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{{Redirect|Cortázar}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Julio Cortázar
| image = Cortázar.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Cortázar in 1967, photo by [[Sara Facio]]
| birth_date = 26 August 1914
| birth_place = [[Ixelles]], [[Belgium]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=yes|1984|02|12|1914|08|26}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| resting_place = [[Montparnasse Cemetery|''Cimetière du Montparnasse'']], Paris
| nationality = [[Argentine]], French
| occupation = Writer, [[Translator]]
| pseudonym =
| genre = Short Story, Poetry, Novel
| movement = [[Latin American Boom]]
| awards = [[Prix Médicis]] (France, 1974), Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence (Nicaragua, 1983)
| notableworks = ''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]''<br>''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]''
| signature = Julio Cortázar signature.svg
| website =
}}
'''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe.
==Early life==
Julio Cortázar was born on August 26, 1914, in [[Ixelles]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Cortázar sin barba, by [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]]. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004</ref> a municipality of [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} p. 25</ref>
At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to [[Zürich]] where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French National), were waiting in neutral territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in [[Zürich]], then [[Geneva]], before moving for a short period to [[Barcelona]]. The Cortázars settled outside of [[Buenos Aires]] by the end of 1919.<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.</ref>
Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 38 & 45,</ref> Cortázar spent most of his childhood in [[Banfield (village)|Banfield]], a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its back yard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.<ref>Banfield is mentioned in the short story [http://www.literatura.org/Cortázar/Conducta.html "Conducta en los velorios"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from ''[[Historias de cronopios y de famas]]''.</ref> Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on December 4, 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of [[Jules Verne]], whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine ''Plural'' (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".
==Education and teaching career==
[[File:JulioCortazar001.JPG|right|thumb|120px|Cortázar in his youth]]
Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the [[University of Buenos Aires]], but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 343.</ref> According to biographer [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley]], Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of [[Chivilcoy Partido|Chivilcoy]], the other in [[Bolivar, Buenos Aires Province|Bolivar]]. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of [[sonnet]]s, ''Presencia,''<ref>{{YouTube|WSJoWdZZ5m8|Conversaciones con Cortázar}} Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).</ref> which he later repudiated, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.<ref>{{YouTube|JeaaxOrC8nw|Julio Cortázar - A fondo}} TVE 1977.</ref> In 1944, he became professor of [[French literature]] at the [[National University of Cuyo]] in [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], but owing to political pressure from Peronists, he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 118-119.</ref> In 1949 he published a play, ''Los Reyes'' (''The Kings''), based on the [[myth]] of [[Theseus]] and the [[Minotaur]]. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/the-subtle-radicalism-of-julio-cortazars-berkeley-lectures/520812/|title=The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortázar's Berkeley Lectures|last=Illingworth|first=Dustin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2017-03-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Years in France==
In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of [[human rights]] in Latin America, and was a supporter of the [[Sandinista]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] as well as [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} pp. 245-252.</ref> when he became involved with the [[Lithuania]]n writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker [[Ugnė Karvelis]], whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,<ref>{{cite book |author=Mario Goloboff|title=Julio Cortázar - La biografía |year=1998 |isbn=950-731-205-6 |chapter= Chap. 11: De otros lados|pages=170–174}}</ref> although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. He later married Canadian writer [[Carol Dunlop]]. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html «Las cartas de Cortázar»], article in the newspaper ''El Mundo'' (Madrid), 15 July 2012.</ref><ref>Julio Cortázar. ''Cartas,'' 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. {{ISBN|9505115938}}.</ref>
He died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the [[Montparnasse Cemetery|cimetière du Montparnasse]]. The cause of his death was reported to be [[leukemia]], though some sources state that he died from [[AIDS]] as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida] clarin.com, 7.06.2001</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html «Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”»], article in the newspaper [[ABC (Madrid)|''ABC'']] from 25 January 2009.</ref>
==Works==
[[File:Cortazar buenos aires.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cortázar photographed in Buenos Aires in December 1983, when he returned after 10 years of exile in France]]
Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as ''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951), ''[[Final del juego]]'' (1956), and ''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959). In 1967, English translations by [[Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)|Paul Blackburn]] of stories selected from these volumes were published by [[Pantheon Books]] as ''[[End of the Game and Other Stories]]''; it was later re-titled ''Blow-up and Other Stories''. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: ''[[Los premios]]'' (''The Winners'', 1960), ''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]'' (''Rayuela'', 1963), ''[[62: A Model Kit]]'' (''62 Modelo para Armar'', 1968), and ''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' (''A Manual for Manuel'', 1973). Except for ''[[Los premios]]'', which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by [[Gregory Rabassa]]. Two other novels, ''El examen'' and ''Divertimento,'' though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously.
The open-ended structure of ''Hopscotch'', which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other [[Latin American]] writers, including [[José Lezama Lima]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], and [[Mario Vargas Llosa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Cortázar's use of interior monologue and [[Stream of consciousness writing|stream of consciousness]] owes much to [[James Joyce]]<ref>[http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/publicaciones/alma_mater/2000_n18-19/julio_cortazar.htm Julio Cortázar y James Joyce]</ref> and other modernists,{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} but his main influences were [[Surrealism]],<ref>Picón Garfield, Evelyn. ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?'', 1975</ref> the French [[Nouveau roman]]{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} and the improvisatory [[aesthetic]] of [[jazz]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf "El jazz en la obra de Cortázar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124152839/http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf |date=2013-11-24 }}, p. 41.</ref> This last interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the [[bebop]] [[saxophonist]] [[Charlie Parker]].<ref>Doris Sommer, "Grammar Trouble for Cortázar", in ''Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 211.</ref>
Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or ''libros-almanaque,'' ''La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos'' and ''Último Round,'' which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the ''almanaques del mensajero'' that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 242.</ref> One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, ''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista|The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute]]'', which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to [[Marseille]] in a [[Volkswagen]] camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', [[Marguerite Yourcenar]]'s novel ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'', and the complete prose works of [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/buscador.aspx?l=1&p2=5&p3=Julio%20Cortazar%20como%20traductor#avanzada Biblioteca Julio Cortázar], Fundación Juan March.</ref>
==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Juliocortazar.jpg|alt=Marble grave stone with mementoes, flowers, notes and other small items placed on it.|thumb|right|170px|Cortázar's grave in [[Montparnasse Cemetery]], Paris.]]
[[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s film ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer [[Sergio Larraín]] during a shoot outside of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml |title=Fallece Sergio Larraín, el mítico fotógrafo chileno que renunció al mundo | Cultura |publisher=La Tercera |date=2012-01-24 |accessdate=2012-02-09}}</ref> Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''[[Week End (1967 film)|Week End]]'' (1967).<ref>[[Jean Franco]], "Comic Stripping: Cortázar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in ''Critical Passions: Selected Essays'', eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.</ref> The filmmaker [[Manuel Antín]] has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, ''Cartas de mamá'', ''Circe'' and ''Intimidad de los parques''.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/5-24666-2012-03-21.html “No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortázar”], Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.</ref>
Chilean novelist [[Roberto Bolaño]] cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel ''[[The Savage Detectives]]'': "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of [[Borges]] and Cortázar is obvious."<ref>Roberto Bolaño, ''Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998-2003'', trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.</ref>
Puerto Rican novelist [[Giannina Braschi]] used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel ''[[Yo-Yo Boing!]]'' (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.<ref>Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172-186, SUNY, New York, 2005.</ref> Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in [[Rabih Alameddine]]'s 1998 novel, ''[[Koolaids: The Art of War]]''.
North American novelist [[Deena Metzger]] cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel ''Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,''<ref>Deena Metzger, Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn, Red Hen Press, Pasadena CA, 2004</ref> written twenty years after his death.
In [[Buenos Aires]], a school, a public library, and a square in the [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]] neighborhood carry Cortázar's name.
==Books==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Novels'''
*''Divertimento'' (1949, first published in 1986)
*''El examen'' ''(Final Exam)'' (1950, first published in 1985)
*''[[Los premios]]'' ''(The Winners)'' (1960)
*''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Rayuela]]'' ''(Hopscotch)'' (1963)
*''[[62: A Model Kit|62/modelo para armar]]'' ''(62: A Model Kit)'' (1968)
*''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' ''(A Manual for Manuel)'' (1973)
'''Short story collections'''
*''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951)
*''[[Final del juego]]'' ''(End of the Game)'' (1956)
*''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959)
*''Historias de cronopios y de famas'' ''(Cronopios and Famas)'' (1962)
*''[[Todos los fuegos el fuego]]'' ''(All Fires the Fire)'' (1966)
*''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]'' (1968); a compilation of stories from ''Bestiario'', ''Final del juego'' and ''Las armas secretas'', in an English-language translation.
