After such respect, such humiliation: A former soccer star from Lod was accused recently of harboring an illegal alien – his wife of four years|work=Haaretz|date=31 January 2005|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155221/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533868|archive-date=21 June 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Having family who have immigrated or being from a community with many immigrants is a much better predictor of one's choice to immigrate than poverty.<ref name="pew survey"/> Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into a destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may result in family members entering illegally in order to reunify. From studying Mexican migration patterns, Douglas Massey finds that the likelihood that a Mexican national will emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally.<ref name="massey"/> ===Wars and asylum=== [[File:20101009 Arrested refugees immigrants in Fylakio detention center Thrace Evros Greece restored.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Arrested refugees-immigrants in Fylakio detention center, Evros, Greece.]] [[Unauthorised arrival]] into another country may be prompted by the need to escape civil war or [[Political repression|repression]] in the country of origin. However, somebody who flees such a situation is in most countries under no circumstances an undocumented immigrant. If victims of forced displacement apply for asylum in the country they fled to and are granted refugee status they have the right to remain permanently. If [[asylum seekers]] are not granted some kind of legal protection status, then they may have to leave the country, or stay as illegal immigrants. According to the [[1951 Refugee Convention]] [[refugees]] should be exempted from immigration laws and should expect protection from the country they entered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm|title=Convention relating to the Status of Refugees|date= 28 July 1951|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=19 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725074145/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm |archivedate=25 July 2009 }}</ref> It is, however, up to the countries involved to decide if a particular immigrant is a refugee or not, and hence whether they are subject to the immigration controls. Furthermore, countries that did not sign the 1951 Refugee Convention or do not attempt to follow its guidelines are likely to consider refugees and asylum seekers as illegal immigrants. ===Deprivation of citizenship=== {{See also|Denaturalization}} In a 2012 news story, the [[Common Sense Media|''CSM'']] reported, "The estimated 750,000 [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]], one of the most miserable and oppressed minorities in the world, are deeply resentful of their almost complete absence of civil rights in [[Myanmar]]. In 1982, the military junta stripped the Rohingya of their Myanmar citizenship, classing them as illegal immigrants and rendering them [[Statelessness|stateless]]."<ref>{{cite web |author=Peter Ford |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |title=Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms |publisher=''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105222644/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |archive-date=5 January 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In some countries, people born on national territory (henceforth not "immigrants") do not automatically obtain the nationality of their birthplace, and may have no legal title of residency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-11-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070503023041/http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm |archivedate=3 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==Problems faced by illegal immigrants== Aside from the possibility that they may be intercepted and deported, illegal immigrants also face other problems. ===Lack of access to services=== Illegal immigrants usually have no or very limited access to [[public health]] systems, proper housing, [[education]] and [[bank]]s. Some immigrants [[forgery|forge]] identity documents to get the access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=98736 |title=World´S Top Teaching Award In Medieval Studies Goes To Fsu Professor |publisher=American Chronicle |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194755/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=98736 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Slavery=== {{main article|Human Trafficking}} After the end of the legal international [[slave trade]] by the Europeans and the United States in the early 19th century, the illegal importation of [[slave]]s has continued, albeit at much reduced levels.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} For example, research at [[San Diego State University]] estimates that there are 2.4 million victims of human trafficking among illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf |title=Looking for a Hidden Population: Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729070836/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although not as common as in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}, some women are smuggled into the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/09/23_16691.shtml|title=Modern slavery thriving in the U.S.|first=Janet|last=Gilmore|date=23 September 2004|work=UC Berkeley News|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018163408/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/09/23_16691.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers, after entering the country, for example in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as undocumented immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. For example, [[Burma|Burmese]] women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their undocumented immigrant status.<ref>{{cite book |last = Bales |first = Kevin |authorlink = Kevin Bales |title = Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy |publisher = University of California Press |year= 1999 |isbn = 0-520-22463-9 }}</ref> ===Kidnapping and ransoms=== In some regions, people that are still en route to their destination country are also sometimes kidnapped, for example for [[ransom]]. In some instances, they are also [[torture]]d, [[rape]]d, and killed if the requested ransom does not arrive. One case in point are the [[Demographics of Eritrea|Eritrean]] migrants that are en route to Israel. A large number of them are captured in north Sinai (Egypt) and Eastern Sudan and held in the buildings in north Sinai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt|title=Close the Torture Houses in North Sinai and Egypt|work=[AI] Asmarino Independent|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101108/http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt|archive-date=4 July 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Sound of torture documentary</ref> ===Prostitution=== {{main article|Sex trafficking}} Some people forced into [[sexual slavery]] face challenges of charges of illegal immigration.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Jo|last=Doezema|url=http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/doezema-loose.html#moralpanics|title=Loose Women or Lost Women? The re-emergence of the myth of 'white slavery' in contemporary discourses of 'trafficking in women'|work=Gender Issues|volume=18|number=1|date=January 2000|pages=23–50|doi=10.1007/s12147-999-0021-9|pmid=12296110|access-date=10 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617050446/http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/doezema-loose.html#moralpanics|archive-date=17 June 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Since the [[revolutions of 1989|fall of the Iron Curtain]], [[Western Europe]] is being confronted with a serious problem related to the sexual exploitation of undocumented immigrants (especially from [[Eastern Europe]]), for the purpose of prostitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm|title=Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU: The Natashi Trade|first=Francois|last=Loncle|date=December 2001|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225080438/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm|archive-date=25 December 2005|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the United States human trafficking victims often pass through the porous border with Mexico. In an effort to curb the spread of this affliction, California Attorney General [[Kamala Harris]] and Mexico Attorney General [[Marisela Morales Ibáñez]] signed an accord in 2012 to expand prosecutions of criminals typically members of transnational gangs who engage in the trafficking of human beings between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/human-trafficking-victims_n_1929297.html|title=Human Trafficking Victims Often Undocumented Immigrants, Transnational Initiatives Launch To Curb Growing Trend|work=The Huffington Post|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072023/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/human-trafficking-victims_n_1929297.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Exploitation of labour=== {{main|Exploitation of labour}} Most countries have laws requiring workers to have proper documentation, often intended to prevent or minimize the employment of undocumented immigrants.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} However the penalties against employers are often small and the acceptable identification requirements vague, ill-defined and seldom checked or enforced, making it easy for employers to hire illegal labor.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Where the [[minimum wage]] is several times the prevailing wage in the home country, employers sometimes pay less than the legal minimum wage or have unsafe working conditions, relying on the reluctance of illegal workers to report the violations to the authorities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=Michael|last2=Eggerth|first2=Donald|last3=Jacobson|first3=Jeffrey|title=Undocumented Status as a Social Determinant of Occupational Safety and Health: The Workers' Perspective|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|date=2015|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1127–1137|doi=10.1002/ajim.22531|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281671993_Undocumented_status_as_a_social_determinant_of_occupational_safety_and_health_The_workers%27_perspective|accessdate=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073634/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281671993_Undocumented_status_as_a_social_determinant_of_occupational_safety_and_health_The_workers%27_perspective|archive-date=5 April 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} === Injury and illness === The search for employment is central to illegal international migration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollettinoadapt.it/old/files/document/3468INTERNATIONAL_LA.pdf|title=International labor migration and employment in the Arab region: Origins, consequences and the way forward|last=International Labor Office|first=|date=2009|website=ILO in the Arab States|publisher=International Labor Organization|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811223540/http://www.bollettinoadapt.it/old/files/document/3468INTERNATIONAL_LA.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, undocumented immigrants in the United States often work in dangerous industries such as agriculture and construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/|title=A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States|last=Passel|first=Jeffrey S.|last2=Cohn|first2=D’Vera|date=2009-04-14|website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project|access-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205171826/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/|archive-date=5 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A recent study suggests that the complex web of consequences resulting from illegal immigrant status limits illegal workers' ability to stay safe at work.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flynn|first=Michael A.|last2=Eggerth|first2=Donald E.|last3=Jacobson|first3=C. Jeffrey|date=2015-09-01|title=Undocumented status as a social determinant of occupational safety and health: The workers’ perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281671993_Undocumented_status_as_a_social_determinant_of_occupational_safety_and_health_The_workers%2527_perspective|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1127–1137|doi=10.1002/ajim.22531|issn=1097-0274|pmc=4632487|pmid=26471878|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617011722/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281671993_Undocumented_status_as_a_social_determinant_of_occupational_safety_and_health_The_workers%2527_perspective|archive-date=17 June 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition to physical danger at work, the choice to immigrate for work often entails work-induced lifestyle factors which impact the physical, mental and social health of immigrants and their families.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Flynn|first=Michael A|last2=Carreón|first2=Tania|last3=Eggerth|first3=Donald E|last4=Johnson|first4=Antoinette I|date=2015-09-15|title=Inmigracion, trabajo y salud (Immigration, work, and heatlh). . .English Draft|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281782796_Inmigracion_trabajo_y_salud_Immigration_work_and_heatlh_English_Draft|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623165934/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281782796_Inmigracion_trabajo_y_salud_Immigration_work_and_heatlh_English_Draft|archive-date=23 June 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Death=== Each year there are several hundred [[Immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border|deaths along the U.S.