Examine individual changes

'{{multiple issues| {{Original research|date=May 2015}} {{Cleanup|reason=Article contains many examples, but little general coverage. Examples may warrant split.|date=February 2018}} }} [[File:1887 Bettanier Der Schwarze Fleck anagoria.JPG|right|350px|thumb|An 1887 painting depicting schoolchildren in France being taught about the province of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] lost in the aftermath of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] that is depicted in the color black on a map of France.]] '''Irredentism''' is any political or popular movement that seeks to claim/reclaim and occupy a land that the movement's members consider to be a "lost" (or "unredeemed") territory from their nation's past. Many states formalize their irredentist claims by including them in their constitutional documents, or through other means of legal enshrinement. Such territorial claims are justified on the basis of real or imagined national notions of historic territorial, religious or ethnic affiliations. Irredentist policies may be advocated by [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[pan-nationalism|pan-nationalist]] movements and have been a feature of [[identity politics]], and of [[cultural geography|cultural]], and [[political geography]]. Irredentism may operate as a device for a government to redirect their citizens' discontent against outsiders. ==Etymology== {{Main|Italian irredentism}} [[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|240px|Map of the territories claimed as "irredent" in the 1930s (in green: [[Nice]], [[Ticino]] and [[Dalmatia]]; in red: [[Malta]]; in violet: [[Corsica]])]] The word (from [[Italian language|Italian]] ''irredento'' for "unredeemed") was coined in [[Italy]] from the phrase ''Italia irredenta'' ("unredeemed Italy").<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Irredentists |volume=14 |page=840}}</ref> This originally referred to rule by [[Austria-Hungary]] over territories mostly or partly inhabited by ethnic [[Italians]], such as [[Trentino]], [[Trieste]], [[Gorizia]], [[Istria]], [[Fiume]] and [[Dalmatia]] during the 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |first=Adda Bruemmer |last=Bozeman. |title=Regional Conflicts Around Geneva: An Inquiry Into the Origin, Nature, and Implications of the Neutralized Zone of Savoy and of the Customs-free Zones of Gex and Upper Savoy |year=1949 |location=Geneva |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZZ6aAAAAIAAJ|isbn=9780804705127 }}</ref> An area that may be subjected to a potential claim is sometimes called an "irredenta"; but not all irredentas are necessarily involved in irredentism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/irredenta|title=Irredenta|publisher=Free Dictionary}}</ref> A common way to express a claim to adjacent territories on the grounds of historical or ethnic association is by using the adjective "Greater" as a prefix to the country name. This conveys the image of national territory at its maximum conceivable extent with the country "proper" at its core. The use of "Greater" does not always convey an irredentistic meaning. ==Ongoing irredentist claims in the world== {{split section|date=February 2018}} ===Afghanistan=== The [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] border with [[Pakistan]], known as the [[Durand Line]], was agreed to by Afghanistan and British India in 1893. The [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribes inhabiting the border areas were divided between what have become two nations; Afghanistan never accepted the still-porous border and clashes broke out in the 1950s and 1960s between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the issue. All Afghan governments of the past century have declared, with varying intensity, a long-term goal of re-uniting all Pashtun-dominated areas under Afghan rule.<ref name="Roashan">[http://www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org/Contributions/Commentaries/DRRoashanArch/2001_08_11_unholy_durand_line.htm Dr. G. Rauf Roashan, "The Unholy Durand Line, Buffering the Buffer"], Institute for Afghan Studies, August 11, 2001. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120325161737/http://www.institute-for-afghan-studies.org/Contributions/Commentaries/DRRoashanArch/2001_08_11_unholy_durand_line.htm |date=March 25, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/10/AR2009051001959.html |first =Selig S. |last =Harrison|title = The Fault Line Between Pashtuns and Punjabis in Pakistan|work =[[The Washington Post]]|date= 11 May 2009}}</ref> ===Argentina=== {{see also|Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute}} The Argentine government has intermittently maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas, in Spanish) since 1833, and renewed it as recently as January 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/03/world/europe/argentina-falklands-letter/index.html|title=Argentina presses claim to Falkland Islands, accusing UK of colonialism |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2012-01-08}}</ref> It considers the archipelago part of the [[Tierra del Fuego Province (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego Province]], along with [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. The Argentine claim is included in the transitional provisions of the [[Constitution of Argentina]] as [[1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution|amended in 1994]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/cuerpo1.php |title=Constitución Nacional |language=Spanish |date=22 August 1994 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040617152239/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/cuerpo1.php |archivedate=June 17, 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |date=22 August 1994 |accessdate=17 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604215413/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |archivedate=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> {{quote|The Argentine Nation ratifies its legitimate and non-prescribing sovereignty over the Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands and over the corresponding maritime and insular zones, as they are an integral part of the National territory. The recovery of these territories and the full exercise of sovereignty, respecting the way of life for its inhabitants and according to the principles of international law, constitute a permanent and unwavering goal of the Argentine people.}} ===Bengal=== {{see also|Bengal|United Bengal}} [[File:United Bengal.png|thumb|United Bengal]] United Bengal is a political ideology of a Unified [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking]] Nation in [[South Asia]]. The ideology was developed by [[Bengali nationalism|Bengali Nationalists]] after the First [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905. The [[British Raj|British]]-ruled [[Bengal Presidency]] was divided into Western Bengal and [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] to weaken the Independence Movement; after much protest, [[Bengal]] was reunited in 1911. The second attempt by British to partition the Bengal along communal lines was in 1947. The '''United Bengal''' proposal was the bid made by [[Prime Minister of Bengal]] [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] Nationalist Leader [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] to found a united and independent nation-state of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|date=2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311492|page=42|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=sarat+Shaheed+Suhrawardy+plan#v=onepage&q=sarat%20Shaheed%20Suhrawardy%20plan&f=false|ref=scb1}}</ref><ref name=scb2>{{cite web|title=Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy : His Life|url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/34685/huseyn-shaheed-suhrawardy--his-life.html|website=thedailynewnation.com|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> The proposal was floated as an alternative to the [[1947 Partition of Bengal|partition of Bengal]] on [[Communalism|communal]] lines. The initiative failed due to British diplomacy and communal conflict between [[Bengali Muslims]] and [[Bengali Hindus]] that eventually led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Second Partition of Bengal]]. ===Bolivia=== [[Image:BoliviaChile.jpg|thumb|200x|right|Bolivian irredentism over losses in the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1884): "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold on [[roto]]s (Chileans), because here come the Colorados of Bolivia"]] The 2009 constitution of [[Bolivia]] states that the country has an "unrenounceable right over the territory that gives it access to the [[Pacific Ocean]] and its maritime space".<ref>CAPÍTULO CUARTO, REIVINDICACIÓN MARÍTIMA. Artículo 267. I. El Estado boliviano declara su derecho irrenunciable e imprescriptible sobre el territorio que le dé acceso al océano Pacífico y su espacio marítimo. II. La solución efectiva al diferendo marítimo a través de medios pacíficos y el ejercicio pleno de la soberanía sobre dicho territorio constituyen objetivos permanentes e irrenunciables del Estado boliviano.[http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/documentos/publicaciones/constitucion.pdf Constitution of Bolivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024044028/http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/documentos/publicaciones/constitucion.pdf |date=2017-10-24 }}</ref> This is understood as territory that Bolivia and Peru ceded to Chile after the [[War of the Pacific]], which left Bolivia as a [[landlocked]] country. ===China=== {{main|Chinese Unification|Greater China}} The preamble to the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]] states, "[[Taiwan]] is part of the sacred territory of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It is the lofty duty of the entire [[Chinese people]], including our compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of [[Chinese Unification|reunifying the motherland]]." The PRC claim to sovereignty over Taiwan is generally based on the theory of the [[succession of states]], with the PRC claiming that it is the successor state to the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]].<ref name=prc_wp>{{cite web|year=2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue |work=PRC Taiwan Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Taiwan%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate=2006-03-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213045631/http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White+Papers+On+Taiwan+Issue&m_id=4 |archivedate=13 February 2006 |df= }}</ref> It disregards the fact that the Qing Empire ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan in perpetuity in the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895. The Government of the Republic of China formerly administered both mainland China and Taiwan; the government has been administering only Taiwan since its defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]] by the armed forces of the [[Communist Party of China]]. While the official name of the state remains 'Republic of China', the country is commonly called 'Taiwan', since Taiwan makes up 99% of the controlled territory of the ROC. Article 4 of the [[Constitution of the Republic of China]] originally stated that "[t]he territory of the Republic of China within its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by a resolution of the [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]]"<ref>The National Assembly abolished in 2005, which transfer power to the Legislative Yuan. The Legislative Yuan hold the power for decide to have a referendum about the changes of territory.