*''[[Octaedro]]'' (1974)
*''Alguien que anda por ahí'' (1977)
*''[[Un tal Lucas]]'' ''(A Certain Lucas)'' (1979)
*''Queremos tanto a Glenda'' ''(We Love Glenda So Much)'' (1980)
*''Deshoras'' ''(Unreasonable Hours)'' (1982)
{{col-2}}
'''Poetry'''
*''Presencia'' ''(Presence)'' (1938)
*''Los reyes'' ''(The Kings)'' (1949)
*''Salvo el crepúsculo'' ''(Save Twilight)'' (1997; expanded edition, City Lights, 2016)
'''Other works'''
*''[[Around the Day in Eighty Worlds|La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos]]'' ''(Around the Day in Eighty Worlds)'' (1967)
*''[[Último round|Último Round]]'' ''(Last Round)'' (1969)
*''[[Prosa del Observatorio]]'' ''(From the Observatory)'' (1972)
*''Territorios'' ''(Territories)'' (1978)
*''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista]]'' ''(Autonauts of the Cosmoroute)'' (1983)
*''Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce'' ''(Nicaragua, So Violently Sweet)'' (1983)
*''Julio Cortazar: Al Termino del Polvo y el Sudor'' (Biblioteca de Marcha, Montevideo, 1987) - Essays by and about Julio Cortazar.
*''Diario de Andrés Fava'' ''(Diary of Andrés Fava)'' (1995), companion book to ''El examen''.
*''Adiós Robinson'' ''(Goodbye, Robinson)'' (1995), radio text.
*''Imagen de John Keats'' ''(Image of John Keats)'' (1996)
*''Cartas'' ''(Letters)'' (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012)
*''Papeles inesperados'' ''(Unexpected Papers)'' (2009)
*''Cartas a los Jonquières'' ''(Letters to the Jonquières)'' (2010)
*''Clases de literatura'' ''(Literature Class)'' (2013)
'''Graphic novel'''
*''[[Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales]]'' ''(Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires)'' (1975)
{{col-2}}
{{col end}}
== Recording from the Library of Congress ==
Julio Cortazar reading from his own work [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/]
==See also==
* [[État second]]
* [[Sophie Bohdan]]
==Further reading==
;English
* ''Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views)''. Bloom, Harold, 2005
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Schmidt-Cruz
| first1 = Cynthia
| title = Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortázar
| year = 2004
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| location = Albany, N.Y.
| isbn = 978-0-7914-5955-3
| pages =
}}
* ''Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers)''. Bloom, Harold, 2004
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Weiss
| first1 = Jason
| title = The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris
| year = 2003
| publisher = Routledge
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-415-94013-9
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Standish
| first1 = Peter
| title = Understanding Julio Cortázar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature)
| year = 2001
| publisher = [[University of South Carolina Press]]
| location =
| isbn = 978-1-57003-390-2
| pages =
}}
* ''Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortázar''. Moran, Dominic, 2000
* ''Critical Essays on Julio Cortázar''. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Alonso
| first1 = Carlos J.
| title = Julio Cortázar: new readings
| year = 1998
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge, U.K.
| isbn = 978-0-521-45210-6
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Stavans
| first1 = Ilan
| title = Julio Cortázar: a study of the short fiction
| year = 1996
| publisher = Twayne Publishers
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-8057-8293-1
| pages =
}}
* ''The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar''. Axelrod, Mark, 1992
* ''Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers''. Weiss, Jason, 1991
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Rodríguez-Luis
| first1 = Julio
| title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortázar
| year = 1991
| publisher = Garland
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-8153-0101-1
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Yovanovich
| first1 = Gordana
| title = Julio Cortázar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction
| year = 1991
| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]
| location = Toronto
| isbn = 978-0-8020-5888-1
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Carter
| first1 = E. Eugene
| title = Julio Cortázar: Life, Work and Criticism
| year = 1986
| publisher = York Press
| location = Fredericton, Canada
| isbn = 978-0-919966-52-9
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Peavler
| first1 = Terry J.
| title = Julio Cortázar
| year = 1990
| publisher = Twayne
| location = Boston
| isbn = 0-8057-8257-5
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Boldy
| first1 = Steven
| title = The Novels of Julio Cortázar
| year = 1980
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge
| isbn = 978-0-521-23097-1
| pages =
}}
;Spanish
* ''Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos... (Homenaje a Julio Cortázar) (1914-2014)'', [[Luis Aguilar-Monsalve]], (2015)
* ''Julio Cortázar. Una biografía revisada''. Miguel Herráez, 2011
* ''Discurso del Oso''. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
*{{Cite book
| last = Montes-Bradley
| first = Eduardo
| authorlink =
| title = Cortázar sin barba
| publisher = Random House Mondadori
| year = 2005
| location = [[Madrid]]
| pages = 394 Hard Cover
| url =
| id =
| isbn = 84-8306-603-3}}
* ''Imagen de Julio Cortázar''. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004
* ''Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas''. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002
* ''Otra flor amarilla: antología: homenaje a Julio Cortázar''. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Cristina Peri Rossi, 2000
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Alberto Cousté, 2001
* ''Julio Cortázar. La biografía''. Mario Goloboff, 1998
* ''La mirada recíproca: estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Peter Fröhlicher, 1995
* ''Hacia Cortázar: aproximaciones a su obra''. Jaime Alazraki, 1994
* ''Julio Cortázar: mundos y modos''. Saúl Yurkiévich, 1994
* ''Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar''. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992
* ''Cortázar: el romántico en su observatorio''. Rosario Ferré, 1991
* ''Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar''. Julia G Cruz, 1988
* ''Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar: ensayos''. Fernando Burgos, 1987
* ''En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Jaime Alazraki, 1983
* ''Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar''. Carmen de Mora Valcárcel, 1982
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Pedro Lastra, 1981
* ''Cortázar: metafísica y erotismo''. Antonio Planells, 1979
* ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?''. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975
* '' Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. David Lagmanovich, 1975
* ''Cortázar y Carpentier''. [[Mercedes Rein]], 1974
* ''Los mundos de Julio Cortázar''. Malva E Filer, 1970
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->
==Filmography==
* ''La Cifra Impar'', 1960. Feature film by [[Manuel Antín]], based on "Letters from Mother".
* ''Circe'', 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar.
* ''El Perseguidor'', 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".
* ''Intimidad de los Parques'', 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín.
* ''Blow Up'', 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".
* ''Cortázar'', 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer.
* ''Cortázar, apuntes para un documental'', documentary. [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]] (Director), Soledad Liendo (Producer). Theatrical release 2002. DVD Release 2007.
* {{YouTube|9IoYPIvMye4|''Graffiti''}}, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González.
* ''Graffiti'', 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0947013/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1a][http://vimeo.com/25805971]''
* "[[:es:Mentiras piadosas (película de 2009)|Mentiras Piadosas]]" (released in English as ''Made Up Memories''), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short-story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar.
