Examine individual changes

'{{for|a list of Speakers of the House|List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}} {{short description|Wikimedia list article}} {{United States House of Representatives}} In the [[United States Congress]], '''Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections''' are held when the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] first convenes after a [[Election Day (United States)|general election]] for its two-year term, or when a [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's [[Speaker (politics)|presiding officer]], the ''[[de facto]]'' leader of the body's [[majority party]], and the institution's administrative head.<ref name="HG125">{{Cite web |last=Forte |first=David F. |title=Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/10/speaker-of-the-house |access-date=January 11, 2019 |website=Heritage Guide to The Constitution |publisher=Heritage Foundation}}</ref> There have been 127 elections for speaker since the office was created in 1789.<ref name="HouseHAA">{{Cite web |title=Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Speakers-Multiple-Ballots/ |access-date=August 26, 2019 |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Traditionally, each [[Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress|party's caucus or conference]] selects a candidate for speaker from among its senior leaders prior to the vote. Prior to 1839, the House elected its speaker by paper [[ballot]], but since, on all but three occasions, has done so by [[roll call vote]].<ref name=HG125/> A [[majority]] of votes cast (as opposed to a [[Majority of the entire membership|majority of the full membership]] of the House) is necessary to elect a speaker. By House precedents, votes of ''[[Abstention|present]]'' are not to be included in the official vote total, only ''votes cast for a person by name'' are; even so, they have been counted on several occasions.<ref name="CRS-RL30857">{{harvnb|CRS RL30857}}</ref> If no candidate receives a majority vote, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected. In the longest speaker election in House history, 133 ballots (cast over a two-month period) were needed before representatives chose [[Nathaniel Banks]] as their presiding officer for the [[34th United States Congress|34th Congress]] (1855–1857). Multiple roll calls have been necessary only 14 times since 1789, and not since 1923.<ref name=HouseHAA/> Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, but generally do. Additionally, as the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]] does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an [[incumbent]] member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years. Nevertheless, every person elected speaker has been a member.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grier |first=Peter |date=September 25, 2015 |title=John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for House speaker, even you |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2015/0925/John-Boehner-exit-Anyone-can-run-for-House-speaker-even-you |access-date=January 11, 2019 |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> Altogether, [[List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives|54 people have served as speaker]] over the past {{Age|1789|4|6}} years; 32 of them served multiple terms (seven of those served nonconsecutive terms). [[Sam Rayburn]] holds the record for electoral victories, with 10. He led the House from September 1940 to January 1947, January 1949 to January 1953, and January 1955 to November 1961 (a tenure totaling 17 years).<ref name=RayburnIsDead>{{Cite news |last=<!--UPI; no by-line.--> |date=November 17, 1961 |title=Rayburn Is Dead; Served 17 Years As House Speaker |publisher=The Learning Network: The New York Times on the web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0106.html |access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> The youngest person elected to the office was [[Robert M. T. Hunter]], age 30 when he became speaker in 1839;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feinman |first=Ronald |date=October 30, 2015 |title=Paul Ryan At Age 45 Nowhere Near The Youngest Speaker Of The House Of Representatives |url=http://www.theprogressiveprofessor.com/?p=25819 |access-date=August 22, 2019 |website=The Progressive Professor}}</ref> the oldest person elected for the first time was [[Henry T. Rainey]] in 1933, at age 72.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Osborne |first=J. H. |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Civics 101: How is the U.S. House speaker selected? |work=[[Kingsport Times-News]] |url=http://www.timesnews.net/Community/2018/11/12/Civics-101-How-is-the-Speaker-of-the-U-S-House-of-Representatives-chosen.html |access-date=March 28, 2019}}</ref> In most recent election for speaker, held [[2021 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election|January 3, 2021]], the first day of the [[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]], members elected [[Nancy Pelosi]] to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She is the first woman to serve as speaker.<ref name="NYT010219">{{Cite news |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=January 2, 2019 |title=Nancy Pelosi, Icon of Female Power, Will Reclaim Role as Speaker and Seal a Place in History |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/nancy-pelosi-house-speaker.html |access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> == Elections from 1789 to 1799 == === April 1789 === The first-ever election for [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] took place on April 1, 1789, at the start of the [[1st United States Congress|1st Congress]], following the [[1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections|1788{{\}}89 elections]] in which candidates who supported the new [[United States Constitution|Frame of Government]] won a majority of the seats. [[Frederick A. Muhlenberg]], who had promoted the [[ratification]] of the Constitution, received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Opening of the First Congress in New York City |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35749? |access-date=May 10, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Though [[Political party|political parties]] did not yet exist, [[political faction]]s, from which they evolved, formed almost immediately after Congress began its work. Those who supported the [[Presidency of George Washington|Washington administration]] were referred to as "[[Pro-Administration party|Pro-Administration]]", while those in opposition were known as "[[Anti-Administration party|Anti-Administration]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Pro-Administration Party |url=https://voteview.com/parties/5000 |access-date=August 22, 2019 |website=voteview.com}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1789 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Pro-Administration Party | candidate = [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] ({{ushr|PA|AL|B}}) | votes = 23 | percentage = 76.67 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 7 | percentage = 23.33 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 30 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 16 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === October 1791 === An election for speaker took place October 24, 1791, at the start of the [[2nd United States Congress|2nd Congress]], following the [[1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections|1790{{\}}91 elections]] in which [[Pro-Administration Party (United States)|Pro-Administration]] candidates won a majority of the seats. [[Jonathan Trumbull Jr.]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., of Connecticut |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36096? |access-date=August 7, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1791 election for speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Pro-Administration Party | candidate = [[Jonathan Trumbull Jr.]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | votes = ''Majority'' | percentage = {{efn|As the specific number of votes in the 1791 speaker election is not known, a candidate vote percentage is indeterminable.}}{{0|00}} }} {{Election box total no change| | votes = (?) | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change| | votes = (?) | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1793 === An election for speaker took place December 2, 1793, at the start of the [[3rd United States Congress|3rd Congress]], following the [[1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections|1792{{\}}93 elections]] in which [[Anti-Administration party|anti-administration]] candidates won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was elected speaker. This was the first Speaker of the House election to be contested primarily on a [[Partisan (politics)|partisan]] basis.<ref name="Follett6569">{{Cite book |last=Follett |first=Mary Parker |url=https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft |title=The speaker of the House of Representatives |publisher=Longmans, Greene, and Company |year=1909 |location=New York, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft/page/65 65]–69 |author-link=Mary Parker Follett |access-date=March 8, 2019 |orig-year=First edition, 1896 |via=Internet Archive, digitized in 2007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1793 election for Speaker<ref name="Jenkins332Stewart">{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Jeffery A. |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1480747#info_wrap |title=Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government |last2=Stewart |first2=Charles |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781400845460 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |page=332 |access-date=March 14, 2019 |via=Project MUSE database.}}</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1793{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Pro-Administration Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Pro-Administration Party|Pro-Administration]] | [[Theodore Sedgwick]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 24 | style="text-align:right" | 36.36 |- | style="background:{{Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Administration party|Anti-Administration]] | [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] ({{ushr|PA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 21 | style="text-align:right" | 31.82 |- | style="background:{{Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Administration party|Anti-Administration]] | [[Abraham Baldwin]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 21.22 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 7 | style="text-align:right" | 10.60 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''66''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''34''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1793{{snd}}3rd Ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Anti-Administration Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Anti-Administration party|Anti-Administration]]''' | '''[[Frederick Muhlenberg]] ({{ushr|PA|AL|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''37''' | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center"| {{efn|As the specific number of third ballot votes for others in the 1793 speaker election is not known, candidate vote percentages are indeterminable.}} |- | style="background:{{Pro-Administration Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Pro-Administration Party|Pro-Administration]] | [[Theodore Sedgwick]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 27 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | (?) |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''64+''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''~34''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1795 === An election for speaker took place December 7, 1795, at the start of the [[4th United States Congress|4th Congress]], following the [[1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections|1794{{\}}95 elections]]. During the preceding Congress, the Pro-Administration faction coalesced into the [[Federalist Party]], and the Anti-Administration faction into the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]. Though Democratic-Republicans won a majority of the seats in these elections, several joined with the Federalists to elect Jonathan Dayton speaker on the first ballot.<ref name=Follett6569/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1795 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Jonathan Dayton]] ({{ushr|NJ|AL|B}}) | votes = 46 | percentage = 58.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Frederick Muhlenberg]] ({{ushr|PA|2|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 31 | percentage = 39.24 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change| | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 2.53 }} {{Election box total no change| | votes = 79 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change| | votes = 40 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === May 1797 === An election for speaker took place May 15, 1797, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary|This was the date upon which the House met for the first time during a [[special session]] of Congress, convened by [[Presidential proclamation (United States)|presidential proclamation]] in accordance with [[Article Two of the United States Constitution#Section 3, Clause 3|Article II, Section 3, Clause 3]] of the Constitution; it is not necessarily the start date of the special session.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2003 |title=Extraordinary Sessions of Congress:A Brief History |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/ExtraSessions.pdf |access-date=April 17, 2019 |website=senate.gov |publisher=Senate Historical Office}}</ref>}} of the [[5th United States Congress|5th Congress]], following the [[1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections|1796{{\}}97 elections]] in which [[Federalists]] won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, [[Jonathan Dayton]] was re-elected Speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1797 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Jonathan Dayton]] ({{ushr|NJ|AL|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 78 | percentage = 97.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[George Dent]] ({{ushr|MD|1|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 1.