</ref> Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the Government of the Republic of China on Taiwan maintained itself to be the legitimate ruler of Mainland China as well. As part of its current policy of continuing the 'status quo', the ROC has not renounced claims over the territories currently controlled by the People's Republic of China, [[Mongolia]], [[Russia]], [[Myanmar]] and some [[Central Asia]]n states. However, Taiwan does not actively pursue these claims in practice; the remaining claims that Taiwan is actively seeking are of uninhabited islands: the [[Senkaku Islands]], whose sovereignty is also asserted by [[Japan]] and the PRC; and the [[Paracel Islands]] and [[Spratly Islands]] in the [[South China Sea]], which are currently being developed by China (PRC). ===Comoros=== Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of the [[Comoros]] begins: "The Union of the Comoros is a republic, composed of the autonomous islands of [[Mohéli]], [[Mayotte]], [[Anjouan]], and [[Grande Comore]]." Mayotte, geographically a part of the Comoro Islands, was the only island of the four to vote against independence from France (independence losing 37%–63%) in the referendum held December 22, 1974. Mayotte is currently a department of the French Republic.<ref>UN General Assembly, [http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf Forty-ninth session: Agenda item 36] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527195255/http://un.cti.depaul.edu/Countries/Comoros/1156245840.pdf |date=May 27, 2008 }}</ref><ref>Security Council S/PV. 1888 para 247 S/11967 {{cite web |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-11-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010910/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |archivedate=2008-03-17 |df= }} {{cite web |url=http://legal.un.org/repertory/art33/english/rep_supp5_vol2-art33_e.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010910/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |archivedate=2008-03-17 |df= }}</ref> ===India=== {{Main|Akhand Bharat|Indo-Pak Confederation}} [[File:India disputed areas map.svg|thumb|Map showing disputed areas of [[India]]]] All of the European colonies on the [[Indian subcontinent]] which were not part of the [[British Raj]] have been annexed by [[India]] since it gained its independence from the [[British Empire]]. An example of such territories was the 1961 [[Indian annexation of Goa]]. An example of annexation of a territory from the British Raj was the [[Indian integration of Junagadh]]. [[Akhand Bharat]], literally Undivided India or Whole India, is an irredentist call to reunite [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] (and for some Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan) with [[India]] to form an ''Undivided India'' as it existed before [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947 during the [[British Raj]] (and before that, during other periods of political unity in [[South Asia]] when most of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] was under the rule of one power, such as during the [[Maurya Empire]], the [[Gupta Empire]], the [[Chola Empire]] the [[Mughal Empire]] or the [[Maratha Empire]]). The call for ''Akhanda Bharata'' has often been raised by mainstream [[India]]n nationalistic cultural and political organizations such as the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name=Ferguson>Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, ''Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world'', page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5460-2}}</ref><ref name=Majumder>Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", ''Feminist Review'', issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-415-12375-4}}</ref><ref name=Martensson>Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, ''Fundamentalism in the Modern World'' (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-84885-330-0}}</ref> Other major Indian political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]], while maintaining positions against the partition of India on religious grounds, do not necessarily subscribe to a call to reunite South Asia in the form of Akhanda Bharata. The region of [[Kashmir]] in north India has been the issue of a territorial dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Multiple wars have been fought over the issue, the first one immediately upon independence and partition in 1947 itself. To stave off a Pakistani and tribal invasion, [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] with India. Kashmir has remained divided in three parts, administered by India, Pakistan and [[China]], since then. However, on the basis of the instrument of accession, India continues to claim the entire Kashmir region as its integral part. All modern Indian political parties support the return of the entirety of Kashmir to India, and all official maps of India show the entire [[Jammu and Kashmir]] state (including parts under Pakistani or Chinese administration after 1947) as an integral part of India. ===Indonesia=== {{Main|Greater Indonesia}} [[File:Westpapua.png|thumb|[[Western New Guinea]] was annexed by Indonesia in 1969]] Indonesia claimed all territories of the former [[Dutch East Indies]], and previously viewed British plans to group the [[British Malaya]] and [[British Borneo|Borneo]] into a new independent federation of [[Malaysia]] as a threat to its objective to create a united state called [[Greater Indonesia]]. The Indonesian opposition of Malaysian formation has led to the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] in the early 1960s. It also held [[History of East Timor|Portuguese Timor]] (modern [[East Timor]]) from 1975 to 2002 based on irredentist claims. The idea of uniting former British and Dutch colonial possessions in Southeast Asia actually has its roots in the early 20th century, as the concept of Greater Malay (''Melayu Raya'') was coined in [[British Malaya]] espoused by students and graduates of [[Sultan Idris Education University|Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers]] in the late 1920s.<ref name="McIntyre">{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Angus|authorlink=|year=1973|title=The 'Greater Indonesia' Idea of Nationalism in Malaysia and Indonesia.|url=|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=7|issue=1|pages=75–83|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000439X|id=}}<!--|accessdate= 2008-02-16 --></ref> Some political figures in Indonesia including [[Mohammad Yamin]] and [[Sukarno]] revived the idea in the 1950s and named the political union concept as Greater Indonesia. ===Israel & Palestine=== {{Main|Israeli nationalism|Palestinian nationalism|Greater Israel}} The nation state of Israel was established in 1948. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] passed U.N. Resolution 181, otherwise known as the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], with 72% of the valid votes. Eventually, Israeli independence was achieved following the liquidation of the former British-administered Mandate of Palestine, the departure of the British and the "Independence War" between the Jews in ex-[[Mandatory Palestine]] and five Arab states' armies. The Jewish claim to Palestine as a [[Jewish homeland]] can be seen as an example of irredentist reclamation of what is considered lost Jewish land by Zionists. These claims are based on ancestral inhabitance (and in some periods sovereignty) in the land and the cultural/religious significance of it in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. The latter is particularly relevant to the Israeli claim to Jerusalem. It should be noted that [[Mandatory Palestine]] had sizable [[History of the Jews in Palestine|Jewish]] and [[Palestinians|Arab]] populations before the Second World War.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Judea]] and [[Samaria]], as they are called in the Bible, were part of the ancient [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel]] (designated the [[West Bank]] by Jordan in 1947) and the [[Gaza Strip]], previously annexed by Jordan and occupied by Egypt respectively, were conquered and occupied by Israel in the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967. Israel withdrew from Gaza in August 2005; Judea and Samaria (West Bank) remain under Israeli control. Israel has never explicitly claimed sovereignty over any part of the West Bank apart from [[East Jerusalem]], which it unilaterally annexed in 1980. However, the Israeli military supports and defends hundreds of thousands of Israeli citizens who have [[Israeli settlements|migrated]] to the West Bank, incurring criticism by some who otherwise support Israel. The United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, and some countries and international organizations continue to regard Israel as occupying Gaza. ''(See [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-Occupied Territories]])'' [[File:Israel and occupied territories map.png|thumb|Israel and [[Israeli-occupied territories]]]] The Israeli annexing instrument, the [[Jerusalem Law]]—one of the [[Basic Laws of Israel]] (Israel does not have a constitution)—declares Jerusalem, "complete and united", to be the capital of Israel. Article 3 of the Basic Law of the [[Palestinian Authority]], which was ratified in 2002 by the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and serves as an interim constitution, claims that "[[Jerusalem]] is the capital of Palestine". ''De facto'', the Palestinian government administers the parts of the [[West Bank]] that Israel has granted it authority over from [[Ramallah]], while the [[Gaza Strip]] is administered by [[Hamas|the Hamas movement]] from [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The United States has until now not recognized Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and maintained its embassy in Tel Aviv. In Jerusalem, the United States maintained two Consulates General as a diplomatic representation to the city of Jerusalem alone, separate from representation to the state of Israel. One of the Consulates General was established before the 1967 war, and the other in a recently constructed building on the Israeli side of Jerusalem. Moreover, Congress passed the [[Jerusalem Embassy Act]] in 1995 that says the US shall move its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, but allows the [[President of the United States|president]] to delay the move every year if it is deemed contrary to national security interests. Since 1995, every president delayed the move. However, President [[Donald Trump]] in December 2017 declared his intention to move the embassy to Jerusalem and by May 