–Mexico border]]<ref>United States Government Accounting Office. [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf GAO-06-770] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201014145/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf |date=1 February 2007 }}, August 2006.</ref> of immigrants crossing the border illegally. Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season.<ref>{{cite news | author=Evelyn Nieves | publisher=New York Times | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | date=6 August 2002 | title=Illegal Immigrant Death Rate Rises Sharply in Barren Areas. | accessdate=16 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213211619/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | archive-date=13 February 2009 | dead-url=no | df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016 there were approximately 8,000 migrant deaths, with about 63% of deaths occurring within the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures|title=Missing Migrants Project|website=missingmigrants.iom.int|language=en|access-date=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016024233/http://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures|archive-date=16 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Methods== ===Illegal border crossing=== [[File:Office of CBP Air and Marine helicopter and boats.jpg|thumb|Border patrol at sea by the [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]]]] [[File:HMRC Vigilant BB.jpg|thumb|right|HMC Vigilant, one of several customs cutters of the UKBA, capable of speeds up to 26 knots departing [[Portsmouth Naval Base]].]] Immigrants from countries that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the [[United States–Mexico border]], the Mona Channel between the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], [[Fuerteventura]], and the [[Strait of Otranto]]. Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in [[shipping container]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|work=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2000/01/10/migrants000110.html|title=Three undocumented migrants die in shipping container|date=11 November 2000|accessdate=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191646/http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2000/01/10/migrants000110.html|archive-date=13 October 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[boxcar]]s,<ref>{{cite web|work=Siskind Susser Bland|url=http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|title=At least 52 immigrants die of heat crossing from Mexico|accessdate=3 October 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023001/http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|archivedate=27 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and trucks,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|work=People's Dailt Online|date=6 March 2001|title=Ninth on Trial in Dutch Court for Murder and Illegal Immigration|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119062811/http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|archive-date=19 January 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> sink in [[shipwreck]]s caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of [[dehydration]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|title=Illegal Immigration: An American Tragedy|first=Allan J.|last=Ashinoff|date=12 March 2007|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194753/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|archive-date=29 October 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> or [[Hypothermia|exposure]] during long walks without water. An official estimate puts the number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.–Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 (see [[immigrant deaths along the U.S.-Mexico border]]). [[Human smuggling]] is the practice of intermediaries aiding undocumented immigrants in crossing over international borders in financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from, but is sometimes associated with, [[human trafficking]]. A human smuggler will facilitate [[illegal entry]] into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, [[fraud]], or [[deception]] to obtain and transport people. Types of notorious human smugglers include [[Snakehead (gang)|Snakehead]] [[gang]]s present in [[mainland China]] (especially in [[Fujian]]) that smuggle laborers into [[Pacific Rim]] states (making [[Chinatown]]s frequent centers of illegal immigration) and "coyotes", who smuggle undocumented immigrants to the [[Southwestern United States]] and have been known to abuse or even kill their passengers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html|title=Immigrant found slain in Grant Hill house|first=Lola|last=Sherman|work=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=23 July 2006|accessdate=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620221607/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html|archive-date=20 June 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sometimes undocumented immigrants are abandoned by their human traffickers if there are difficulties, often dying in the process. Others may be victims of intentional killing. ===Overstaying a visa=== Many undocumented immigrants are migrants who originally arrive in a country lawfully but overstay their authorized residence (overstaying a [[visa (document)|visa]]).<ref name="iom5">{{cite web|url=http://cis.org/Illegal|title=Illegal Immigration|accessdate=4 March 2012|work=Center for Immigration Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229021452/http://www.cis.org/illegal|archive-date=29 February 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm |title=When immigrants overstay visas, US does little |publisher=Workpermit.com |date=24 October 2005 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005849/http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada (perhaps as high as 500,000) are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been expelled from the country.<ref>{{cite news |author = Marina Jimenez |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/200000-illegal-immigrants-toiling-in-canadas-underground-economy/article18437108/ |title = 200,000 undocumented immigrants toiling in Canada's underground economy |work = Globe and Mail |date = 15 November 2003 |location = Toronto }}</ref> Another example is formed by children of foreigners born in countries observing ''[[jus soli]]'' ("right of territory"), such as was the case in France until 1994<ref>{{cite web |publisher = European University Institute |title = EUDO Citizenship Observatory |url = http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/IusSoli.pdf |date = June 2010 |accessdate = 16 July 2015 |location = Newark, New Jersey |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143238/http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/IusSoli.pdf |archive-date = 8 March 2017 |dead-url = no |df = dmy-all }}</ref> and in Ireland until 2005.<ref name="citizensinformation.ie">{{cite web |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/moving-country/irish-citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent |title=Irish citizenship through birth or descent |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529043056/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/moving-country/irish-citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent |archive-date=29 May 2010 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In these countries, it was possible to obtain French or Irish nationality (respectively) solely by being born in France before 1994 or in Ireland before 2005<ref name="citizensinformation.ie"/> (respectively). At present, a French born child of foreign parents does not automatically obtain French nationality until residency duration conditions are met<ref name="iom5" />. Since 1 January 2005, a child born in Ireland does not automatically acquire Irish nationality unless certain conditions are met.<ref name="citizensinformation.ie"/> ===Sham marriages=== Another method is by entering into a [[sham marriage]] where the marriage is contracted into for purely immigration advantage by a couple who are not in a genuine relationship. Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain [[immigration]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Thai Ginger owner sentenced for sham-marriage scheme |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011129819_thaiginger20m.html |publisher=Seattle Times |date=19 February 2010 |accessdate=11 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006165550/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011129819_thaiginger20m.html |archivedate=6 October 2011 |df=dmy}}</ref> (this is called '''immigration fraud'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Owner of Thai Ginger admits to immigration fraud – paying people to 'marry' her relatives|url=http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/bel/news/65882672.html|publisher=Bellevue Reporter|date=23 October 2009|accessdate=11 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028085213/http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/bel/news/65882672.html|archivedate=28 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>) residency, work or [[citizenship]] rights for one or both of the spouses, or for other benefits. In the United Kingdom, those who arrange, participate in, or officiate over a sham marriage may be charged with a number of offenses, including assisting unlawful immigration and conspiracy to facilitate breach of immigration law.<ref>Crown Prosecution Service, [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/immigration/#b01 Immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215741/http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/immigration/#b01 |date=8 April 2014 }}, accessed 4 June 2014.</ref> The United States has a penalty of a $250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence for such arrangements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aboutusvisas.com/immigration-marriage-fraud/ |title=Just Say No to Immigration Marriage Fraud |publisher=The Law Office of Tanya M. Lee |accessdate=23 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826035642/http://aboutusvisas.com/immigration-marriage-fraud/ |archive-date=26 August 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Justice Department say that they do not have accurate numbers on the rate of attempted marriage fraud.<ref>(Manwani v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 736 F. Supp. 1367 (W.D.N.C. 1990)).</ref> In the 2009 fiscal year, 506 of the 241,154 petitions filed were denied for suspected fraud, a rate of 0.2%; seven percent were denied on other grounds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Investigating Marriage Fraud in New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13fraud.html?pagewanted=all|work=Ny Times|publisher=NY Times|accessdate=2 April 2013|date=11 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104210624/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13fraud.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=4 November 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Illegal immigrant populations by country or region== {{expand list|date=June 2016}} ===Angola=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Angola}} In 2007 around 44,000 Congolese were forced to leave [[Angola]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06594708.htm |title=Angolan soldiers rape, beat Congolese migrants – group |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621064107/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06594708.htm |archive-date=21 June 2009 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Since 2004, more than 400,000 illegal immigrants, almost all from the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], have been expelled from Angola.<ref>{{cite web |author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1142436241852B252 |title=Angola warns against illegal immigration |publisher=IOL |date=15 March 2006 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214073728/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1142436241852B252 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=17514 |title=Angola expels thousands of Congolese |publisher=Monuc.org |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214012303/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=17514 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Australia=== {{Main article|Immigration in Australia}} Official government sources put the number of visa overstayers in Australia at approximately 50,000. This has been the official number of illegal immigrants for about 25 years and is considered to be low. Other sources have placed it at up to 100,000, but no detailed study has been completed to quantify this number, which could be significantly higher. On 1 June 2013, the ''Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013'' commenced. This new law puts the onus on businesses to ensure that their employees maintain the necessary work entitlements in Australia. The new legislation also enables the Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship to levy infringement notices against business (AUD $15,300) and individual (AUD $3,060) employers on a [[strict liability]] basis – meaning that there is no requirement to prove fault, negligence or intention.