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category inline}}
*{{OL author|OL3113272A}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38532}}
*{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2955/the-art-of-fiction-no-83-julio-cortazar| title=Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83| work=Paris Review| date=Fall 1984| author=Jason Weiss }}
* {{Books and Writers |id=cortaz |name=Julio Cortázar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100720225942/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0888&kw=American%20literature Julio Cortázar Collection (Finding Aid)] – Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110402001329/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101023082453/http://www.kronhela.com.ar/jc/ Books and texts written by Julio Cortázar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110121232918/http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/2269/cortazar_1_15_11/ A translated excerpt from ''Prose from the Observatory'']
*[http://escritorasunidas.blogspot.com/2011/08/julio-cortazar-en-mi-corazon-america.html Julio Cortázar interview 1979]
*[http://www.artdiscover.com/en/artists/julio-cortazar-id1638?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover]
*{{cite web|author=Julio Cortázar|title=Testimonio Julio Cortázar|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26422|language=Spanish|date=1968 }}
*[http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html Julio Cortázar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay]
* [http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/?l=2 The Library of Julio Cortázar] Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/ Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortazar, Julio}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:People from Brussels]]
[[Category:Argentine people of French descent]]
[[Category:Argentine people of German descent]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni]]
[[Category:Argentine male novelists]]
[[Category:Argentine male short story writers]]
[[Category:Argentine translators]]
[[Category:Translators of Edgar Allan Poe]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:Prix Médicis étranger winners]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:Argentine essayists]]
[[Category:Argentine emigrants to France]]
[[Category:20th-century short story writers]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Argentinian writer}}
{{Redirect|Cortázar}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Julio Cortázar
| image = Cortázar.jpg
| image_upright = 0.9
| caption = Cortázar in 1967, photo by [[Sara Facio]]
| birth_date = 26 August 1914
| birth_place = [[Ixelles]], [[Belgium]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |df=yes|1984|02|12|1914|08|26}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| resting_place = [[Montparnasse Cemetery|''Cimetière du Montparnasse'']], Paris
| nationality = [[Argentine]], French
| occupation = Writer, [[Translator]]
| pseudonym =
| genre = Short Story, Poetry, Novel
| movement = [[Latin American Boom]]
| awards = [[Prix Médicis]] (France, 1974), Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence (Nicaragua, 1983)
| notableworks = ''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]''<br>''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]''
| signature = Julio Cortázar signature.svg
| website =
}}
'''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an
==Years in France==
In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home,[[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} pp. 245-252.</ref> when he became involved with the [[Lithuania]]n writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker [[Ugnė Karvelis]], whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,<ref>{{cite book |author=Mario Goloboff|title=Julio Cortázar - La biografía |year=1998 |isbn=950-731-205-6 |chapter= Chap. 11: De otros lados|pages=170–174}}</ref> although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. He later married Canadian writer [[Carol Dunlop]]. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html «Las cartas de Cortázar»], article in the newspaper ''El Mundo'' (Madrid), 15 July 2012.</ref><ref>Julio Cortázar. ''Cartas,'' 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. {{ISBN|9505115938}}.</ref>
He died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the [[Montparnasse Cemetery|cimetière du Montparnasse]]. The cause of his death was reported to be [[leukemia]], though some sources state that he died from [[AIDS]] as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida] clarin.com, 7.06.2001</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html «Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”»], article in the newspaper [[ABC (Madrid)|''ABC'']] from 25 January 2009.</ref>
==Works==
[[File:Cortazar buenos aires.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cortázar photographed in Buenos Aires in December 1983, when he returned after 10 years of exile in France]]
Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as ''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951), ''[[Final del juego]]'' (1956), and ''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959). In 1967, English translations by [[Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)|Paul Blackburn]] of stories selected from these volumes were published by [[Pantheon Books]] as ''[[End of the Game and Other Stories]]''; it was later re-titled ''Blow-up and Other Stories''. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: ''[[Los premios]]'' (''The Winners'', 1960), ''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]'' (''Rayuela'', 1963), ''[[62: A Model Kit]]'' (''62 Modelo para Armar'', 1968), and ''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' (''A Manual for Manuel'', 1973). Except for ''[[Los premios]]'', which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by [[Gregory Rabassa]]. Two other novels, ''El examen'' and ''Divertimento,'' though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously.
The open-ended structure of ''Hopscotch'', which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other [[Latin American]] writers, including [[José Lezama Lima]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], and [[Mario Vargas Llosa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} Cortázar's use of interior monologue and [[Stream of consciousness writing|stream of consciousness]] owes much to [[James Joyce]]<ref>[http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/publicaciones/alma_mater/2000_n18-19/julio_cortazar.htm Julio Cortázar y James Joyce]</ref> and other modernists,{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} but his main influences were [[Surrealism]],<ref>Picón Garfield, Evelyn. ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?'', 1975</ref> the French [[Nouveau roman]]{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} and the improvisatory [[aesthetic]] of [[jazz]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf "El jazz en la obra de Cortázar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124152839/http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf |date=2013-11-24 }}, p. 41.</ref> This last interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the [[bebop]] [[saxophonist]] [[Charlie Parker]].<ref>Doris Sommer, "Grammar Trouble for Cortázar", in ''Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas'', Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 211.</ref>
Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or ''libros-almanaque,'' ''La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos'' and ''Último Round,'' which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the ''almanaques del mensajero'' that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 242.</ref> One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, ''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista|The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute]]'', which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to [[Marseille]] in a [[Volkswagen]] camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'', [[Marguerite Yourcenar]]'s novel ''[[Mémoires d'Hadrien]]'', and the complete prose works of [[Edgar Allan Poe]].<ref>[http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/buscador.aspx?l=1&p2=5&p3=Julio%20Cortazar%20como%20traductor#avanzada Biblioteca Julio Cortázar], Fundación Juan March.</ref>
==Influence and legacy==
[[File:Juliocortazar.jpg|alt=Marble grave stone with mementoes, flowers, notes and other small items placed on it.|thumb|right|170px|Cortázar's grave in [[Montparnasse Cemetery]], Paris.]]
[[Michelangelo Antonioni]]'s film ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer [[Sergio Larraín]] during a shoot outside of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml |title=Fallece Sergio Larraín, el mítico fotógrafo chileno que renunció al mundo | Cultura |publisher=La Tercera |date=2012-01-24 |accessdate=2012-02-09}}</ref> Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''[[Week End (1967 film)|Week End]]'' (1967).<ref>[[Jean Franco]], "Comic Stripping: Cortázar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in ''Critical Passions: Selected Essays'', eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.</ref> The filmmaker [[Manuel Antín]] has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, ''Cartas de mamá'', ''Circe'' and ''Intimidad de los parques''.<ref>[http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/5-24666-2012-03-21.html “No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortázar”], Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.</ref>
Chilean novelist [[Roberto Bolaño]] cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel ''[[The Savage Detectives]]'': "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of [[Borges]] and Cortázar is obvious."<ref>Roberto Bolaño, ''Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998-2003'', trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.</ref>
Puerto Rican novelist [[Giannina Braschi]] used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel ''[[Yo-Yo Boing!]]'' (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.<ref>Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172-186, SUNY, New York, 2005.</ref> Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in [[Rabih Alameddine]]'s 1998 novel, ''[[Koolaids: The Art of War]]''.
North American novelist [[Deena Metzger]] cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel ''Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,''<ref>Deena Metzger, Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn, Red Hen Press, Pasadena CA, 2004</ref> written twenty years after his death.
In [[Buenos Aires]], a school, a public library, and a square in the [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]] neighborhood carry Cortázar's name.
==Books==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Novels'''
*''Divertimento'' (1949, first published in 1986)
*''El examen'' ''(Final Exam)'' (1950, first published in 1985)
*''[[Los premios]]'' ''(The Winners)'' (1960)
*''[[Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)|Rayuela]]'' ''(Hopscotch)'' (1963)
*''[[62: A Model Kit|62/modelo para armar]]'' ''(62: A Model Kit)'' (1968)
*''[[Libro de Manuel]]'' ''(A Manual for Manuel)'' (1973)
'''Short story collections'''
*''[[Bestiario]]'' (1951)
*''[[Final del juego]]'' ''(End of the Game)'' (1956)
*''[[Las armas secretas]]'' (1959)
*''Historias de cronopios y de famas'' ''(Cronopios and Famas)'' (1962)
*''[[Todos los fuegos el fuego]]'' ''(All Fires the Fire)'' (1966)
*''[[Blow-up and Other Stories]]'' (1968); a compilation of stories from ''Bestiario'', ''Final del juego'' and ''Las armas secretas'', in an English-language translation.
*''[[Octaedro]]'' (1974)
*''Alguien que anda por ahí'' (1977)
*''[[Un tal Lucas]]'' ''(A Certain Lucas)'' (1979)
*''Queremos tanto a Glenda'' ''(We Love Glenda So Much)'' (1980)
*''Deshoras'' ''(Unreasonable Hours)'' (1982)
{{col-2}}
'''Poetry'''
*''Presencia'' ''(Presence)'' (1938)
*''Los reyes'' ''(The Kings)'' (1949)
*''Salvo el crepúsculo'' ''(Save Twilight)'' (1997; expanded edition, City Lights, 2016)
'''Other works'''
*''[[Around the Day in Eighty Worlds|La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos]]'' ''(Around the Day in Eighty Worlds)'' (1967)
*''[[Último round|Último Round]]'' ''(Last Round)'' (1969)
*''[[Prosa del Observatorio]]'' ''(From the Observatory)'' (1972)
*''Territorios'' ''(Territories)'' (1978)
*''[[Los autonautas de la cosmopista]]'' ''(Autonauts of the Cosmoroute)'' (1983)
*''Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce'' ''(Nicaragua, So Violently Sweet)'' (1983)
*''Julio Cortazar: Al Termino del Polvo y el Sudor'' (Biblioteca de Marcha, Montevideo, 1987) - Essays by and about Julio Cortazar.
*''Diario de Andrés Fava'' ''(Diary of Andrés Fava)'' (1995), companion book to ''El examen''.
*''Adiós Robinson'' ''(Goodbye, Robinson)'' (1995), radio text.