2018 the embassy will have officially moved to Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mark Landler |date=6 December 2017 |title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html}}</ref> A number of Israelis and Jews regard the [[Transjordan (region)|East Bank of the Jordan river]] (which is today the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]]) as the eastern parts of the [[Land of Israel]] (following the [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]] idea) because, according to the Bible, the [[Tribes of Israel|Israelite tribes]] of [[Tribe of Manasseh|Menasseh]], [[Tribe of Gad|Gad]], and [[Tribe of Reuben|Reuben]] settled on the east bank of the Jordan, and because that area was designated a [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish national home]] by the [[League of Nations]] in the [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate for Palestine]] based upon the recognized historical connection of the Jewish people to the land. Cited as an explicit basis not to create, but to reconstitute the historical homeland of the Jewish people as a nation-state roughly analogous to the former Kingdom of Israel subject to change by treaty, capitulation, grant, usage, sufferance or other lawful means, it forms a basis for claims of sovereign jurisdiction. ===Korea=== {{main|Korean reunification}} Since their founding, both Korean states have disputed the legitimacy of the other. [[North Korea]]'s constitution stresses the importance of reunification, but, while it makes no similar formal provision for administering the South, it effectively claims its territory as it does not [[Diplomatic recognition|diplomatically recognise]] the Republic of Korea, deeming it an "entity occupying the Korean territory". [[South Korea]]'s constitution also claims jurisdiction over the entire Korean peninsula. It acknowledges the [[division of Korea]] only indirectly by requiring the president to work for reunification. The [[Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces]], established in 1949, is the South Korean authority charged with the administration of Korean territory north of the [[Military Demarcation Line]] (i.e., North Korea), and consists of the governors of the five provinces, who are appointed by the [[President of the Republic of Korea|President]]. However the body is purely symbolic and largely tasked with dealing with Northern defectors; if reunification were to actually occur the Committee would be dissolved and new administrators appointed by the [[Ministry of Unification]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/03/18/south-koreas-governors-in-theory-for-north-korea/|title=South Korea's Governors-in-Theory for North Korea|date=March 18, 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> Other territories sometimes disputed to belong to Korea are [[Korean nationalism#Manchuria and Gando Disputes|Manchuria and Gando]]. === Pakistan === Pakistan has from its inception sought to have the territory of Kashmir incorporated into it. This singular demand has predominated Pakistan's policy strategy and decision-making as well as its diplomacy, throughout its existence. Pakistan's dispute with India over the territory of Kashmir stems from events leading up to the 1948 war between the 2 countries. === Venezuela === {{main|Guayana Esequiba}} The [[Guayana Esequiba]] is a territory administered by [[Guyana]] but claimed by [[Venezuela]]. It was first included in the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] and the [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] by [[Spain]], but was later included in [[Essequibo (colony)|Essequibo]] by the Dutch and in [[British Guiana]] by the [[United Kingdom]]. Originally, parts of what is now eastern Venezuela were included in the disputed area. This territory of {{Convert|159500|km2|abbr=on}} is the subject of a long-running boundary dispute inherited from the colonial powers and complicated by the independence of Guyana in 1966. The status of the territory is subject to the Treaty of Geneva, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela and British Guiana governments on February 17, 1966. This treaty stipulates that the parties will agree to find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory solution to the dispute.<ref name=Geneva>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20561/volume-561-I-8192-English.pdf|title=Agreement to resolve the controversy over the frontier between Venezuela and British Guiana (Treaty of Geneva, 1966) |publisher= [[United Nations]]}}</ref> ==Other irredentism== {{multiple issues|section=yes| {{recentism|section|date=February 2018}} {{split section|date=February 2018}} }} ===Europe=== ====Former Yugoslavia==== {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Some of the most violent irredentist conflicts of recent times in [[Europe]] flared up as a consequence of the break-up of the former [[Yugoslavia]]n federal state in the early 1990s.{{dubious|date=October 2011}}{{clarify|date=October 2011}} The conflict erupted further south with the ethnic Albanian majority in [[Kosovo]] seeking to switch allegiance to the adjoining state of [[Albania]].<ref>{{cite book|authorlink =Naomi Chazan|first = Naomi|last = Chazan|date = 1991|title =Irredentism and international politics|publisher =Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn = 9781555872212}}</ref> ====Albania==== {{main|Albanian nationalism|Greater Albania}} [[File:AlbaniansOutsideAlbania.png|thumb|Distribution of [[Albanians]] in the Balkans]] Greater Albania<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/balkan/07(11)MD.pdf|title=404 Error Page|website=www.da.mod.uk}}</ref> or ''Ethnic Albania'' as called by the Albanian nationalists themselves,<ref name="Bogdani2007">{{Cite book|title=Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration |last=Bogdani |first=Mirela |authorlink= |author2=John Loughlin |year=2007 |publisher=IB Taurus |location= |isbn= 978-1-84511-308-7|page=230 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA230&dq=ethnic+albania&cd=4#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20albania |accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> is an irredentist concept of lands outside the borders of [[Albania]] which are considered part of a greater national homeland by most Albanians,<ref name=Balkan-Insight>{{cite web|url = http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/survey-greater-albania-remains-popular|title = Poll Reveals Support for 'Greater Albania'|work= Balkan Insight|date= 17 November 2010|first=Besar|last = Likmeta}}</ref> based on claims on the present-day or historical presence of Albanian populations in those areas. The term incorporates claims to [[Kosovo]], as well as territories in the neighbouring countries [[Montenegro]], [[Greece]], and the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. Albanians themselves mostly use the term ''ethnic Albania'' instead.<ref name="Bogdani2007" /> According to the ''Gallup Balkan Monitor'' 2010 report, the idea of a Greater Albania is supported by the majority of Albanians in Albania (63%), Kosovo (81%) and Macedonia (53%).<ref name=Balkan-Insight/><ref>[http://www.balkan-monitor.eu/files/BalkanMonitor-2010_Summary_of_Findings.pdf Gallup Balkan Monitor], 2010</ref> In 2012, as part of the celebrations for the [[100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania]], Prime Minister [[Sali Berisha]] spoke of "Albanian lands" stretching from [[Preveza]] in Greece to [[Preševo]] in Serbia, and from the Macedonian capital of [[Skopje]] to the Montenegrin capital of [[Podgorica]], angering Albania's neighbours. The comments were also inscribed on a parchment that will be displayed at a museum in the city of Vlore, where the country's independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared in 1912.<ref>''Albania celebrates 100 years of independence, yet angers half its neighbors'' Associated Press, November 28, 2012.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/albania-celebrates-100-years-of-independence-yet-angers-half-its-neighbors/2012/11/28/a17de6d4-398a-11e2-9258-ac7c78d5c680_print.html]{{dead link|date=April 2014}}</ref> ====Bulgaria==== {{main|Greater Bulgaria}} Based on the territorial definition of a historic Bulgarian state, a "[[Greater Bulgaria]]" nationalist movement has been active for more than a century that would annex most of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], [[Thrace]], and [[Moesia]]. ====France==== {{main|Natural borders of France}} The idea of the natural borders of France is a political theory conceptualized primarily in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that focused on widening the borders primarily based on either practical reasons or the territory that was thought to be the maximum extent that the ancient Gauls inhabited. Under this theory France's eastern border would extend to the Rhine river and would require the annexation of Belgium, Luxembourg, 27,264&nbsp;km² of German territory on the left bank of the Rhine river, and 10,545&nbsp;km² of Dutch territory south of Waal and Merwede rivers. If implemented today France would increase its territory by 70,923&nbsp;km² and increase its population by 25,170,400. ====Germany==== {{main|German Question|Pan-Germanism|Anschluss|Munich Agreement}} During the debate of what was then called the [[German Question]] (''die deutsche Frage'') in the 19th century prior to the [[unification of Germany]] (1871), the term ''Großdeutschland'', "Greater Germany", referred to a possible German nation consisting of the states that later comprised the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria]]. The term ''Kleindeutschland'' "Lesser Germany" referred to a possible German state without Austria. The term was later used by Germans referring to Greater Germany, a state consisting of pre–World War I Germany, Austria and the [[Sudetenland]]. A main point of [[Nazism|Nazi ideology]] was to reunify all Germans either born or living outside of Germany to create an "all-German [[Reich]]". These beliefs ultimately resulted in the Munich Agreement, which ceded to Germany [[The Sudetenland|areas of Czechoslovakia]] that were mainly inhabited by those of German descent, and the ''[[Anschluss]]'', which ceded the entire country of Austria to Germany; both events occurred in 1938. ====Greece==== {{Main|Megali Idea}} Following the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1821–1832, [[Greece]] began to contest areas inhabited by Greeks, primarily against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The [[Megali Idea]] (Great Idea) envisioned Greek incorporation of Greek-inhabited lands, but also historical lands in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] corresponding with the predominantly Greek and Orthodox [[Byzantine Empire]] and the dominions of the ancient Greeks. [[File:Territorial Expansion of Greece from 1832–1947.gif|thumb|Territorial evolution of modern Greece]] The Greek quest began with the acquisition of [[Thessaly]] through the [[Convention of Constantinople (1881)|Convention of Constantinople in 1881]], [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|a failed war against Turkey in 1897]] and the [[Balkan Wars]] ([[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]], some [[Aegean Islands]]). After World War I, Greece acquired [[Western Thrace]] from [[Bulgaria]] as per the [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]], but also [[Ionia]]/[[İzmir|Smyrna]] and [[East Thrace|Eastern Thrace]] (excluding [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]) from the Ottoman Empire as ordained in the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. Subsequently, Greece launched an [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)|unsuccessful campaign]] to further their gains in Asia Minor, but were halted by the [[Turkish War of Independence|Turkish revolution]]. The events culminated into the [[Great Fire of Smyrna]], [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] and [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]] which returned Eastern Thrace and Ionia to the newfound Turkish Republic. The events are known as the "Asia Minor Catastrophe" to Greeks. The [[Ionian Islands]] were ceded by Britain in 1864, and the [[Dodecanese]] by Italy in 1947. Another concern of the Greeks is the [[Enosis|incorporation of Cyprus]] which was ceded by the Ottomans to [[British Cyprus (1878–1960)|the British]]. As a result of the [[Cyprus Emergency]] the island gained independence as the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]] in 1960. The failed incorporation by Greece through [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] and the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974 led to the formation of the mostly unrecognized [[Northern Cyprus]] and has culminated into the present-day [[Cyprus dispute|Cyprus issue]]. The Aegean islands of [[Imbros and Tenedos]] which were not ceded to Greece over the course of the 20th century and where the dominant Greek community has faced persecution are also of concern. ====Hungary==== [[File:Hungary in 1941 with territories annexed in 1938-1941.png|thumb|Map of territories reassigned to Hungary in 1938–1941 including [[Northern Transylvania]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]]]] {{Main|Hungarian irredentism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The restoration of the borders of [[Hungary]] to their state prior to World War I, in order to unite all ethnic Hungarians within the same country once again. ====Ireland==== [[File:Ireland-Capitals.PNG|thumb|left|Political map of Ireland, showing the state of Ireland and Northern Ireland]] {{main|United Ireland|Partition of Ireland|Irish republican legitimism}} The [[Irish Free State]] achieved independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1922. This state did not include [[Northern Ireland]], which comprised six counties in the north-east of the island of [[Ireland]] which remained in the United Kingdom. The [[Constitution of Ireland]] adopted in 1937 provided that the name of the state is ''Ireland'' and [[Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland|Articles 2 and 3]] provided that "[t]he national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", while stipulating that "[p]ending the re-integration of the national territory", the powers of the state were restricted to legislate only for the area which had formed part of the [[Irish Free State]]. Arising from the [[Northern Ireland peace process]], the matter was mutually resolved as part of the [[Good Friday Agreement]] in 1998. [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'s constitution was altered by [[Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|referendum]] and its territorial claim to [[Northern Ireland]] was removed. The amended constitution asserts that while it is the entitlement of "every person born in the island of Ireland … to be part of the Irish Nation" and to hold Irish citizenship, "a united Ireland shall be brought about only by peaceful means with the consent of a majority of the people, democratically expressed, in both jurisdictions in the island". A [[North/South Ministerial Council]] was created between the two jurisdictions and given executive authority. The advisory and consultative role of the government of Ireland in the government of Northern Ireland granted by the United Kingdom, that had begun with the 1985 [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]], was maintained, although that Agreement itself was ended. The two states also settled the long-running [[Names of the Irish state|dispute concerning their respective names]]: ''Ireland'' and the ''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'', with both governments agreeing to use those names. Under the [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] theory of [[Irish republican legitimism|legitimism]], the [[Irish Republic]] declared in 1916 was in existence from then on, denying the legitimacy of either the state of Ireland or the position of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. Through much of its [[history of Sinn Féin|history]], this was the position of [[Sinn Féin]]; however, it effectively abandoned this stance after accepting the Good Friday Agreement. Small groups which split from Sinn Féin continue to adopt this stance, including [[Republican Sinn Féin]], linked with the [[Continuity Irish Republican Army|Continuity IRA]], and the [[32 County Sovereignty Movement]], linked with the [[Real Irish Republican Army|Real IRA]]. ====Italy==== [[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|Italian territory claims by Italian irredentism activists in the 1930s.]] {{main|Italian irredentism|Italian Empire}} Italy's territorial claims were on the basis of re-establishing a Romanesque Empire, a fourth shore according to the concept of Mare Nostrum (Latin for 'Our Sea') and traditional ethnic borders. Evident in Italy's rapid takeover of surrounding territories under Fascist leader Benito Mussolini and claims following the collapsed 1915 [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]] and 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]] which established feelings of betrayal. Similar to the Nazis' stab-in-the-back myth, Mussolini and Hitler's similarities including a joint hatred towards the French and wanting to expand their territories brought the two leaders together, solidified in the [[Pact of Steel]] and later WW2. By 1942 Italy had conquered Abyssinia (modern day Ethiopia), Libya, much of Egypt, Tunisia, Kenya and Somalia. And – on the European continent – Istria, Dalmatia, Albania, Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, the Spanish island of Majorca and France's Corsica; Malta was also bombed. Underlying tensions remained with France, over its territories of Corsica, Nice and Savoy. ====Republic of Macedonia==== {{main|United Macedonia}}{{see also|Macedonian nationalism}} Some Macedonian nationalists promoted the irredentist concept of a [[United Macedonia]] ({{lang-mk|Обединета Македонија|translit=Obedineta Makedonija}}) among [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|ethnic Macedonian]] [[nationalism|nationalists]], which involves territorial claims on the northern province of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] in [[Greece]], but also in [[Blagoevgrad Province]] ("Pirin Macedonia") in Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia. The United Macedonia concept aims to unify the transnational [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]] in the [[Balkans]] (which they claim as their homeland and which they assert was wrongfully divided under the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] in 1913), into a single state under Macedonian domination, with the [[Greece|Greek]] city of [[Thessaloniki]] (''Solun'' in the [[Slavic languages]]) as its capital.<ref name="Times">Greek Macedonia "not a problem", ''The Times'' (London), August 5, 1957</ref><ref>{{YouTube|t2GMihoOmF8|A large assembly of people during the inauguration of the Statue of Alexander the Great in Skopje}}, {{YouTube|Kh25jfXxY2w|the players of the national basketball team of the Republic of Macedonia during the European Basketball Championship in Lithuania}}, {{YouTube|97ucJP97Sto|and a little girl}}, singing a nationalistic tune called Izlezi Momče (Излези момче, "Get out boy"). Translation from Macedonian: <poem> Get out, boy, straight on the terrace And salute [[Gotse Delchev|Goce's]] race Raise your hands up high Ours will be [[Thessaloniki]]'s area.</poem></ref> ====Norway==== {{main|Greater Norway}} [[File:Norway About 1265.png|thumb|The [[Kingdom of Norway]] at its greatest extent.]] The Kingdom of [[Norway]] maintains some claim to territories lost at the dissolution of the [[Denmark–Norway]] union.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} The [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Old Kingdom of Norway]], which was the Norwegian territories at its maximum extent, included [[Iceland]], the settleable areas of [[Greenland]], the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Northern Isles]] (today part of [[Scotland]]). Under Danish sovereignty since they established a hegemonic position in the [[Kalmar Union]], the territories were considered as Norwegian colonies. When in the [[Treaty of Kiel]] in 1814, Norway's territories were transferred from [[Denmark]] to [[Sweden]], the territories of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands were maintained by Denmark. In 1919, Norway declared sovereignty over an area in Eastern Greenland in the [[Ihlen Declaration]], which led to a dispute with Denmark that was not settled until 1933, by the [[Permanent Court of International Justice]]. Norway formerly included the provinces [[Jämtland]], [[Härjedalen]], [[Idre]]-[[Särna]] (lost since the [[Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)|Second Treaty of Brömsebro]]), and [[Bohuslän]] (lost since the [[Treaty of Roskilde]]), which were ceded to Sweden after Danish defeats in wars such as the [[Thirty Years' War]] and [[Second Northern War]]. ====Poland==== {{See also|Polish nationalism|Kresy}} [[Kresy]] ("Borderlands") are the eastern lands that formerly belonged to [[Poland]]. In 1921, Polish troops crossed the [[Curzon Line]], the border between ethnic Polish and ethnic Ukrainian and Belorussian territories, and [[Kiev Offensive (1920)|seized large Ukrainian and Belorussian territories]], and also [[Żeligowski's Mutiny|seized 7 percent of Lithuania's territory in 1920]]. These territories were re-annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1939 under the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]], and include major cities, like [[Lviv]] (Ukraine), [[Vilnius]] (the capital of Lithuania), and [[Hrodna]] (Belarus). Even though ''Kresy'', or the ''Eastern Borderlands'', are no longer Polish territories, the area is still inhabited by a significant Polish minority, and the memory of the Polish ''Kresy'' is still cultivated. The attachment to the "myth of Kresy", the vision of the region as a peaceful, idyllic, rural land, has been criticized in Polish discourse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/51,97863,7751751.html?i=0Czas|title=odczarować mit Kresów Czas odczarować mit Kresów Marcin Wojciechowski, Gazeta Wyborcza 2010-04-12, |publisher=}}</ref> In January, February and March 2012, the [[Centre for Public Opinion Research]] conducted a survey, asking Poles about their ties to the Kresy. It