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vsure.com.au/employer-sanctions-legislation/ |title=Employer Sanctions Legislation |publisher=vSure |date=1 June 2013 |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060141/http://www.vsure.com.au/employer-sanctions-legislation/ |archive-date=23 October 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/compliance/legalworkers/factsheet.htm |title=Fact Sheet – Employing Legal Workers |publisher=Immi.gov.au |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061217/http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/compliance/legalworkers/factsheet.htm |archive-date=23 October 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Bangladesh=== There are about 1.2 million Indians living in Bangladesh illegally as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccnews24.com/2014/05/02/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87/|title=বাংলাদেশে ঘাপটি মেরে আছে ১২ লাখ ভারতীয়; এরাই কি গুপ্তঘাতক? - CCNews24.com|publisher=|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161124/http://www.ccnews24.com/2014/05/02/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87/|archive-date=1 January 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uttorbangla.com/36155#.WGgGqfB97IU|title=বাংলাদেশে অবৈধ ভারতীয় প্রসঙ্গে ইন্ডিয়াকে প্রশ্ন নয় কেন?|publisher=|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091526/http://www.uttorbangla.com/36155#.WGgGqfB97IU|archive-date=1 January 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The illegal migrants are mainly from the poorest states in India including [[West Bengal]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]], which surround Bangladesh. They illegally immigrate to Bangladesh in search of jobs in the metropolitan hubs and a better standard of living. Bangladesh is fifth among the nations sending highest [[remittances to India]]. Indians working in Bangladesh sent more than $3.7 billion back to India in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconindia.com/news/business/15-Nations-Sending-Highest-Remittances-to-India-nid-147515-cid-3.html|title=15 Nations Sending Highest Remittances to India - Page 2|first=|last=SiliconIndia|publisher=|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627172043/http://www.siliconindia.com/news/business/15-Nations-Sending-Highest-Remittances-to-India-nid-147515-cid-3.html|archive-date=27 June 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There is a significant number of Burmese illegal immigrants in Bangladesh. As of 2012, the Bangladesh government estimated about 500,000 illegal Burmese immigrants living across Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2377656&date=2014-05-09|title=Rohingyas flee Cox's Bazar fearing push-back|work=newstoday.com.bd|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044835/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2377656&date=2014-05-09|archive-date=8 August 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Bhutan=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Bhutan}} [[Immigration in Bhutan]] by Nepalese settlers ([[Lhotshampa]]) began slowly towards the end of the 19th century. The government passed the [[Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985]] to clarify and try to enforce the [[Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958]] to control the flood of illegal immigration. Those individuals who could not provide proof of residency prior to 1958 were adjudged to be undocumented immigrants. In 1991 and 1992, [[Bhutan]] expelled roughly 139,110 ethnic [[Nepal]]is, most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The United States has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 [[Bhutanese refugees]] of Nepalese origin now living in U.N. refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese government, even today, has not been able to sort the problem of giving citizenship to those people who are married to Bhutanese, even though they have been in the country for 40 years.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm |title = Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' |author = Bhaumik, Subir |date = 7 November 2007 |work = BBC News |accessdate = 19 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm |archive-date = 19 August 2008 |dead-url = no |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ===Brazil=== {{See also|Illegal immigration in Brazil}} Brazil has long been part of international migration routes. In 2009, the government estimated the number if illegal immigrants at about 200,000 people; a [[Catholic]] charity working with immigrants said there were 600,000 illegal immigrants (75,000 of which from [[Bolivia]]). That same year, the [[Brazilian Parliament]] approved an amnesty, opening a six-month window for all foreigners to seek legalization irrespective of their previous standing before the law. Brazil had last legalized all immigrants in 1998; bilateral deals, one of which promoted the legalization of all reciprocal immigrants with Bolivia to date, signed in 2005, are also common.<ref name="Globo">{{cite web |author=Da BBC |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL365307-5598,00.html |title=Globo.com |publisher=G1.globo.com |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925090704/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL365307-5598,00.html |archive-date=25 September 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Illegal immigrants in Brazil enjoy the same legal privileges as native Brazilians regarding access to social services such as [[public education]] and the [[Sistema Único de Saúde|Brazilian public healthcare system]].<ref name="Globo"/> A [[Federal Police Department|Federal Police]] operation investigated Chinese immigrants who traveled through six countries before arriving in [[São Paulo]] to work under substandard conditions in the [[textile industry]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Do G1, em São Paulo |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1163864-5598,00-PF+FAZ+OPERACAO+CONTRA+IMIGRACAO+ILEGAL+DE+CHINESES+EM+ESTADOS.html |title=Globo.com – PF faz operação contra imigração ilegal de chineses em 3 estados |publisher=G1.globo.com |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925090721/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1163864-5598,00-PF+FAZ+OPERACAO+CONTRA+IMIGRACAO+ILEGAL+DE+CHINESES+EM+ESTADOS.html |archive-date=25 September 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After signing the 2009 amnesty bill into law, President [[Lula da Silva]] said, in a speech, that "repression and intolerance against immigrants will not solve the problems caused by [[2008 economic crisis|the economic crisis]]", thereby also harshly criticizing the "policy of discrimination and prejudice" against immigrants in developed nations. An October 2009 piece from [[O Globo]], quoting a [[UNDP]] study, estimates the number of undocumented immigrants at 0.7 million,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2009/10/11/fremdenfeindlichkeit-in-brasilien-xenofobia-verde-amarela-43-prozent-der-brasilianer-fur-einwanderungsverbot-bzw-begrenzung-laut-neuer-uno-studie-das-brasilien-offen-gegenuber-auslandern-is/ |title=Klaus Hart Brasilientexte » Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Brasilien |publisher=Hart-brasilientexte.de |date= |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724232210/http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2009/10/11/fremdenfeindlichkeit-in-brasilien-xenofobia-verde-amarela-43-prozent-der-brasilianer-fur-einwanderungsverbot-bzw-begrenzung-laut-neuer-uno-studie-das-brasilien-offen-gegenuber-auslandern-is/ |archive-date=24 July 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and points out to a recent wave of xenophobia among the general populace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etacanadaonline.com/|title=eTA Canada Visa Application - Apply for ESTA Online in Visa Waiver|website=etacanadaonline.com|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222081713/https://etacanadaonline.com/|archive-date=22 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Canada=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Canada}} There is no credible information available on illegal immigration in Canada. Estimates range between 35,000 and 120,000 illegal immigrants in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922 |title=Many Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll |publisher=Canada.com |date=20 October 2007 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020005655/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922 |archivedate=20 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[James Byron Bissett|James Bissett]], a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4e443e18-dc44-4128-bf17-ba209ba470f3|title=Stop bogus refugees before they get in|work=canada.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122946/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4e443e18-dc44-4128-bf17-ba209ba470f3|archivedate=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Refugee claimants in Canada do not have to attempt re-entry to learn the status of their claim. A 2008 report by the [[Auditor General of Canada|Auditor General]] [[Sheila Fraser]] stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-has-lost-track-of-41-000-illegals-fraser-1.293851 |title=Canada has lost track of 41,000 illegals: Fraser |publisher=CTV.ca |date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021022540/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-has-lost-track-of-41-000-illegals-fraser-1.293851 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610163115/http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/aud_parl_oag_200805_e_30714.html |title=OAG 2008 May Report of the Auditor General of Canada |publisher=CTV.ca |date=2008-06-10 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727192052/https://web.archive.org/web/20080610163115/http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/aud_parl_oag_200805_e_30714.html |archive-date=27 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This number was predicted to increase drastically with the expiration of [[Temporary foreign worker program in Canada|temporary employer work permits]] issued in 2007 and 2008, which were not renewed in many cases because of the shortage of work due to the recession.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/719355--how-we-re-creating-an-illegal-workforce |title=How we're creating an illegal workforce |publisher=Thestar.com |date=1 November 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020083923/http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/719355--how-we-re-creating-an-illegal-workforce |archive-date=20 October 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Chile=== [[Chile]] has recently become a new pole of attraction for illegal immigrants, mostly from neighboring [[Argentina]], [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]] but also [[Ecuador]], [[Colombia]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Paraguay]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Haiti]]. According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born foreign population has increased by 75% since 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/920108-el-debate-sobre-la-inmigracion-ilegal-se-extiende-a-la-region |title=El debate sobre la inmigración ilegal se extiende a la región |accessdate=31 December 2008 |last=Landaburu |first=Juan |date=24 June 2007 |work=[[La Nación]] |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805202300/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/920108-el-debate-sobre-la-inmigracion-ilegal-se-extiende-a-la-region |archive-date=5 August 2011 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===China=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in China}} [[China]] is building a security barrier along its border with [[North Korea]] to prevent the [[North Korean defectors|defectors or refugees from North Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php |title=China building border fence facing North Korea |publisher=Jurist.law.pitt.edu |date=17 October 2006 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820005602/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php |archivedate=20 August 2012 }}</ref> Also, many illegal immigrants from [[Mongolia]] have tried to make it to China. There might be as many as 100,000 Africans in [[Guangzhou]], mostly illegal overstayers.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112024400/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 |date=12 November 2009 }}. Reuters UK. 21 August 2009.</ref> To encourage people to report foreigners living illegally in China, the police are giving a 100 yuan reward to whistle blowers whose information successfully leads to an expulsion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml |title=Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games |publisher=Life of Guangzhou |date=13 June 2010 |accessdate=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707084849/http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Dominican Republic=== {{Main article|Haitians in the Dominican Republic}} The [[Dominican Republic]] is a nation that shares the island of [[Hispaniola]] with [[Haiti]]. An estimated 1,000,000 Haitians live and work in the Dominican Republic, which has a total population of about ten million. The percentage of Haitians that have illegally immigrated to the Dominican Republic is not accurately known, and "many Dominicans have come to resent the influx of lower-paid workers from across the border and have sought to make their country less hospitable to noncitizens."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/17/stateless-haitians-dominican-republic_n_2497033.html |work=Huffington Post |title='Stateless' Haitians Gain A Legal Foothold |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205045/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/17/stateless-haitians-dominican-republic_n_2497033.html |archive-date=22 February 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===India=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in India}} [[File:Bangladeshi.jpg|thumb|ABVP against Bangladeshi undocumented immigrants]] It is estimated that several tens of millions of illegal immigrants live in India. Precise figures are not available, but the numbers run in tens of millions, at least 10 million are from [[Bangladesh]], others being from [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and others.