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Abraham Baldwin]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 1.25 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 80 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 41 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1799=== An election for speaker took place December 2, 1799, at the start of the [[6th United States Congress|6th Congress]], following the [[1798 and 1799 United States House of Representatives elections|1798{{\}}99 elections]] in which [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] won a majority of the seats. [[Theodore Sedgwick]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1799 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=010/llac010.db&recNum=90 10 ''Annals of Cong.'' 186 (1799)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1799{{snd}}1st Ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Theodore Sedgwick]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 42 | style="text-align:right" | 49.41 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 27 | style="text-align:right" | 31.76 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[George Dent]] ({{ushr|MD|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 13 | style="text-align:right" | 15.30 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 3.53 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''85''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''43''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1799{{snd}}2nd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]''' | '''[[Theodore Sedgwick]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''44''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.16''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 38 | style="text-align:right" | 46.51 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[George Dent]] ({{ushr|MD|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.75 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[John Rutledge Jr.]] ({{ushr|SC|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.58 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''86''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''44''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} == Elections from 1801 to 1899 == === December 1801 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1801, at the start of the [[7th United States Congress|7th Congress]], following the [[1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections|1800{{\}}01 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nathaniel Macon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1801 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|5|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 53 | percentage = 65.43 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[James A. Bayard (politician, born 1767)|James A. Bayard]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | votes = 26 | percentage = 32.10 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[John Cotton Smith|John C. Smith]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 2.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 81 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 41 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === October 1803 === An election for speaker took place on October 17, 1803, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[8th United States Congress|8th Congress]], following the [[1802 and 1803 United States House of Representatives elections|1802{{\}}03 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nathaniel Macon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1803 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 76 | percentage = 71.03 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | votes = 30 | percentage = 28.04 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[John Dawson (1762–1814)|John Dawson]] ({{ushr|VA|10|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.93 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 107 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}54 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1805 === An election for speaker took place December 2, 1805, at the start of the [[9th United States Congress|9th Congress]], following the [[1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections|1804{{\}}05 elections]] in which the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nathaniel Macon]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> A number of [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] did not support Macon's bid for a third term as he had broken ranks with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] and aligned himself with the splinter ''[[Tertium quids|Quids]]'' [[Political faction|faction]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Starnes |first=Richard D. |year=2006 |title=Quids |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/quids |access-date=March 12, 2019 |website=NCpedia |publisher=Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1805 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1805{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 51 | style="text-align:right" | 48.58 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 26 | style="text-align:right" | 24.76 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[John Cotton Smith|John C. Smith]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 16 | style="text-align:right" | 15.24 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[John Dawson (1762–1814)|John Dawson]] ({{ushr|VA|10|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 10 | style="text-align:right" | 9.52 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Andrew Gregg]] ({{ushr|PA|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 1.90 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''105''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}53''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 2, 1805{{snd}}3rd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]''' | '''[[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) (Incumbent)''' | style="text-align:right" | '''58''' | style="text-align:right" | '''54.71''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 23 | style="text-align:right" | 21.70 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[John Cotton Smith|John C. Smith]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 18 | style="text-align:right" | 16.98 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[John Dawson (1762–1814)|John Dawson]] ({{ushr|VA|10|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 2.83 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Andrew Gregg]] ({{ushr|PA|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 1.89 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 1.89 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''106''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}54''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === October 1807 === An election for speaker took place on October 26, 1807, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[10th United States Congress|10th Congress]], following the [[1806 and 1807 United States House of Representatives elections|1806{{\}}07 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph B. Varnum]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett6569/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1807 election for Speaker<ref name=Jenkins332Stewart/>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | votes = 59 | percentage = 50.43 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Charles Goldsborough]] ({{ushr|MD|8|B}}) | votes = 17 | percentage = 14.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Burwell Bassett]] ({{ushr|VA|12|B}}) | votes = 17 | percentage = 14.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Josiah Masters]] ({{ushr|NY|10|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 6.84 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Thomas Blount (statesman)|Thomas Blount]] ({{ushr|NC|3|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 5.98 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 9 | percentage = 7.69 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 117 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}59 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === May 1809 === An election for speaker took place May 22, 1809, at the start of the [[11th United States Congress|11th Congress]], following the [[1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections|1808{{\}}09 elections]] in which the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. On the first ballot, [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] received 60 of the 118 votes cast ''for individuals''. In addition to these, two ballots were returned [[Protest vote|blank]]. The question arose over whether or not the blank ballots counted. If they were, then the total number of votes cast would be 120, making the threshold for election 61. If they were not, then the threshold would be 60 (of 118), thus making Varnum the winner. After a brief debate a motion to proceed with a second ballot was approved. Varnum received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was re-elected speaker.<ref name="Follett5055">{{Cite book |last=Follett |first=Mary Parker |url=https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft |title=The speaker of the House of Representatives |publisher=Longmans, Greene, and Company |year=1909 |location=New York, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft/page/50 50]–55 |author-link=Mary Parker Follett |access-date=March 8, 2019 |orig-year=First edition, 1896 |via=Internet Archive, digitized in 2007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1809 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=020/llac020.db&recNum=23 20 ''Annals of Cong.'' 54–56 (1809)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | May 22, 1809{{snd}}1st Ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 60 | style="text-align:right" | 50.00 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 36 | style="text-align:right" | 30.00 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Timothy Pitkin]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 20 | style="text-align:right" | 16.67 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Roger Nelson (politician)|Roger Nelson]] ({{ushr|MD|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.83 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Charles Goldsborough]] ({{ushr|MD|8|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.83 |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''[[Protest vote|Blank]]'' | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 1.67 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''120''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}61''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | May 22, 1809{{snd}}2nd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]''' | '''[[Joseph Bradley Varnum|Joseph Varnum]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) (Incumbent)''' | style="text-align:right" | '''65''' | style="text-align:right" | '''54.62''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 45 | style="text-align:right" | 37.82 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Timothy Pitkin]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 5.04 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Benjamin Howard (Missouri politician)|Benjamin Howard]] ({{ushr|KY|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.84 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Roger Nelson (politician)|Roger Nelson]] ({{ushr|MD|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.84 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Charles Goldsborough]] ({{ushr|MD|8|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.84 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''119''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}60''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === November 1811 === An election for speaker took place on November 4, 1811, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[12th United States Congress|12th Congress]], following the [[1810 and 1811 United States House of Representatives elections|1810{{\}}11 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Henry Clay]], a [[Freshmen|freshman congressman]], received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1811 election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 5, 1811 |title=Congress of the United States |work=Alexandria daily gazette, commercial & political |location=Alexandria, Virginia |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024013/1811-11-05/ed-1/seq-3/ |access-date=July 22, 2019 |via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Library of Congress}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|2|B}}) | votes = 75 | percentage = 63.03 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[William Wyatt Bibb|William W. Bibb]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | votes = 38 | percentage = 31.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 2.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Hugh Nelson (congressman)|Hugh Nelson]] ({{ushr|VA|21|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 1.68 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Burwell Bassett]] ({{ushr|VA|12|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.84 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 119 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}60 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === May 1813 === An election for speaker took place on May 24, 1813, at the start of the [[13th United States Congress|13th Congress]], following the [[1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections|1812{{\}}13 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Henry Clay]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1813 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=026/llac026.db&recNum=49 26 ''Annals of Cong.'' 105–106 (1813)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|5|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 89 | percentage = 60.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Timothy Pitkin]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | votes = 54 | percentage = 36.49 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 3.38 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 148 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}75 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1814 === On January 19, 1814, during the third session of the [[13th United States Congress|13th Congress]], [[Henry Clay]] resigned as speaker to accept a commission from President [[James Madison]] to serve as a negotiator for a [[Treaty of Ghent|peace agreement to end the War of 1812]].<ref name=WhereasClay/> Later that day, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held. [[Langdon Cheves]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cheves, Langdon |encyclopedia=South Carolina Encyclopedia |publisher=University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies |location=Columbia, South Carolina |url=http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/cheves-langdon/ |last=Richards |first=Miles S. |date=August 2, 2016 |accessdate=July 30, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title=1814 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=026/llac026.db&recNum=524 26 ''Annals of Cong.'' 1057 (1814)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Langdon Cheves]] ({{ushr|SC|1|B}}) | votes = 94 | percentage = 56.97 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Felix Grundy]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 59 | percentage = 35.76 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 12 | percentage = 7.27 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 165 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 83 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1815 === An election for speaker took place on December 4, 1815 at the start of the [[14th United States Congress|14th Congress]] following the [[1814 and 1815 United States House of Representatives elections|1814{{\}}15 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. Elected again to the House, former speaker [[Henry Clay]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/> {{Election box begin no change | title=1815 election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 9, 1815 |title=House of Representatives |volume=Volume 9 |page=254 |work=Niles' Weekly Register |publisher=H. Niles |location=Baltimore, Maryland |editor-last=Niles |editor-first=Hezekiah |editor-link=Hezekiah Niles |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858045135351&view=2up&seq=266 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |via=[[HathiTrust]] Digital Library}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|2|B}}) | votes = 87 | percentage = 71.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Hugh Nelson (congressman)|Hugh Nelson]] ({{ushr|VA|22|B}}) | votes = 13 | percentage = 10.65 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Timothy Pitkin]] ({{ushr|CT|AL|B}}) | votes = 9 | percentage = 7.38 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Nathaniel Macon]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 5.