turned out that almost 15% of the population of Poland (4.3–4.6 million people) declared that they had either been born in the Kresy, or had a parent or a grandparent who came from that region. Numerous treasures of Polish culture remain and there are numerous Kresy-oriented organizations. There are Polish sports clubs ([[Pogoń Lwów (2009)|Pogoń Lwów]], [[FK Polonia Vilnius]]), newspapers ([[Gazeta Lwowska]], [[Kurier Wileński]]), radio stations (in Lviv and Vilnius), numerous theatres, schools, choirs and folk ensembles. Poles living in ''Kresy'' are helped by [[Fundacja Pomoc Polakom na Wschodzie]], a Polish government-sponsored organization, as well as other organizations, such as The ''Association of Help of Poles in the East Kresy'' (see also [[Karta Polaka]]). Money is frequently collected to help those Poles who live in the ''Kresy'', and there are several annual events, such as a ''Christmas Package for a Polish Veteran in Kresy'', and ''Summer with Poland'', sponsored by the [[Association "Polish Community"]], in which Polish children from ''Kresy'' are invited to visit Poland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dzienniklodzki.pl/wakacje/432777,dzieci-z-kresow-zwiedzaja-lodz-zdjecia,id,t.html|title=Dzieci z Kresów zwiedzają Łódź [ZDJĘCIA]|first=Michał|last=Meksa|publisher=}}</ref> Polish language handbooks and films, as well as medicines and clothes are collected and sent to ''Kresy''. Books are most often sent to Polish schools which exist there&nbsp;— for example, in December 2010, The University of Wrocław organized an event called ''Become a Polish Santa Claus and Give a Book to a Polish Child in Kresy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksiazka.net.pl/index.php?id=4&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6825&cHash=0882d0da2f|title=Wiadomości i informacje o książkach i wszelkich przejawach kultury książki |publisher=Portal Księgarski}}</ref> Polish churches and cemeteries (such as [[Cemetery of the Defenders of Lwów]]) are renovated with money from Poland. ====Portugal==== {{main|Olivenza#Claims of sovereignty|Greater Portugal}} [[Portugal]] does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of [[Olivenza]], ceded to Spain during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/eterna/disputa/Olivenza-Olivenca/elpepunac/20061204elpepinac_13/Tes |title=La eterna disputa de Olivenza-Olivença &#124; Edición impresa &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |accessdate=2014-04-20}}</ref> Since the [[Rexurdimento]] of the mid-nineteenth century, there has been an intellectual [[Reintegrationism|movement pleading for the reintegration]] between [[Portugal]] and the region of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. Although this movement has become increasingly popular on both sides of the border, there is no consensus in regard to the nature of such ''reintegration'': whether political, socio-cultural or merely linguistic. ====Romania==== {{Main|Greater Romania|Unification of Romania and Moldova}} Romania lays claims to Greater Romania, which include [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bucovina]] as [[Moldova]], since they were parts of Romania between 1918 and 1940, and are still inhabited for the most by Romanians. Moldovans are ethnically Romanians, and the [[Moldovan language]] is the Soviet name for the [[Romanian language]]. There is some (but not universal) support by Moldovans for a peaceful and voluntary reunion with Romania, not least because (having joined the [[European Union]]), the economy has burgeoned and Romanian citizens have gained freedom of movement in Europe. Also Russian irredentism in [[Transnistria]] has caused alarm and resentment. ====Russia==== [[File:2014 Russo-ukrainian-conflict map.svg|thumb|[[Crimea]], which is under Russian control, is shown in pink. Pink in the [[Donbass]] area represents areas held by pro-Russian [[Separatism|separatists]] in September 2014]] {{Main|Russian irredentism}} {{See also|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]] in 2014 was based on a claim of protecting [[Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states|ethnic Russians]] residing there. Crimea was part of the [[Russian Empire]] from 1783 to 1917, after which it enjoyed a few years of autonomy until it was made part of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (which was a part of the Soviet Union) from 1921 to 1954 and then [[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] to [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] (which also was a part of the Soviet Union) in 1954. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Crimea still remained part of Ukraine until February 2014. Russia declared Crimea to be part of the Russian Federation in March 2014, and effective administration commenced. The Russian regional status is not currently recognised by the UN General Assembly and by many countries. Russian irredentism also includes southeastern and coastal Ukraine, known as ''[[Novorossiya]]'', a term from the Russian Empire. ====Serbia==== {{main|Greater Serbia}} [[File:Serbs in Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro and Serbia, 1981.png|thumb|The distribution of Serbs and Montenegrins in Yugoslavia (except Macedonia and Slovenia) in 1981.]] Serbian irredentism is manifested in "[[Greater Serbia]]". Used in the context of the [[Yugoslav wars]], however, the Serbian struggle for Serbs to remain united in one country does not quite fit the term "irredentism".<ref name="Thomas2014">{{cite book|author=Raju G.C Thomas|title=The South Slav Conflict: History, Religion, Ethnicity, and Nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNngAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220|date=23 June 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-59717-7|pages=220–}}</ref> In the 19th century, Pan-Serbism sought to unite all of the Serb people across the Balkans, under Ottoman and Habsburg rule. Some intellectuals sought to unite all South Slavs (regardless of religion) into a Serbian state. [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]] had gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. Bosnia and Herzegovina, annexed by the Austrians in 1908, was viewed of as a part of the Serbian homeland. Serbia directed its territorial aspirations to the south, as the north and west was held by Austria. Macedonia was divided between Serbia and Greece after the [[Balkan Wars]]. In 1914 aspirations were directed towards Austria-Hungary. A government policy sought to incorporate all Serb-inhabited areas, and other South Slavic areas, thereby laying the foundation of [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Danver2010">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions &#91;4 volumes&#93;: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA3-PA50|date=22 December 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-078-0|pages=3–}}</ref> With the establishment of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia), the Serbs now lived united in one country.<ref name="Thomas2014"/> During the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], the Serb political leadership in break-away Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina declared their territories to be part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]). The project of unification of Serb-inhabited areas in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars (see [[United Serb Republic]]) ultimately failed. The Croatian [[Operation Storm]] ended large-scale combat and captured most of the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] forcing almost complete Serbian population to leave their centuries-old homeland, while the [[Dayton Agreement]] ended the Bosnian War. Bosnia and Herzegovina was established as a federal republic, made up by two separate entities, one being Serb-inhabited [[Republika Srpska]]. There has since been calls by Bosnian Serb politicians for the [[Proposed secession of Republika Srpska|secession of Republika Srpska]], and possible unification with Serbia. After the [[Kosovo War]] (1998–99), Kosovo became a [[UNSCR 1244|UN protectorate]], still ''de jure'' part of Serbia. The Albanian-majority Kosovo assembly unilaterally declared the independence of Kosovo in 2008, and [[Political status of Kosovo|its status is since disputed]]. ====Spain==== {{further|Spanish irredentism|Spanish nationalism|Disputed status of Gibraltar}} Spain maintains a claim on [[Gibraltar]], a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] near the southernmost tip of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which has been British since the 18th Century. Gibraltar was [[Capture of Gibraltar|captured in 1704]], during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–1714). The [[Kingdom of Spain]] formally ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown in 1713, under [[:s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain#ARTICLE X|Article X]] of the [[Treaty of Utrecht]]. Spain's territorial claim was formally reasserted by the Spanish dictator [[Francisco Franco]] in the 1960s and has been continued by successive [[Government of Spain|Spanish governments]]. In 2002 an agreement in principle on joint sovereignty over [[Gibraltar]] between the governments of the United Kingdom and Spain was decisively rejected in a [[Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, 2002|referendum]]. The British Government now refuses to discuss sovereignty without the consent of the Gibraltarians.<ref name="Answer to Q257 at the FAC hearing">{{cite web|author=The Committee Office, House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/8032602.htm |title=Answer to Q257 at the FAC hearing |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> ===Western Asia=== ====Caucasus==== {{main|Armenian nationalism|Azerbaijani nationalism|Armenian Genocide|United Armenia}} {{Expand section|date=January 2015}} Irredentism is acute in the Caucasus region. The [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] movement's original slogan of ''miatsum'' ('union') was explicitly oriented towards re-unification with Armenia as to the pre-Soviet status, feeding an Azerbaijani understanding of the conflict as a bilateral one between itself and an irredentist Armenia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patrick Barron |url=http://www.c-r.org/resources/occasional-papers/resources-for-peace.php |title=Dr Laurence Broers, The resources for peace: comparing the Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia peace processes, Conciliation Resources, 2006 |publisher=C-r.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=CRIA |url=http://cria-online.org/5_4.html |title=Fareed Shafee, Inspired from Abroad: The External Sources of Separatism in Azerbaijan, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2 (4) – Autumn 2008, pp. 200–211 |publisher=Cria-online.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003012139/http://www.cria-online.org/5_4.html |archive-date=2011-10-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=224 What is Irredentism?