<ref>{{Cite news |title='More illegal immigrants from Afghanistan than Pakistan' |date=14 November 2011 |publisher=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/more-illegal-immigrants-from-afghanistan-than-pakistan/article1-769063.aspx |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103112835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/More-illegal-immigrants-from-Afghanistan-than-Pakistan/Article1-769063.aspx |archivedate=3 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to the [[Government of India]], there at least 20 million illegal immigrants from Bangladesh alone.<ref name="IndianExpress2016">{{cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-living-in-india-government-4379162| title=Two crore illegal Bangladeshis living in India: Government| date=Nov 17, 2016| access-date=25 December 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228050112/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-living-in-india-government-4379162/| archive-date=28 December 2017| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}}</ref> This makes India the country with the largest number of illegal immigrants in the world.<ref name="Schendel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1843311453|title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia|last=Schendel|first=Willem van|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311454}}</ref> During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] at least 10 million Bangladeshis crossed into India illegally to seek refuge from widespread [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rape]] and [[1971 Bangladesh Genocide|genocide]].<ref name=ibtimes>{{Cite news |title=India's 'Mexican' Problem: Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh |date=6 February 2012 |publisher=Ibtimes |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-mexican-problem-illegal-immigration-bangladesh-213993 |access-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218205343/http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-mexican-problem-illegal-immigration-bangladesh-213993 |archive-date=18 December 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to Indian Home Ministry, at least 1.4 Million Bangladeshi crossed over into India in the last decade alone.<ref name=ibtimes/> Samir Guha Roy of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] called these estimates "motivatedly exaggerated". After examining the population growth and demographic statistics, Roy instead states that a significant numbers of internal migration is sometimes falsely thought to be immigrants. An analysis of the numbers by Roy revealed that on average around 91000 Bangladeshi nationals might have crossed over to India every year during the years 1981–1991 but how many of them were identified and pushed back is not known. It is possible that a large portion of these illegal immigrants returned on their own to their place of origin.<ref name=facingglobal>{{cite book |title=Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts |publisher=Springer |author1=Hans Günter Brauch |author2=John Grin |author3=Úrsula Oswald |year=2009 |pages=304 |isbn=3540684883}}</ref> According to a pro-Indian scholar, the trip to India from Bangladesh is one of the cheapest in the world, with a trip costing around Rs.2000 (around $30 US), which includes the fee for the "Tour Operator". As Bangladeshis are cultural similar to the [[Bengali people]] in India, they are able to pass off as Indian citizens and settle down in any part of India to establish a future.,<ref name=ibtimes/> for a very small price. This false identity can be bolstered with false documentation available for as little as Rs.200 ($3 US) can even make them part of the vote bank.<ref name=facingglobal /> Most of the Bengali speaking people deported from Maharashtra as illegal immigrants are originally Indian citizens from West Bengal. Police would demand 2000-2500 from each of the detained Bengali speaking people for their release. If they fail to pay that amount, they are kept behind the bar for 10–15 days following which they would be taken to border and pushed into Bangladesh.<ref name=facingglobal /> India is constructing barriers on its eastern borders to combat the surge of migrants. The [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier]] is 4,000&nbsp;km (2,500&nbsp;mi) long. Presently, India is constructing a fence along the border to restrict illegal traffic from [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|title=Villagers left in limbo by border fence|work=BBC News|access-date=16 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930063811/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This obstruction will virtually isolate Bangladesh from India. The barrier's plan is based on the designs of the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] and will be 3.6&nbsp;m (11.8&nbsp;ft) high. The stated aim of the fence is to stop infiltration of terrorists, prevent smuggling, and end illegal immigration from Bangladesh.<ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359860662&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer The good fences epidemic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209170816/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359860662&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter |date=9 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article782933.ece|title=Login|work=timesonline.co.uk|access-date=16 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516040515/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article782933.ece|archive-date=16 May 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Iran=== {{Wikinews|46 illegal Afghan immigrants suffocate in truck in Pakistan}} Since late April 2007, the [[Iranian government]] has forcibly deported back [[Afghans in Iran|Afghans living and working in Iran]] to [[Afghanistan]] at a rate between 250,000 and 300,000 per year. The forceful evictions of the refugees, who lived in Iran and Pakistan for nearly three decades, are part of the two countries' larger plans to repatriate all Afghan refugees within a few years. Iran said that it would send 1,000,000 by March 2008, and Pakistan announced that all 2,400,000 Afghan refugees, most living in camps, must return home by 2009. Aimal Khan, a political analyst at the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad said it would be "disastrous" for Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=834|title=Iranian Deportations Raise Fears of Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan|work=worldpoliticsreview.com|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305033159/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=834|archive-date=5 March 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p06s02-wosc.html|title=To root out Taliban, Pakistan to expel 2.4 million Afghans|author=The Christian Science Monitor|work=The Christian Science Monitor|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106055405/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p06s02-wosc.html|archive-date=6 January 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6705329.stm|title=Expelled from Iran – refugee misery|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307010829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6705329.stm|archive-date=7 March 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Israel=== {{See also|Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel}} [[File:There Are No Illegal Children!.jpg|thumb|Demonstration against the expulsion of undocumented immigrants and their families from Israel, Tel Aviv, 2009]] Tens of thousands of migrants, mostly from Sudan and Eritrea, had crossed the Israeli border between 2009 and 2012.<ref name=afreuters>{{cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8520DX20120603 |title=Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to 3 years |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=3 June 2012 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203651/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8520DX20120603 |archive-date=1 July 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] said that "This phenomenon is very grave and threatens the social fabric of society, our national security and our national identity."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/20/israel-netanyahu-african-immigrants-jewish Israel PM: illegal African immigrants threaten identity of Jewish state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115023630/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/20/israel-netanyahu-african-immigrants-jewish |date=15 November 2016 }}. ''Reuters.'' 20 May 2012.</ref> In May 2012, Israel introduced a law which would allow illegal immigrants to be detained for up to three years, a measure that the Interior Ministry intended to stem the flow of Africans entering Israel across the desert border with Egypt.<ref name="afreuters"/> As a result, completing a [[Israel–Egypt barrier|barrier along the border with Egypt]], illegal immigration from Africa decreased by over 99%.<ref>{{cite news |author=Maayana Miskin |date=2 July 2013 |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521 |title=New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry |publisher=[[Arutz Sheva]] |accessdate=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064023/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Israel faces substantial illegal immigration of Arab workers from the Palestinian Authority territories, a migration that includes both workers seeking employment, and homosexuals escaping the social approbation of Arab society.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Harel|first1=Amos|title=Israel must crack down on illegal Palestinian workers, before it's too late|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.625715|accessdate=11 November 2014|publisher=Haaretz|date=10 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111032424/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.625715|archive-date=11 November 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dovin|first1=Tova|title=MKs Fume, Demand 'Deterrence' After Tel Aviv Stabbing Attack|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/187274#.VGIh3YfXOHk|accessdate=11 November 2014|publisher=Arutz Sheva|date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111162607/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/187274#.VGIh3YfXOHk|archive-date=11 November 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Peratis|first1=Kathleen|title=For Gay Palestinians, Tel Aviv Is Mecca|url=http://forward.com/articles/1125/for-gay-palestinians-tel-aviv-is-mecca/#ixzz3Ilwojt37|accessdate=11 November 2014|publisher=Forward|date=24 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111170833/http://forward.com/articles/1125/for-gay-palestinians-tel-aviv-is-mecca/#ixzz3Ilwojt37|archive-date=11 November 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Erika|title=Israel's illegal Palestinian workforce Israel has handed out 21,600 work permits to Palestinians. But an estimated 40,000 risk their lives to enter the country and work illegally|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6155823/Israels-illegal-Palestinian-workforce.html|accessdate=11 November 2014|publisher=The Telegraph|date=8 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111172339/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6155823/Israels-illegal-Palestinian-workforce.html|archive-date=11 November 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Libya=== {{Wikinews|Shipwreck off coast of Libya; hundreds of African migrants feared dead}} {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Libya}} Before the [[Libyan civil war]], [[Libya]] was home to a large illegal [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n population which numbers as much as 2,000,000.<ref>[http://www.pr-inside.com/libya-asserts-its-right-to-deport-r394573.htm Libya asserts its right to deport 2 million illegal immigrants in face of criticism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703213207/http://www.pr-inside.com/libya-asserts-its-right-to-deport-r394573.htm |date=3 July 2009 }}</ref> The mass expulsion plan to summarily deport all illegal foreigners was announced by then-current Libyan leader Colonel [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] in January 2008, "No resident without a legal visa will be excluded."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4157350|title=International News|author=|work=ABC News|access-date=20 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214080300/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4157350|archive-date=14 February 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/01/17/libya17810.htm|title=Libya: Summary Deportations Would Endanger Migrants and Asylum Seekers|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=20 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119061021/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/01/17/libya17810.