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Joseph Lewis Jr. (Virginia politician)|Joseph Lewis Jr.]] ({{ushr|VA|8|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 1.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Federalist Party | candidate = [[Timothy Pickering]] ({{ushr|MA|3|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.82 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Protest vote|Blank]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 2.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 122 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 62 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1817 === An election for speaker took place on December 1, 1817 at the start of the [[15th United States Congress|15th Congress]] following the [[1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections|1816{{\}}17 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, [[Henry Clay]] was re-elected Speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/><ref name=Jenkins6768Stewart/> {{Election box begin no change | title=1817 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=031/llac031.db&recNum=195 31 ''Annals of Cong.'' 398 (1817)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|2|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 143 | percentage = 95.33 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 4.00 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Protest vote|Blank]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.67 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 150 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 76 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1819 === An election for speaker took place on December 6, 1819 at the start of the [[16th United States Congress|16th Congress]] following the [[1818 and 1819 United States House of Representatives elections|1818{{\}}19 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. In a near-unanimous vote, [[Henry Clay]] was re-elected Speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/><ref name=Jenkins6768Stewart/> {{Election box begin no change | title=1819 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=035/llac035.db&recNum=348 35 ''Annals of Cong.'' 702 (1819)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|2|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 147 | percentage = 94.84 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 8 | percentage = 5.16 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 155 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 78 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === November 1820 === In October 1820, between the first and the second session of the [[16th United States Congress|16th Congress]], [[Henry Clay]] resigned as speaker so he could return to his private law practice; he kept his House seat however, until his term ended the following March (he had not run for re-election in [[1820 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky|1820]]).<ref name="WhereasClay">{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2017 |title=Henry Clay's On-Again, Off-Again Relationship with the House |url=https://history.house.gov/Blog/2017/January/1-23-Henry-Clay/ |access-date=March 7, 2019 |website=Whereas: Stories from the People's House |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on November 13–15, 1820. Coming as it did less than a year after the rancorous [[Missouri Compromise|Missouri statehood debate]], the choice of Clay's successor became mired in the continuing national debate between [[Slave states and free states|Northerners and Southerners]] over the expansion of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] into territories and future [[U.S. state|states]]. The chief candidate of Northern antislavery members, [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], finally received a majority of the votes cast in the 22nd ballot and was elected speaker.<ref name="AA1232019">{{Cite web |last=Gooley |first=Lawrence P. |date=January 23, 2019 |title=John W. Taylor: New York's (Almost Only) Speaker of the House |url=https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2019/01/john-w-taylor-new-yorks-almost-only-speaker-of-the-house.html |access-date=March 12, 2019 |website=Adirondack Almanack |publisher=Adirondack Explorer |location=Saranac Lake, New York}}</ref> In addition to discord over slavery, Taylor's path to victory was made even more difficult by a division within [[United States congressional delegations from New York|that state's congressional delegation]] between supporters of Governor [[DeWitt Clinton]] and those who opposed him (known as the [[Bucktails]]).<ref name="Jenkins6768Stewart">{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Jeffrey A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0e4buNfOT4C&q=clay+reelected&pg=PA67 |title=Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government |last2=Stewart |first2=Charles Haines |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-691-11812-3 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |pages=67–68 |access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1820 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=037/llac037.db&recNum=214 37 ''Annals of Cong.'' 435–438 (1820)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | November 13, 1820{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|11|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 40 | style="text-align:right" | 30.30 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[William Lowndes (congressman)|William Lowndes]] ({{ushr|SC|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 25.75 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 27 | style="text-align:right" | 20.45 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist]] | [[John Sergeant (politician)|John Sergeant]] ({{ushr|PA|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 18 | style="text-align:right" | 13.65 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Hugh Nelson (congressman)|Hugh Nelson]] ({{ushr|VA|22|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 10 | style="text-align:right" | 7.58 |- | style="background:{{others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 2.27 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''132''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''67''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | November 15, 1820{{snd}}22nd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Democratic-Republican]]''' | '''[[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|11|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''76''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.35''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[William Lowndes (congressman)|William Lowndes]] ({{ushr|SC|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 29.73 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 27 | style="text-align:right" | 18.25 |- | style="background:{{others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.67 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''148''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''75''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1821 === An election for speaker took place December 3–4, 1821, at the start of the [[17th United States Congress|17th Congress]], following the [[1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections|1820{{\}}21 elections]] in which the [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Philip Pendleton Barbour|Philip Barbour]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 12th ballot and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett5055/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1821 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=038/llac038.db&recNum=253 38 ''Annals of Cong.'' 514–517 (1821)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 3, 1821{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|11|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 60 | style="text-align:right" | 37.26 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Caesar Augustus Rodney|Caesar A. Rodney]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 45 | style="text-align:right" | 27.95 |- | style="background:{{Federalist Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] | [[Louis McLane]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 18.01 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 20 | style="text-align:right" | 12.42 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | [[Hugh Nelson (congressman)|Hugh Nelson]] ({{ushr|VA|22|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 3.11 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 1.24 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''161''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}81''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 4, 1821{{snd}}12th ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Democratic-Republican]]''' | '''[[Philip Pendleton Barbour|Philip P. Barbour]] ({{ushr|VA|11|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''88''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.16''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|11|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 67 | style="text-align:right" | 38.95 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Henry Baldwin (judge)|Henry Baldwin]] ({{ushr|PA|14|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 3.49 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)|Samuel Smith]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 2.33 |- | style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic-Republican]] | [[Caesar Augustus Rodney|Caesar A. Rodney]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.74 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 2.33 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''172''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}87''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1823 === An election for speaker took place on December 1, 1823 at the start of the [[18th United States Congress|18th Congress]] following the [[1822 and 1823 United States House of Representatives elections|1822{{\}}23 elections]] in which [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. Elected again to the House, former speaker [[Henry Clay]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=WhereasClay/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1823 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=041/llac041.db&recNum=394 41 ''Annals of Cong.'' 595 (1823)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Henry Clay]] ({{ushr|KY|3|B}}) | votes = 139 | percentage = 76.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic-Republican Party | candidate = [[Philip Pendleton Barbour|Philip P. Barbour]] ({{ushr|VA|11|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 42 | percentage = 23.20 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 181 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 91 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1825 === An election for speaker took place December 5, 1825, at the start of the [[19th United States Congress|19th Congress]], following the [[1824 and 1825 United States House of Representatives elections|1824{{\}}25 elections]] and the 1825 presidential [[contingent election]]. In the aftermath of these elections, the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] rapidly splintered between those who supported the new president, [[John Quincy Adams]], and those who supported [[Andrew Jackson]]. Representatives who supported Adams held a slim majority in the House. Former speaker [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 2nd ballot and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett5055/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1825 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llrd&fileName=002/llrd002.db&recNum=401 19 ''Cong. Deb.'' 795 (1825)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 5, 1825{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Adams Party (United States)/meta/color}}" | | [[National Republican Party|Adams]] | [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|17|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 89 | style="text-align:right" | 45.88 |- | style="background:{{Adams Party (United States)/meta/color}}" | | [[National Republican Party|Adams]] | [[John Wilson Campbell|John W. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 21.13 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jackson]] | [[Louis McLane]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 36 | style="text-align:right" | 18.55 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jackson]] | [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|16|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 17 | style="text-align:right" | 8.76 |- | style="background:{{Adams Party (United States)/meta/color}}" | | [[National Republican Party|Adams]] | [[Lewis Condict]] ({{ushr|NJ|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 3.10 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.58 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''194''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}98''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 5, 1825{{snd}}2nd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Adams Party (United States)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[National Republican Party|Adams]]''' | '''[[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|17|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''99''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.30''' |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jackson]] | [[Louis McLane]] ({{ushr|DE|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 44 | style="text-align:right" | 22.80 |- | style="background:{{Adams Party (United States)/meta/color}}" | | [[National Republican Party|Adams]] | [[John Wilson Campbell|John W. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 42 | style="text-align:right" | 21.76 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jackson]] | [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|16|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.59 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.55 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''193''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''{{0|0}}97''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1827 === An election for speaker took place on December 3, 1827 at the start of the [[20th United States Congress|20th Congress]] following the [[1826 and 1827 United States House of Representatives elections|1826{{\}}27 elections]] in which [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonians]], candidates supporting Andrew Jackson in opposition to President John Quincy Adams won a majority of the seats. [[Andrew Stevenson]] won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="Adams&Stevenson">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=C. Francis |last2=Adams |first2=J. Quincy |author-link2=John Quincy Adams |year=1906 |title=John Quincy Adams, and Speaker Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia: An Episode of the Twenty-second Congress (1832) |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924032210068&view=1up&seq=7 |journal=Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=John Wilson and Son |volume=Series 2, Volume 19 |pages=503–553 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |via=[[HathiTrust]] Digital Library |author-link1=Charles Francis Adams Jr.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1827 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llrd&fileName=005/llrd005.db&recNum=409 4 ''Cong. Deb.'' 811 (1827)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|16|B}}) | votes = 104 | percentage = 50.73 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Adams Party (United States) | candidate = [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|17|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 94 | percentage = 45.