*''Imagen de John Keats'' ''(Image of John Keats)'' (1996)
*''Cartas'' ''(Letters)'' (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012)
*''Papeles inesperados'' ''(Unexpected Papers)'' (2009)
*''Cartas a los Jonquières'' ''(Letters to the Jonquières)'' (2010)
*''Clases de literatura'' ''(Literature Class)'' (2013)
'''Graphic novel'''
*''[[Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales]]'' ''(Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires)'' (1975)
{{col-2}}
{{col end}}
== Recording from the Library of Congress ==
Julio Cortazar reading from his own work [https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/]
==See also==
* [[État second]]
* [[Sophie Bohdan]]
==Further reading==
;English
* ''Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views)''. Bloom, Harold, 2005
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Schmidt-Cruz
| first1 = Cynthia
| title = Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortázar
| year = 2004
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| location = Albany, N.Y.
| isbn = 978-0-7914-5955-3
| pages =
}}
* ''Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers)''. Bloom, Harold, 2004
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Weiss
| first1 = Jason
| title = The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris
| year = 2003
| publisher = Routledge
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-415-94013-9
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Standish
| first1 = Peter
| title = Understanding Julio Cortázar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature)
| year = 2001
| publisher = [[University of South Carolina Press]]
| location =
| isbn = 978-1-57003-390-2
| pages =
}}
* ''Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortázar''. Moran, Dominic, 2000
* ''Critical Essays on Julio Cortázar''. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Alonso
| first1 = Carlos J.
| title = Julio Cortázar: new readings
| year = 1998
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge, U.K.
| isbn = 978-0-521-45210-6
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Stavans
| first1 = Ilan
| title = Julio Cortázar: a study of the short fiction
| year = 1996
| publisher = Twayne Publishers
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-8057-8293-1
| pages =
}}
* ''The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar''. Axelrod, Mark, 1992
* ''Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers''. Weiss, Jason, 1991
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Rodríguez-Luis
| first1 = Julio
| title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortázar
| year = 1991
| publisher = Garland
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-8153-0101-1
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Yovanovich
| first1 = Gordana
| title = Julio Cortázar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction
| year = 1991
| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]
| location = Toronto
| isbn = 978-0-8020-5888-1
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Carter
| first1 = E. Eugene
| title = Julio Cortázar: Life, Work and Criticism
| year = 1986
| publisher = York Press
| location = Fredericton, Canada
| isbn = 978-0-919966-52-9
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Peavler
| first1 = Terry J.
| title = Julio Cortázar
| year = 1990
| publisher = Twayne
| location = Boston
| isbn = 0-8057-8257-5
| pages =
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Boldy
| first1 = Steven
| title = The Novels of Julio Cortázar
| year = 1980
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = Cambridge
| isbn = 978-0-521-23097-1
| pages =
}}
;Spanish
* ''Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos... (Homenaje a Julio Cortázar) (1914-2014)'', [[Luis Aguilar-Monsalve]], (2015)
* ''Julio Cortázar. Una biografía revisada''. Miguel Herráez, 2011
* ''Discurso del Oso''. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008
*{{Cite book
| last = Montes-Bradley
| first = Eduardo
| authorlink =
| title = Cortázar sin barba
| publisher = Random House Mondadori
| year = 2005
| location = [[Madrid]]
| pages = 394 Hard Cover
| url =
| id =
| isbn = 84-8306-603-3}}
* ''Imagen de Julio Cortázar''. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004
* ''Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas''. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002
* ''Otra flor amarilla: antología: homenaje a Julio Cortázar''. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Cristina Peri Rossi, 2000
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Alberto Cousté, 2001
* ''Julio Cortázar. La biografía''. Mario Goloboff, 1998
* ''La mirada recíproca: estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Peter Fröhlicher, 1995
* ''Hacia Cortázar: aproximaciones a su obra''. Jaime Alazraki, 1994
* ''Julio Cortázar: mundos y modos''. Saúl Yurkiévich, 1994
* ''Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar''. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992
* ''Cortázar: el romántico en su observatorio''. Rosario Ferré, 1991
* ''Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar''. Julia G Cruz, 1988
* ''Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar: ensayos''. Fernando Burgos, 1987
* ''En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. Jaime Alazraki, 1983
* ''Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar''. Carmen de Mora Valcárcel, 1982
* ''Julio Cortázar''. Pedro Lastra, 1981
* ''Cortázar: metafísica y erotismo''. Antonio Planells, 1979
* ''Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?''. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975
* '' Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar''. David Lagmanovich, 1975
* ''Cortázar y Carpentier''. [[Mercedes Rein]], 1974
* ''Los mundos de Julio Cortázar''. Malva E Filer, 1970
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->
==Filmography==
* ''La Cifra Impar'', 1960. Feature film by [[Manuel Antín]], based on "Letters from Mother".
* ''Circe'', 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar.
* ''El Perseguidor'', 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".
* ''Intimidad de los Parques'', 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín.
* ''Blow Up'', 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".
* ''Cortázar'', 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer.
* ''Cortázar, apuntes para un documental'', documentary. [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]] (Director), Soledad Liendo (Producer). Theatrical release 2002. DVD Release 2007.
* {{YouTube|9IoYPIvMye4|''Graffiti''}}, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González.
* ''Graffiti'', 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0947013/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1a][http://vimeo.com/25805971]''
* "[[:es:Mentiras piadosas (película de 2009)|Mentiras Piadosas]]" (released in English as ''Made Up Memories''), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short-story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar.
* {{cite book|last1=Hareau|first1=Eliane|last2=Sclavo|first2=Lil|title=El traductor, artífice reflexivo|year=2018|location=Montevideo|isbn=978-9974-93-195-4|url=https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras}}<!-- there is a chapter devoted to the translation of "Hopscotch" -->
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*{{Commons category inline}}
*{{OL author|OL3113272A}}
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n79-38532}}
*{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2955/the-art-of-fiction-no-83-julio-cortazar| title=Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83| work=Paris Review| date=Fall 1984| author=Jason Weiss }}
* {{Books and Writers |id=cortaz |name=Julio Cortázar}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100720225942/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0888&kw=American%20literature Julio Cortázar Collection (Finding Aid)] – Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110402001329/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101023082453/http://www.kronhela.com.ar/jc/ Books and texts written by Julio Cortázar]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110121232918/http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/2269/cortazar_1_15_11/ A translated excerpt from ''Prose from the Observatory'']
*[http://escritorasunidas.blogspot.com/2011/08/julio-cortazar-en-mi-corazon-america.html Julio Cortázar interview 1979]
*[http://www.artdiscover.com/en/artists/julio-cortazar-id1638?SUB_ID=25158 Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover]
*{{cite web|author=Julio Cortázar|title=Testimonio Julio Cortázar|url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26422|language=Spanish|date=1968 }}
*[http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html Julio Cortázar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay]
* [http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/?l=2 The Library of Julio Cortázar] Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/ Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortazar, Julio}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:People from Brussels]]
[[Category:Argentine people of French descent]]
[[Category:Argentine people of German descent]]
[[Category:Argentine people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni]]
[[Category:Argentine male novelists]]
[[Category:Argentine male short story writers]]
[[Category:Argentine translators]]
[[Category:Translators of Edgar Allan Poe]]
[[Category:Postmodern writers]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:Prix Médicis étranger winners]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]
[[Category:20th-century Argentine novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
[[Category:Argentine essayists]]
[[Category:Argentine emigrants to France]]
[[Category:20th-century short story writers]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -22,23 +22,13 @@
}}
-'''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe.
-
-==Early life==
-Julio Cortázar was born on August 26, 1914, in [[Ixelles]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Cortázar sin barba, by [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]]. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004</ref> a municipality of [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} p. 25</ref>
-
-At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to [[Zürich]] where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French National), were waiting in neutral territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in [[Zürich]], then [[Geneva]], before moving for a short period to [[Barcelona]]. The Cortázars settled outside of [[Buenos Aires]] by the end of 1919.<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.</ref>
-
-Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 38 & 45,</ref> Cortázar spent most of his childhood in [[Banfield (village)|Banfield]], a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its back yard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.<ref>Banfield is mentioned in the short story [http://www.literatura.org/Cortázar/Conducta.html "Conducta en los velorios"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from ''[[Historias de cronopios y de famas]]''.</ref> Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on December 4, 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of [[Jules Verne]], whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine ''Plural'' (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".