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Malaysia=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration to Malaysia}} There are an estimated 800,000 illegal immigrants in [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832645.cms|title=Indians among illegal immigrants rounded up in Malaysia - Times of India|publisher=|access-date=12 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832645.cms|archive-date=13 October 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2009, Malaysia banned the hiring of foreign workers in factories, stores and restaurants to protect its citizens from mass unemployment amid the [[late 2000s recession]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/01/20091228418535985.html Malaysia bans foreign labourers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122095833/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/01/20091228418535985.html |date=22 January 2009 }}, Al Jazeera English, 22 January 2009</ref> An ethnic [[Malaysian Indian|Indian Malaysian]] was recently sentenced to whipping and 10 months in prison for hiring six illegal immigrants at his restaurant. "I think that after this, Malaysian employers will be afraid to take in foreign workers (without work permits). They will think twice", said immigration department prosecutor Azlan Abdul Latiff. "This is the first case where an employer is being sentenced to caning", he said. Illegal immigrants also face [[caning]] before being deported.<ref>[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/10390/2/ Malaysian man receives unusually harsh punishment for employing illegals]</ref> ===Mexico=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Mexico}} In the first six months of 2005, more than 120,000 people from [[Central America]] were deported, as compared to 2002, when for the entire year, only 130,000 were deported.<ref>[http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107035816/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php|date=7 November 2005}}</ref> People of [[Han Chinese]] origin pay about $5,500 to smugglers to be taken to Mexico from [[Hong Kong]]. It is estimated that 2.4% of rejections for work permits in Mexico correspond to Chinese citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cimacnoticias.com/noticias/01dic/01122403.html |title=Noticias del mes |publisher=Cimac Noticias |date= |accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> In a 2010 news story, ''USA Today'' reported, "... Mexico's [[Arizona SB 1070|Arizona-style]] law requires local police to check IDs. And Mexican police freely engage in [[racial profiling]] and routinely harass Central American migrants, say immigration activists."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm |title=Activists blast Mexico's immigration law |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=25 May 2010 |first=Chris |last=Hawley |access-date=12 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701201004/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm |archive-date=1 July 2012 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Many women from [[Eastern Europe]], Asia, and [[Central America|Central]] and South America take jobs at [[table dance]] establishments in large cities. The [[National Institute of Migration]] (INM) in Mexico raids [[strip clubs]] and deports foreigners who work without proper documentation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml |title=TV en vivo por internet y capítulos en línea |publisher=Tvazteca.com |date= |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202164716/http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml |archive-date=2 December 2006 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2004, the INM deported 188,000 people at a cost of US$10 million.<ref>[http://www.migracion.gob.mx/paginas/entrevistas/entrevista10feb2004.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029112525/http://www.migracion.gob.mx/paginas/entrevistas/entrevista10feb2004.htm|date=29 October 2005}}</ref> In September 2007, Mexican President Calderón harshly criticized the United States government for the crackdown on illegal immigrants, saying it has led to the persecution of immigrant workers without visas. "I have said that Mexico does not stop at its border, that wherever there is a Mexican, there is Mexico", he said.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/world/americas/03mexico.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Mexican President Assails U.S. Measures on Migrants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804175907/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/world/americas/03mexico.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |date=4 August 2017 }}, New York Times, 3 September 2007</ref> However, Mexico has also deported US citizens, deporting 2,000 cases in 2015 and 1,243 in 2014.<ref>[http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2015/12/18/got-deported-from-mexico-country-expels-hundreds-us-citizens-every-year/ Got deported from Mexico country expels hundreds US citizens every year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224120445/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2015/12/18/got-deported-from-mexico-country-expels-hundreds-us-citizens-every-year/ |date=24 December 2015 }} [[Fox News]] 2015-12-18</ref> Illegal immigration of Cubans through [[Cancún]] tripled from 2004 to 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/415621.html |title=Se dispara migraciуn de cubanos vнa Cancъn |publisher=El Universal |date=30 March 2007 |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061450/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/415621.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In October 2008, Mexico tightened its immigration rules and agreed to deport [[Cubans]] who use the country as an entry point to the US. It also criticized US policy that generally allows Cubans who reach US territory to stay. Cuban Foreign Minister said the Cuban-Mexican agreement would lead to "the immense majority of Cubans being repatriated."<ref>[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/733625.html Mexico to deport Cubans heading illegally to US], MiamiHerald.com, 22 October 2008</ref> ===Nepal=== In 2008, [[Nepal]]'s [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)|Maoist]]-led government has initiated a major crackdown against Tibetan exiles with the aim to deport to [[People's Republic of China|China]] all [[Tibetans]] living illegally in the country. Tibetans started pouring into Nepal after a failed anti-Chinese [[1959 Tibetan uprising|uprising in Tibet]] in 1959.<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41818 NEPAL: Tibetans Warned of Deportation to China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609162646/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41818 |date=9 June 2012 }}. There are 2 million more Biharis form India have been living in South-East Nepal bordering Indian state of Bihar, most of them are supported by Indian government.</ref> ===Pakistan=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration to Pakistan|Immigration to Pakistan#Illegal aliens}} As of 2005, 2.1% of the population of [[Pakistan]] had foreign origins, however the number of immigrants population in Pakistan recently grew sharply. Immigrants from [[South Asia]] make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Pakistan. The five largest immigrant groups in Pakistan are in turn [[Afghanistan|Afghans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/481856844.html|title= Pakistani TV delves into lives of Afghan refugees|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=UNHCR}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]]i,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3 |title=Falling back |last=By Abbas Naqvi |date=17 December 2006 |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=19 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919135554/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C05%5C03%5Cstory_3-5-2006_pg13_5 |archivedate=19 September 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Tajik people|Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]], [[Persian people|Iranians]], [[Islam in India|Indians]], [[Sri Lankan Moors|Sri Lankan]], [[Rohingya people|Burmese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|title=Homeless In Karachi|author=Owais Tohid, Arshad Mahmud|date=November 29, 1995|work=outlookindia.com|access-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052259/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|archive-date=12 October 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/SRI-rohingya.htm|title=Rohingya Refugees of Burma and UNHCR’s repatriation program|work=burmalibrary.org|access-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911115620/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/SRI-rohingya.htm|archive-date=11 September 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[United Kingdom|Britons]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm|title=Brits Abroad|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=22 January 2010|date=6 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723202901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm|archive-date=23 July 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> including a sizeable number of those of Pakistani origin. Other significant [[expatriate]] communities in the country are [[Armenia]]ns, [[Australians]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI11Df01.html|title= Chinese shun Pakistan exodus|periodical=Asia Times|date=11 September 2009|accessdate=11 September 2009|first=Syed|last=Fazl-e-Haider}}</ref> [[United States|Americans]],<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |title=Private American Citizens Residing Abroad |publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs |year=1999 |accessdate=17 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm |archivedate=26 March 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Moro people|Filipinos]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130103221927/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Philippines monitors condition of Filipino workers in Pakistan |date=5 November 2007 |publisher=M&C |accessdate=19 December 2009 }}</ref> [[Bosniaks|Bosnians]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/blonde-muslims-find-shelter-in-pakistan-refugees-from-bosnia-were-given-a-warm-welcome-in-a-distant-land-ahmed-rashid-writes-from-islamabad-1493968.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Ahmed |last=Rashid |title=Blonde Muslims find shelter in Pakistan: Refugees from Bosnia were given a warm welcome in a distant land, Ahmed Rashid writes from Islamabad |date=26 June 1993 |access-date=20 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230002/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/blonde-muslims-find-shelter-in-pakistan-refugees-from-bosnia-were-given-a-warm-welcome-in-a-distant-land-ahmed-rashid-writes-from-islamabad-1493968.html |archive-date=20 February 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and many others. Migrants from different countries of [[Arab World|Arab world]] specially [[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Syria]], [[Kuwait]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Yemen]] are in thousands. Nearly all illegal migrants in [[Pakistan]] are [[Muslim]] refugees and they are accepted by the local population. There is no political support or legislation to deport these refugees from [[Pakistan]]. ===Philippines=== It was estimated by Teresita Ang-See, a prominent leader and activist of the [[Chinese Filipino]] community, that by 2007, as much as 100,000 illegal immigrants from [[China]] are living in the Philippines, a tenth of the ethnic Chinese population. The latest influx has come in part because of Manila's move in 2005 to liberalise entry procedures for Chinese tourists and investors, a move that helped triple the number of Chinese visitors to 133,000 last year. Many of the new Chinese immigrants encounter hostility from many Filipinos, including Filipino-born Chinese, for being perceived as engaging in criminal activities and fraud.<ref>{{cite web|last=Landingin |first=Roel |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/194f1172-3a01-11dc-9d73-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Paradox for Philippines as Chinese set up shop |publisher=FT.com |date=24 July 2007 |accessdate=22 October 2013}}</ref> ===Russia=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Russia}} Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic [[Russians]] from other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, there are an estimated 10–12 million illegal immigrants in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia cracking down on illegal migrants|work=International Herald Tribune|date=15 January 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|accessdate=15 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915210918/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|archive-date=15 September 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> There has been a significant influx of ethnic [[Georgians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], and [[Uzbeks]] into large Russian cities in recent years, which has been viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and contributed to [[Russian nationalism|nationalist]] sentiments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2452989.stm|title=Moscow to deport Tajiks by air|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040714090020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2452989.stm|archive-date=14 July 2004|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/06-10-2006/84915-Georgia_Russia-0|title=Russian police determined to oust Georgians from Moscow|work=English pravda.ru|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304032232/http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/06-10-2006/84915-Georgia_Russia-0|archive-date=4 March 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://russiatoday.ru/news/news/2622 Russian nationalists protest against illegal immigration in Irkutsk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306035049/http://russiatoday.ru/news/news/2622 |date=6 March 2008 }}</ref> Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance. Some [[Chinese people|Chinese]] flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the [[Russian Far East|Far East]] and in southern [[Siberia]]. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of [[Vladivostok]], once closed to foreigners, today is bristling with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Chinese_Come_To_Russia.html|title=Chinese Come To Russia|work=terradaily.com|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117173305/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Chinese_Come_To_Russia.html|archive-date=17 January 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This has been occurring a lot since the Soviet collapse. Illegal border crossing is considered a crime, and captured illegal border crossers have been sentenced to prison terms. For example, ''[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]'' reported in October 2008 the case of a [[North Korea]]n who was detained after illegally crossing the [[Amur River]] from China. Considered by Russian authorities an "[[economic migrant]]", he was sentenced to 6 months in prison and was to be deported to the country of his nationality after serving his sentence, even though he may now risk an even heavier penalty there. That was just one of the 26 cases year-to-date of illegal entrants, of various nationalities, receiving criminal punishment in [[Amur Oblast]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rg.ru/2008/10/29/reg-priamurje/koreets-anons.html|author=Yevgeniy Basenko (Евгений Басенко)|title=A North Korean has swum across the Amur, only to end up in a Russian prison. (Северокореец переплыл Амур, чтобы оказаться в российской колонии)|date=29 October 2008|language=Russian|agency=Rossiyskaya Gazeta|access-date=11 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122230049/http://rg.ru/2008/10/29/reg-priamurje/koreets-anons.html|archive-date=22 January 2009|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Saudi Arabia=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Saudi Arabia}} In 2004, [[Saudi Arabia]] began construction of a [[Saudi–Yemen barrier]] between its territory and [[Yemen]] to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods into and out of the Kingdom. Anthony H. Cordesman labeled it a "separation barrier."<ref>Anthony H. Cordesman, ''Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=1OpmRrNzFHgC&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276&dq=Saudi%E2%80%93Yemen+separation+barrier&source=bl&ots=0ELufpiofh&sig=q9Cb90ALwiAkHj0giQuzPw-8irc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=keZHUZTmOqnb4AOrnIHICQ&ved=0CI8BEOgBMA0#v=onepage&q=Saudi%E2%80%93Yemen%20separation%20barrier&f=false p. 276].</ref> In February 2004, [[The Guardian]] reported that Yemeni opposition newspapers likened the barrier to the Israeli West Bank barrier,<ref name=Gdn1>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/yemen/Story/0,,1149722,00.html|title=Saudi security barrier stirs anger in Yemen |accessdate=23 March 2007|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|publisher=The Guardian|date=17 February 2004|location=London}}</ref> while [[The Independent]] wrote "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's 'security fence' in the West Bank, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-enrages-yemen-with-fence-569574.html|title=Saudi Arabia enrages Yemen with fence|accessdate=23 March 2007|last=Bradley|first=John|publisher=[[The Independent]]|date=11 February 2004|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409211735/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-enrages-yemen-with-fence-569574.html|archive-date=9 April 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Saudi officials rejected the comparison saying it was built to prevent infiltration and smuggling.<ref name = Gdn1/> ===Schengen Area=== {{See also|European migrant crisis|Open borders}} [[File:Non-EU citizens found to be illegally present in the EU-28 and EFTA, Eurostat 2015.png|thumb|Eurostat: Non-EU citizens found to be illegally present in the EU-28 and EFTA, 2015]] The Schengen Area is a multilateral agreement between 26 states in which they in most cases abolish the border control between themselves. These states include most of the EU countries, as well as the EEC countries Norway, Switzerland and Iceland. Any person who is physically inside any of the Schengen states will usually be able to travel to any other Schengen state without hindrance from the law enforcement, even if he or she has no legal right to enter another Schengen Area member state. A person who wishes to immigrate illegally to a Schengen Area member state may therefore find it more practical to enter it through another member state. According to a BBC report from 2012, over 80% of illegal immigrants entering the European Union pass through Greece.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18371800 |work=BBC |title=Journey across crisis-hit Greece:Immigration challenge |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630212258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18371800 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> EU countries that are not members of the Schengen Agreement are still committed to allow lawful entry by citizens of EU countries;<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l33152 |title = Access to European Union law |access-date = 5 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150731231854/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l33152 |archive-date = 31 July 2015 |dead-url = no |df = dmy-all }}</ref> they may however exercise border control at [[File:Migrants in Hungary 2015 Aug 003.jpg|thumb|Migrants along the Balkan route crossing from Serbia into Hungary, 24 August 2015]]their discretion. This typically presents a significant hindrance to persons who are trying to enter those countries illegally. Citizens within The EU is an economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the European continent <ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm|title=How the EU works|work=europa.eu|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810063033/http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm|archive-date=10 August 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>. A citizen of an EU member state has the right to seek employment within any other member state <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457|title=Free movement - EU nationals - Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion - European Commission|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906055801/http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457|archive-date=6 September 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>. The Schengen Agreement does not regulate treatment of persons who enter the Schengen Area illegally. This is therefore left to the individual states, and other applicable international treaties and European [[case law]]. Illegal immigration to Schengen and to Europe in general was increasing sharply since approximately early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10865652/Illegal-immigration-to-Europe-shows-sharp-rise.html|title = Illegal immigration to Europe shows sharp rise|publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|author = David Barrett|access-date = 5 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180531080844/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10865652/Illegal-immigration-to-Europe-shows-sharp-rise.html|archive-date = 31 May 2018|dead-url = no|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The main causes for this increase are the conflicts that followed the [[Arab Spring]]; in particular, the civil war in Syria has driven millions of people from their homes, and the disintegration of the Libyan government removed a major barrier for the African migrants. Illegal immigration to some of the Schengen Area states might face different consideration depending on countries such as Bulgaria, France, Greece. ====Bulgaria==== In 2013, 11,000 persons attempted to enter [[Bulgaria]] via its border with Turkey.<ref name=independent_04August2015>{{cite web|title=Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-of-razor-wire-fence-to-keep-out-refugees-10437962.html|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807224931/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-of-razor-wire-fence-to-keep-out-refugees-10437962.html|archive-date=7 August 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Their aim is not believed by Bulgarian border officials to remain in Bulgaria, but to go to other European countries.<ref name=independent_04August2015/> In November 2013, Bulgaria started building a [[razor wire]] fence on its Turkey border, which was completed in 2015.<ref name=independent_04August2015/> ====France==== {{Main article|Immigration to France}} Children born to noncitizens in France are not immigrants themselves, but they are considered foreigners under French law, until they reach the age of 18, at which time they automatically become citizens.<ref name="migrationinformation.org">[http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=266] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142410/http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=266 |date=11 January 2012 }}, "The Challenge of French Diversity."</ref> [[French citizenship]] is based in the idea of political unity; therefore, French citizenship may be more accessible than other EU countries, such as Germany and the UK. However, many French citizens feel that those who gain French citizenship should conform to the cultural aspects of French life.<ref>Brubaker, Rogers. "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Nation-State in France and Germany". The Citizenship Debates: a Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1998.</ref> Foreigners can also become French citizens if they serve in the [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]]. French law prohibits anyone from assisting or trying to assist "the entry, movement, or irregular stay of a foreigner in France".<ref name="msnbc.msn.com">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29899231/ns/world_news-europe/t/helping-illegal-immigrants-crime-france/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108010929/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29899231/ns/world_news-europe/t/helping-illegal-immigrants-crime-france |date=8 November 2011 }}, "Helping illegal immigrants a Crime in France"</ref> France has an Immigration Ministry (L'immigration, l'intégration, l'asile et le développement solidaire) which begun functioning in 2007 under President Sarkozy. The government seek to combat smugglers who profit financially from moving immigrants into, through, and out of France, according to the Immigration Minister, [[Éric Besson]].<ref name="migrationinformation.org"/><ref name="msnbc.msn.com"/> ====Hungary==== {{See also|Hungarian border barrier}} [[File:Hungarian-Serbian border barrier 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Hungary–Serbia border fence|Hungarian–Serbian border fence]]]] In 2014, Hungary registered 43,000 asylum seekers and 80,000 up to July 2015.<ref name=dw_18.09.2015 /> In the summer of 2015, [[Hungary]] started building [[Hungarian southern border fence|a 4m high fence]] along its 175&nbsp;km border to neighbouring [[Serbia]] to keep out the tens of thousands illegal immigrants from the [[Middle East]] and migrants trying to reach the European Union.<ref name=smh_17jul2015>{{cite news|last1=Womack|first1=Helen|title=Iron Curtain: Bewildered migrants confronted with new Hungary-Serbia border fence|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=17 July 2015}}</ref> The border was sealed on 15 September 2015 and the fence was the following day attacked by refugees and defended by riot police.<ref name=gam_16sep2015>{{cite news|title=Migrants keep sneaking through Hungary's razor-wire fence|url= https://globalnews.ca/news/2223235/migrants-continue-to-breach-hungarys-razor-wire-fence-along-serbian-border |accessdate=18 September 2015|publisher= Global News |date=16 September 2015}} </ref> With the Hungary-Serbia border closed, migrants then started heading to Croatia, but as Croatia led the migrants to the Hungary-Croatia border, Hungary then started the construction of a second fence along its border with Croatia on 18 September 2015.<ref name=dw_18.09.2015>{{cite news|title=Hungary starts building fence on Croatian border|url=http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-starts-building-fence-on-croatian-border/a-18721670|accessdate=18 September 2015|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920143401/http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-starts-building-fence-on-croatian-border/a-18721670|archive-date=20 September 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==== Norway ==== The number of illegal immigrants in Norway was estimated to roughly 20 thousand in 2009,<ref>CLANDESTINO Project (2009). Undocumented Migration: Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends Across Europe. Clandistino Project, Final Report, 23 November 2009</ref> and to between 18 and 56 thousand in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/_-titusener-ulovlig-i-norge-_-frykter-flere-bransjer-odelegges-av-svart-arbeid-1.12401046|title=Titusener ulovlig i Norge – frykter flere bransjer ødelegges av svart arbeid|last=NRK|work=NRK|access-date=2017-05-25|language=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525034055/http://www.nrk.no/norge/_-titusener-ulovlig-i-norge-_-frykter-flere-bransjer-odelegges-av-svart-arbeid-1.12401046|archive-date=25 May 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Estimates by organizations working with illegal migrants are much lower, between 5 thousand and 10 thousand in 2011.<ref>Øien, C. og Sønsterudbråten, S. (2011). No Way In, No Way Out? A study of living conditions of irregular migrants in Norway. Fafo rapport 2011:03.</ref> ===South Africa=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in South Africa}} No accurate estimates of the number of illegal migrants living in [[South Africa]] exist.