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Philip Pendleton Barbour|Philip P. Barbour]] ({{ushr|VA|11|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.95 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 205 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 103 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1829 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1829 at the start of the [[21st United States Congress|21st Congress]] following the [[1828 and 1829 United States House of Representatives elections|1828{{\}}29 elections]] in which [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonians]], candidates supporting now-President Andrew Jackson won a majority of the seats. [[Andrew Stevenson]] won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=Adams&Stevenson/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1829 election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 12, 1829 |title=House of Representatives |volume=Volume 37 |pages=254 |work=Niles' Weekly Register |publisher=H. Niles |location=Baltimore, Maryland |editor-last=Niles |editor-first=Hezekiah |editor-link=Hezekiah Niles |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175023748992&view=1up&seq=294 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |via=[[HathiTrust]] Digital Library}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|16|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 152 | percentage = 79.58 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 39 | percentage = 20.42 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 191 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 96 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1831 === An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1831 at the start of the [[22nd United States Congress|22nd Congress]] following the [[1830 and 1831 United States House of Representatives elections|1830{{\}}31 elections]] in which [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonians]] won a majority of the seats. [[Andrew Stevenson]] won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=Adams&Stevenson/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1831 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llrd&fileName=012/llrd012.db&recNum=1 8 ''Cong. Deb.'' 1420 (1831)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|16|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 98 | percentage = 50.26 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Joel Barlow Sutherland|Joel B. Sutherland]] ({{ushr|PA|1|B}}) | votes = 54 | percentage = 27.69 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[John W. Taylor (politician)|John W. Taylor]] ({{ushr|NY|17|B}}) | votes = 18 | percentage = 9.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Charles A. Wickliffe]] ({{ushr|KY|9|B}}) | votes = 15 | percentage = 7.69 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Lewis Condict]] ({{ushr|NJ|1|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 2.05 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 6 | percentage = 3.08 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 195 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 98 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1833 === An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1833 at the start of the [[23rd United States Congress|23rd Congress]] following the [[1832 and 1833 United States House of Representatives elections|1832{{\}}33 elections]] in which [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonians]] won a majority of the seats. [[Andrew Stevenson]] won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mcfarland |first=Daniel M. |year=1996 |title=Williams, Lewis |url=https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/williams-lewis |access-date=August 10, 2019 |website=NCpedia |publisher=Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1833 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llrd&fileName=017/llrd017.db&recNum=371 10 ''Cong. Deb.'' 2136 (1833)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Andrew Stevenson]] ({{ushr|VA|11|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 142 | percentage = 65.44 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Lewis Williams]] ({{ushr|NC|13|B}}) | votes = 39 | percentage = 17.97 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Edward Everett]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | votes = 15 | percentage = 6.91 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate =[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.84 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 9 | percentage = 4.15 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Protest vote|Blank]]'' | votes = 8 | percentage = 3.69 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 217 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 109 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === June 1834 === In June 1834, [[Andrew Stevenson]] resigned as speaker of the House and from Congress to accept President Andrew Jackson's nomination as the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom|U.S. minister to the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bomboy |first=Scott |date=September 30, 2015 |title=Why Boehner's resignation is truly historic for House speakers |url=https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/why-boehners-resignation-is-truly-historic-for-house-speakers |access-date=March 4, 2019 |website=Constitution Daily |publisher=National Constitution Center |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}</ref> Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on June 2, 1834, during the [[23rd United States Congress|23rd Congress]]. The president favored [[James K. Polk]] for the post, but when members of his "[[Kitchen Cabinet]]" went to Capitol Hill and [[Lobbying|lobbied]] on Polk's behalf, they were rebuffed. Perceived as an encroachment upon a constitutional prerogative of the House, the effort to influence the vote splintered Jacksonian party unity and energized the opposition. [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ultimately received a majority of the votes cast in the 10th ballot and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parks |first=Joseph |title=John Bell of Tennessee |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=1950 |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |page=71}}</ref>{{efn|Though Bell won the special election thanks to opposition support, he promoted President Jackson's agenda throughout the balance of the 23rd Congress. Bell openly broke with the president, however, in 1835, by endorsing Tennessee Senator [[Hugh Lawson White|Hugh White]], rather than Democratic Party nominee [[Martin Van Buren]], as Jackson's successor. Bell was branded a "hypocritical apostate" and expelled from the party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parks |first=Joseph |title=John Bell of Tennessee |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |year=1950 |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |page=111}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1834 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=001/llcg001.db&recNum=434 ''Cong. Globe'', 23rd Cong., 1st Sess. 421 (1834)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | June 2, 1834{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Richard Henry Wilde|Richard H. Wilde]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 64 | style="text-align:right" | 29.09 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[James K. Polk]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 42 | style="text-align:right" | 19.09 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Joel Barlow Sutherland|Joel B. Sutherland]] ({{ushr|PA|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 15.45 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 30 | style="text-align:right" | 13.64 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Jesse Speight]] ({{ushr|NC|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 18 | style="text-align:right" | 8.18 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[James Moore Wayne|James M. Wayne]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 15 | style="text-align:right" | 6.82 |- | style="background:{{Anti-Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Jacksonian]] | [[Lewis Williams]] ({{ushr|NC|13|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.82 |- | style="background:{{Anti-Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Jacksonian]] | [[Edward Everett]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.36 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.73 |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''[[Abstention|Blank]]'' | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.82 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''220''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''111''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | June 2, 1834{{snd}}10th ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]]''' | '''[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''114''' | style="text-align:right" | '''52.29''' |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[James K. Polk]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 78 | style="text-align:right" | 35.78 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Richard Henry Wilde|Richard H. Wilde]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 5.05 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[James Moore Wayne|James M. Wayne]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.75 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Joel Barlow Sutherland|Joel B. Sutherland]] ({{ushr|PA|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.92 |- | style="background:{{Jacksonian Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian]] | [[Jesse Speight]] ({{ushr|NC|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.46 |- | style="background:#f5f5f5" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''[[Abstention|Blank]]'' | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.75 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''218''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''110''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} ===December 1835 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1835, at the start of the [[24th United States Congress|24th Congress]], following the [[1834 and 1835 United States House of Representatives elections|1834{{\}}35 elections]] in which [[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonians]] won a majority of the seats. [[James K. Polk]] won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="PolkTNE">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=James Knox Polk |encyclopedia=Tennessee Encyclopedia |publisher=Tennessee Historical Society |location=Nashville, Tennessee |url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/james-knox-polk/ |last=Cutler |first=Wayne |date=March 1, 2018 |accessdate=August 4, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1835 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=111/llcg111.db&recNum=50 ''Cong. Globe'', 24th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1835)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[James K. Polk]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | votes = 132 | percentage = 58.67 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 84 | percentage = 37.33 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Charles F. Mercer]] ({{ushr|VA|14|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.33 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = anti-Masonic Party | candidate = [[John Quincy Adams]] ({{ushr|MA|12|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Anti-Jacksonian Party | candidate = [[Francis Granger]] ({{ushr|NY|26|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.44 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Blank]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.33 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 225 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 113 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === September 1837 === An election for speaker took place on September 4, 1837, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[25th United States Congress|25th Congress]], following the [[1836 and 1837 United States House of Representatives elections|1836{{\}}37 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[James K. Polk]] won a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=PolkTNE/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1837 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=004/llcg004.db&recNum=14 ''Cong. Globe'', 25th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1837)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James K. Polk]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 116 | percentage = 51.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | votes = 103 | percentage = 45.98 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 2.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 224 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 113 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1839 === An election for speaker took place December 14–16, 1839, at the start of the [[26th United States Congress|26th Congress]], following the [[1838 and 1839 United States House of Representatives elections|1838{{\}}39 elections]] in which the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a slim majority of the seats. Balloting was delayed for two weeks as Democrats and Whigs contested the [[Broad Seal War|seating of five representatives-elect]] from New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Alexander |date=1899 |editor-last=Lalor |editor-first=John J. |title=Broad Seal War |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510014074381;view=1up;seq=319 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |website=Cyclopædia of political science, political economy, and of the political history of the United States |publisher=Maynard, Merrill, and Co. |location=New York, New York |page=309 |via=Hathi Trust Digital Library}}</ref> commencing only after the House resolved not to seat either delegation immediately. Once underway, the narrowly divided House was unable to make a quick choice. Finally, on the 11th ballot, [[Robert M. T. Hunter]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett5055/> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1839 election for Speaker |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 14, 1839{{snd}}1st ballot<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=007/llcg007.db&recNum=71 ''Cong. Globe'', 26th Cong., 1st Sess. 52 (1839)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Winston Jones|John W. Jones]] ({{ushr|VA|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 113 | style="text-align:right" | 48.09 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 102 | style="text-align:right" | 43.40 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[William Crosby Dawson|William Dawson]] ({{ushr|GA|AL|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 4.68 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Francis Wilkinson Pickens|Francis W. Pickens]] ({{ushr|SC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.13 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Dixon H. Lewis]] ({{ushr|AL|4|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.28 |- | style="background:{{Conservative Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Conservative Party (United States)|Conservative]] | [[George Washington Hopkins|George W. Hopkins]] ({{ushr|VA|18|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.42 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''235''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''118''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 