-
-==Education and teaching career==
-[[File:JulioCortazar001.JPG|right|thumb|120px|Cortázar in his youth]]
-Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the [[University of Buenos Aires]], but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 343.</ref> According to biographer [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley]], Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of [[Chivilcoy Partido|Chivilcoy]], the other in [[Bolivar, Buenos Aires Province|Bolivar]]. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of [[sonnet]]s, ''Presencia,''<ref>{{YouTube|WSJoWdZZ5m8|Conversaciones con Cortázar}} Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).</ref> which he later repudiated, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.<ref>{{YouTube|JeaaxOrC8nw|Julio Cortázar - A fondo}} TVE 1977.</ref> In 1944, he became professor of [[French literature]] at the [[National University of Cuyo]] in [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], but owing to political pressure from Peronists, he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 118-119.</ref> In 1949 he published a play, ''Los Reyes'' (''The Kings''), based on the [[myth]] of [[Theseus]] and the [[Minotaur]]. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/the-subtle-radicalism-of-julio-cortazars-berkeley-lectures/520812/|title=The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortázar's Berkeley Lectures|last=Illingworth|first=Dustin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2017-03-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
+'''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an
==Years in France==
-In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of [[human rights]] in Latin America, and was a supporter of the [[Sandinista]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] as well as [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home,[[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} pp. 245-252.</ref> when he became involved with the [[Lithuania]]n writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker [[Ugnė Karvelis]], whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,<ref>{{cite book |author=Mario Goloboff|title=Julio Cortázar - La biografía |year=1998 |isbn=950-731-205-6 |chapter= Chap. 11: De otros lados|pages=170–174}}</ref> although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. He later married Canadian writer [[Carol Dunlop]]. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.<ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html «Las cartas de Cortázar»], article in the newspaper ''El Mundo'' (Madrid), 15 July 2012.</ref><ref>Julio Cortázar. ''Cartas,'' 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. {{ISBN|9505115938}}.</ref>
He died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the [[Montparnasse Cemetery|cimetière du Montparnasse]]. The cause of his death was reported to be [[leukemia]], though some sources state that he died from [[AIDS]] as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.<ref>[http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida] clarin.com, 7.06.2001</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html «Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”»], article in the newspaper [[ABC (Madrid)|''ABC'']] from 25 January 2009.</ref>
+
==Works==
' |
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Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => ''''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an ',
1 => 'In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home,[[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>',
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Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ''''Julio Cortázar''', born '''Julio Florencio Cortázar'''<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</ref> {{IPA-es|ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ|am|Julio Cortazar.ogg}}; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an [[Argentine]] novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the [[Latin American Boom]], Cortázar influenced an entire generation of Spanish-speaking readers and writers in America and Europe.',
1 => '',
2 => '==Early life==',
3 => 'Julio Cortázar was born on August 26, 1914, in [[Ixelles]],<ref name="ReferenceA">Cortázar sin barba, by [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]]. Random House Mondadori, Editorial Debate, Madrid, 2004</ref> a municipality of [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]. According to biographer Miguel Herráez, his parents, Julio José Cortázar and María Herminia Descotte, were Argentine citizens, and his father was attached to the Argentine diplomatic service in Belgium.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011 {{ISBN|9788415098034}} p. 25</ref>',
4 => '',
5 => 'At the time of Cortázar's birth, Belgium was occupied by the German troops of Kaiser [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]. After German troops arrived in Belgium, Cortázar and his family moved to [[Zürich]] where María Herminia's parents, Victoria Gabel and Louis Descotte (a French National), were waiting in neutral territory. The family group spent the next two years in Switzerland, first in [[Zürich]], then [[Geneva]], before moving for a short period to [[Barcelona]]. The Cortázars settled outside of [[Buenos Aires]] by the end of 1919.<ref>Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori, p. 110, Madrid, 2005.</ref>',
6 => '',
7 => 'Cortázar's father left when Julio was six, and the family had no further contact with him.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 38 & 45,</ref> Cortázar spent most of his childhood in [[Banfield (village)|Banfield]], a suburb south of Buenos Aires, with his mother and younger sister. The home in Banfield, with its back yard, was a source of inspiration for some of his stories.<ref>Banfield is mentioned in the short story [http://www.literatura.org/Cortázar/Conducta.html "Conducta en los velorios"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from ''[[Historias de cronopios y de famas]]''.</ref> Despite this, in a letter to Graciela M. de Solá on December 4, 1963, he described this period of his life as "full of servitude, excessive touchiness, terrible and frequent sadness." He was a sickly child and spent much of his childhood in bed reading. His mother, who spoke several languages and was a great reader herself, introduced her son to the works of [[Jules Verne]], whom Cortázar admired for the rest of his life. In the magazine ''Plural'' (issue 44, Mexico City, May 1975) he wrote: "I spent my childhood in a haze full of goblins and elves, with a sense of space and time that was different from everybody else's".',
8 => '',
9 => '==Education and teaching career==',
10 => '[[File:JulioCortazar001.JPG|right|thumb|120px|Cortázar in his youth]]',
11 => 'Cortázar obtained a qualification as an elementary school teacher at the age of 18. He would later pursue higher education in philosophy and languages at the [[University of Buenos Aires]], but left for financial reasons without receiving a degree.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, p. 343.</ref> According to biographer [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley]], Cortázar taught in at least two high schools in Buenos Aires Province, one in the city of [[Chivilcoy Partido|Chivilcoy]], the other in [[Bolivar, Buenos Aires Province|Bolivar]]. In 1938, using the pseudonym of Julio Denis, he self-published a volume of [[sonnet]]s, ''Presencia,''<ref>{{YouTube|WSJoWdZZ5m8|Conversaciones con Cortázar}} Omar Prego, Muchnik Editores, 1985 (p. 33).</ref> which he later repudiated, saying in a 1977 interview for Spanish television that publishing it was his only transgression to the principle of not publishing any books until he was convinced that what was written in them was what he meant to say.<ref>{{YouTube|JeaaxOrC8nw|Julio Cortázar - A fondo}} TVE 1977.</ref> In 1944, he became professor of [[French literature]] at the [[National University of Cuyo]] in [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], but owing to political pressure from Peronists, he resigned the position in June 1946. He subsequently worked as a translator and as director of the Cámara Argentina del Libro, a trade organization.<ref>Herráez, Miguel. ''Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada.'' Alrevés, 2011, {{ISBN|9788415098034}}, pp. 118-119.</ref> In 1949 he published a play, ''Los Reyes'' (''The Kings''), based on the [[myth]] of [[Theseus]] and the [[Minotaur]]. In 1980, Cortázar delivered eight lectures at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/03/the-subtle-radicalism-of-julio-cortazars-berkeley-lectures/520812/|title=The Subtle Radicalism of Julio Cortázar's Berkeley Lectures|last=Illingworth|first=Dustin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=2017-03-29|language=en-US}}</ref>',
12 => 'In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for [[UNESCO]] as a [[translation|translator]]. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in [[Saignon]] in the south of France, where he also maintained a home. In later years he became actively engaged in opposing abuses of [[human rights]] in Latin America, and was a supporter of the [[Sandinista]] revolution in [[Nicaragua]] as well as [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]]n revolution and [[Salvador Allende]]'s socialist government in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |title=Julio Cortázar |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library |location=Finland |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm |archivedate=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Argentinian writer</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cortázar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cort%C3%A1zar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cortázar (disambiguation)">Cortázar (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Julio Cortázar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg" class="image" title="Cortázar in 1967, photo by Sara Facio"><img alt="Cortázar in 1967, photo by Sara Facio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg/200px-Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg/300px-Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg/400px-Cort%C3%A1zar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="2617" /></a><div>Cortázar in 1967, photo by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Facio" title="Sara Facio">Sara Facio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;">26 August 1914<br /><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;">12 February 1984<span style="display:none">(1984-02-12)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery"><i>Cimetière du Montparnasse</i></a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">Translator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a>, French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Short Story, Poetry, Novel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)">Hopscotch</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Blow-up_and_Other_Stories" title="Blow-up and Other Stories">Blow-up and Other Stories</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Prix_M%C3%A9dicis" title="Prix Médicis">Prix Médicis</a> (France, 1974), Rubén Darío Order of Cultural Independence (Nicaragua, 1983)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em;padding-right:0.65em;">Signature</th><td style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg/160px-Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="84" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg/240px-Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg/320px-Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="306" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Julio Cortázar</b>, born <b>Julio Florencio Cortázar</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <small>American Spanish: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈxuljo koɾˈtasaɾ]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_Cortazar.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Julio_Cortazar.ogg" class="internal" title="Julio Cortazar.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>; (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984) was an <a href="/wiki/Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> novelist, short story writer, and essayist. Known as one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>, Cortázar influenced an
