Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox ethnic group| |group= Bolivians of European descent |image= |caption= |pop= {{circa|548,000}}<ref name="cia"/>,<br/>4.8% of total population |popplace= Mainly in [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]] and to a lesser extent the rest of the [[Media Luna|Media Luna Region]] |langs= [[Bolivian Spanish]]<br/>[[German language|German]] ([[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]], [[Standard German]])<br/>[[Bolivian Sign Language]] |rels= [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Anabaptists|Anabaptism]], [[Evangelicalism]], [[Judaism]], [[Irreligion]] |related= [[Mestizos in Bolivia]] }} '''White Bolivians''' or '''European Bolivians''' are [[Bolivian people]] whose ancestry lies within the continent of [[Europe]] or the [[Middle East]], most notably [[Spain]] and [[Germany]], and to a lesser extent, [[Italy]], [[Croatia]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Turkey]]. Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descended from people who moved from [[Spain]], five hundred years ago.<ref name="Bolivia is Burning">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/10/22/bolivia-is-burning-bolivia-is-burning/ |title=Bolivia is Burning |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |accessdate=2019-06-01}}</ref> Many are not white by a US American standard, but are mixed.<ref name="Bolivia is Burning"/> European Bolivians are a minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population. An additional 68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bl.html|title=The World Factbook: Bolivia|publisher=CIA|accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref> ==History== Compared to the [[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia|Indigenous]] population, considerably fewer white and [[mestizo]] Bolivians live in poverty.<ref name="BRE 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page-files/EPP002_0.pdf |title=Bolivia’s Regional Elections 2010 |publisher=Political Studies Association |accessdate=2019-06-01}}</ref> Conceptions of racial boundaries in Bolivia may be fluid and perceptions of race may be tied to socioeconomic status, with the possibility of a person achieving "whitening" via economic advancement. Differences in language, educational status, and employment status may also reinforce perceptions of what constitutes a person as "white", "mestizo", or "Indigenous".<ref name="BRE 2010"/> ==Numbers== In the 1900 official Bolivian census, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 "Segunda parte" - (P.25-32)|date=1900|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> According to a 2014 survey by [[Ipsos]], 3 percent of people questioned said they were white.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/mobile.php?cat=1&pla=7&id_articulo=137187|title=El 52% de la población se identifica como mestiza|language=Spanish|date=27 January 2014|website={{ill|El Día (Bolivia)|es|lt=El Día}} |accessdate=22 February 2020}}</ref> ==Geographic distribution== Geographically, the white and mixed-race populations of Bolivia tend to be centered in the country's eastern lowlands. The white and mixed-race Bolivians in this region are relatively affluent compared to poorer, predominantly Indigenous regions of Bolivia.<ref name="BRE 2010"/> ===Mennonites=== {{Main|Mennonites in Bolivia}} In 1995, there were a total of 25 Mennonite colonies in Bolivia with a total population of 28,567. The most populous ones were ''Riva Palacios'' (5,488), Swift Current (2,602), ''Nueva Esperanza'' (2,455), ''Valle Esperanza'' (2,214) and ''Santa Rita'' (1,748).<ref name=b1>{{cite book|author1=Schroeder, William|author2=Huebert, Helmut |title=Mennonite historical atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfyYXOGoMy8C&pg=PA144|year=1996|publisher=Kindred Productions|isbn=978-0-920643-05-1|pages=144–145|accessdate=February 22, 2020}}</ref> In 2002 there were 40 Mennonite colonies with a population of about 38,000 people. An outreach of [[Conservative Mennonites]] can be found at ''La Estrella'', with others in progress. The total population was estimated at 60,000 by Lisa Wiltse in 2010.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wiltse |first=Lisa |date=2010 |title=The Mennonites of Manitoba, Bolivia |url=https://www.burnmagazine.org/essays/2010/08/lisa-wiltse-the-mennonites-of-manitoba-bolivia/ |magazine=Burn|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pdt|title=Plautdietsch|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> In 2012 there were 23,818 church members in congregations of [[Russian Mennonites]], indicating a total population of about 70,000. Another 1,170 Mennonites were in Spanish-speaking congregations.<ref name=GAMEO>{{Cite web |url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=103617 |title=Bolivia |website=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> The number of colonies was 57 in 2011. In the [[Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia|Santa Cruz Department]] there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking [[Mennonite]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/world/americas/21bolivia.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier|website=[[The New York Times]]|date= 21 December 2006|accessdate=30 December 2019}}</ref> ==Politics== White Bolivians and the mestizo population of the country, have tended to favor the political opposition against the [[Evo Morales]] administration. The opposition to Morales government was mostly due to Morales' intention to keep in power for a 4th unconstitutional mandate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-01-04/morales-goes-back-his-roots |title=Morales goes back to his roots |publisher=Public Radio International |accessdate=2019-06-01}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Croatian Bolivians]] *[[German Bolivians]] *[[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia]] *[[Mennonites in Bolivia]] *[[Mestizos in Bolivia]] == References and footnotes == {{Reflist}} {{Ethnic groups in Bolivia}} {{White people}} [[Category:Bolivian people of European descent| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bolivia]] [[Category:European Bolivian| ]] [[Category:White Latin American]]'