16, 1839{{snd}}11th ballot<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=007/llcg007.db&recNum=75 ''Cong. Globe'', 26th Cong., 1st Sess. 56 (1839)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]''' | '''[[Robert M. T. Hunter]] ({{ushr|VA|9|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''119''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.29''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Winston Jones|John W. Jones]] ({{ushr|VA|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 55 | style="text-align:right" | 23.71 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[George May Keim|George M. Keim]] ({{ushr|PA|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 24 | style="text-align:right" | 10.35 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Zadok Casey]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 10 | style="text-align:right" | 4.31 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Francis Wilkinson Pickens|Francis W. Pickens]] ({{ushr|SC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 9 | style="text-align:right" | 3.88 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Francis Thomas]] ({{ushr|MD|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.29 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 12 | style="text-align:right" | 5.17 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''232''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''117''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === May 1841 === An election for speaker took place on May 31, 1841, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[27th United States Congress|27th Congress]], following the [[1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections|1840{{\}}41 elections]] in which [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] won a majority of the seats. [[John White (Kentucky politician)|John White]] won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House John White of Kentucky |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35476 |access-date=August 7, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1841 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=009/llcg009.db&recNum=15 ''Cong. Globe'', 27th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1841)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[John White (Kentucky politician)|John White]] ({{ushr|KY|9|B}}) | votes = 121 | percentage = 54.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Winston Jones|John W. Jones]] ({{ushr|VA|3|B}}) | votes = 84 | percentage = 38.01 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry A. Wise]] ({{ushr|VA|8|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 3.62 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Lawrence (Pennsylvania politician)|Joseph Lawrence]] ({{ushr|PA|21|B}}) | votes = 5 | percentage = 2.26 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[George N. Briggs]] ({{ushr|MA|7|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.45 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Nathan Clifford]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.45 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[William Cost Johnson|William C. Johnson]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.45 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 221 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 111 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1843 === An election for speaker took place December 4, 1843, at the start of the [[28th United States Congress]] following the [[1842 and 1843 United States House of Representatives elections|1842{{\}}43 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John Winston Jones|John W. Jones]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1843 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=013/llcg013.db&recNum=26 ''Cong. Globe'', 28th Cong., 1st sess. 3 (1843)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change| | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Winston Jones|John W. Jones]] ({{ushr|VA|6|B}}) | votes = 128 | percentage = 68.09 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change| | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[John White (Kentucky politician)|John White]] ({{ushr|KY|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 59 | percentage = 31.38 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change| | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[William Wilkins (American politician)|William Wilkins]] ({{ushr|PA|21|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.53 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 188 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 95 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1845 === An election for speaker took place December 1, 1845, at the start of the [[29th United States Congress]] following the [[1844 and 1845 United States House of Representatives elections|1844{{\}}45 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John Wesley Davis|John W. Davis]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House John Wesley Davis of Indiana |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35107? |access-date=August 7, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1845 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=016/llcg016.db&recNum=49 ''Cong. Globe'', 29th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1845)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change| | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Wesley Davis|John W. Davis]] ({{ushr|IN|6|B}}) | votes = 119 | percentage = 56.67 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change| | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel Finley Vinton|Samuel F. Vinton]] ({{ushr|OH|12|B}}) | votes = 72 | percentage = 34.29 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change| | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Moses Norris Jr.|Moses Norris]] ({{ushr|NH|AL|B}}) | votes = 9 | percentage = 4.28 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #d99fe8 | party = [[Know Nothing|American]] | candidate = [[William S. Miller]] ({{ushr|NY|3|B}}) | votes = 5 | percentage = 2.38 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 2.38 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 210 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 106 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1847 === An election for speaker took place December 6, 1847, at the start of the [[30th United States Congress|30th Congress]], following the [[1846 and 1847 United States House of Representatives elections|1846{{\}}47 elections]] in which the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]] won a slim majority of the seats. [[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 3rd ballot and was elected speaker.<ref name=Follett5055/> The election became a multi-ballot affair when a few "[[Conscience Whigs]]" initially refused to support Winthrop because he rejected their demand for a pledge to constitute key House committees so as to favor the reporting of [[Abolitionism in the United States|antislavery]] legislation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Corey M. |title=Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-226-30728-2 |pages=125–127}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1847 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=019/llcg019.db&recNum=53 ''Cong. Globe'', 30th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1847)]}}.</ref> |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 6, 1847{{snd}}1st ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 108 | style="text-align:right" | 49.09 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Linn Boyd]] ({{ushr|KY|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 61 | style="text-align:right" | 27.73 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Robert McClelland (American politician)|Robert McClelland]] ({{ushr|MI|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 23 | style="text-align:right" | 10.45 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Alexander McClernand|John A. McClernard]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 11 | style="text-align:right" | 5.00 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[James Iver McKay|James McKay]] ({{ushr|NC|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.27 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Howell Cobb]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.37 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[James Wilson II (New Hampshire politician)|James Wilson]] ({{ushr|NH|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.91 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 7 | style="text-align:right" | 3.18 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''220''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''111''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 6, 1847{{snd}}3rd ballot |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]''' | '''[[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''110''' | style="text-align:right" | '''50.46''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Linn Boyd]] ({{ushr|KY|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 64 | style="text-align:right" | 29.36 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Robert McClelland (American politician)|Robert McClelland]] ({{ushr|MI|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 6.42 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Alexander McClernand|John A. McClernard]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 8 | style="text-align:right" | 3.67 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Robert Rhett]] ({{ushr|SC|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 7 | style="text-align:right" | 3.21 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Armistead Burt]] ({{ushr|SC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.83 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Howell Cobb]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.83 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[James Wilson II (New Hampshire politician)|James Wilson]] ({{ushr|NH|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.92 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.30 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''218''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''110''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1849 === An election for speaker took place December 3–22, 1849, at the start of the [[31st United States Congress|31st Congress]], following the [[1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections|1848{{\}}49 elections]] in which the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a slim majority of the seats. Divisions within both the Democratic Party and Whig Party over slavery plus the presence of the new [[Single-issue politics|Single-issue]] antislavery [[Free Soil Party]] led to pandemonium in the House and a protracted struggle to elect a speaker. After 59 ballots without a majority choice, the House adopted a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] rule stating that, if after three more ballots no one garnered a majority of the votes, the person receiving the highest number of votes on the next ensuing ballot would be declared to have been chosen speaker.<ref name=Follett5055/> On the decisive 63rd ballot, [[Howell Cobb]] received the most votes, 102 votes out of 221, or nine less than a majority, and was elected speaker.<ref name="NYT1101860">{{Cite news |date=January 10, 1860 |title=The Election of Speaker |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/10/archives/the-election-of-speaker.html |access-date=March 3, 2019 |via=The Times's print archive}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1849 election for Speaker |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 3, 1849{{snd}}1st ballot<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=022/llcg022.db&recNum=89 ''Cong. Globe'', 31st Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1849)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Howell Cobb]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 103 | style="text-align:right" | 46.61 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 96 | style="text-align:right" | 43.44 |- | style="background:{{Free Soil Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] | [[David Wilmot]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 8 | style="text-align:right" | 3.62 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Meredith Poindexter Gentry|Meredith P. Gentry]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.71 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Horace Mann]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.91 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.71 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''221''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''111''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 22, 1849{{snd}}63rd ballot<ref name="CG311661849">{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=022/llcg022.db&recNum=153 ''Cong. Globe'', 31st Cong., 1st Sess. 66 (1849)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]''' | '''[[Howell Cobb]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''102''' | style="text-align:right" | '''46.16''' |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Robert Charles Winthrop|Robert C. Winthrop]] ({{ushr|MA|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 99 | style="text-align:right" | 44.80 |- | style="background:{{Free Soil Party/meta/color}}" | | [[Free Soil Party|Free Soil]] | [[David Wilmot]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 8 | style="text-align:right" | 3.62 |- | style="background:{{Whig Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] | [[Charles S. Morehead]] ({{ushr|KY|8|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.81 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)|William Strong]] ({{ushr|PA|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.34 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.27 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''221''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: ! colspan=2 style="background:#f5f5f5" | [[Plurality (voting)|Plurality]]{{efn|Because the 1849 election of Howell Cobb as speaker came as a result of an unconventional rules change, the House adopted a [[Non-binding resolution|resolution]] declaring that Cobb had been duly chosen speaker by House members.<ref name=CG311661849/>}} |} === December 1851 === An election for speaker took place December 1, 1851, at the start of the [[32nd United States Congress|32nd Congress]] following the [[1850 and 1851 United States House of Representatives elections|1850{{\}}51 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Linn Boyd]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1851 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=027/llcg027.db&recNum=90 ''Cong. Globe'', 32nd Cong., 1st Sess. 9–10 (1851)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Linn Boyd]] ({{ushr|KY|1|B}}) | votes = 118 | percentage = 55.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Edward Stanly]] ({{ushr|NC|8|B}}) | votes = 21 | percentage = 9.86 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Ripley Chandler|Joseph R. Chandler]] ({{ushr|PA|2|B}}) | votes = 20 | percentage = 9.39 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Thaddeus Stevens]] ({{ushr|PA|8|B}}) | votes = 16 | percentage = 7.51 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas H. Bayly]] ({{ushr|VA|7|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 3.