Examine individual changes

'{{About||the short film|Hibakusha (film)}} {{short description|Victims of the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.}} {{Italic title}} [[File:The patient's skin is burned in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of a kimono - NARA - 519686.jpg|right|thumb|A hibakusha of Hiroshima, symptomatic nuclear burns; the pattern on her skin is from the ''kimono'' she was wearing at the moment of the flash.]] '''''Hibakusha''''' ({{IPA-ja|çibaꜜkɯ̥ɕa|pron}}; {{lang-ja|被爆者}} or {{lang|ja|被曝者}}; {{lit.}} "person affected by a bomb" or "person affected by the exposition [to a bomb]") is a word of Japanese origin generally designating the people affected by the 1945 [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. ==Definition== The word ''hibakusha'' is Japanese, originally written in [[kanji]]. While the term Hibakusha {{lang|ja|被爆者}} (''hi'' {{lang|ja|被}} "affected" + ''baku'' {{lang|ja|爆}} "bomb" + ''sha'' {{lang|ja|者}} "person") has been used before in Japanese to designate any victim of bombs, its worldwide democratisation led to a definition concerning the victims of the [[Nuclear weapon|atomic bombs]] dropped in Japan by the American army on the 6 and 9 August 1945. [[Anti-nuclear movement|Anti-nuclear]] movements and associations, among others of ''hibakusha'', spread the term to designate any direct victim of nuclear disaster, including the ones of the nuclear plant in [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hibakushastories.org/who-are-the-hibakusha/|title=Who Are The Hibakusha?|last=Sink|first=Bob|website=Hibakusha Stories|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> They therefore prefer the writing {{lang|ja|被曝者}} (substituting ''baku'' {{lang|ja|爆}} with the homophonous {{lang|ja|曝}} "exposition") or "person affected by the exposition", implying "person affected by nuclear exposure".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/6-years-after-the-fukushima-disaster-its-victims-are-still-suffering/|title=6 years after the Fukushima disaster, its victims are still suffering|last=Romei|first=Sayuri|date=2017-03-11|website=Revista de Prensa|language=es-ES|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> This definition tends to be adopted since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuclear-risks.org/en/home.html?L=2|title=NUCLEAR-RISKS {{!}} Home|website=www.nuclear-risks.org|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> The juridic status of ''hibakusha'' is allocated to certain people, mainly by the Japanese government. ==Official recognition== The Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law defines ''hibakusha'' as people who fall into one or more of the following categories: within a few kilometers of the [[hypocenter]]s of the bombs; within 2&nbsp;km of the hypocenters within two weeks of the bombings; exposed to radiation from [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]]; or not yet born but carried by pregnant women in any of these categories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/gentai/zaigai/e/survivor.html |title=Overseas Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Program |publisher=Atomic Bomb Survivors Affairs Division Health And Welfare Department Nagasaki prefectural Government |accessdate=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184626/http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/gentai/zaigai/e/survivor.html |archivedate=2007-09-30 }}</ref> The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as ''hibakusha''. {{As of|2019|alt=As of March 31, 2019}}, 145,844 were still alive, mostly in Japan.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://the-japan-news.com/news/article/0005922619 | title= World free of nuclear weapons urged at Hiroshima ceremony | last= | first= | date= August 6, 2019 | work= [[The Japan News]] | accessdate= 2019-08-09 }}</ref> The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20070815a2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011123702/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20070815a2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-11 |title=Relief for A-bomb victims |date=2007-08-15 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |accessdate=2007-10-02 }}</ref> ''Hibakusha'' are entitled to government support. They receive a certain amount of allowance per month, and the ones certified as suffering from bomb-related diseases receive a special medical allowance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?appURL=nn20060315a7.html |title=30 A-bomb survivors apply for radiation illness benefits |work=The Japan Times |accessdate=2007-08-25}}</ref> The memorials in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] contain lists of the names of the ''hibakusha'' who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, {{As of|2019|alt=as of August 2019}}, the memorials record the names of more than 500,000 ''hibakusha''; 319,186 in Hiroshima<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201908060036.html | title= Hiroshima urges Japan to ratify anti-nuke treaty at 74th ceremony | date= August 6, 2019 | first= Sonoko | last= Miyazaki | work= [[Asahi Shimbun]] | accessdate= 2019-08-09 }}</ref> and 182,601 in Nagasaki.