<ref name=Chiumia>{{cite web|url=http://africacheck.org/reports/how-many-zimbabweans-live-in-south-africa-the-numbers-are-unreliable/|title=How many Zimbabweans live in South Africa? The numbers are unreliable|first=Sintha|last=Chiumia|publisher=Africa Check|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316101220/http://africacheck.org/reports/how-many-zimbabweans-live-in-south-africa-the-numbers-are-unreliable/|archive-date=16 March 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Estimates that have been published vary widely. A 1996 [[Human Sciences Research Council]] study estimated that there were between 2.5 million and 4.1 million illegal migrants in the country. In their 2008/09 annual report, the [[South African Police Service]] stated: "According to various estimates, the number of undocumented immigrants in South Africa may vary between three and six million people". Other estimates have put the figure as high as 10 million.<ref name=IRIN>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/87032/south-africa-how-many-undocumented-migrants-pick-a-number|title=South Africa: How many undocumented migrants? Pick a number|publisher=IRIN|date=13 November 2009|accessdate=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722124523/http://www.irinnews.org/report/87032/south-africa-how-many-undocumented-migrants-pick-a-number|archive-date=22 July 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2015|04}}, [[Statistics South Africa]]'s official estimate is of between 500,000 and one million illegal migrants.<ref name=Mwiti>{{cite news|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-22-six-huge-myths-about-south-africas-xenophobia|title=Seven of the biggest myths about South Africa and xenophobia – and how they drive attacks|first=Lee|last=Mwiti|work=Mail & Guardian Africa|date=22 April 2015|accessdate=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428020801/http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-22-six-huge-myths-about-south-africas-xenophobia|archive-date=28 April 2015|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A large number of [[Zimbabweans]] have fled to South Africa as a result of instability in [[Zimbabwe]], with many living as illegal migrants in South Africa.<ref name=Chiumia/><ref name=IRIN/><ref name=Bloch>{{cite journal|title=The Right to Rights? Undocumented Migrants from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa|first=Alice|last=Bloch|journal=Sociology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=233–250|doi=10.1177/0038038509357209|year=2010}}</ref> Sociologist Alice Bloch notes that migrants in South Africa have been the victims of [[Xenophobia in South Africa|xenophobia]] and violence, regardless of their immigration status.<ref name=Bloch/> ===South Korea=== According to the Republic of Korea Immigration Service, as of 31 December 2014, there were 208,778 illegal immigrants, which is 11.6% of 1,797,618 total foreign nationals who resided in South Korea. The top 10 home countries of those illegal immigrants were [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], [[Philippines]], [[Mongolia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Cambodia]], respectively.<ref>[http://www.immigration.go.kr/HP/COM/bbs_003/BoardList.do?strNbodCd=noti0097&strOrgGbnCd=104000&strFilePath=imm/&strRtnURL=IMM_6070&strNbodCdGbn=&strType=&strAllOrgYn=N Korea Immigration Service Statistics]</ref> ===Syria=== Since the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003, there are more [[refugees of Iraq|refugees from Iraq]]. The [[United Nations]] estimates that nearly 2,200,000 Iraqis have fled the country since 2003,<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2640418.ece UN warns of five million Iraqi refugees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214144622/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2640418.ece |date=14 December 2007 }}</ref> with nearly 100,000 fleeing to [[Syria]] and [[Jordan]] each month.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/11/03/un_nearly_100000_flee_iraq_monthly/ U.N.: 100,000 Iraq refugees flee monthly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904002020/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/11/03/un_nearly_100000_flee_iraq_monthly/ |date=4 September 2007 }}. Alexander G. Higgins, ''[[Boston Globe]]'', 3 November 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.milforddailynews.com/opinion/8998973966395637759 Take Iraqi refugees in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305055544/http://www.milforddailynews.com/opinion/8998973966395637759 |date=5 March 2008 }}</ref> Most ventured to Jordan and Syria, creating demographic shifts that have worried both governments. Refugees are mired in poverty as they are generally barred from working in their host countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|title=Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis|work=BBC News|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011014752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|archive-date=11 October 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/09/asia/refugees.php|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|website=www.iht.com|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501105155/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/09/asia/refugees.php|archive-date=1 May 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Syrian authorities worried that the new influx of refugees would limit the country's resources. Sources like oil, heat, water and electricity were said to be becoming scarcer as demand were rising.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/23/MNGPCR4S601.DTL&feed=rss.news Displaced Iraqis running out of cash, and prices are rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514154622/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F07%2F23%2FMNGPCR4S601.DTL&feed=rss.news |date=14 May 2012 }}.</ref> On 1 October 2007, news agencies reported that Syria reimposed restrictions on Iraqi refugees, as stated by a spokesperson for the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]. Under Syria's new rules, only Iraqi merchants, businessmen and university professors with visas acquired from Syrian [[embassy|embassies]] may enter Syria.<ref>"Syria shuts border to Iraqi refugees – UNHCR" [[Reuters]] https://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUS119126393845._CH_.2400 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621090606/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUS119126393845._CH_.2400 |date=21 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>Laura Zuber, "Syrian visa restrictions "trap" Iraqi refugees", ''uruknet.info'' of Italy http://uruknet.info/?p=m37030&s1=h1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102349/http://uruknet.info/?p=m37030&s1=h1 |date=11 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>"Syria restores visa limits" "BBC News"</ref> ===Turkey=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in Turkey}} [[Turkey]] receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], but also from [[North Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[Afghanistan]] and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200601/10/eng20060110_234163.html|title=Turkey captures over 500,000 illegal immigrants in past 10 years|work=peopledaily.com.cn|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304230152/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200601/10/eng20060110_234163.html|archive-date=4 March 2008|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-126177920.html|title=Over one million illegal immigrants in Turkey: report.|publisher=}}</ref> The [[Iraq War]] is thought to have increased the flow of illegal immigration into Turkey, and the global parties directly involved in the conflict have been accused of extending a less-helping hand than Turkey itself to resolve the precarious situation of immigrants stranded in passage.<ref>[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/europaheute/599804 Iraq's Christians on the run] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507192702/http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/europaheute/599804 |date=7 May 2008 }} (in [[German language|German]])</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{Main article|Illegal immigration in the United Kingdom}} Many try to cross the [[English Channel]] from [[Calais]] to seek asylum or refugee status in [[Great Britain]].<ref name="time.com">{{cite news | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120329014408/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1947471,00.html | title = Illegal Immigration in France: Calais Refugees|work = TIME |last = Crumley |first = Bruce |date=2009-12-05}}</ref> Truck drivers can be fined up to €2,500 if illegal immigrants are found on board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20081128-castaways-illegal-immigration-france |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104212604/http://www.france24.com/en/20081128-castaways-illegal-immigration-france |archivedate=4 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}, "The Castaways of Illegal Immigration."</ref> The Home Office has its agents working alongside French police and immigration agents, to prevent unauthorized people from entering the zone. An area of Calais known as [[Calais jungle|"the Jungle"]] had a police raid in September 2009 to control illegal immigration.<ref name="time.com"/> The French also try to stop undocumented immigrants from entering France from the southern part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33267137|title=How is the UK-France border policed?|date=3 March 2016|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122062443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33267137|archive-date=22 January 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Non-governmental organizations, such as Secours Catholique and the [[Red Cross]] provide food, showers, and shelter to sans papiers who gather waiting to cross the Channel. In 1986, an Iranian man was sent back to [[Paris]], from [[London]], as he was unable to present any ID to British immigration officers. He stayed at the airport for nearly twenty years and his story was made into a film, [[The Terminal]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A33471100|title=h2g2 - Mehran Karimi Nasseri - In Transit - Edited Entry|first=Not Panicking|last=Ltd|website=h2g2.com|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234002/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A33471100|archive-date=21 November 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{As of|2009}} there were between 550,000 and 950,000 illegal immigrants in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a difficult country to reach as it is mostly located on one island and part of another, but traffickers in [[Calais]], [[France]] have tried to smuggle undocumented immigrants into the UK. Many undocumented immigrants come from [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. As of 2008 there were also many from [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Latin America]] having overstayed their visas.<ref>{{citeweb| url = https://www.migrationwatchuk.org/briefing-paper/78 |title= True_cost_of_Amnesty |work = Migration Watch UK}} <!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20071011142254/http://migrationwatchuk.org:80/Briefingpapers/legal/8_19_.asp --></ref><ref>{{citeweb| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073801/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/archbishop-backs-amnesty-for-britains-illegal-immigrants-1032195.html | title = Archbishop backs amnesty for Britain's illegal immigrants |work = The Independent | date = 24 November 2008}}</ref> A 2012 study carried out by the [[University of Oxford]]'s Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) has estimated that there were 120,000 irregular migrant children in the UK, of whom 65,000 were born in the UK to parents without legal status. According to the study these children are at risk of destitution, exploitation and social exclusion because of contradictory and frequently changing rules and regulations which jeopardize their access to healthcare, education, protection by the police and other public services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/ |title=No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net &#124; irregular voices |publisher=Irregularvoices.wordpress.com |date=15 May 2012 |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150102063901/http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Home Office]] estimated that 4,000 to 10,000 applications a year to stay in the UK are made on the basis of a [[sham marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/256257/Sham_Marriage_and_Civil_Partnerships.pdf|date=November 2013|title=SHAM MARRIAGES AND CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS|author=Home Office|publisher=Government UK|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513040723/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/256257/Sham_Marriage_and_Civil_Partnerships.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many undocumented immigrants or asylum seekers have tried to enter the UK from France, by hiding inside trucks or trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/31/calais-crisis-david-cameron-chairs-cobra-meeting-as-mod-role-discussed|title=Cameron chairs Cobra meeting after overnight standoff in Calais|first=Josh|last=Halliday|date=31 July 2015|website=the Guardian|access-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122000846/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/31/calais-crisis-david-cameron-chairs-cobra-meeting-as-mod-role-discussed|archive-date=22 November 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===United States=== [[File:May Day Immigration March LA47.jpg|thumb|upright|Illegal immigrant rights march for amnesty in downtown [[Los Angeles]], California on [[International Workers' Day|May Day]], 2006]] {{Main|Illegal immigration to the United States|Illegal immigrant population of the United States}} {{See also|Coyotaje}} Approximately 11 million illegal immigrants were estimated to be living in the United States in 2006.