Examine individual changes

'{{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-pc1}} {{short description|Act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment}} [[Image:Samurai kiss.jpg|thumb|[[Miyagawa Isshō]], ''Samurai kisses male actor'', ca. 1750]] '''Male prostitution''' is the act or practice of men providing sexual services in return for payment. It is a form of [[sex work]]. Although clients can be any gender, the vast majority are male.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbayexpress.com/oakland/the-gigolo-myth/Content?oid=3213768|title=The Gigolo Myth|first=Dan|last=Savage|date=30 May 2012|work=East Bay Express|access-date=18 November 2015}}</ref> Compared to female prostitutes, male prostitutes have been far less studied by researchers.<ref>{{harv|Weitzer|2000|p=8}}</ref> ==Terminology== The terms used for male [[prostitution|prostitutes]] generally differ from those used for females. Some terms vary by clientele or method of business. Where prostitution is illegal or [[taboo]], it is common for male prostitutes to use [[euphemism]]s which present their business as providing companionship, nude modeling or dancing, body massage, or some other acceptable fee-for-service arrangement. Thus one may be referred to as a ''male escort'', ''[[gigolo]]'' (implying female customers), ''rent boy'', ''hustler'' (more common for those soliciting in public places), ''model'', or ''masseur''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark |first=Tracy |url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2009/08/08/male_escorts_hung/ |title=Are they "Hung"? |work=Salon |date=8 August 2009 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> A man who does not regard himself as [[gay]] or [[bisexual]], but who has sex with male clients for money, is sometimes called ''[[gay-for-pay]]'' or ''[[Trade (gay slang)|trade]]''. Male clients, especially those who pick up prostitutes on the street or in bars, are sometimes called ''[[john (prostitution)|johns]]'' or ''tricks''.<ref>{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-25588234|title=BBC News - The escorts who want to rebrand male prostitution as a business|journal=BBC News|date=2014-01-05}}</ref> Those working in prostitution, especially street prostitutes, sometimes refer to the act of prostitution as ''turning tricks''. ==History== Male prostitution has been found in almost all modern and ancient cultures.<ref name=Dynes>{{cite book |last=Dynes |first=Wayne R. |article=Prostitution |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |volume=2 |pages=1054–1058 |location=Chicago |publisher=St. James Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-1-55862-147-3}}</ref> The practice in the ancient world of men or women selling sexual services in sacred shrines, or [[sacred prostitution]], was attested to be practiced by foreign or [[paganism|pagan]] cultures in the [[Hebrew Bible]] or [[Old Testament]].<ref name=Dynes/> Male prostitutes are also attested to in Graeco-Roman culture in the [[New Testament]], among many other ancient sources. Some interpreters consider that in one of the Pauline vice lists, [[1 Corinthians]] 6:9–10, one of the words ''malakoi'' ("soft") or ''arsenokoitai'' (a compound of "male" and "bed") refer to male prostitution (or male temple prostitution): this interpretation of ''arsenokoitai'' is followed in the [[New Revised Standard Version]]. The ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' states that [[prostitutes in ancient Greece]] were generally slaves.<ref name=Dynes/> A well known case is [[Phaedo of Elis]] who was captured in war and forced into slavery and prostitution, but was eventually ransomed to become a pupil of [[Socrates]]; Plato's ''[[Phaedo]]'' is told from his perspective. Male brothels existed in both [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]].<ref name=Dynes/> Court records and vice investigations from as early as the 17th&nbsp;century document male prostitution in what is now the United States. With the expansion of urban areas and the aggregation of gay people into communities toward the end of the 19th&nbsp;century, {{nowrap|male/male}} prostitution became more apparent. Around this time, prostitution was reported to have taken place in brothels, such as the [[Paresis Hall]] in the [[Bowery]] district of New York and in some [[gay bathhouse]]s. Solicitation for sex, including paid sex, took place in certain bars between so-called "fairies".<ref>{{cite book |first=Heather Lee |last=Miller |title=Prostitution, Hustling, and Sex Work}}</ref> Male street prostitutes solicited clients in specific areas which became known for the trade. Well-known areas for street "hustlers" have included: parts of [[53rd Street (Manhattan)|53rd&nbsp;Street]] in New York City; [[Santa Monica Boulevard]] in Los Angeles; Cypress Street in Atlanta; [[Piccadilly Circus]] in London; "The Wall" in Sydney's [[Darlinghurst, New South Wales|Darlinghurst]]; [[The Drug Store]] and [[Rue Sainte-Anne]] in [[Paris]]; [[Polk Street|Polk Street Gulch]] in San Francisco; and [[Taksim Square]] in Istanbul. Bars such as ''Cowboys and Cowgirls'' and ''Rounds'' in New York City, ''Numbers'' in Los Angeles, and certain go-go bars in [[Patpong, Thailand]] were popular