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[John L. Taylor]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 2.82 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Alexander Evans (American politician)|Alexander Evans]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas S. Bocock]] ({{ushr|VA|4|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Meredith Poindexter Gentry|Meredith P. Gentry]] ({{ushr|TN|7|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.41 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Unionist Party (United States) | candidate = [[Junius Hillyer]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.94 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 11 | percentage = 5.16 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 213 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes =107 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1853 === An election for speaker took place December 5, 1853, at the start of the [[33rd United States Congress|33rd Congress]] following the [[1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections|1852{{\}}53 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Linn Boyd]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1853 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=033/llcg033.db&recNum=3 ''Cong. Globe'', 33rd Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1853)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Linn Boyd]] ({{ushr|KY|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 143 | percentage = 65.90 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Ripley Chandler|Joseph R. Chandler]] ({{ushr|PA|2|B}}) | votes = 35 | percentage = 6.13 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Lewis D. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) | votes = 11 | percentage = 5.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Presley Ewing]] ({{ushr|KY|3|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 3.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Solomon G. Haven]] ({{ushr|NY|32|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 2.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James Lawrence Orr|James L. Orr]] ({{ushr|SC|5|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.84 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[William Preston (Kentucky soldier)|William Preston]] ({{ushr|KY|7|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.38 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[John Gaines Miller|John G. Miller]] ({{ushr|MO|5|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.38 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Whig Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Marshall Howe|Thomas M. Howe]] ({{ushr|PA|22|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.92 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.38 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 217 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 109 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1855 – February 1856 === An election for speaker took place over the course of two months, December 3, 1855 through February 2, 1856, at the start of the [[34th United States Congress|34th Congress]], following the [[1854 and 1855 United States House of Representatives elections|1854{{\}}55 elections]] in which candidates primarily in Northern states running on various [[Electoral fusion|fusion tickets]]—included members from the Whig, Free Soil and American parties, along with members of the nascent [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]—grouped together under the [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition Party]] label, won a majority of the seats. This new, but transitional, party sprang-up amid the fallout from the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] (approved by Congress in mid 1854), which had sparked [[Bleeding Kansas|violence over slavery in Kansas]] and hardened [[Sectionalism|sectional]] positions on the subject.<ref name="LSQ2000">{{Cite journal |last=Jenkins |first=Jeffery A. |last2=Nokken |first2=Timothy P. |date=February 2000 |title=The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56 |url=https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.usc.edu/dist/2/77/files/2018/01/LSQ2000-2mtuewd.pdf |journal=Legislative Studies Quarterly |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=114, 128–130 |doi=10.2307/440395 |jstor=440395 |access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Personal views on slavery drove members' words and actions during this protracted electoral contest. After 129 ballots without a majority choice, the House once again adopted a [[Plurality (voting)|plurality]] rule to break the deadlock. On the decisive 133rd ballot, [[Nathaniel P. Banks]]{{efn|Nathaniel Banks had been a Democrat during the 33rd Congress, but was re-elected to the 34th Congress on the American (Know Nothing) ticket. During his tenure as speaker, Banks changed his political affiliation again, joining the new Republican Party and supporting its first presidential nominee, [[John C. Frémont]], in the [[1856 United States presidential election|1856 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nathaniel Prentiss Banks (1816–1894) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Virginia |publisher=Virginia Humanities |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Banks_Nathaniel_Prentiss_1816-1894 |last=Longacre |first=Edward |accessdate=July 8, 2019}}</ref>}} received the most votes, 103 votes out of 214, or five less than a majority, and was elected speaker.<ref name=NYT1101860/><ref name=LSQ2000/> A record 135 individual congressmen received votes in this the longest Speaker election in House history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |date=October 30, 2015 |title=House Speaker Elections by the Numbers |url=https://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2015/10/30/house-speaker-elections-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=August 22, 2019 |website=Smart Politics |publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1855–56 election for Speaker |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 3, 1855{{snd}}1st ballot<ref name=LSQ2000/><ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=039/llcg039.db&recNum=4 ''Cong. Globe'', 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 3 (1855)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[William Alexander Richardson|William A. Richardson]] ({{ushr|IL|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 74 | style="text-align:right" | 32.89 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Lewis D. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 53 | style="text-align:right" | 23.56 |- | style="background:{{American Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Know Nothing|American]] | [[Humphrey Marshall (general)|Humphrey Marshall]] ({{ushr|KY|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 30 | style="text-align:right" | 13.34 |- | style="background:{{American Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Know Nothing|American]] | [[Nathaniel P. Banks]] ({{ushr|MA|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 21 | style="text-align:right" | 9.33 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Henry Mills Fuller|Henry M. Fuller]] ({{ushr|PA|11|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 17 | style="text-align:right" | 7.56 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Alexander C. M. Pennington|Alexander Pennington]] ({{ushr|NJ|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 7 | style="text-align:right" | 3.11 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Aaron Harlan]] ({{ushr|OH|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.33 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Wheeler (New York politician)|John Wheeler]] ({{ushr|NY|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.33 |- | style="background:{{American Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Know Nothing|American]] | [[Benjamin Babock Thurston|Benjamin B. Thurston]] ({{ushr|RI|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.33 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Israel Washburn Jr.]] ({{ushr|ME|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.89 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[William Alanson Howard|William A. Howard]] ({{ushr|MI|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.89 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 10 | style="text-align:right" | 4.44 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''225''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''113''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | February 2, 1856{{snd}}133rd ballot<ref name=LSQ2000/><ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=039/llcg039.db&recNum=339 ''Cong. Globe'', 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 337 (1856)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{American Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Know Nothing|American]]''' | '''[[Nathaniel P. Banks]] ({{ushr|MA|7|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''103''' | style="text-align:right" | '''48.13''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[William Aiken Jr.]] ({{ushr|SC|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 100 | style="text-align:right" | 46.73 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Henry Mills Fuller|Henry M. Fuller]] ({{ushr|PA|11|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 6 | style="text-align:right" | 2.80 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}} | | [[Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Lewis D. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.87 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Daniel Wells Jr.]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 1 | style="text-align:right" | 0.47 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''214''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: ! colspan=2 style="background:#f5f5f5" | [[Plurality (voting)|Plurality]]{{efn|Because the 1856 election of Nathaniel Banks as speaker came as a result of an unconventional rules change, the House adopted a [[Non-binding resolution|resolution]] declaring that Banks had been duly chosen speaker by House members.<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=039/llcg039.db&recNum=343 ''Cong. Globe'', 34th Cong., 1st Sess. 341 (1856)]}}.</ref>}} |} === December 1857 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1857 at the start of the [[35th United States Congress|35th Congress]], following the [[1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections|1856{{\}}57 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[James Lawrence Orr|James L. Orr]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1857 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=045/llcg045.db&recNum=65 ''Cong. Globe'', 35th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1857)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James Lawrence Orr|James L. Orr]] ({{ushr|SC|5|B}}) | votes = 128 | percentage = 56.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Galusha A. Grow]] ({{ushr|PA|14|B}}) | votes = 84 | percentage = 37.33 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #d99fe8 | party = [[Know Nothing|American]] | candidate = [[Felix Zollicoffer]] ({{ushr|TN|8|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.33 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Lewis D. Campbell]] ({{ushr|OH|3|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.34 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #d99fe8 | party = [[Know Nothing|American]] | candidate = [[Henry Winter Davis|H. Winter Davis]] ({{ushr|MD|4|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.90 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #d99fe8 | party = [[Know Nothing|American]] | candidate = [[James Barroll Ricaud|James B. Ricaud]] ({{ushr|MD|2|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.90 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.32 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 225 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 113 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1859 – February 1860 === An election for speaker took place over the course of eight weeks, December 5, 1859 through February 1, 1860, at the start of the [[36th United States Congress|36th Congress]], following the [[1858 and 1859 United States House of Representatives elections|1858{{\}}59 elections]] in which the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a plurality of the seats. [[William Pennington]], a [[Freshmen|freshmen congressmen]], received a majority of the votes cast in the 44th ballot and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Freehling |first=William W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhsTDAAAQBAJ&q=Pennington+freshman |title=The Road To Disunion: Volume 2: Secessionists Triumphant, 1854–1861 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-505815-4 |location=New York, New York |page=265 |author-link=William W. Freehling |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref> The bitter election dispute deepened the rift between [[slave states and free states]] and helped push Southern political leaders further toward [[Secession in the United States|secession]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crenshaw |first=Ollinger |date=December 1942 |title=The Speakership Contest of 1859-1860: John Sherman's Election a Cause of Disruption? |journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of Organization of American Historians |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=323–338 |doi=10.2307/1897913 |jstor=1897913}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1859–60 election for Speaker |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 5, 1859{{snd}}1st ballot<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=051/llcg051.db&recNum=79 ''Cong. Globe'', 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 2 (1859)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Thomas S. Bocock]] ({{ushr|VA|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 86 | style="text-align:right" | 37.40 |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[John Sherman]] ({{ushr|OH|13|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 66 | style="text-align:right" | 28.70 |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[Galusha A. Grow]] ({{ushr|PA|14|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 43 | style="text-align:right" | 18.70 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}}" | | [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Alexander Boteler]] ({{ushr|VA|8|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 6.08 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}}" | | [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[Thomas Amos Rogers Nelson|Thomas A. R. Nelson]] ({{ushr|TN|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.17 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}}" | | [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[John Adams Gilmer|John A. Gilmer]] ({{ushr|NC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 3 | style="text-align:right" | 1.30 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Lecompton Democrat]] | [[Garnett Adrain]] ({{ushr|NJ|3|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.87 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Lecompton Democrat]] | [[John G. Davis]] ({{ushr|IN|7|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.87 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Anti-Lecompton Democrat]] | [[John B. Haskin]] ({{ushr|NY|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.87 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 7 | style="text-align:right" | 3.04 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''230''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''116''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | February 1, 1860{{snd}}44th ballot<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=051/llcg051.db&recNum=727 ''Cong. Globe'', 36th Cong., 1st Sess. 650 (1860)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]''' | '''[[William Pennington]] ({{ushr|NJ|5|B}})''' | style="text-align:right" | '''117''' | style="text-align:right" | '''50.22''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John Alexander McClernand|John A. McClernand]] ({{ushr|IL|6|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 85 | style="text-align:right" | 36.48 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}}" | | [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[John Adams Gilmer|John A. Gilmer]] ({{ushr|NC|5|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 16 | style="text-align:right" | 6.86 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Martin Jenkins Crawford|Martin J. Crawford]] ({{ushr|GA|2|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.72 |- | {{party shading/Opposition}}" | | [[Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)|Opposition]] | [[William Nathan Harrell Smith|William N. H. Smith]] ({{ushr|NC|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 4 | style="text-align:right" | 1.72 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[John McQueen]] ({{ushr|SC|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.86 |- | style="background:{{Others/meta/color}}" | | {{spaces|3}}— | ''Others'' | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 2.14 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''233''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''117''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === July 1861 === An election for speaker took place July 4, 1861, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[37th United States Congress|37th Congress]], following the [[1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections|1860{{\}}61 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats, and the subsequent [[secession]] of [[Confederate States of America#Secession|several states]] from the Union at the outset of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].