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html | title = illegal immigrants in the US: How many are there? | work = csmonitor.com | date = 2006-05-16 | last = Knickerbocker | first = Brad | access-date = 25 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120505124757/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html | archive-date = 5 May 2012 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Estimates from the Pew Hispanic Center show the number of illegal immigrants has declined to 11.1 million in March 2009, from a peak of 12 million in March 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pewhispanic.org/2010/09/01/us-unauthorized-immigration-flows-are-down-sharply-since-mid-decade |title = U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply Since Mid-Decade |work = Pew Research Center |date = 2010-09-01 |last = PASSEL |first = JEFFREY S. |last2 = COHN |first2 = D’VERA |access-date = 27 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180609061038/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2010/09/01/us-unauthorized-immigration-flows-are-down-sharply-since-mid-decade/ |archive-date = 9 June 2018 |dead-url = no |df = dmy-all }}</ref> The majority of the illegal immigrants are from Mexico.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703307 | title = Study Details Lives of Illegal Immigrants in U.S. | work = NPR | date = 2005-06-14 | last = Kahn | first = Carrie | access-date = 5 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135927/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703307 | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | dead-url = no | df = dmy-all }}</ref> The issue of illegal immigration has long been controversial in the United States. In 2007, President [[George W. Bush]] called for Congress to endorse his guest worker proposal, stating that illegal immigrants took jobs that Americans would not take.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web | url = https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2006-04-10-immigrants-economic-impact_x.htm |title= Immigrants Claim Pivotal Role in Economy | work = USA Today |date=2006-04-11 |last = Lynch |first = David J. |last2 = Woodyard |first2 =Chris}}</ref> The [[Pew Hispanic Center]] notes that while the number of legal immigrants arriving has not varied substantially since the 1980s, the number of illegal immigrants has increased dramatically and, since the mid-1990s, has surpassed the number of [[Immigration to the United States|legal immigrants]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf |title= Illegal Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics |accessdate= 1 March 2009 |date= 14 May 2005 |work= |publisher= Pew Hispanic Center |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090301015524/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf |archive-date= 1 March 2009 |dead-url= no |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Penalties for employers of illegal immigrants, of $2,000–$10,000 and up to six months' imprisonment,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc/ref/8usc1324a.htm |title= Title 8—Aliens and Nationality, Chapter 12—Immigration and Nationality, Subchapter II—Immigration (Sec. 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and 8 U.S.C. 1324a) |accessdate= 1 March 2009 |date= |work= U.S. Code Online |publisher= United States Department of Justice |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081230034455/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc/ref/8USC1324a.htm |archivedate= 30 December 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> go largely unenforced. Political groups like [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Americans for Legal Immigration|Americans for Legal Immigration]] have formed to demand enforcement of immigration laws and secure borders. ALIPAC has also called for "safe departure" border checkpoints, free of criminal checks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/27/anti-immigrant-group-calls-safe-passage-illegals|title=Anti-Illegal Immigration Group Calls for 'Safe Passage' of Illegals Out of U.S.|work=Fox News|access-date=28 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729040548/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/27/anti-immigrant-group-calls-safe-passage-illegals/|archive-date=29 July 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In a 2011 news story, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported, <blockquote>... illegal immigrants in 2010 were parents of 5.5 million children, 4.5 million of whom were [[Anchor baby|born in the U.S.]] and are citizens. Because illegal immigrants are younger and more likely to be married, they represented a disproportionate share of births—8% of the babies born in the U.S. between March 2009 and March 2010 were to at least one illegal immigrant parent.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/02/nation/la-na-pew-immigration-20110202 |title= Illegal immigration in U.S. stabilizes |work= Los Angeles Times |date= 2011-02-02 |last= Riccardi |first= Nicholas |access-date= 16 July 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121011130249/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/02/nation/la-na-pew-immigration-20110202 |archive-date= 11 October 2012 |dead-url= no |df= dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote> Immigration from Mexico to the United States has slowed in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goerdt|first=Ana|title=Ignoring the numbers on Mexico-U.S. migration|url=http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/25371709357/ignoring-numbers-us-mexico-migration|work=Border Fact Check|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America|accessdate=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929100332/http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/25371709357/ignoring-numbers-us-mexico-migration|archive-date=29 September 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This has been attributed to the slowing of the U.S. economy, the buildup in security along the border and increased violence on the Mexican side of the [[Mexico-United States border]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isacson|first1=Adam|last2=Meyer|first2=Maureen|title=Beyond the Border Buildup: Security and Migrants along the U.S.-Mexico Border|year=2012|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-9834517-8-5|page=57|url=http://www.wola.org/files/Beyond_the_Border_Buildup_FINAL.pdf|access-date=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227193202/http://www.wola.org/files/Beyond_the_Border_Buildup_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2016, the [[Library of Congress]], announced it would use "noncitizens" and "unauthorized immigration" rather than "illegal aliens" as a bibliographical term. It said the once common phrase had become offensive, and was not precise.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-library-congress-alien-20160403-story.html |title= Library of Congress to stop using term 'illegal alien' |work= Los Angeles Times |date= 2016-04-03 |last= Padilla |first= Steve |last2= Rivera |first2= Selene |access-date= 27 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181436/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-library-congress-alien-20160403-story.html |archive-date= 27 July 2018 |dead-url= no |df= dmy-all }}</ref> In 2018, Attorney General [[Jeff Sessions]] instructed the US attorneys offices not to use the term "undocumented immigrants", but to instead refer to people as "illegal aliens."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/24/politics/justice-department-illegal-aliens-undocumented|title=Justice Department: Use 'illegal aliens,' not 'undocumented'|work=CNN|date=2018-06-24|last=Kopan|first=Tal|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181035/https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/24/politics/justice-department-illegal-aliens-undocumented|archive-date=27 July 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ====Puerto Rico==== ''See [[Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico#Illegal immigration]]'' ===Venezuela=== An estimated 200,000 Colombians have fled the [[Colombian civil war (1964–present)|Colombian civil war]] and sought safety in Venezuela. Most of them lack identity documents and this hampers their access to services, as well as to the labor market. The Venezuelan government has no specific policies on refugees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-7AYHES?OpenDocument|title=Colombia: UNHCR signs agreement with Venezuelan "Banco del Pueblo Soberano"|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref><ref>[http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/venezuela Venezuela | Child Soldiers Global Report 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826063839/http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/venezuela |date=26 August 2012 }}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Law}} * [[Asylum shopping]] * [[Border Patrol (disambiguation)]] * [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] * [[Deportation]] * [[Free migration]] * [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] * [[Nationality law]] * [[Open border]] * [[Political demography]] * [[International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]] * [[Working under the table]] * [[Immigration and crime]] * [[Undocumented youth in the United States]] * [[Stowaway]] * [[Mexico–United States border|Mexico-United States border]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * Christine Bischoff, Falk, Francesca and Sylvia Kafehsy: Images of Illegalized Immigration. Towards a Critical Iconology of Politics. Bielefeld: transcript. November 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-8376-1537-1}} * Barkan, Elliott R. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s." ''Social Science History'' 2003 27(2): 229–283. in Project Muse. * Janos Besenyo: [http://archiv.uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-2017-1-07-besenyo.original.pdf Fences and Border Protection]: The Question of Establishing Technical Barriers in Europe, AARMS, Vol 16, Issue 1, 2017, pp. 77–87. * Vanessa B. Beasley, ed. ''Who Belongs in America?: Presidents, Rhetoric, And Immigration'' (2006). * Borjas, G.J. "The economics of immigration", ''Journal of Economic Literature'', v 32 (1994), pp.&nbsp;1667–717. * Cull, Nicholas J. and Carrasco, Davíd, ed. ''Alambrista and the US–Mexico Border: Film, Music, and Stories of undocumented immigrants'' U. of New Mexico Press, 2004. 225 pp. * [[Miguel A. De La Torre|De La Torre, Miguel A.]], "Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate", Orbis Books, 2009. * Dowling, Julie A., and Jonathan Xavier Inda, eds. [http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=21744 Governing Immigration Through Crime: A Reader]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. * Thomas J. Espenshade; "Unauthorized Immigration to the United States" ''Annual Review of Sociology''. Volume: 21. 1995. pp 195+. * {{cite journal | last1 = Flores | first1 = William V | year = 2003 | title = New Citizens, New Rights: illegal Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship | url = | journal = Latin American Perspectives | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 87–100 }} * Inda, Jonathan Xavier. [https://www.academia.edu/417339/Targeting_Immigrants_Government_Technology_and_Ethics Targeting Immigrant: Government, Technology, and Ethics]. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. * Kennedy, Marie and Chris Tilly, [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2008/0708kennedytilly.html 'They Work Here, They Live Here, They Stay Here!': French immigrants strike for the right to work—and win.] [[Dollars & Sense]], July/August 2008. * Lisa Magaña, ''Straddling the Border: Immigration Policy and the INS'' (2003) * Marquardt, Marie Friedmann, Timothy Steigenga, Philip Williams and Manuel Vasquez, ''Living "Illegal": The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration'', The New Press, 2011. * Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" ''[[Alabama Review]]'' 2002 55(4): 243–274. {{ISSN|0002-4341}} 9-4894945651. * Ngai, Mae M. ''Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America'' (2004). * Ngai, Mae M. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921–1965" ''Law and History Review'' 2003 21(1): 69–107. {{ISSN|0738-2480}} Fulltext in History Cooperative. * Mireille Rosello; "Representing undocumented immigrants in France: From Clandestins to L'affaire Des Sans-Papiers De Saint-Bernard" ''Journal of European Studies'', Vol. 28, 1998 959525126. * [[Dowell Myers]] (2007), ''[[Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America]]'', Russell Sage Foundation, {{ISBN|978-0-87154-636-4}}. * Tranaes, T. and Zimmermann, K.F. (eds), ''Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State'', Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark, (2004). * Venturini, A. ''Post-War Migration in Southern Europe. An Economic Approach'' Cambridge University Press (2004). * Vicino, Thomas J. ''Suburban Crossroads: The Fight for Local Control of Immigration Policy'' Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013. * Zimmermann, K.F. (ed.), ''European Migration: What Do We Know?'' Oxford University Press, (2005). * Range, Peter R., ''Europe faces an immigrant tide'' [[National Geographic Magazine]] May 1993. {{European migrant crisis}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Immigration}} [[Category:Illegal immigration|Immigration]] [[Category:Crimes|Immigration]] [[Category:Human migration]] [[Category:Criminal law]] [[Category:Legal concepts|Immigration]] [[Category:Morality]]'