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20190809/p2a/00m/0na/007000c | title= Nagasaki mayor urges Japan to ratify nuclear weapons ban treaty | last= Imano | first= Yuki | date= August 9, 2019 | work= [[Mainichi Shimbun]] | accessdate= 2019-08-09 }}</ref> {{wide image|NagasakiHypocentre.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki}} [[Image:A-Bomb Dome.jpg|thumb|Citizens of [[Hiroshima]] walk by the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial]], the closest building to Ground Zero not to have collapsed from "[[Little Boy]]".]] [[File:Sumiteru Taniguchi back.jpg|thumb|A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer]] In 1957, the Japanese Parliament passed a law providing for free medical care for ''hibakusha''. During the 1970s, non-Japanese ''hibakusha'' who suffered from those atomic attacks began to demand the right for free medical care and the right to stay in Japan for that purpose. In 1978, the Japanese Supreme Court ruled that such persons were entitled to free medical care while staying in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=92137&dt=2694&dl=2009|title=US diplomatic cable reporting the ruling|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?p=23426 My Life: Interview with former Hiroshima Mayor Takashi Hiraoka], Part 10, ''Chugoku Shimbun''</ref> ===Korean survivors=== During the war, Japan brought many Korean conscripts to both Hiroshima and Nagasaki to work. According to recent estimates, about 20,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and about 2,000 died in Nagasaki. It is estimated that one in seven of the Hiroshima victims was of Korean ancestry.<ref name="ModernJapan"> {{cite book | author=Mikiso Hane | title=Modern Japan: A Historical Survey | publisher=Westview Press | year=2001 | isbn=0-8133-3756-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0 }}</ref> For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. However, most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits.<ref>[http://mainichi.jp/english/english/culture/features/news/20080509p2g00m0fe008000c.html Hibakusha: A Korean's fight to end discrimination toward foreign A-bomb victims] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130219002748/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/culture/features/news/20080509p2g00m0fe008000c.html |date=2013-02-19 }}, Mainichi Daily News. May 9, 2008.</ref> ===Japanese-American survivors=== It was a common practice before the war for American [[Issei]], or first-generation immigrants, to send their children on extended trips to Japan to study or visit relatives. More Japanese immigrated to the U.S. from Hiroshima than from any other prefecture, and Nagasaki also sent a high number of immigrants to Hawai'i and the mainland. There was, therefore, a sizable population of American-born [[Nisei]] and [[Kibei]] living in their parents' hometowns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the time of the atomic bombings. The actual number of [[Japanese American]]s affected by the bombings is unknown&nbsp;– although estimates put approximately 11,000 in Hiroshima city alone&nbsp;– but some 3,000 of them are known to have survived and returned to the U.S. after the war.<ref name=Wake>Wake, Naoko. [http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Japanese%20American%20Hibakusha/ "Japanese American Hibakusha"], ''Densho Encyclopedia''. Retrieved Aug 5, 2014.</ref> A second group of ''hibakusha'' counted among Japanese American survivors are those who came to the U.S. in a later wave of Japanese immigration during the 1950s and 1960s. Most in this group were born in Japan and migrated to the U.S. in search of educational and work opportunities that were scarce in post-war Japan. Many were "war brides", or Japanese women who had married American men related to the U.S. military's occupation of Japan.<ref name=Wake/> As of 2014, there are about 1,000 recorded Japanese American ''hibakusha'' living in the United States. They receive monetary support from the Japanese government and biannual medical checkups with Hiroshima and Nagasaki doctors familiar with the particular concerns of atomic bomb survivors. The U.S. government provides no support to Japanese American ''hibakusha''.<ref name=Wake/> ===Other foreign survivors=== While one British Commonwealth citizen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn06-2005/nn20050625f3.htm |title=Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim |work=The Japan Times |date=August 9, 1945 |accessdate=Jan 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2816073|title=Casualty|website=www.cwgc.