venues where male prostitutes offered their services. ===Examples=== Young male prostitutes in the [[Edo period]] of Japan were called [[kagema]]. Their clients were mainly adult men. In southern areas of [[Central Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]], adolescent males between twelve and sixteen years old perform erotic songs and suggestive dancing and are available as sex workers. Such boys are known as [[bacchá]]. The most famous male prostitute of the Victorian era was the Irish-born [[John Saul (prostitute)|John Saul]], who was involved in both the 1884 [[Dublin Castle]] scandal, and the [[Cleveland Street scandal|Cleveland Street Scandal]] of 1889. [[Cuba]]n male prostitutes are called [[Jineterismo|jinetero]] – literally "horse jockey"; female prostitutes are called [[jinetera]]. A male sex worker in the [[Caribbean]] who solicits on the beaches and accepts clients of either sex is called a [[sanky-panky]]. ==Present-day male prostitution== The following categorization of the male prostitute is not exhaustive:[[File:A popular "Peep Show" along St Catherine street in Montreal's Gay Village..jpg|thumb|A "Peep Show" along St Catherine street in Montreal's Gay Village.]] ===Online=== Professional escorts (indoor sex workers) often advertise on male escorting websites, usually either independently or through an [[escort agency]]. Such sites can face legal difficulties; in 2015, [[Rentboy.com]] – a well-known American site – was shut down by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] and its operators charged with facilitating prostitution and other charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Homeland Security's Peculiar Prosecution of Rentboy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/29/opinion/homeland-securitys-peculiar-prosecution-of-rentboy.html|access-date=7 October 2015|work=The New York Times|date=28 August 2015}}</ref> Recent research suggests a substantial growth in numbers of online escorts worldwide, to the extent that the online market accounts for the vast majority of male sex workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://research.qut.edu.au/aboutmaleescorting/2017/11/01/number-of-online-male-escorts-by-nation-2/|title=Research shows distribution of online male escorts, by nation – Me, Us and Male Escorting|first=Suzanne|last=Dowey|website=Me, Us and Male Escorting}}</ref> This has persisted despite anti-sex worker laws like the [[FOSTA|Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act]] in the United States, thanks in part to escorting websites based in other countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Eichert|first1= David|title= 'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics|url= http://vjspl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/12.2-FOSTA.pdf|journal= Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|volume= 26|issue= 3|pages= 201–245}}</ref> ===Streets, bars, and clubs=== Major cities in Europe and [[the Americas|the Eastern Hemisphere]] often have one or more areas where male street prostitutes regularly make themselves available to potential clients who drive by in cars. Such an area may have a locally-known informal name. These areas tend to be risky for both the client and the prostitute, from a legal perspective when it is in a region where street prostitution or [[solicitation]] is prohibited by law, or also from a safety perspective. These areas may be targets for surveillance and arrests by law enforcement. Some male prostitutes solicit potential clients in other public spaces such as bus terminals, parks and rest stops. ===Bathhouses and sex clubs=== Male prostitutes may attempt to work in [[gay bathhouse]]s, [[sex shop|adult bookstores]] or [[sex club]]s, but prostitution is usually prohibited in such establishments, and known prostitutes are often banned by management. However, in some places it is overlooked in order to keep the flow of business.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} ===Male brothels=== A male prostitute may work in a male [[brothel]], also known in some places as a "stable".{{cn|date=October 2020}} The [[Cleveland Street scandal]] of 1889 involved a male brothel in [[London]] frequented by aristocrats when male homosexuality was illegal in the United Kingdom. In her biography ''The First Lady'', [[April Ashley]] quotes her ex-husband, the late [[Arthur Corbett, 3rd Baron Rowallan|Hon. Arthur Corbett]], who worked in the [[City of London]], and was addicted to [[cross-dressing]], as telling her in 1960: "There's a male brothel, I pay the boys to dress me up, then masturbate me."<ref>{{cite book |isbn= 978-1-84454-231-4 |title=The First Lady |first1= April |last1= Ashley |first2= Douglas |last2= Thompson |location= London |publisher= John Blake Publishing Ltd |year= 2006 |page= 160}}</ref> In order to work in a [[prostitution in Nevada|legal brothel in Nevada]], a [[Pap test|cervical exam]] is required by law, implying that men could not work as prostitutes. In November 2005, [[Heidi Fleiss]] said that she would partner with brothel owner Joe Richards to turn Richards' legal [[Cherry Patch Ranch]] brothel in [[Crystal, Nye County, Nevada|Crystal, Nevada]], into an establishment that would employ male prostitutes and cater exclusively to female customers, a first in Nevada.