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222234847/http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=224 |date=2014-02-22 }} SEMP, Biot Report #224, USA, June 21, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sneps.net/NNE/09NNNSaidemanAyres.pdf |title=Saideman, Stephen M. and R. William Ayres, For Kin and Country: Xenophobia, Nationalism and War, New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2008 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-05-21}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=17598&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=212 Irredentism enters Armenia's foreign policy], Jamestown Foundation Monitor Volume: 4 Issue: 77, Washington DC, April 22, 1998</ref> According to Prof. Thomas Ambrosio, "Armenia's successful irredentist project in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan" and "From 1992 to the cease-fire in 1994, Armenia encountered a highly permissive or tolerant international environment that allowed its annexation of some 15 percent of Azerbaijani territory".<ref>Prof. Thomas Ambrosio, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0hLzXEO-fAQC&pg=PA146 Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics], Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001</ref> In the view of Nadia Milanova, Nagorno-Karabakh represents a combination of separatism and irredentism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Milanova|first=Nadia|title=The Territory-Identity Nexus in the Conflict over Nagorno Karabakh|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=115850|publisher=[[European Centre for Minority Issues]]|accessdate=12 July 2013|location=Flensburg, Germany|page=2|year=2003|quote=The conflict over Nagorno Karabakh, defined as an amalgam of separatism and irredentism&nbsp;...}}</ref> However, the area has historically been Armenian, known as the [[Kingdom of Artsakh]] or [[Khachen]]. When the Caucuses came under the rule of the [[Soviet Union]], the land was given to Azerbaijan abruptly and arbitrarily due to pressure by [[Joseph Stalin]], along with the ancient Armenian lands of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhichevan]], to appease Turkey during 1919-1921. Azerbaijan's irredentism, on the other hand, is quite explicit in official statements of the Azerbaijani officials by claiming the UN member-state Republic of Armenia as Azerbaijani territory despite the absence of historical evidence of Azerbaijan existing as a separate state up until 1918. On his official meeting in [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Gyanja]] on 21 January 2014, President [[Ilham Aliyev]] said in particular, "The present-day Armenia is actually located on historical lands of Azerbaijan. Therefore, we will return to all our historical lands in the future. This should be known to young people and children. We must live, we live and we will continue to live with this idea."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.president.az/mobile/articles/10852|title=President.Az -|website=en.president.az|access-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820205138/http://en.president.az/mobile/articles/10852|archive-date=2016-08-20|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref> ====Assyria==== {{main|Assyrian nationalism|Assyrian homeland}} The Assyrian homeland is a geographic and cultural region situated in [[Northern Mesopotamia]] that has been traditionally inhabited by [[Assyrian people]]. The area with the greatest concentration of Assyrians on earth is located in the Assyrian homeland, or the ''Assyrian Triangle'', a region which comprises the [[Nineveh plains]], southern [[Hakkari]] and the [[Barwari]] regions.<ref name="War p. 70">The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great By Arther Ferrill – p. 70</ref> This is where some Assyrian groups seek to create an independent [[Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq|nation state]].<ref>Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression By Mordechai Nisan</ref> The land roughly mirrors the boundaries of ancient [[Assyria]] proper, and the later [[Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], [[Roman empire|Roman]] and [[Sassanid]] provinces of Assyria ([[Athura]]/[[Assuristan]]) that was extant between the 25th century BC and 7th century AD.<ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&dq=northern+Iraq,+southeastern+Turkey,+northwestern+Iran,+northeastern+Syria+Assyrians&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=northern+Iraq,+southeastern+Turkey,+northwestern+Iran,+northeastern+Syria+Assyrians&f=false|title=Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century|first=Sargon|last=Donabed|date=1 February 2015|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> ====Azerbaijan==== {{main|Azerbaijani nationalism|Western Azerbaijan (political concept)|Whole Azerbaijan}} [[Whole Azerbaijan]] is a concept of the political and historical union of territories currently and historically inhabited by [[Azerbaijanis]] or historically controlled by them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diaspora agrees to reintegrate Iranian Azerbaijan in Republic of Azerbaijan|url=http://abc.az/eng/news_30_08_2012_67610.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205144240/http://abc.az/eng/news_30_08_2012_67610.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 February 2016|work=abc.az|accessdate=30 August 2012}}</ref> [[Western Azerbaijan (political concept)|Western Azerbaijan]] is an irredentist political concept that is used in [[Azerbaijan]] mostly to refer to [[Armenia]]. Azerbaijani statements claim that the territory of the modern Armenian republic were lands that once belonged to Azerbaijanis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Present-day Armenia located in ancient Azerbaijani lands – Ilham Aliyev |agency=News.Az |date=October 16, 2010 |url=http://www.news.az/articles/24723 |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721150915/http://www.news.az/articles/24723 |archivedate=July 21, 2015 |df= }}</ref> ====Iran==== {{main|Pan-Iranism|Greater Iran}} [[Pan-Iranism]] is an [[ideology]] that advocates solidarity and reunification of [[Iranian people]]s living in the [[Iranian plateau]] and other regions that have significant Iranian cultural influence, including the [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Ossetians]], [[Kurds]], [[Zazas]], [[Tajiks]] of [[Tajikistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], the [[Pashtuns]] and the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] of [[Pakistan]]. The first theoretician was Dr Mahmoud Afshar Yazdi.<ref>Professor Richard Frye states: The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region (Frye, Richard Nelson, "Peoples of Iran", in Encyclopedia Iranica).</ref><ref>[[Swietochowski, Tadeusz]]. "AZERBAIJAN, REPUBLIC OF", Vol. 3, Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM, 02-28-1996: "The original Persian population became fused with the Turks, and gradually the Persian language was supplanted by a Turkic dialect that evolved into the distinct Azerbaijani language."</ref><ref>Golden, P.B. "An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples", Otto Harrosowitz, 1992. "The Azeris of today are an overwhelmingly sedentary, detribalized people. Anthropologically, they are little distinguished from the Iranian neighbor"</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first =Xavier|last = de Planhol|title = Iran i. Lands of Iran |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Iranica|quote = The toponymy, with more than half of the place names of Iranian origin in some areas, such as the Sahand, a huge volcanic massif south of Tabriz, or the Qara Dagh, near the border (Planhol, 1966, p. 305; Bazin, 1982, p. 28) bears witness to this continuity. The language itself provides eloquent proof. Azeri, not unlike Uzbek (see above), lost the vocal harmony typical of Turkish languages. It is a Turkish language learned and spoken by Iranian peasants.|url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran}}</ref><ref>"Thus Turkish nomads, in spite of their deep penetration throughout Iranian lands, only slightly influenced the local culture. Elements borrowed by the Iranians from their invaders were negligible."(X.D. Planhol, LANDS OF IRAN in Encyclopedia Iranica)</ref><ref>История Востока. В 6 т. Т. 2. Восток в средние века. Глава V. — М.: «Восточная литература», 2002. — {{ISBN|5-02-017711-3}}. Excerpt: "Говоря о возникновении азербайджанской культуры именно в XIV-XV вв., следует иметь в виду прежде всего литературу и другие части культуры, органически связанные с языком. Что касается материальной культуры, то она оставалась традиционной и после тюркизации местного населения. Впрочем, наличие мощного пласта иранцев, принявших участие в формировании азербайджанского этноса, наложило свой отпечаток прежде всего на лексику азербайджанского языка, в котором огромное число иранских и арабских слов. Последние вошли и в азербайджанский, и в турецкий язык главным образом через иранское посредство. Став самостоятельной, азербайджанская культура сохранила тесные связи с иранской и арабской. Они скреплялись и общей религией, и общими культурно-историческими традициями." (History of the East. 6 v. 2. East during the Middle Ages. Chapter V. - M.: «Eastern literature», 2002. - {{ISBN|5-02-017711-3}}.). Translation: "However, the availability of powerful layer of Iranians took part in the formation of the Azerbaijani ethnic group, left their mark primarily in the Azerbaijani language, in which a great number of Iranian and Arabic words. The latter included in the Azeri, and Turkish language primarily through Iranian mediation."</ref> The ideology of pan-Iranism is most often used in conjunction with the idea of forming a [[Greater Iran]], which refers to the regions of the [[Caucasus]], [[West Asia]], [[Central Asia]], and parts of [[South Asia]] that have significant [[Culture of Iran|Iranian]] cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various [[History of Iran|Iranian (Persian)]] empires (such as those of the [[Medes]], [[Achaemenids]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]], [[Sassanian Empire|Sassanians]], [[Samanids]], [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]], [[Safavids]], and [[Afsharids]] and the [[Qajar Empire]]),<ref name=Marcinkowski>{{cite book|last=Marcinkowski|first=Christoph|title=Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-80049-7|page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://azadegan.info/files/Dr.Frye-discusses-greater-Iran-on-CNN.mp4 |title = Interview with Richard N. Frye (CNN) |date = 2007 |accessdate = 2017-04-19 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160423185051/http://azadegan.info/files/Dr.Frye-discusses-greater-Iran-on-CNN.mp4 |archivedate = 2016-04-23 |df = }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Richard Nelson|last= Frye |journal= The Harvard Theological Review |title =Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian| volume= 55|issue= 4 |date=October 1962 |pages=261–268 |quote=I use the term Iran in an historical context [...] Persia would be used for the modern state, more or less equivalent to "western Iran". I use the term "Greater Iran" to mean what I suspect most Classicists and ancient historians really mean by their use of Persia – that which was within the political boundaries of States ruled by Iranians|via=|jstor= 1508723}}</ref> having considerable aspects of Persian culture in their own culture due to extensive contact with the various Empires based in [[Persia]] (e.g., those regions and peoples in the [[North Caucasus]] that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of [[Iranian people|Iranic-speaking people]] who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of [[South Asia]], [[Bahrain]] and [[China]]). It roughly corresponds to the territory on the [[Iranian plateau]] and its bordering [[plain]]s.