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2207628 |title=CWGC: Casualty Details |publisher=Cwgc.org |date= |accessdate=Jan 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2815865 |title=CWGC: Casualty Details |publisher=Cwgc.org |date= |accessdate=Jan 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2815957|title=Casualty|website=www.cwgc.org}}</ref> and seven Dutch POWs (two names known)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn08-2005/nn20050805a7.htm |title=Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list |work=The Japan Times |date=August 9, 1945 |accessdate=Jan 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220095835/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn08-2005/nn20050805a7.htm |archivedate=December 20, 2005 }}</ref> died in the Nagasaki bombing, at least two POWs reportedly died postwar from cancer thought to have been caused by the atomic bomb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flackgenealogy.co.uk/tfnormancharlesflack1920/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312053311/http://www.flackgenealogy.co.uk/tfnormancharlesflack1920/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2007|title=Flack Genealogy - Norman Charles Flack.|date=12 March 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usmm.org/duffygavehimlife.html It Gave Him Life – It Took It, Too] United States Merchant Marine.org website]</ref> One American POW, [[Joe Kieyoomia]], was a Navajo in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.<ref>[http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/navcode.htm "How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows"], ''News from Indian Country'', August 1997.</ref> ===Double survivors=== People who suffered the effects of both bombings are known as ''nijū hibakusha'' in Japan. A documentary called ''Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki'' was produced in 2006. The producers found 165 people who were victims of both bombings, and the production was screened at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Twice">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/08/twicesurvived.html|title=Twice Bombed, Twice Survived: Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki|date=August 2, 2006|publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=2009-03-31}}</ref> On March 24, 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized [[Tsutomu Yamaguchi]] (1916–2010) as a double ''hibakusha''. Tsutomu Yamaguchi was confirmed to be 3&nbsp;kilometers from [[ground zero]] in Hiroshima on a business trip when [[Little Boy|the bomb]] was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He got back to his home city of Nagasaki on August&nbsp;8, a day before [[Fat Man|the bomb]] in Nagasaki was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Hiroshima-And-Nagasaki-Atomic-Bomb-Survivor-Recognised/Article/200903415247958?lpos=World_News_Second_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15247958_Hiroshima_And_Nagasaki_Atomic_Bomb_Survivor_Recognised%7c1|title=Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor|publisher=}}</ref> Tsutomu Yamaguchi died at the age of 93 on January 4, 2010, of stomach cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/06/japan.bomb.victim.dies/index.html |title=Man who survived two atom bombs dies |date=January 8, 2010 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-01-08}}</ref> ==Discrimination== [[File:Hibakusha.jpg|thumb|[[Terumi Tanaka]], hibakusha of Nagasaki, tells young people about his experience and shows pictures. United Nations's [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] building in Vienna, during the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] PrepCom 2007.]] ''Hibakusha'' and their children were (and still are) victims of severe [[discrimination]] when it comes to prospects of marriage or work<ref>{{cite news|last1=Simons|first1=Lewis M.|title=Children of Hiroshima, Nagasaki survivors facing prejudice, discrimination in Japan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19840607&id=Z6QyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ru8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1441,3702452&hl=en|accessdate=29 January 2016|agency=Knight-Rider News|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=June 7, 1984}}</ref> due to [[radiophobia|public ignorance]] about the consequences of [[radiation sickness]], with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm |title=Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors |newspaper=[[Japan Times]] |accessdate=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810060050/http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm |archivedate=2007-08-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/the-survivors/|title=The survivors of the atomic bomb attacks in Japan|date=2 August 1995|publisher=}}</ref> This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received [[radiotherapy]].