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonann |last=Brady |title=Are Women Ready for the 'Stud Farm'? |publisher= ABC News |date=November 18, 2005 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=1324585}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fleiss plans makeover for Nevada brothel |agency=Associated Press |date= November 15, 2005 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-11-16-fleiss_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today}}</ref> However, in 2009, Fleiss said that she had abandoned her plans to open such a brothel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/39357657.html|title=Heidi Fleiss gives up on plan for brothel for women|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal}}</ref> In late 2009, the owner of the [[Shady Lady Ranch]] brothel challenged this provision before the [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye County]] Licensing and Liquor Board and prevailed.<ref>[http://www.lvrj.com/news/brothel-to-get-the-bucks-80777187.html "Brothel to get the bucks"], ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', 2010-01-06</ref> In January 2010, the brothel hired a male prostitute who offered his services to female clients,<ref>{{cite web|title=First legal male prostitute hired in Nevada|url=https://nypost.com/2010/01/22/first-legal-male-prostitute-hired-in-nevada/|website=New York Post|access-date=10 April 2018|date=22 January 2010}}</ref> but he left the ranch a few weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lvrj.com/news/first--prostidude--leaves-shady-lady-ranch-89211477.html |title=First 'prostidude' leaves Shady Lady Ranch - News - ReviewJournal.com |publisher=Lvrj.com |date=2010-03-26 |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> Until 2009, when all [[prostitution in Rhode Island]] was outlawed, Rhode Island did not have a law prohibiting male sex workers.<ref name="projo1">{{cite news |author=Arditi, Lynn |title='Behind Closed Doors" How RI Decriminalized Prostitution |url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601211914/http://www.projo.com/news/content/PROSTITUTION_LAW31_05-31-09_NVEHGBH_v161.3e90048.html|archive-date=2009-06-01|work=Providence Journal |date=31 May 2009}}</ref> In January 2010, the first brothel for gay men in [[Switzerland]] was opened in an industrial area of [[Zurich]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/GayBordell-in-Zuerich-eroeffnet/story/23270088|title=Gay-Bordell in Zürich eröffnet|date=2010-01-18|language=de|newspaper=Tages Anzeiger}}</ref> ===Sex tourism=== {{main|Sex tourism}} ====Female sex tourism==== {{main|Female sex tourism}} Women may travel to specific locations to enjoy a holiday and find a "temporary boyfriend" who will fill the roles of sexual partner, dining companion, tour guide, or dancing companion/instructor. Women who spend time with male escorts while on vacation may be any age, but are predominantly middle-aged women looking for romance along with their sex.<ref>J. Sánchez Taylor, [http://www.beaumonde.net/weblog/archives/2006_07.shtml "Marking the Margins: Research in the Informal Economy in Cuba and the Dominican Republic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114183254/http://www.beaumonde.net/weblog/archives/2006_07.shtml |date=2009-01-14 }}, 1997, ''Discussion Papers in Sociology'', No. S97/1</ref> The rates of [[HIV/AIDS]] and other sexually transmitted infections are high in some Caribbean and African countries which are popular destinations for female sex tourism. There have been reported cases where female clients have been blackmailed by gigolos they visited.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kate |last=Muir |url=http://www.itgo.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4927&sectionid=1&secid=1 |title=The gigolo tales |publisher=Itgo.in |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-11/india/27798678_1_gigolos-women-boys "Women land in gigolo trap"], ''Times of India'', December 11, 2006</ref> ===Risks=== As in all forms of prostitution, male prostitutes and their clients can face risks and problems. For prostitutes, the risks may include: social stigma; [[Homophobia|legal]]/criminal risks;<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/19317611.2011.537958|title = An Investigation of the Incidence of Client-Perpetrated Sexual Violence Against Male Sex Workers| journal=International Journal of Sexual Health| volume=23| pages=63–78|year = 2011|last1 = Jamel|first1 = Joanna|s2cid = 143617176}}</ref> physical abuse; health-related risks, such as the potential risk of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (especially high in case of [[anal sex]], less so in case of [[oral sex]]); rejection by family and friends; [[gay bashing]] (in the case of male-male prostitution); the financial risks that come with having an insecure income; and risks of the mental/emotional effects that come with all of those factors. Teenagers and runaways engaging in sex work have shown to be particularly at risk. A 2008 masters thesis reported that 300,000 male prostitutes were under the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glennon|first=Megan|date=2008|title=Resilience and street level prostitution : a collective case study|url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2311&context=theses|journal=Smith ScholarWorks}}</ref> For clients, risks may include: fear of social stigma and family or work problems if their activities with prostitutes do not remain secret; health-related risks; being robbed; or, very rarely, being blackmailed or injured.