<ref name="IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN">{{cite web|title=IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bJLjAKH7-rIC&pg Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary]. Clive Holes. 2001. Page XXX. {{ISBN|90-04-10763-0}}</ref> It is also referred to as ''Greater Persia'',<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=978-0-521-88782-3&ss=exc |title=Justice, Punishment and the Medieval Muslim Imagination |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |last=Lange |first=Christian |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88782-3 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Lange: "I further restrict the scope of this study by focusing on the lands of Iraq and greater Persia (including Khwārazm, Transoxania, and Afghanistan)."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.mazdapublisher.com/BookDetails.aspx?BookID=285 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723071613/http://www.mazdapublisher.com/BookDetails.aspx?BookID=285 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-07-23 |title=Gobineau and Persia: A Love Story |last=Gobineau |first=Joseph Arthur |last2=O'Donoghue |first2=Daniel |isbn=1-56859-262-0 }} O'Donoghue: "... all set in the greater Persia/Iran which includes Afghanistan".</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shiels |first=Stan |title=Stan Shiels on centrifugal pumps: collected articles from "World Pumps" magazine |publisher=Elsevier |year=2004 |pages=11–12, 18 |isbn=1-85617-445-X |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SOTRAMbmb2kC }} Shiels: "During the Sassanid period the term ''Eranshahr'' was employed to denote the region also known as Greater Iran ..." Also: "... the Abbasids, who with Persian assistance assumed the Prophet's mantle and transferred their capital to Baghdad three years later; thus, on a site close to historic Ctesiphon and even older Babylon, the caliphate was established within the bounds of Greater Persia."</ref> while the [[Encyclopædia Iranica]] uses the term ''Iranian Cultural Continent''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|title=Columbia College Today|work=columbia.edu|accessdate=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127211754/http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/nov03/features5.php|archive-date=27 November 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ====Iraq==== {{Expand section|date=May 2016}} [[Saddam Hussein]]'s Iraq aimed to annex [[Khuzestan Province]] of [[Iran]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]] due to the Arab population living there. ====Lebanon==== {{main|Lebanese nationalism}} The Lebanese nationalism incorporates irredentist views seeking to unify all the lands of ancient [[Phoenicia]] around present day Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTDkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=%22Lebanese+irredentism%22&source=bl&ots=A_Whv3gvKc&sig=CaFjoJ9r2SJuWQGYImKiNRxxgQ0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdtaKo3rvJAhUF7B4KHZ3pCRQQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Lebanese+irredentism%22&f=false|title=Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for Identity in Lebanon|first=Asher|last=Kaufman|date=30 June 2014|publisher=I.B.Tauris|via=Google Books}}</ref> This comes from the fact that present day Lebanon, the Mediterranean coast of Syria, and northern Israel is the area that roughly corresponds to ancient Phoenicia and as a result the majority of the Lebanese people identify with the ancient Phoenician population of that region.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kamal S. Salibi, "The Lebanese Identity" ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971:76–86).</ref> The proposed Greater Lebanese country includes [[Lebanon]], Mediterranean coast of [[Syria]], and northern [[Israel]]. ====Syria==== {{main|Syrian nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The French [[Mandate of Syria]] handed over the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]] to Turkey which turned it into [[Hatay Province]]. Syria disputes this and still regards the region as belonging to Syria. The [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]], which operates in [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]], works for the unification of most modern states of the [[Levant]] and beyond in a single state referred to as [[Greater Syria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.danielpipes.org/5788/radical-politics-and-the-syrian-social-nationalist-party|title=Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party|last=Pipes|first=Daniel|date=August 1988|work=|newspaper=International Journal of Middle East Studies|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-28|via=}}</ref> The proposed Syrian country includes [[Israel]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and parts of [[Turkey]], and has at times been expanded to include [[Iraq]], [[Cyprus]], and the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai peninsula]]. ====Turkey==== {{Main|Turkish nationalism|Misak-ı Millî|Neo-Ottomanism|Hatay Province}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Misak-ı Millî is the set of six important decisions made by the last term of the [[Ottoman Parliament]]. Parliament met on 28 January 1920 and published their decisions on 12 February 1920. These decisions worried the occupying [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], resulting in the [[Occupation of Constantinople]] by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]], [[French Third Republic|French]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] troops on 16 March 1920 and the establishment of a new [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish nationalist]] parliament, the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]], in [[Ankara Government|Ankara]]. The Ottoman Minister of Internal Affairs, [[Damat Ferid Pasha]], made the opening speech of parliament due to [[Mehmed VI]]'s illness. A group of parliamentarians called ''Felâh-ı Vatan'' was established by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]]'s friends to acknowledge the decisions taken at the [[Erzurum Congress]] and the [[Sivas Congress]]. Mustafa Kemal said "It is the nation's iron fist that writes the Nation's Oath which is the main principle of our independence to the annals of history." Decisions taken by this parliament were used as the basis for the new [[Turkish Republic]]'s claims in the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|Treaty of Lausanne]].{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} ====United Arab Emirates==== The [[Greater and Lesser Tunbs]] are disputed by the [[United Arab Emirates]] against [[Iran]]. ====Yemen==== {{main|Greater Yemen}} [[File:Rasulid_1264.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Rasulid Kingdom encompassing [[Greater Yemen]] around 1264 AD]] Greater Yemen is a theory giving Yemen claim to former territories that were held by various predecessor states that existed between the [[Himyarite]] period and 18th century. The areas claimed include parts of modern Saudi Arabia and Oman. ===East Asia=== ====China==== {{main|Chinese nationalism|Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|Transfer of sovereignty over Macau}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} When [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] were [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] territories, respectively, China considered these two territories to be Chinese territories under British and Portuguese administration. Therefore, [[Hong Kong people]] and [[Macau people]] descended from Chinese immigrants were entitled to [[Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport]] or [[Macao Special Administrative Region passport]] after the two territories became the [[special administrative region]]s. ====Japan==== {{main|Japanese nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Japan claims the two southernmost islands of the [[Russia]]n-administered [[Kuril Islands]], the island chain north of [[Hokkaido]], annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] following World War II. Japan also claims the [[South Korea]]n-administered [[Liancourt Rocks dispute|Liancourt Rocks]], which are known as Takeshima in Japan and have been claimed since the end of the Second World War. ====Korea==== The 1909 [[Gando Convention]] addressed a territory dispute between China and [[Joseon Korea]] in China's favour. Both Korean states now accept the convention border as an administrative boundary. However, because the convention was made by the occupying [[Empire of Japan]], [[South Korea]] has disputed its legality and some Koreans claim that Korea extends into ''de facto'' PRC territory, viz. [[Dandong]] and [[Liaoning]]. The most ambitious claims include all parts of [[Manchuria]] that the [[Goguryeo]] kingdom controlled. ====Mongolia==== {{main|Pan-Mongolism}} The irredentist idea that advocates cultural and political solidarity of [[Mongols]]. The proposed territory usually includes the independent state of [[Mongolia]], the Chinese regions of [[Inner Mongolia]] (Southern Mongolia) and [[Dzungaria]] (in [[Xinjiang]]), and the Russian subjects of [[Buryatia]]. Sometimes [[Tuva]] and the [[Altai Republic]] are included as well. ===South Asia=== {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} [[South Asia]] too is another region in which armed irredentist movements have been active for almost a century, in [[North-East India]], Burma and [[Bangladesh]]. {{dubious|date=January 2012}}{{clarify|date=January 2012}} Most prominent amongst them are the [[Naga (clan)|Naga]] fight for Greater [[Nagaland]], the [[Chin people|Chin]] struggle for a unified [[Chinland]], the [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] struggle for a return of their state under [[Tamil Eelam]] and other self-determinist movements by the [[ethnic]] [[indigenous peoples]] of the erstwhile [[Assam]] both under the British and post-British Assam under India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} Other such movements include [[Belgaum border dispute|Beḻagāva border dispute]] on [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] border with intentions to unite all [[Marathi people|Marathi]] speaking people under one state since the formation of the Karnataka state and dissolution of the bilingual [[Bombay state]]. ====Bangladesh==== {{Main|Greater Bangladesh}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} Greater Bangladesh is an assumption of several Indian intellectuals that the neighbouring country of Bangladesh has an aspiration to unite all Bengali dominated regions under their flag. These include the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]] as