<ref>[http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/268/5/661.short The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study. 1992. ''No differences were found (in frequencies of birth defects, stillbirths, etc), thus allaying the immediate public concern that atomic radiation might spawn an epidemic of malformed children.'']</ref><ref>[http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78218/1/9789241505130_eng.pdf World Health Organization] report. page 23 & 24 internal]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy|first1=J. F.|last1=Winther|first2=J. D.|last2=Boice|first3=B. L.|last3=Thomsen|first4=W. J.|last4=Schull|first5=M.|last5=Stovall|first6=J. H.|last6=Olsen|date=1 January 2003|journal=Br J Cancer|volume=88|issue=3|pages=382–387|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6600748|pmid=12569380|pmc=2747537}}</ref> The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average.<ref>http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/genetics_e/birthdef.html (RERF)Radiation Effects Research Foundation. Formerly known as the (ABCC)Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2011/04/11/1|title=NUCLEAR CRISIS: Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science|publisher=}}</ref> [[Studs Terkel]]'s book ''[[The Good War]]'' includes a conversation with two ''hibakusha''. The postscript observes: {{quote|There is considerable discrimination in Japan against the hibakusha. It is frequently extended toward their children as well: socially as well as economically. "Not only hibakusha, but their children, are refused employment," says Mr. Kito. "There are many among them who do not want it known that they are hibakusha."|Studs Terkel (1984), ''The Good War''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Terkel | first = Studs | authorlink = Studs Terkel | title = The Good War | publisher = [[Random House]] | year = 1984 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | page = 542 | title-link = The Good War }}</ref>}} The {{nihongo|[[Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations]]|日本被団協|Nihon Hidankyō}} is a group formed by ''hibakusha'' in 1956 with the goals of pressuring the Japanese government to improve support of the victims and lobbying governments for the abolition of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/index_english/index_english.html|title=Welcome to HIDANKYO|publisher=Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization (Nihon Hidankyo) website|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> Some estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima (38.9% of the population) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki (28.0% of the population) died in 1945, but how many died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast, heat, or due to radiation, is unknown. One [[Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission]] (ABCC) report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima, and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki, who were largely within 2000 meters from the [[hypocenter]], who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by [[acute radiation syndrome]] (ARS), all within about 20–30 days.<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhps/45/4/45_4_370/_pdf Latest Knowledge on Radiological Effects: Radiation Health Effects of Atomic Bomb Explosions and Nuclear Power Plant Accidents]</ref><ref>{{cite document|title=Medical Effects Of Atomic Bombs The Report Of The Joint Commission For The Investigation Of The Effects Of The Atomic Bomb In Japan Volume 1|first1=A. W.|last1=Oughterson|first2=G. V.|last2=LeRoy|first3=A. A.|last3=Liebow|first4=E. C.|last4=Hammond|first5=H. L.|last5=Barnett|first6=J. D.|last6=Rosenbaum|first7=B. A.|last7=Schneider|date=19 April 1951|publisher=|osti = 4421057}}</ref> In the rare cases of survival for individuals who were [[in utero]] at the time of the bombing and yet who still were close enough to be exposed to less than or equal to 0.57 [[Gray (unit)|Gy]], no difference in their cognitive abilities was found, suggesting a threshold dose for pregnancies below which, no life-limiting issues arise. In 50 or so children who survived the gestational process and were exposed to more than this dose, putting them within about 1000 meters from the hypocenter, [[microcephaly]] was observed; this is the only elevated birth defect issue observed in the Hibakusha, occurring in approximately 50 in-utero individuals who were situated less than 1000 meters from the bombings.