<ref name=Dynes/> German fashion designer [[Rudolph Moshammer]], for example, was killed by a man who said that Moshammer had reneged on a promise to pay him for sex.<ref>BBC News, 2005-01-16. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4179807.stm Man 'confesses' to Munich murder].</ref> If a male prostitute steals from a male client or accepts money without then "putting out" the agreed-upon sexual services, it is sometimes referred to as "rolling a john". Research suggests that the degree of violence against male prostitutes is somewhat lower than for female sex workers. Men working on the street and younger men appear to be at greatest risk of being victimized by clients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Eichert|first1= David|title= 'It Ruined My Life: FOSTA, Male Escorts, and the Construction of Sexual Victimhood in American Politics|url= http://vjspl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/12.2-FOSTA.pdf|journal= Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law|volume= 26|issue= 3|pages= 201–245}}</ref> Conversely, the risk of being robbed or blackmailed posed to clients of sex workers appears to be much lower than many imagine. This is especially true when clients hire sex workers through an established agency or when they hire men who have been consistently well reviewed by previous clients. The [[pimp]] is relatively rare in male prostitution in the West, where most prostitutes generally work independently or, less frequently, through an agency.<ref name=Dynes/> ====Stigma==== Factors like the [[age disparity in sexual relationships|difference in age]], in [[social status]] and in economic status between the sex worker and his client have been cited as major sources of social criticism.<ref name=negatives>See, for example, [http://www.enmp.org/downloads/activity_report_compr.pdf European Network Male Prostitution Activity Report, November 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221184110/http://www.enmp.org/downloads/activity_report_compr.pdf |date=2007-02-21 }}, "Practical experiences of Men in Prostitution" (Sweden, Denmark, Stockholm), pp. 23–26: "All [the] interviewed men [in Denmark] are aware of societies’ negative perception of prostitution and do whatever possible to cover up. As a result they live double lives and create more and more distance from close relations and the wider society. Isolation and sufferance from not having anybody to share prostitution experiences with is profound. Some men describe[d] how the clients are their main or only social relation to society, and consider the relations as sexual friendships or the customers as father figures."</ref> Similar social stigma may also be attached to amorous relationships that do not involve direct payment for sexual services, and therefore do not fit the definition of prostitution, but which may be seen by some as a form of "quasi"-prostitution, (in that there is a power imbalance and a reward for companionship or sex). The older member in such relationships may be referred as a "sugar daddy" or "sugar momma"; the young lover may be called a "kept boy" or "boy toy".<ref>see Dynes, ''supra'', for a discussion of the fine line between "kept boys" and prostitution.</ref> Within the gay community, the members of this kind of couple are sometimes called "dad" (or "daddy") and "son" - without implying incest. The social disdain for age/status disparity in relationships is and has been less pronounced in certain cultures at certain historical times.{{which|date=April 2019}} ==Help and support for male sex workers== [[File:Rich Holcomb and James Waterman displaying the Project Weber poster at the 2010 HIV Prevention Summit in Washington DC..jpg|thumb|[[Richard Holcomb]] and James Waterman displaying the "Project Weber" poster at the 2010 HIV Prevention Summit in Washington, D.C.]] In the United States and other places, there are few resources and little support readily available for male sex workers working and/or living on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siegel|first=Joe|title=Do HIV/AIDS Service Organizations Effectively Reach Male Sex Workers?|url=http://www.edgenewengland.com/index.php?id=126242|work=Article in Edge New, Boston, Mass.|access-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> Men and boys in this situation may face many issues. They may be at a higher risk for health problems and abuse.