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Years_in_France"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Years in France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Influence_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Influence and legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recording_from_the_Library_of_Congress"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Recording from the Library of Congress</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Filmography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Filmography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Years_in_France">Years in France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Years in France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 1951, Cortázar emigrated to France, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life, though he traveled widely. From 1952 onwards, he worked intermittently for <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translator</a>. He wrote most of his major works in Paris or in <a href="/wiki/Saignon" title="Saignon">Saignon</a> in the south of France, where he also maintained a home,<a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> revolution and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>'s socialist government in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cortázar had three long-term romantic relationships with women. The first was with Aurora Bernárdez, an Argentine translator, whom he married in 1953. They separated in 1968<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> when he became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> writer, editor, translator, and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Ugn%C4%97_Karvelis" title="Ugnė Karvelis">Ugnė Karvelis</a>, whom he never formally married, and who reportedly stimulated Cortázar's interest in politics,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> although his political sensibilities had already been awakened by a visit to Cuba in 1963, the first of multiple trips that he would make to that country throughout the remainder of his life. He later married Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Carol_Dunlop" title="Carol Dunlop">Carol Dunlop</a>. After Dunlop's death in 1982, Aurora Bernárdez accompanied Cortázar during his final illness and, in accordance with his longstanding wishes, inherited the rights to all his works.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>He died in Paris in 1984, and is interred in the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">cimetière du Montparnasse</a>. The cause of his death was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, though some sources state that he died from <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> as a result of receiving a blood transfusion.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg/250px-Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg/375px-Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg/500px-Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="897" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortazar_buenos_aires.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cortázar photographed in Buenos Aires in December 1983, when he returned after 10 years of exile in France</div></div></div>
<p>Cortázar wrote numerous short stories, collected in such volumes as <i><a href="/wiki/Bestiario" title="Bestiario">Bestiario</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Final_del_juego" title="Final del juego">Final del juego</a></i> (1956), and <i><a href="/wiki/Las_armas_secretas" title="Las armas secretas">Las armas secretas</a></i> (1959). In 1967, English translations by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Blackburn_(U.S._poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Blackburn (U.S. poet)">Paul Blackburn</a> of stories selected from these volumes were published by <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Game_and_Other_Stories" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Game and Other Stories">End of the Game and Other Stories</a></i>; it was later re-titled <i>Blow-up and Other Stories</i>. Cortázar published four novels during his lifetime: <i><a href="/wiki/Los_premios" class="mw-redirect" title="Los premios">Los premios</a></i> (<i>The Winners</i>, 1960), <i><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)">Hopscotch</a></i> (<i>Rayuela</i>, 1963), <i><a href="/wiki/62:_A_Model_Kit" title="62: A Model Kit">62: A Model Kit</a></i> (<i>62 Modelo para Armar</i>, 1968), and <i><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_Manuel" title="Libro de Manuel">Libro de Manuel</a></i> (<i>A Manual for Manuel</i>, 1973). Except for <i><a href="/wiki/Los_premios" class="mw-redirect" title="Los premios">Los premios</a></i>, which was translated by Elaine Kerrigan, these novels have been translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rabassa" title="Gregory Rabassa">Gregory Rabassa</a>. Two other novels, <i>El examen</i> and <i>Divertimento,</i> though written before 1960, only appeared posthumously.
</p><p>The open-ended structure of <i>Hopscotch</i>, which invites the reader to choose between a linear and a non-linear mode of reading, has been praised by other <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> writers, including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lezama_Lima" title="José Lezama Lima">José Lezama Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cortázar's use of interior monologue and <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness writing">stream of consciousness</a> owes much to <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and other modernists,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but his main influences were <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> the French <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the improvisatory <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> This last interest is reflected in the notable story "El perseguidor" ("The Pursuer"), which Cortázar based on the life of the <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> <a href="/wiki/Saxophonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxophonist">saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Cortázar also published poetry, drama, and various works of non-fiction. In the 1960s, working with the artist José Silva, he created two almanac-books or <i>libros-almanaque,</i> <i>La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos</i> and <i>Último Round,</i> which combined various texts written by Cortázar with photographs, engravings, and other illustrations, in the manner of the <i>almanaques del mensajero</i> that had been widely circulated in rural Argentina during his childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> One of his last works was a collaboration with Carol Dunlop, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_autonautas_de_la_cosmopista" title="Los autonautas de la cosmopista">The Autonauts of the Cosmoroute</a></i>, which relates, partly in mock-heroic style, the couple's extended expedition along the autoroute from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> camper nicknamed Fafner. As a translator, he completed Spanish-language renderings of <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar" title="Marguerite Yourcenar">Marguerite Yourcenar</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_d%27Hadrien" class="mw-redirect" title="Mémoires d'Hadrien">Mémoires d'Hadrien</a></i>, and the complete prose works of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliocortazar.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Marble grave stone with mementoes, flowers, notes and other small items placed on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Juliocortazar.jpg/170px-Juliocortazar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Juliocortazar.jpg/255px-Juliocortazar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Juliocortazar.jpg/340px-Juliocortazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliocortazar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cortázar's grave in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Montparnasse Cemetery</a>, Paris.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Blowup" title="Blowup">Blowup</a></i> (1966) was inspired by Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo", which in turn was based on a photograph taken by Chilean photographer <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Larra%C3%ADn" title="Sergio Larraín">Sergio Larraín</a> during a shoot outside of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Cortázar's story "La autopista del sur" ("The Southern Thruway") influenced another film of the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Week_End_(1967_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Week End (1967 film)">Week End</a></i> (1967).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Antín">Manuel Antín</a> has directed three films based on Cortázar stories, <i>Cartas de mamá</i>, <i>Circe</i> and <i>Intimidad de los parques</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Chilean novelist <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> cited Cortázar as a key influence on his novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Savage_Detectives" title="The Savage Detectives">The Savage Detectives</a></i>: "To say that I'm permanently indebted to the work of <a href="/wiki/Borges" class="mw-redirect" title="Borges">Borges</a> and Cortázar is obvious."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Puerto Rican novelist <a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a> used Cortázar's story "Las babas del diablo" as a springboard for the chapter called "Blow-up" in her bilingual novel <i><a href="/wiki/Yo-Yo_Boing!" title="Yo-Yo Boing!">Yo-Yo Boing!</a></i> (1998), which features scenes with Cortázar's characters La Maga and Rocamadour.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> Cortázar is mentioned and spoken highly of in <a href="/wiki/Rabih_Alameddine" title="Rabih Alameddine">Rabih Alameddine</a>'s 1998 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Koolaids:_The_Art_of_War" title="Koolaids: The Art of War">Koolaids: The Art of War</a></i>.