<ref name="books.google.ie">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=microcephaly%20hiroshima#v=onepage&q=microcephaly%20hiroshima&f=false|title=Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten|first=Harold|last=Kalter|date=28 July 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|via=Google Books|isbn=9789048188208}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18776/effect-of-exposure-to-the-atomic-bombs-on-pregnancy-termination-in-hiroshima-and-nagasaki|title=Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki|first=National Research|last=Council|date=30 November 0001|publisher=|via=www.nap.edu}}</ref> In a manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter, in the 1987 ''Life Span Study'', conducted by the [[Radiation Effects Research Foundation]], a statistical excess of 507 cancers, of undefined lethality, were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958–1987 and who took part in the study.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VFN3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=rerf+abcc+summary+leukemia#v=onepage&q=TABLE+7.3&f=false|title=Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Atomic Bomb Survivors and Their Children (1945-1995)|first1=Leif E.|last1=Peterson|first2=Seymour|last2=Abrahamson|date=6 July 1998|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780309556996}}</ref> An [[epidemiology]] study by the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000, 46% of leukemia deaths and 11% of solid cancers, of unspecified lethality, could be due to radiation from the bombs, with the statistical excess being estimated at 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality.<ref name="rerf-cancers">{{cite web |url=http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa2.html |title=Frequently Asked Questions #2 |publisher=[[Radiation Effects Research Foundation]] |accessdate=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128120217/http://rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa2.html |archive-date=November 28, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Health== * [[Effects of nuclear explosions on human health]] * [[Radiation poisoning]] ==Notable ''hibakusha''== [[File:Sadako Sasaki2.jpg|thumb|[[Sadako Sasaki]], the young girl who died of leukemia before completing her 1,000 crane origamis, 1955]] [[File:Isao Harimoto 1959 Scan10007.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Isao Harimoto]], ethnic Korean former [[Nippon Professional Baseball]] player and holder of the record for most hits in the Japanese professional leagues. Inducted into the [[Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame]] in 1990.]] [[File:Setsuko Thurlow on 27 October 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Setsuko Thurlow]], Japanese-Canadian anti-nuclear peace activist and ambassador and keynote speaker for the reception of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] of [[International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|ICAN]], 27 October 2017]] ===Hiroshima=== * [[Hashizume Bun]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 14 years old, writer<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hiroshimapeacemedia.jp/?junior=20131105140425602_en|title=Bun Hashizume, A-bomb poet|website=Hiroshima Peace Media Center|language=en|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> * [[Hiroshima Maidens]] – 25 young women who had surgery in the US after the war * [[Hubert Schiffer]] – Jesuit priest at Hiroshima * [[Ikuo Hirayama]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 15 years old, painter * [[Isao Harimoto]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 5 years old, ethnic Korean baseball professional player * [[Issey Miyake]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 7 years old, clothing designer * [[Julia Canny]] - Irish nun who survived Hiroshima and aided survivors * [[Keiji Nakazawa]] – author of ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'' * [[Kiyoshi Tanimoto]], ''hibakusha'' at 36 years old, Methodist minister, anti-nuclear activist, has helped Hiroshima Maidens and for ''hibakusha'' to gain social rights. Peace prize named after him * [[Koko Kondo]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 1 year old, notable peace activist and daughter of Reverend [[Kiyoshi Tanimoto]] * [[Masaru Kawasaki]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 19 years old, composer of the Dirge performed at every [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony]]<nowiki/>since 1975 * [[Michihiko Hachiya]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 42 years old, physician specialized in ''hibakusha'', writer of Hiroshima Diary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807845479/hiroshima-diary|title=Hiroshima Diary {{!}} Michihiko Hachiya, M.D.