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} They face greater pressure to engage in unprotected sex than female prostitutes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} They are generally paid less than female prostitutes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} Male street prostitutes may have issues such as drug addiction. Offering support and health care to such stigmatized people can be difficult due to a reluctance to disclose information about their work to health care professionals, which can also make male prostitutes difficult to identify in order to reach out to. In recent years, some organizations directed specifically at helping male sex workers have been founded and some studies have begun on this little-studied population. For example, [[Richard Holcomb]], a former sex worker, founded "Project Weber",<ref>{{cite web|last=Siegel|first=Joe|title=Former Male Prostitute Helps Hustlers Leave R.I. Streets|url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=news&sc=national&sc2=news&sc3=&id=125867|work=Article in Edge New, Boston, Mass.|access-date=30 November 2011}}</ref> a [[harm reduction]] program in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]], that offers resources and support to male sex workers living on the streets, including a needle exchange and HIV testing. Holcomb cited the lack of data available on male commercial sex workers in the region as his reason for helping develop a 2010 survey to assess the needs of this population. Project Weber recruited and surveyed 50 male sex workers living on the streets of Providence. Holcomb cited the fact that he and members of his team are former sex workers themselves as one of the primary reasons why they were able to gain access to the men in order to conduct this survey.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goslant|first=Justin|title=Male Prostitution in Providence|url=http://www.theanchoronline.org/news/2011/10/31/male-prostitution-in-providence|work=Article in The Anchor Newspaper.|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702224116/http://www.theanchoronline.org/news/2011/10/31/male-prostitution-in-providence/|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> The project says they have gleaned valuable data on male sex workers who work and live on the streets of Providence. Holcomb has also created several documentaries meant to draw attention to the subjects of male street prostitution and drug use. ==Feminist studies== The topic of male prostitution has been examined by [[feminism|feminist theorists]]. Feminist theorists Justin Gaffney and Kate Beverley stated that the insights gained from research on male sex workers in central [[London]] allowed comparison between the experiences of the 'hidden' population of male prostitutes and the traditionally subordinate position of women in a patriarchal society. Gaffney and Beverley argue that male sex workers occupy a subordinate position in our society which, as with women, is ensured by hegemonic and patriarchal constructs.<ref>Justin Gaffney & Kate Beverley, "Contextualizing the Construction and Social Organization of the Commercial Male Sex Industry in London at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century," ''Feminist Review'', No. 67, Sex Work Reassessed (Spring, 2001), pp. 133–141.</ref> At the same time, other feminists have noted that male [[sex workers]] are usually seen as engaging in sex work out of their own free will and for enjoyment much more than female sex workers, who are often perceived to be victims of [[human trafficking]] and [[sexual exploitation|exploitation]], especially by second wave feminist activists. A review of the public discourse and media reactions following the closing of two websites hosting [[sex work]] ads - one for women and one for gay men - found that concerns with human trafficking and victimisastion were cited only for the closure of the former. The closure of the latter was attributed to [[homophobia]] and conservative religious values.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Majic |first1=Samantha |title=Same Same but Different? Gender, sex work, and respectability politics in the MyRedBook and Rentboy closures |journal=Anti-Trafficking Review |date=27 April 2020 |issue=14 |pages=82–98 |doi=10.14197/atr.201220146|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Popular culture== {{Main|Male prostitution in the arts}} The male prostitute has become a literary and cinematic [[stereotype]] in the West. He is often portrayed as a tragic figure; examples in film include Oscar-winner ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]'' (1969) about a tragic would-be gigolo, ''[[My Own Private Idaho]]'' (1991) about the friendship of two young hustlers, ''[[Mandragora (film)|Mandragora]]'' (1997) about young runaways who are manipulated into prostitution, and ''[[Mysterious Skin]]'' (2004) in which a hustler has a history of being molested as a child. The male prostitute may be presented as an impossible object of love or an idealized rebel, such as in ''[[The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone]]'' (1961) about a middle-aged woman and a young gigolo in a tragic tryst. Though less frequent in cinema and in novels, the gigolo (a male prostitute with an exclusively female clientele) is generally depicted as less tragic than the gay hustler. In the film ''[[American Gigolo]]'', [[Richard Gere]] stars as a high-priced gigolo who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case. The comedy-drama TV series ''[[Hung (TV series)|Hung]]'' (2009–2011) is about a high school basketball coach who turns to prostitution to deal with financial troubles. Male prostitution is sometimes the subject of derisive humor, such as the slapstick farce ''[[Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo]]'' (1999) and [[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo|its sequel]] (2005). ==See also== {{Portal|Human sexuality|LGBT}} *[[Age of consent]] * [[Male promiscuity]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|colwidth=35em}}<!