</p><p>North American novelist <a href="/wiki/Deena_Metzger" title="Deena Metzger">Deena Metzger</a> cites Cortázar as co-author of her novel <i>Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn,</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> written twenty years after his death.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, a school, a public library, and a square in the <a href="/wiki/Palermo,_Buenos_Aires" title="Palermo, Buenos Aires">Palermo</a> neighborhood carry Cortázar's name.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div>
 
<table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<p><b>Novels</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Divertimento</i> (1949, first published in 1986)</li>
<li><i>El examen</i> <i>(Final Exam)</i> (1950, first published in 1985)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_premios" class="mw-redirect" title="Los premios">Los premios</a></i> <i>(The Winners)</i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopscotch (Julio Cortázar novel)">Rayuela</a></i> <i>(Hopscotch)</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/62:_A_Model_Kit" title="62: A Model Kit">62/modelo para armar</a></i> <i>(62: A Model Kit)</i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_Manuel" title="Libro de Manuel">Libro de Manuel</a></i> <i>(A Manual for Manuel)</i> (1973)</li></ul>
<p><b>Short story collections</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bestiario" title="Bestiario">Bestiario</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_del_juego" title="Final del juego">Final del juego</a></i> <i>(End of the Game)</i> (1956)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Las_armas_secretas" title="Las armas secretas">Las armas secretas</a></i> (1959)</li>
<li><i>Historias de cronopios y de famas</i> <i>(Cronopios and Famas)</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Todos_los_fuegos_el_fuego" title="Todos los fuegos el fuego">Todos los fuegos el fuego</a></i> <i>(All Fires the Fire)</i> (1966)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Blow-up_and_Other_Stories" title="Blow-up and Other Stories">Blow-up and Other Stories</a></i> (1968); a compilation of stories from <i>Bestiario</i>, <i>Final del juego</i> and <i>Las armas secretas</i>, in an English-language translation.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Octaedro" title="Octaedro">Octaedro</a></i> (1974)</li>
<li><i>Alguien que anda por ahí</i> (1977)</li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Un_tal_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Un tal Lucas (page does not exist)">Un tal Lucas</a></i> <i>(A Certain Lucas)</i> (1979)</li>
<li><i>Queremos tanto a Glenda</i> <i>(We Love Glenda So Much)</i> (1980)</li>
<li><i>Deshoras</i> <i>(Unreasonable Hours)</i> (1982)</li></ul>
<p> 
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<p><b>Poetry</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i>Presencia</i> <i>(Presence)</i> (1938)</li>
<li><i>Los reyes</i> <i>(The Kings)</i> (1949)</li>
<li><i>Salvo el crepúsculo</i> <i>(Save Twilight)</i> (1997; expanded edition, City Lights, 2016)</li></ul>
<p><b>Other works</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_Day_in_Eighty_Worlds" title="Around the Day in Eighty Worlds">La vuelta al día en ochenta mundos</a></i> <i>(Around the Day in Eighty Worlds)</i> (1967)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Último round">Último Round</a></i> <i>(Last Round)</i> (1969)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosa_del_Observatorio" title="Prosa del Observatorio">Prosa del Observatorio</a></i> <i>(From the Observatory)</i> (1972)</li>
<li><i>Territorios</i> <i>(Territories)</i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_autonautas_de_la_cosmopista" title="Los autonautas de la cosmopista">Los autonautas de la cosmopista</a></i> <i>(Autonauts of the Cosmoroute)</i> (1983)</li>
<li><i>Nicaragua tan violentamente dulce</i> <i>(Nicaragua, So Violently Sweet)</i> (1983)</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortazar: Al Termino del Polvo y el Sudor</i> (Biblioteca de Marcha, Montevideo, 1987) - Essays by and about Julio Cortazar.</li>
<li><i>Diario de Andrés Fava</i> <i>(Diary of Andrés Fava)</i> (1995), companion book to <i>El examen</i>.</li>
<li><i>Adiós Robinson</i> <i>(Goodbye, Robinson)</i> (1995), radio text.</li>
<li><i>Imagen de John Keats</i> <i>(Image of John Keats)</i> (1996)</li>
<li><i>Cartas</i> <i>(Letters)</i> (Three volumes, 2000; expanded version in five volumes, 2012)</li>
<li><i>Papeles inesperados</i> <i>(Unexpected Papers)</i> (2009)</li>
<li><i>Cartas a los Jonquières</i> <i>(Letters to the Jonquières)</i> (2010)</li>
<li><i>Clases de literatura</i> <i>(Literature Class)</i> (2013)</li></ul>
<p><b>Graphic novel</b>
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantomas_contra_los_vampiros_multinacionales" title="Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales">Fantomas contra los vampiros multinacionales</a></i> <i>(Fantomas Versus the Multinational Vampires)</i> (1975)</li></ul>
<p> 
</p>
</td>
<td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<p> 
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recording_from_the_Library_of_Congress">Recording from the Library of Congress</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recording from the Library of Congress">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Julio Cortazar reading from his own work <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/">[1]</a>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_second" title="État second">État second</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Bohdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Bohdan">Sophie Bohdan</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>English</dt></dl>
<ul><li><i>Julio Cortázar (Modern Critical Views)</i>. Bloom, Harold, 2005</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Schmidt-Cruz, Cynthia (2004). <i>Mothers, Lovers, and Others: the short stories of Julio Cortázar</i>. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5955-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-5955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers%2C+Lovers%2C+and+Others%3A+the+short+stories+of+Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5955-3&rft.aulast=Schmidt-Cruz&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar (Bloom's Major Short Story Writers)</i>. Bloom, Harold, 2004</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Weiss, Jason (2003). <i>The Lights of Home: a century of Latin American writers in Paris</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94013-9"><bdi>978-0-415-94013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lights+of+Home%3A+a+century+of+Latin+American+writers+in+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94013-9&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Standish, Peter (2001). <i>Understanding Julio Cortázar (Understanding Modern European and Latin American Literature)</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-390-2"><bdi>978-1-57003-390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar+%28Understanding+Modern+European+and+Latin+American+Literature%29&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-390-2&rft.aulast=Standish&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><i>Questions of the Liminal in the Fiction of Julio Cortázar</i>. Moran, Dominic, 2000</li>
<li><i>Critical Essays on Julio Cortázar</i>. Alazraki, Jaime, 1999</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Alonso, Carlos J. (1998). <i>Julio Cortázar: new readings</i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45210-6"><bdi>978-0-521-45210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar%3A+new+readings&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45210-6&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Carlos+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Stavans, Ilan (1996). <i>Julio Cortázar: a study of the short fiction</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-8293-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-8293-1"><bdi>0-8057-8293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar%3A+a+study+of+the+short+fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8057-8293-1&rft.aulast=Stavans&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><i>The Politics of Style in the Fiction of Balzac, Beckett, and Cortázar</i>. Axelrod, Mark, 1992</li>
<li><i>Writing at Risk: Interviews in Paris With Uncommon Writers</i>. Weiss, Jason, 1991</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Rodríguez-Luis, Julio (1991). <i>The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic: Borges and Cortázar</i>. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0101-1"><bdi>978-0-8153-0101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contemporary+Praxis+of+the+Fantastic%3A+Borges+and+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0101-1&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Luis&rft.aufirst=Julio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Yovanovich, Gordana (1991). <i>Julio Cortázar's Character Mosaic: reading the longer fiction</i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5888-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-5888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar%27s+Character+Mosaic%3A+reading+the+longer+fiction&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5888-1&rft.aulast=Yovanovich&rft.aufirst=Gordana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Carter, E. Eugene (1986). <i>Julio Cortázar: Life, Work and Criticism</i>. Fredericton, Canada: York Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919966-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919966-52-9"><bdi>978-0-919966-52-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar%3A+Life%2C+Work+and+Criticism&rft.place=Fredericton%2C+Canada&rft.pub=York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-919966-52-9&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=E.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Peavler, Terry J. (1990). <i>Julio Cortázar</i>. Boston: Twayne. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-8257-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-8257-5"><bdi>0-8057-8257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8057-8257-5&rft.aulast=Peavler&rft.aufirst=Terry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Boldy, Steven (1980). <i>The Novels of Julio Cortázar</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23097-1"><bdi>978-0-521-23097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Novels+of+Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23097-1&rft.aulast=Boldy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Spanish</dt></dl>
<ul><li><i>Y el hombre dio su vuelta en ochenta mundos... (Homenaje a Julio Cortázar) (1914-2014)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Aguilar-Monsalve" title="Luis Aguilar-Monsalve">Luis Aguilar-Monsalve</a>, (2015)</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar. Una biografía revisada</i>. Miguel Herráez, 2011</li>
<li><i>Discurso del Oso</i>. children's book illustrated by Emilio Urberuaga, Libros del Zorro Rojo, 2008</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Montes-Bradley, Eduardo (2005). <i>Cortázar sin barba</i>. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Random House Mondadori. pp. 394 Hard Cover. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8306-603-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-8306-603-3"><bdi>84-8306-603-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cort%C3%A1zar+sin+barba&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=394+Hard+Cover&rft.pub=Random+House+Mondadori&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=84-8306-603-3&rft.aulast=Montes-Bradley&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><i>Imagen de Julio Cortázar</i>. Claudio Eduardo Martyniuk, 2004</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar desde tres perspectivas</i>. Luisa Valenzuela, 2002</li>
<li><i>Otra flor amarilla: antología: homenaje a Julio Cortázar</i>. Universidad de Guadalajara, 2002</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar</i>. Cristina Peri Rossi, 2000</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar</i>. Alberto Cousté, 2001</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar. La biografía</i>. Mario Goloboff, 1998</li>
<li><i>La mirada recíproca: estudios sobre los últimos cuentos de Julio Cortázar</i>. Peter Fröhlicher, 1995</li>