|website=University of North Carolina Press|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> * [[Sadako Kurihara]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 32 years old, poet, anti-nuclear activist, founder of ''Gensuikin Hiroshima Haha no Kai''(« Mothers of Hiroshima ») * [[Sadako Sasaki]] – ''hibakusha'' at 2 years old, well known for her goal to fold a [[thousand origami cranes]] in order to cure herself of [[leukemia]] and symbol of peace * [[Sankichi Tōge]] – ''hibakusha'' at 28 years old, poet and militant * [[Setsuko Thurlow]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 13 years old, anti-nuclear activist, ambassador and keynote speaker at the reception of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] of [[International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons|ICAN]] * [[Shigeaki Mori]] – a historian of allied prisoners of war * [[Shinoe Shōda]] – ''hibakusha'' at 34 years old, writer and poet * [[Shuntaro Hida]] –''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 28 years old, physician specialized in treating ''hibakusha'' * [[Sunao Tsuboi]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 20 years old, teacher and activist with [[Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations]] [[File:Tamiki Hara.jpg|thumb|[[Tamiki Hara]], poet, writer and literature professor]] * [[Tamiki Hara]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 39 years old, poet, writer and University professor * Tomotaka Tasaka – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 43 years old, film director and script writer * [[Yōko Ōta|Yoko Ota]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 38 years old, writer * [[Yoshito Matsushige]] – ''hibakusha'' of Hiroshima at 32 years old, has taken the only 5 pictures known the day of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima ===Nagasaki=== * [[Joe Kieyoomia]] – an American Navajo prisoner of war who survived both the [[Bataan Death March]] and the Nagasaki bombing * [[Kyoko Hayashi]] – ''hibakusha'' of Nagasaki at 14 years old, writer * [[Osamu Shimomura]] – organic chemist and marine biologist; [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 2008 * [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]] – ''hibakusha'' at 16 years old, known for a picture of him with his back skinless taken by a Marine; anti-nuclear peace activist, president of the council of the A Bomb of Nagasaki, co-president of the [[Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations]] in 2010 * [[Takashi Nagai]] – ''hibakusha'' of Nagasaki at 38 years old, doctor and author of ''[[The Bells of Nagasaki]]'' * [[Terumi Tanaka]] – ''hibakusha'' of Nagasaki at 13 years old, engineer and associated professor at the University of Tohoku, activist with [[Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations]] * [[Yōsuke Yamahata]] – military photographer, not directly victim of the Bomb but has taken pictures of Nagasaki the next day. Died of cancer probably due to radiation. Can be considered as a ''hibakusha'' according to the ABCC classification. *Inosuke Hayasaki – ''hibakusha'' of Nagasaki at 14 years old, was working in a arms factory at only 1,1km away from the hypocenter when the atomic bomb exploded<ref>{{Cite web|title=AFTER THE BOMB|url=https://time.com/after-the-bomb/|last=Rothman|first=Lily|date=|website=Time|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>, volonteer<ref>{{Cite book|last=Petersen|first=David|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=FmWPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=inosuke+hayasaki&source=bl&ots=nPWZdNMeZm&sig=ACfU3U3JhaWccTKcd9iZs-pLIg1qYqjlxQ&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGyozkobXpAhVS8uAKHbA9AV0Q6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=inosuke%20hayasaki&f=false|title=Prayers in Stone: Nagasaki's A-bomb Heritage Sites|publisher=Lulu Press|year=2019|isbn=ISBN 978-0-359-47868-2|location=|pages=28}}</ref> at the [[Nagasaki Peace Park]], spokesman of the Nagasaki Foundation For the Promotion of Peace<ref>{{Cite web|title=The day they dropped the bomb|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-south-africa-early-edition/20190710/281638191770452|last=Mahamba|first=Chulumanco|date=2019|website=The Star - South Africa Early Edition|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> ===Hiroshima and Nagasaki=== * [[Tsutomu Yamaguchi]] – the first person officially recognized to have survived both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings. ==Artistic representations and documentaries== ===Literature ([[Atomic bomb literature|原爆文学 ''Genbaku bungaku'']])=== ====Hibakusha literature==== * ''Summer Flowers (夏の花 Natsu no hana),'' [[Tamiki Hara]], 1946 * ''From the Ruins (Haikyou kara)'', Tamiki Hara, 1947 * ''Prelude to Annihilation (Kaimetsu no joukyoku),'' Tamiki Hara, 1949 * ''City of Corpses'' (屍の街 ''Shikabane no machi''), [[Yōko Ōta]], 1948 * ''Human Rags'' (人間襤褸 ''Ningen Ranru''), Yōko Ōta, 1951 * ''Penitence (Sange)'', [[Shinoe Shōda]], 1947 * ''[[Bringing Forth New Life]] (Umashimenkana)'', [[Sadako Kurihara]], 1946 * ''I, A Hiroshima Witness (Watashi wa Hiroshima wo shogen suru''), Sadako Kurihara, 1967 * ''Documents about Hiroshima Twenty-Four Years Later (Dokyumento Hiroshima 24 nen''), Sadako Kurihara, 1970 * ''Ritual of Death (Matsuri no ba)'', [[Kyoko Hayashi|Ky]][[Sankichi