--Alphabetic--> * {{Cite book |author=Aggleton, Peter |title=Men Who Sell Sex: International Perspectives on Male Prostitution and AIDS |url=http://www.temple.edu/tempress/titles/aggle_reg_print.html |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-669-1|year=1999|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Elias |first=James |year=1998 |title=Prostitution : on whores, hustlers, and johns |publisher=Prometheus |isbn=978-1-57392-229-6 |oclc=39379620 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Mack |year=2003 |title=Strapped for cash : a history of American hustler culture |publisher=Alyson Books |isbn=978-1-55583-731-0 |oclc=51607360 |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Itiel |first=Joseph |year=1998 |title=A Consumer's Guide to Male Hustlers |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7890-0596-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PA-4hrt_NoC|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Itiel |first=Joseph |year=2002 |title=Sex Workers As Virtual Boyfriends |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56023-191-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ucUHlUEWb0C|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Koken |first1=Juline |last2=Bimbi |first2=David |last3=Parsons |first3=Jeffrey |chapter=Male and Female Escorts: A Comparative Analysis |year=2000 |title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92295-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEhzBddEcjkC|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Aaron |year=2000 |title=The Male Escort's Handbook: Your Guide to Getting Rich the Hard Way |publisher=Late Night Press |isbn=978-0-9667691-1-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XauPAAACAAJ|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Lumsden |first=Ian |year=1996 |title=Machos, maricones, and gays: Cuba and homosexuality |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-56639-371-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbH2pWBOZ1YC |page=7|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Padilla |first=Mark |year=2007 |title=Caribbean pleasure industry: tourism, sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-64436-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVS8GuF7QPUC|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Preston |first=John |year=1994 |title=Hustling: a gentleman's guide to the fine art of homosexual prostitution |publisher=Masquerade Books |isbn=978-1-56333-137-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeK0AAAACAAJ|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=Dean |year=2008 |title=Nice Work If You Can Get It |publisher=John Blake |isbn=978-1-84454-509-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t1XGgAACAAJ|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Steward |first=Samuel M. |year=1991 |title=Understanding the male hustler |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-56024-111-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huJ6UwvZeL4C|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Sycamore |first=Matt Bernstein |year=2000 |title=Tricks and treats: sex workers write about their clients |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7890-0703-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMrb5En0_S0C|ref=none}} * {{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Jacqueline Sánchez |year=1997 |title=Marking the margins : research in the informal economy in Cuba and the Dominican Republic |publisher=University of Leicester, Faculty of Social Sciences, Dept. of Sociology |series=Leicester University discussion papers in sociology, no S97/1 |oclc=37157551|ref=none}} * {{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Jacqueline Sanchez |year=2001 |title=Dollars Are a Girl's Best Friend? Female Tourists' Sexual Behaviour in the Caribbean |journal=Sociology |pages=749–764 |volume=35 |issue=3 |issn=0038-0385 |oclc=367611972 |doi=10.1177/s0038038501000384|s2cid=67792112 |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/800/1/WRAP_Sanchez_taylor_Dollars_female_tourists.pdf |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Weitzer |first1=Ronald John |title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415922944 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XZjQgAACAAJ&q=0415922941 |language=en}} * {{Cite book |last=Weitzer |first=Ronald |year=2010 |title=Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92295-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEhzBddEcjkC|ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last=Weitzer |first=Ronald |year=2011 |chapter=Male Prostitution |editor-first=Clifton |editor-last=Bryant |editor-link= Clifton D. Bryant |title=The Routledge Handbook of Deviant Behavior |location=New York |publisher=Routledge|ref=none}} {{refend}} {{Prostitution}} [[Category:Male prostitution| ]] [[Category:Sex industry]]'