well as the [[Andaman Islands]] which are currently part of India and the Burmese [[Rakhine State|State of Rakhine]]. The theory is principally based on a widespread belief amongst Indian masses that a large number of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants reside in Indian territory. It is alleged that illegal immigration is actively encouraged by some political groups in Bangladesh as well as the state of Bangladesh to convert large parts of India's northeastern states and West Bengal into Muslim-majority areas that would subsequently seek to separate from India and join Muslim-majority Bangladesh. Scholars have reflected that under the guise of anti-Bangladeshi immigrant movement it is actually an anti-Muslim agenda pointed towards Bangladeshi Muslims by false propaganda and widely exaggerated claims on immigrant population. In 1998, Lieutenant General S.K. Sinha, then the Governor of Assam, claimed that massive illegal immigration from Bangladesh was directly linked with "the long-cherished design of Greater Bangladesh". ====India==== {{Main|Indian nationalism|Greater India|Akhand Bharat}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} The call for creation of ''Akhanda Bharata'' or ''Akhand Hindustan'' has on occasion been raised by some [[India]]n right wing [[Hindutva]]di cultural and political organisations, such as the [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|Hindu Mahasabha]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Ferguson"/><ref name="Majumder"/><ref name="Martensson"/><ref name="Suda1953">{{cite book|last=Suda|first=Jyoti Prasad|title=India, Her Civic Life and Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVsNAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=23 July 2014|year=1953|publisher=Jai Prakash Nath & Co.|quote=Its members still swear by the ideal of Akhand Hindustan.}}</ref> The name of one organisation sharing this goal, the [[Akhand Hindustan Morcha]], bears the term in its name.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Political Parties|date=30 May 2010|publisher=General Books|isbn=9781157374923}}</ref> Other major Indian non-sectarian political parties, such as the [[Indian National Congress]], maintain a position against the [[partition of India]] on religious grounds and do not subscribe to a call for Akhand Bharat. ====Nepal==== {{Main|Greater Nepal|Sino-Nepalese War|Nepalese–Tibetan War}} ====Pakistan==== {{Main|Pakistani nationalism}} {{Expand section|date=December 2015}} ===Africa=== Irredentism is commonplace in [[Africa]] due to the political boundaries of former European colonial nation-states passing through ethnic boundaries, and recent declarations of independence after civil war. For example, some Ethiopian nationalist circles still claim the former Ethiopian province of [[Eritrea]] (internationally recognized as the independent State of Eritrea in 1993 after a 30-year civil war). ====North Africa==== In North Africa, the prime examples of irredentism are the concepts of [[Greater Morocco]] and [[Greater Mauritania]].<ref>http://www.bundesheer.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/hasa03.pdf</ref> While Mauritania has since relinquished any claims to territories [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|outside its internationally recognized borders]], Morocco continues to occupy much of [[Western Sahara]], which it refers to as its "[[Southern Provinces]]". ====Somalia==== {{main|Greater Somalia}} [[File:Somali map.jpg|thumb|Estimated ethnic Somali territory in relation to neighbouring countries.The area is roughly coextensive with [[Greater Somalia]].]] Greater Somalia refers to the region in the Horn of Africa in which [[Somalis|ethnic Somalis]] are and have historically represented the predominant population. The territory encompasses The Republic of Somalia, the Ogaden region in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya and southern and eastern Djibouti. [[Ogaden]] in eastern Ethiopia has seen military and civic movements seeking to make it part of [[Somalia]]. This culminated in the 1977–78 [[Ogaden War]] between the two neighbours where the Somali military offensive between July 1977 and March 1978 over the disputed Ethiopian region Ogaden ended when the Somali Armed Forces retreated back across the border and a truce was declared. The Kenyan [[Northern Frontier District]] also saw conflict during the [[Shifta War]] (1963–1967) when a secessionist conflict in which ethnic Somalis in the [[Lamu County|Lamu]], [[Garissa County|Garissa]], [[Wajir County|Wajir]] and [[Mandera County|Mandera]] [[Counties of Kenya|counties]] (all except [[Lamu County|Lamu]] formed part of the former [[North Eastern Province (Kenya)|North Eastern Province]], abolished in 2013), attempted to join with their fellow Somalis in a "[[Greater Somalia]]". There has been no similar conflicts in Djibouti, which was previously known as the "[[French Somaliland]]" during colonisation. Here the apparent struggles for unification manifested itself in political strife that ended when in a referendum to join France as opposed to the Somali Republic succeeded among rumours of widespread [[vote rigging]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin, Volume 3|author=Africa Research, Ltd|date=1966|publisher=Blackwell|page=597|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=42oEAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 December 2014}}</ref> and the subsequent death of Somali nationalist [[Mahmoud Harbi]], Vice President of the Government Council, who was killed in a plane crash two years later under suspicious circumstances.<ref name=Barrington2006>Barrington, Lowell, ''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States'', (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115</ref> Some sources say that Somalia has also laid a claim to the [[Socotra]] archipelago, which is currently governed by [[Yemen]]. ===North America=== ====Mexico==== {{See also|Reconquista (Mexico)}} In the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] (1848) following the [[Mexican–American War]] (1845–48), Mexico ceded claims to what is now the [[Western United States|Western]] and [[Southwestern United States]] to the United States (see [[Mexican Cession]]). The [[Cortina Troubles|Cortina]] and [[Bandit War|Pizaña uprisings]] of 1859 and 1915 were influenced by irredentist ideas and the "proximity of the international boundary".<ref>{{cite book|title=Folklore and Culture on the Texas-Mexican Border|author=Américo Paredes|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1993|pages=25–26}}</ref> The unsuccessful Pizaña uprising "was the last major armed protest on the part of Texas-Americans" ([[Tejano]]s).<ref>{{cite book|title=A Texas-Mexican Cancionero: Folksongs of the Lower Border|author=Américo Paredes|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1976|pages=33–34}}</ref> This 1915 uprising and the [[Plan of San Diego]] that preceded it marked the high point in Mexican irredentist sentiments.<ref>{{cite book|title=More Than a Century of the Chicano Movement|author=Leo Cervantes|publisher=Orbis Press|year=2004|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest|author=John R. Chávez|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=1984|page=79}}</ref> In the early years of the [[Chicano Movement]] (''El Movimiento'') in the 1960s and 1970s, some movement figures "were political nationalists who advocated the secession of the Southwest from the [[Anglo]] republic of the United States of America, if not fully, at least locally with regard to Chicano self-determination in local governance, education and means of production".<ref name="Price">{{cite book|author=Patricia L. Price|title=Dry Place: Landscapes of Belonging and Exclusion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Exr--zw2AC&pg=PA68|publisher=University of University Press, 2004|pages=67–70|isbn=9780816643059|year=2004}}</ref> For example, in the 1970s, [[Reies Tijerina]] and his group La Alianza, espoused various separatist, secessionist, or irredentist beliefs.<ref>{{cite book|title=More Than a Century of the Chicano Movement|author=Leo Cervantes|publisher=Orbis Press|year=2004|pages=61–67}}</ref> The ''Plan Espiritual de Aztlán'', written during the First Chicano National Youth Conference in 1969, also stated "the fundamental Chicano nationalist goal of reclaiming [[Aztlán]]"—a reference to ancient Mexican myth—as "the rightful homeland of the Chicanos".<ref name="Price"/> However, "Most Chicano nationalists ... did not express the extreme desire for secession from the United States, and the nationalism they expressed weighed more heavily toward the broadly cultural than the explicitly political."<ref name="Price"/> Today, there is virtually no Mexican-American support for "separatist policies of self-determination".<ref>{{cite book |title=Mexicano political experience in occupied Aztlán: struggles and change |last=Navarro |first=Armando|year=2005 |publisher=AltaMira Press |location=[[Walnut Creek, California]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0567-6 |page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on1DZMLNcZIC}}</ref> "Ethnonational irredentism by Mexicans in territories seized by the United States" following the Mexican–American War "declined after the failure of several attempted revolts at the end of the nineteenth century, in favor of internal ... struggles for immigrant and racial civil rights" in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |author= Josiah M. Heyman & John Symons |contribution= Borders |title= A Companion to Moral Anthropology |editor= Didier Fassin |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |year=2012 |edition= paperback 2015 |page= 553}}</ref> Neither the Mexican government nor any significant Mexican-American group "makes irredentist claims upon the United States".<ref>{{cite book |author= Walker Connor |title= Mexican-Americans in Comparative Perspective |publisher= Urban Institute Press |year=1994 |page= 155}}</ref> In the modern era, there "has been no evidence of irredentist sentiments among Mexican-Americans, even in such formerly Mexican territories as [[Southern California]], ... nor of disloyalty to the United States, nor of active interest in the politics of Mexico".<ref>{{cite book |author= Milton J. Esman |title= Ethnic Politics |publisher= Cornell University Press |year= 1994 |pages= 61–67}}</ref> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[List of irredentist claims or disputes]] * [[Ethnic nationalism]] * [[Expansionism]] * [[Lebensraum]] * [[Separatism]] * [[Secession]] * [[Manifest Destiny]] * [[Pan-nationalism]] * [[Revanchism]] * [[Rump State]] * [[Status quo ante bellum]] * [[Territorial dispute]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * Willard, Charles Arthur 1996 — ''Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-89845-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-226-89845-2}}; {{OCLC|260223405}} ==External links== {{Wiktionary}} {{commons category|Irredentism}} * {{Cite NIE|short=x|wstitle=Irredentism}} {{Irredentism}} {{Nationalism}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Divided regions]] [[Category:International relations theory]] [[Category:Irredentism| ]] [[Category:Pan-nationalism]] [[Category:Causes of war]]'