Tōge|ō]]<nowiki/>ko Hayashi, 1975 * ''Poems of the Atomic Bomb (Genbaku'' ''shishu''), [[Sankichi Tōge]], 1951 * ''[[The Bells of Nagasaki|The bells of Nagasaki]] (長崎の鐘, Nagasaki no Kane),'' [[Takashi Nagai]], 1949 * ''Little boy: stories of days in Hiroshima'', [[Shuntaro Hida]], 1984 * ''Letters from the end of the world : a firsthand account of the bombing of Hiroshima,'' Toyofumi Ogura, 1997 * ''The day the sun fell - I was 14 years old in Hiroshima'', [[Hashizume Bun]], 2007 * ''Yoko’s Diary: The Life of a Young Girl in Hiroshima During World War II'', Yoko Hosokawa * ''Hiroshima Diary'', [[Michihiko Hachiya]], 1955 * ''One year ago Hiroshima (Genshi bakudan kaiko)'', Hisashi Tohara, 1946 ====Non-Hibakusha literature==== * ''Hiroshima notes'' (''ヒロシマ・ノート'', ''Hiroshima nôto''), [[Kenzaburō Ōe|Kenzaburô Ooe]], 1965 * ''[[Black Rain (novel)|Black Rain]]'' (黒い雨 ''Kuroi Ame''), [[Masuji Ibuse]], 1965 * ''Hiroshima'', [[Makoto Oda]], 1981 * ''Bakushin'' (爆心;), Yūichi Seirai, 2007 * ''[[Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes]]'', [[Eleanor Coerr]], 1977 * ''Debu Hiroshima ("Ashes of Hiroshima")'', Othman Puteh and [[Abdul Razak Abdul Hamid]], 1987 * ''Burnt Shadows'',<ref>http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/burnt-shadows-9781408800874/</ref> [[Kamila Shamsie]], 2009 * ''Nagasaki: Life After Nuclear War'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/42955511-nagasaki-life-after-nuclear-war|title=Nagasaki|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> Susan Southard, 2015 * ''[[Hiroshima (book)|Hiroshima]]'', John Hersey, 1946 * ''[[Hibakusha (short story)|Hibakusha]]'' (2015 short story)<ref name="Hibakusha">{{citation|title=Hibakusha|url=http://www.eastlit.com/eastlit-august-2015/eastlit-content-august-2015/|year=2015|publisher=Eastlit}}</ref><ref name="Hiroshima's Walking Ghosts">{{citation|title=Hiroshima's Walking Ghosts|url=http://issuu.com/groove_korea/docs/201508_august_issue/1?e=3850406/14623544|year=2015|publisher=Groove Magazine, Korea, p. 53}}</ref> ===Manga and anime=== * ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'' (はだしのゲン ''Hadashi no Gen''), [[Keiji Nakazawa]], 1973-1974, 10 Vol. (also adapted in film in [[Barefoot Gen (1976 film)|1976]], [[Barefoot Gen (1983 film)|1983]] and a TV drama in [[Barefoot Gen (TV drama)|2007]]) * ''[[Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms]]'' (夕凪の街 桜の国 ''Yūnagi no Machi, Sakura no Kuni)'', [[Fumiyo Kōno]], 2003-2004 (adapted into novel and film in 2007) * ''[[Hibakusha (film)|Hibakusha]],'' [[Steve Nguyen]] and Choz Belen, 2012 * ''[[Bōshi]] (帽子),'' Hiroshi Kurosaki, [[NHK]], 2008, 90 mn ===Films=== * ''[[Children of Hiroshima]]'' ''(原爆の子 Genbaku no Ko)'', [[Kaneto Shindo]], 1952 * ''[[Frankenstein Conquers the World]]'' ''(フランケンシュタイン対地底怪獣 Furankenshutain tai Baragon)'', [[Ishirō Honda]], 1965 * ''[[Black Rain (Japanese film)|Black Rain]]'' (黒い雨 ''Kuroi Ame''), [[Shohei Imamura]], 1989 * ''[[The Bells of Nagasaki (film)|The bells of Nagasaki]]'' (長崎の鐘, ''Nagasaki no kane''), Hideo Ōba, 1950 * ''[[Rhapsody in August]]'' (八月の狂詩曲 ''Hachigatsu no rapusodī (Hachigatsu no kyōshikyoku)''), [[Akira Kurosawa]], 1991 * ''[[Hiroshima mon amour]]'', [[Alain Resnais]], 1959 * ''[[Hiroshima (film)|Hiroshima]]'', [[Koreyoshi Kurahara]] and [[Roger Spottiswoode]], 1995 ===Music=== * [[Silent Planet]], ''Darkstrand (Hibakusha)'', 2013 * [[Masaru Kawasaki|Masaru Kawazaki]], March forward for peace, 1966 * [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], [[Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima|Threnody to the victims of Hiroshima]], 1961<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dp3BlFZWJNA|title=Penderecki: Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima|last=Patricio Apaez|date=4 July 2009|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> * Masao Ohki, Symphony <abbr>n^o</abbr> 5 "Hiroshima", 1953 * [[Toshio Hosokawa]], ''Voiceless Voice in Hiroshima'', 1989-2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7H4V2ReFYM&index=4&list=PLYpPzen6SQd2OZncLynrPs08tX3ufupma|title=Toshio Hosokawa - Voiceless Voice in Hiroshima|last=milanomusicafestival|date=24 June 2014|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref> ===Fine Art Painting=== * ''Hiroshima shohenzu'' (広島生変図 ''Hiroshima's holocaust''), [[Ikuo Hirayama]] * ''[[Carl Randall]]'' (UK artist who met and painted portraits of Hibakusha in Hiroshima, 2006/09)<ref name="hibakusha portraits">{{citation|title=Hibakusha Portraits|url=http://www.dajf.org.uk/news/carl-randall-former-daiwa-scholar-exhibiting-at-the-mall-galleries-3-18-may-2012-and-at-the-national-portrait-gallery-21-june-23-september-2012|year=2012|publisher=The Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, London}}</ref><ref name="carl randall cv">{{citation|title=Carl Randall Bio|url=http://www.carlrandall.com/cvframesetINT.htm|year=2012|publisher=www.carlrandall.com, London}}</ref> ===Performing