<li><i>Hacia Cortázar: aproximaciones a su obra</i>. Jaime Alazraki, 1994</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar: mundos y modos</i>. Saúl Yurkiévich, 1994</li>
<li><i>Tiempo sagrado y tiempo profano en Borges y Cortázar</i>. Zheyla Henriksen, 1992</li>
<li><i>Cortázar: el romántico en su observatorio</i>. Rosario Ferré, 1991</li>
<li><i>Lo neofantástico en Julio Cortázar</i>. Julia G Cruz, 1988</li>
<li><i>Los Ochenta mundos de Cortázar: ensayos</i>. Fernando Burgos, 1987</li>
<li><i>En busca del unicornio: los cuentos de Julio Cortázar</i>. Jaime Alazraki, 1983</li>
<li><i>Teoría y práctica del cuento en los relatos de Cortázar</i>. Carmen de Mora Valcárcel, 1982</li>
<li><i>Julio Cortázar</i>. Pedro Lastra, 1981</li>
<li><i>Cortázar: metafísica y erotismo</i>. Antonio Planells, 1979</li>
<li><i>Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?</i>. Evelyn Picon Garfield, 1975</li>
<li><i> Estudios sobre los cuentos de Julio Cortázar</i>. David Lagmanovich, 1975</li>
<li><i>Cortázar y Carpentier</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Rein" title="Mercedes Rein">Mercedes Rein</a>, 1974</li>
<li><i>Los mundos de Julio Cortázar</i>. Malva E Filer, 1970</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Hareau, Eliane; Sclavo, Lil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras"><i>El traductor, artífice reflexivo</i></a>. Montevideo. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-93-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9974-93-195-4"><bdi>978-9974-93-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+traductor%2C+art%C3%ADfice+reflexivo&rft.place=Montevideo&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9974-93-195-4&rft.aulast=Hareau&rft.aufirst=Eliane&rft.au=Sclavo%2C+Lil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.busqueda.com.uy%2Fnota%2Fni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i>La Cifra Impar</i>, 1960. Feature film by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Antín">Manuel Antín</a>, based on "Letters from Mother".</li>
<li><i>Circe</i>, 1963. Feature film by Manuel Antín, based on "Circe". Script by Manuel Antin and Julio Cortázar.</li>
<li><i>El Perseguidor</i>, 1963. Feature film by Osias Wilenski, based on "El perseguidor".</li>
<li><i>Intimidad de los Parques</i>, 1965. Feature film by Manuel Antín.</li>
<li><i>Blow Up</i>, 1966. Feature film by Michelangelo Antonioni, based on "Las Babas del diablo".</li>
<li><i>Cortázar</i>, 1994. Documentary directed by Tristán Bauer.</li>
<li><i>Cortázar, apuntes para un documental</i>, documentary. <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Montes-Bradley" title="Eduardo Montes-Bradley">Eduardo Montes-Bradley</a> (Director), Soledad Liendo (Producer). Theatrical release 2002. DVD Release 2007.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9IoYPIvMye4"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Graffiti</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, 2005. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Pako González.</li>
<li><i>Graffiti</i>, 2006. Short movie based on Julio Cortázar's short story "Graffiti". Directed by Vano Burduli <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0947013/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1a">[2]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://vimeo.com/25805971">[3]</a><i></i></li>
<li>"<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentiras_piadosas_(pel%C3%ADcula_de_2009)" class="extiw" title="es:Mentiras piadosas (película de 2009)">Mentiras Piadosas</a>" (released in English as <i>Made Up Memories</i>), 2009. Feature film by Diego Sabanés, based on the short-story "The Health of the Sick" and other short stories by Julio Cortázar.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Hareau, Eliane; Sclavo, Lil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.busqueda.com.uy/nota/ni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras"><i>El traductor, artífice reflexivo</i></a>. Montevideo. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-93-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9974-93-195-4"><bdi>978-9974-93-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+traductor%2C+art%C3%ADfice+reflexivo&rft.place=Montevideo&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9974-93-195-4&rft.aulast=Hareau&rft.aufirst=Eliane&rft.au=Sclavo%2C+Lil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.busqueda.com.uy%2Fnota%2Fni-fieles-ni-traidoras-creadoras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montes-Bradley, Eduardo. "Cortázar sin barba". Editorial Debate. Random House Mondadori. p. 35, Madrid. 2005.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428033001/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm">"Julio Cortázar"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/cortaz.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fcortaz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herráez, Miguel. <i>Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada</i> Alrevés, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788415098034" title="Special:BookSources/9788415098034">9788415098034</a> pp. 245-252.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mario Goloboff (1998). "Chap. 11: De otros lados". <i>Julio Cortázar - La biografía</i>. pp. 170–174. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/950-731-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/950-731-205-6"><bdi>950-731-205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+11%3A+De+otros+lados&rft.btitle=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar+-+La+biograf%C3%ADa&rft.pages=170-174&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=950-731-205-6&rft.au=Mario+Goloboff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/america/2012/07/15/argentina/1342361857.html">«Las cartas de Cortázar»</a>, article in the newspaper <i>El Mundo</i> (Madrid), 15 July 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julio Cortázar. <i>Cartas,</i> 3 (2000 edition, Alfaguara), p. 1785. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9505115938" title="Special:BookSources/9505115938">9505115938</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2001/06/07/s-04001.htm">Una nueva biografía sostiene que Cortázar habría muerto de sida</a> clarin.com, 7.06.2001</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.es/20090125/cultura-cultura/peri-rossi-cortazar-murio-20090125.html">«Peri Rossi: “Cortázar murió de sida por una transfusión”»</a>, article in the newspaper <a href="/wiki/ABC_(Madrid)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC (Madrid)"><i>ABC</i></a> from 25 January 2009.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/publicaciones/alma_mater/2000_n18-19/julio_cortazar.htm">Julio Cortázar y James Joyce</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Picón Garfield, Evelyn. <i>Es Julio Cortázar un surrealista?</i>, 1975</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf">"El jazz en la obra de Cortázar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124152839/http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/jazz/pdf/El_jazz_en_la_obra_de_Cortazar.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doris Sommer, "Grammar Trouble for Cortázar", in <i>Proceed with Caution, When Engaged by Minority Writing in the Americas</i>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 211.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herráez, Miguel. <i>Julio Cortázar, Una Biografía Revisada</i> Alrevés, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788415098034" title="Special:BookSources/9788415098034">9788415098034</a>, p. 242.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/buscador.aspx?l=1&p2=5&p3=Julio%20Cortazar%20como%20traductor#avanzada">Biblioteca Julio Cortázar</a>, Fundación Juan March.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latercera.com/noticia/cultura/2012/02/1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml">"Fallece Sergio Larraín, el mítico fotógrafo chileno que renunció al mundo | Cultura"</a>. La Tercera. 2012-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fallece+Sergio+Larra%C3%ADn%2C+el+m%C3%ADtico+fot%C3%B3grafo+chileno+que+renunci%C3%B3+al+mundo+%26%23124%3B+Cultura&rft.pub=La+Tercera&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fnoticia%2Fcultura%2F2012%2F02%2F1453-429366-9-fallece-sergio-larrain-el-mitico-fotografo-chileno-que-renuncio-al-mundo.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Franco" title="Jean Franco">Jean Franco</a>, "Comic Stripping: Cortázar in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", in <i>Critical Passions: Selected Essays</i>, eds. Mary Louise Pratt and Kathleen Newman, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999, p. 416.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/5-24666-2012-03-21.html">“No hice otra cosa que plagiar a Cortázar”</a>, Pagina 12, 21 March 2012.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Bolaño, <i>Between Parentheses: Essays, Articles, and Speeches, 1998-2003</i>, trans. Natasha Wimmer, New York: New Directions, 2011, 353.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debra A. Castillo, editor, Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture, "Language Games," by Ilan Stavans, pp. 172-186, SUNY, New York, 2005.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deena Metzger, Doors: A Fiction for Jazz Horn, Red Hen Press, Pasadena CA, 2004</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a></b></i></td></tr>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/authors/OL3113272A">Works by Julio Cortázar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-38532">Works by or about Julio Cortázar</a> in libraries (<a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li>
<li><cite class="citation journal">Jason Weiss (Fall 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2955/the-art-of-fiction-no-83-julio-cortazar">"Julio Cortazar, The Art of Fiction No. 83"</a>. <i>Paris Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Julio+Cortazar%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+83&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Jason+Weiss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2955%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-83-julio-cortazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/cortaz.htm">"Julio Cortázar"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720225942/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?eadid=C0888&kw=American%20literature">Julio Cortázar Collection (Finding Aid)</a> – Princeton University Library Manuscripts Division</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110402001329/http://www.yementimes.com/defaultdet.aspx?SUB_ID=25158">Julio Cortázar: An Argentinean Master of Anti-novel and Experimental Literature</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023082453/http://www.kronhela.com.ar/jc/">Books and texts written by Julio Cortázar</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121232918/http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/2269/cortazar_1_15_11/">A translated excerpt from <i>Prose from the Observatory</i></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escritorasunidas.blogspot.com/2011/08/julio-cortazar-en-mi-corazon-america.html">Julio Cortázar interview 1979</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdiscover.com/en/artists/julio-cortazar-id1638?SUB_ID=25158">Julio Cortázar Artist bio and exhibitions on ArtDiscover</a></li>
<li><cite class="citation web">Julio Cortázar (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/26422">"Testimonio Julio Cortázar"</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimonio+Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Julio+Cort%C3%A1zar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsedici.unlp.edu.ar%2Fhandle%2F10915%2F26422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio+Cort%C3%A1zar" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hugopassarello.com/rayuela/rayuela_en.html">Julio Cortázar, his readers and Paris. Photo Essay</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.march.es/bibliotecas/repositorio-cortazar/?l=2">The Library of Julio Cortázar</a> Virtual visit to his private library.(in English and Spanish)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/93842552/">Julio Cortazar recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division’s audio literary archive on November 20, 1975</a></li></ul>
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