arts=== * Even if not directly inspired by the events, the origins of [[Butoh]] are often linked with the nuclear bombs and Hibakushas. ===Documentaries=== * ''[[No More Hiroshima]],'' [[Martin Duckworth]], 1984 * ''Hiroshima: The real History'', Lucy van Beek, Brook Lapping Productions 2015 * ''[[Hiroshima Witness]]'', Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and [[NHK]], 1986 * ''[[Hiroshima (documentary)|Hiroshima]]'', [[Paul Wilmshurst]], BBC, 2005, 89 mn * ''[[White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'', [[Steven Okazaki]]''',''' [[HBO]], 2007, 86 mn * ''[[Als die Sonne vom Himmel fiel]]'', [[Aya Domenig]], 2015, 78 min * ''Atomic Wounds'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EOeRb-ddqc|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Journeyman Pictures, 2008 ==See also== {{div col}} * [[Atomic veteran]] * [[Castle Bravo]] * [[Doomsday Clock|Doomsday clock]] * [[Fat Man]] * [[Thermonuclear weapon|H Bomb]] * [[Hibakujumoku]] * [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park|Hiroshima Peace memorial park]] * [[Little Boy]] * [[Manhattan Project|Manhattan project]] * [[Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations|Nihon Hidankyo]] * [[Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] (CTBTO) * [[SCOJ 2005 No.1977]] * [[Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]] – Preamble {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * [[Studs Terkel|Terkel, Studs]], ''[[The Good War]]'', Random House:New York, 1984. {{ISBN|0-394-53103-5}} * [[John Hersey|Hersey, John]], ''[[Hiroshima (book)|Hiroshima]]'', A.A. Knopf: New York, 1985. {{ISBN|0-679-72103-7}} ==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Casualties of atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki}} * [http://e.nagasaki.mapping.jp/ Nagasaki Archive] * [http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/whitelightblackrain/index.html ''White Light/Black Rain'' official website] (film) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180808222937/http://www.geocities.jp/s20hibaku/voshn/index.html Voices of the survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki] * [http://www.inicom.com/hibakusha/ Voice of Hibakusha] "Eye-witness accounts of the bombing of Hiroshima" * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-1794-12163/conflict_war/hiroshima/clip7 Hibakusha, fifteen years after the bomb] (CBC TV news report) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050410202815/http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/visit_e/est_e/panel/A6/6204.htm Virtual Museum] "Hibakusha testimonies, coupled with photographs, memoirs and paintings, give a human face to the tragedy of the A-bombing. Starting in 1986, the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation initiated a project to record hibakusha giving testimonies on video. In each year since, the testimonies of 50 people have been recorded and edited into 20-minute segments per person" * [http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/index.shtml The Voice of Hibakusha] * [http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/ABCC_1945-1982.html Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission] [[Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission|ABCC]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090308004959/http://rerf.or.jp/index_e.html Radiation Effects Research Foundation website] * [http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/25409 "Survival in Nagasaki."] * [http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/25531/ "Living with a double A-bomb surviving parent."] * [http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/27876/ "Fight against the A-bomb."] * [http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/28510/ "Contribute actively to peace."] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016111908/http://www.peoplesdecade.org/resource/testimonies/ Hibakusha Testimonies] – Online reprints of published sources including excerpts from the Japan Times. * [http://www.hibakushastories.org/ Hibakusha Stories] "Initiative of Youth Arts New York in partnership with [[Peace Boat]], the [[Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation]], the [[United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs]], and [[New York Theatre Workshop]]." * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130104122511/http://www.peoplesdecade.org/decade/survivors/ A-Bomb Survivors: Women Speak Out for Peace] – Online DVD Testimonies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hibakusha with subtitles in 6 different languages.{{Portal bar|Japan|World War II|Nuclear technology|United States}} [[Category:Nuclear warfare]] [[Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] [[Category:Radiation health effects]] [[Category:Hibakusha| ]] [[Category:Japanese people]] [[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons movement]]'