{{efn|As representatives resigned from Congress to join the Confederacy, or were expelled for supporting the rebellion, their seats were declared vacant. Some representatives were seated during the 37th Congress from: Louisiana (2 of 4), Tennessee (3 of 10) and Virginia (4 of 13). None were seated from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina or Texas (39 representatives altogether).<ref name="Martis1989HistAtlas">{{Cite book |last=Martis |first=Kenneth C. |title=The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress: 1789-1989 |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1989 |isbn=0-02-920170-5 |page=114 |author-link=Kenneth C. Martis}}</ref>}} [[Galusha A. Grow]] received a majority of the votes cast on the first ballot and was elected speaker, but only after his chief opponent, [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.]], withdrew following the [[roll call vote]], at which time 28 votes shifted to Grow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Independence Day Election of Pennsylvania Representative Galusha A. Grow as Speaker of the House |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36754?ret=True |access-date=April 13, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1861 election for Speaker<ref name="CG37C1S41861">{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=057/llcg057.db&recNum=21 ''Cong. Globe'', 37th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1861)]}}.</ref>{{space|hair}}{{efn|Table shows first ballot vote tally ''after'' vote shifts; votes ''before'' shifts were: Galusha A. Grow{{snd}}71, Francis P. Blair Jr.{{snd}}40, John J. Crittenden{{snd}}12, John S. Phelps{{snd}}7, Clement Vallandingham{{snd}}7, Erastus Corning{{snd}}6, Samuel S. Cox{{snd}}6, William A. Richardson{{snd}}3, John A. McClernand{{snd}}2, ''Others''{{snd}}5 (total votes: 159{{\}}votes necessary: 80).<ref name=CG37C1S41861/>}}}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Galusha A. Grow]] ({{ushr|PA|14|B}}) | votes = 99 | percentage = 62.27 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.|Francis P. Blair Jr.]] ({{ushr|MO|1|B}}) | votes = 12 | percentage = 7.55 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Unionist Party (United States) | candidate = [[John J. Crittenden]] ({{ushr|KY|8|B}}) | votes = 12 | percentage = 7.55 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John S. Phelps]] ({{ushr|MO|6|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 4.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Clement Vallandingham]] ({{ushr|OH|3|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 4.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Erastus Corning]] ({{ushr|NY|14|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 4.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel S. Cox]] ({{ushr|OH|12|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 3.77 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[William Alexander Richardson|William A. Richardson]] ({{ushr|IL|5|B}}) | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Alexander McClernand|John A. McClernand]] ({{ushr|IL|5|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 1.26 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 4 | percentage = 2.51 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 159 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}80 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} ===December 1863 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1863, at the start of the [[38th United States Congress|38th Congress]], following the [[1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections|1862{{\}}63 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won only a plurality of the seats, but [[Coalition government|retained control]] of the House with the assistance of [[Unconditional Union Party|Unconditional Unionist]] members. [[Schuyler Colfax]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1863 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=064/llcg064.db&recNum=77 ''Cong. Globe'', 38th Cong., 1st Sess. 7–8 (1863)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Schuyler Colfax]] ({{ushr|IN|9|B}}) | votes = 101 | percentage = 55.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel S. Cox]] ({{ushr|OH|12|B}}) | votes = 42 | percentage = 23.08 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Littleton Dawson|John L. Dawson]] ({{ushr|PA|21|B}}) | votes = 12 | percentage = 6.59 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Unionist Party (United States) | candidate = [[Robert Mallory]] ({{ushr|KY|5|B}}) | votes = 10 | percentage = 5.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry G. Stebbins]] ({{ushr|NY|1|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 4.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Unionist Party (United States) | candidate = [[Austin Augustus King|Austin A. King]] ({{ushr|MO|1|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 3.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Francis Preston Blair Jr.|Francis P. Blair Jr.]] ({{ushr|MO|6|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 1.10 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Dodson Stiles|John D. Stiles]] ({{ushr|PA|6|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.55 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 182 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}92 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1865 === An election for speaker took place on December 4, 1865, at the start of the [[39th United States Congress|39th Congress]], following the [[1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections|1864{{\}}65 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Schuyler Colfax]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1865 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=070/llcg070.db&recNum=110 ''Cong. Globe'', 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 5 (1865)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Schuyler Colfax]] ({{ushr|IN|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 139 | percentage = 79.43 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James Brooks (politician)|James Brooks]] ({{ushr|NY|8|B}}) | votes = 36 | percentage = 20.57 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 175 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}88 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1867 === An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1867, at the start of the [[40th United States Congress|40th Congress]], following the [[1866 and 1867 United States House of Representatives elections|1866{{\}}67 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Schuyler Colfax]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1867 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=078/llcg078.db&recNum=139 ''Cong. Globe'', 40th Cong., 1st Sess. 4 (1867)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Schuyler Colfax]] ({{ushr|IN|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 127 | percentage = 80.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel S. Marshall]] ({{ushr|IL|11|B}}) | votes = 30 | percentage = 19.11 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 157 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}79 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1869 (40th Congress) === On March 3, 1869, the final full day of the [[40th United States Congress|40th Congress]], [[Schuyler Colfax]], who was to be [[Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States|sworn into office]] as the nation's 17th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] the next day, resigned as speaker. Immediately afterward, the House passed a motion declaring [[Theodore Pomeroy]] duly elected speaker in place of Colfax (for one day).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The shortest period of service for a Speaker on record: March 03, 1869 |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35841?ret=True |access-date=March 20, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1869 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=087/llcg087.db&recNum=367 ''Cong. Globe'', 40th Cong., 3rd Sess. 1868 (1869)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Theodore M. Pomeroy]] ({{ushr|NY|24|B}}) | votes = [[Voice vote|Voice]] | percentage = [[Unanimous consent|U C]] }} {{Election box end}} === March 1869 (41st Congress) === An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1869, at the start of the [[41st United States Congress|41st Congress]], following the [[1868 and 1869 United States House of Representatives elections|1868{{\}}69 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[James G. Blaine]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1869 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=088/llcg088.db&recNum=129 ''Cong. Globe'', 41st Cong., 1st Sess. 4–5 (1869)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James G. Blaine]] ({{ushr|ME|3|B}}) | votes = 135 | percentage = 70.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Michael C. Kerr]] ({{ushr|IN|2|B}}) | votes = 57 | percentage = 29.69 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 192 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = {{0|0}}97 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1871 === An election for speaker took place on March 4, 1871, at the start of the [[42nd United States Congress|42nd Congress]], following the [[1870 and 1871 United States House of Representatives elections|1870{{\}}71 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[James G. Blaine]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1871 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=099/llcg099.db&recNum=121 ''Cong. Globe'', 42nd Cong., 1st Sess. 6 (1871)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James G. Blaine]] ({{ushr|ME|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 126 | percentage = 57.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[George W. Morgan]] ({{ushr|OH|13|B}}) | votes = 92 | percentage = 42.20 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 218 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 110 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1873 === An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1873, at the start of the [[43rd United States Congress|43rd Congress]], following the [[1872 and 1873 United States House of Representatives elections|1872{{\}}73 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[James G. Blaine]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1873 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|LOC|loc=[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcr&fileName=002/llcr002.db&recNum=7 ''Cong. Globe'', 43rd Cong., 1st Sess. 6 (1873)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James G. Blaine]] ({{ushr|ME|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 189 | percentage = 70.26 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Fernando Wood]] ({{ushr|NY|9|B}}) | votes = 76 | percentage = 28.25 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.49 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 269 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 135 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1875 === An election for speaker took place on December 6, 1875, at the start of the [[44th United States Congress|44th Congress]], following the [[1874 and 1875 United States House of Representatives elections|1874{{\}}75 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Michael C. Kerr]], who had just returned to Congress after losing re-election two years earlier, received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="KerrHH">{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House Michael Kerr of Indiana: March 15, 1827 |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35537? |access-date=July 6, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> This was the first time in 16 years, since 1859, that Democrats controlled the House.<ref name="Follett109">{{Cite book |last=Follett |first=Mary Parker |url=https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft |title=The speaker of the House of Representatives |publisher=Longmans, Greene, and Company |year=1909 |location=New York, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/speakerofhouseof00folluoft/page/109 109] |author-link=Mary Parker Follett |access-date=March 8, 2019 |orig-year=First edition, 1896 |via=Internet Archive, digitized in 2007}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1875 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1876-pt1-v4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1876-pt1-v4-18-2.pdf 4 ''Cong. Rec.'' 167 (1876)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Michael C. Kerr]] ({{ushr|IN|3|B}}) | votes = 173 | percentage = 61.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James G. Blaine]] ({{ushr|ME|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 106 | percentage = 37.59 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.06 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 282 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 142 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === August 1876 === [[Michael C. Kerr]] died on August 19, 1876,<ref name=KerrHH/> between the first and second sessions of the [[44th United States Congress|44th Congress]]. Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on December 4, 1876, when Congress reconvened. [[Samuel J. Randall]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="RandallHH">{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House Samuel Randall of Pennsylvania: October 15, 1877 |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35968? |access-date=July 6, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=House |first=Albert V. |url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer15amer#page/350/mode/2up |title=Samuel Jackson Randall |work=[[Dictionary of American Biography]] |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons |year=1935 |editor-last=Malone |editor-first=Dumas |volume=XV |location=New York, New York |pages=350–351 |oclc=4171403 |access-date=July 6, 2019 |via=archive.org and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1876 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1877-pt1-v5/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1877-pt1-v5-1-2.pdf 5 ''Cong. Rec.'' 6 (1877)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel J. Randall]] ({{ushr|PA|3|B}}) | votes = 162 | percentage = 65.59 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James A. Garfield]] ({{ushr|OH|19|B}}) | votes = 82 | percentage = 33.20 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #ddddcc | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''Others'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 1.21 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 247 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 124 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === October 1877 === An election for speaker took place on October 15, 1877, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[45th United States Congress|45th Congress]], following the [[1876 and 1877 United States House of Representatives elections|1876{{\}}77 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats, and the [[Electoral Commission (United States)|electoral crisis]] spawned by the contentious [[1876 United States presidential election|1876 presidential election]]. [[Samuel J. Randall]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=RandallHH/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1877 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1877-pt1-v6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1877-pt1-v6-12-2.pdf 6 ''Cong. Rec.'' 53 (1877)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel J. Randall]] ({{ushr|PA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 149 | percentage = 53.03 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James A. Garfield]] ({{ushr|OH|19|B}}) | votes = 132 | percentage = 46.97 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 281 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 141 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1879 === An election for speaker took place on March 18, 1879, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[46th United States Congress|46th Congress]], following the [[1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections|1878{{\}}79 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won only a plurality of the seats, but retained control of power with the help of several [[Independent Democrat]]s. [[Samuel J. Randall]] received a slim majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name="NOdD03191879">{{Cite news |date=March 19, 1879 |title=The Extra Session. Organization Of Both Branches Of Congress Yesterday |work=The New Orleans daily Democrat |location=New Orleans, Louisiana |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83026413/1879-03-19/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=July 7, 2019 |via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1879 election for Speaker<ref name=NOdD03191879/><ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1879-pt1-v9/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1879-pt1-v9-1-2.pdf 9 ''Cong. Rec.'' 5 (1879)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel J. Randall]] ({{ushr|PA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 144 | percentage = 50.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James A. Garfield]] ({{ushr|OH|19|B}}) | votes = 125 | percentage = 44.17 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Greenback Party | candidate = [[Hendrick Bradley Wright|Hendrick B. Wright]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) | votes = 13 | percentage = 4.59 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[William D. Kelley]] ({{ushr|PA|4|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.35 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 283 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 142 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1881 === An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1881, at the start of the [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]] following the [[1880 United States House of Representatives elections|1880 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[J. Warren Keifer]] won a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schraufnagel |first=Scot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCekVq3piTsC&q=Keifer+elected+speaker+1881&pg=PA123 |title=Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780810874558 |location=Latham, Maryland |page=123 |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1881 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1882-pt1-v13/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1882-pt1-v13-1-2.pdf 13 ''Cong. Rec.'' 8–9 (1882)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[J. Warren Keifer]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) | votes = 148 | percentage = 51.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Samuel J. Randall]] ({{ushr|PA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 129 | percentage = 45.26 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Greenback Party | candidate =[[Nicholas Ford]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 2.81 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 285 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 143 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1883 === An election for speaker took place on December 3, 1883, at the start of the [[48th United States Congress|48th Congress]] following the [[1882 United States House of Representatives elections|1882 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John G. Carlisle]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="CarlisleHH">{{Cite web |title=Speaker of the House John Carlisle of Kentucky |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/37033? |access-date=August 11, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1883 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1884-pt1-v15/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1884-pt1-v15-1-2.pdf 15 ''Cong. Rec.'' 4–5 (1884)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John G. Carlisle]] ({{ushr|KY|6|B}}) | votes = 190 | percentage = 61.69 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[J. Warren Keifer]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 113 | percentage = 36.69 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[George D. Robinson]] ({{ushr|MA|12|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.66 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James Wolcott Wadsworth|James W. Wadsworth]] ({{ushr|NY|27|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Edward S. Lacey]] ({{ushr|MI|3|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Readjuster Party | candidate = [[John Sergeant Wise|John S. Wise]] ({{ushr|VA|AL|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.32 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 308 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 155 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1885 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1885, at the start of the [[49th United States Congress|49th Congress]] following the [[1884 United States House of Representatives elections|1884 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John G. Carlisle]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=CarlisleHH/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1885 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1886-pt1-v17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1886-pt1-v17-24-2.pdf 17 ''Cong. Rec.'' 106–107 (1886)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John G. Carlisle]] ({{ushr|KY|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 178 | percentage = 56.33 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 138 | percentage = 43.67 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 316 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 159 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1887 === An election for speaker took place on December 5, 1887, at the start of the [[50th United States Congress|50th Congress]] following the [[1886 United States House of Representatives elections|1886 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John G. Carlisle]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=CarlisleHH/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1887 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1888-pt1-v19/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1888-pt1-v19-1-2.pdf 19 ''Cong. Rec.'' 6 (1888)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John G. Carlisle]] ({{ushr|KY|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 163 | percentage = 52.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 147 | percentage = 47.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles N. Brumm]] ({{ushr|PA|13|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.64 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 312 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 157 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1889 === An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1889, at the start of the [[51st United States Congress|51st Congress]] following the [[1888 United States House of Representatives elections|1888 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=James |title=Mr. Speaker!: The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed – The Man Who Broke the Filibuster |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4165-4493-7 |location=New York, New York |pages=253–254 |author-link=James Grant (finance)}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1889 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1890-pt1-v21/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1890-pt1-v21-22-2.pdf 21 ''Cong. Rec.'' 80–81 (1890)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 166 | percentage = 51.71 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John G. Carlisle]] ({{ushr|KY|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 154 | percentage = 47.98 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Amos J. Cummings]] ({{ushr|PA|9|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.31 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 321 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 161 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1891 === An election for speaker took place on December 8, 1891, at the start of the [[52nd United States Congress|52nd Congress]] following the [[1890 United States House of Representatives elections|1890 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Charles Frederick Crisp|Charles F. Crisp]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="CrispNGE">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Charles Crisp (1845-1896) |encyclopedia=New Georgia Encyclopedia |publisher=Georgia Humanities Council |location=Atlanta, Georgia |url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/charles-crisp-1845-1896%3famp |last=Brown |first=Russell K. |date=January 27, 2006 |accessdate=August 11, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1891 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1892-pt1-v23/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1892-pt1-v23-2-2.pdf 23 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7–8 (1892)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles Frederick Crisp|Charles F. Crisp]] ({{ushr|GA|3|B}}) | votes = 228 | percentage = 71.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 83 | percentage = 26.02 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[Thomas E. Watson]] ({{ushr|GA|10|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 2.51 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 160 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === August 1893 === An election for speaker took place on August 7, 1893, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[53rd United States Congress|53rd Congress]] following the [[1892 United States House of Representatives elections|1892 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Charles Frederick Crisp|Charles F. Crisp]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=CrispNGE/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1893 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1893-pt1-v25/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1893-pt1-v25-26-2.pdf 25 ''Cong. Rec.'' 200–201 (1893)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles Frederick Crisp|Charles F. Crisp]] ({{ushr|GA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 213 | percentage = 62.46 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 121 | percentage = 35.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[Jerry Simpson]] ({{ushr|KS|7|B}}) | votes = 7 | percentage = 2.05 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 341 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 171 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1895 === An election for speaker took place on December 2, 1895, at the start of the [[54th United States Congress|54th Congress]] following the [[1894 United States House of Representatives elections|1894 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="SWM1914TBR">{{Cite book |last=McCall |first=Samuel W. |url=https://archive.org/stream/thomasbrackett00mccarich#page/n7/mode/2up |title=The Life of Thomas Brackett Reed |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=1914 |location=New York, New York |pages=217, 231 |author-link=Samuel W. McCall |access-date=August 11, 2019 |via=archive.org}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1895 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1896-pt1-v28/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1896-pt1-v28-1-2.pdf 28 ''Cong. Rec.'' 3–4 (1896)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) | votes = 240 | percentage = 70.18 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles Frederick Crisp|Charles F. Crisp]] ({{ushr|GA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 95 | percentage = 27.78 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[John Calhoun Bell|John C. Bell]] ({{ushr|CO|2|B}}) | votes = 6 | percentage = 1.75 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[David B. Culberson]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.29 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 342 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 172 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1897 === An election for speaker took place on March 15, 1897, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[55th United States Congress|55th Congress]] following the [[1896 United States House of Representatives elections|1896 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref name=SWM1914TBR/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1897 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1897-pt1-v30/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1897-pt1-v30-5-2.pdf 30 ''Cong. Rec.'' 14 (1897)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Thomas B. Reed]] ({{ushr|ME|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 200 | percentage = 59.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Weldon Bailey|Joseph W. Bailey]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) | votes = 114 | percentage = 33.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[John Calhoun Bell|John C. Bell]] ({{ushr|CO|2|B}}) | votes = 21 | percentage = 6.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Silver Party | candidate = [[Francis G. Newlands]] ({{ushr|NV|AL|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.30 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 336 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 169 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1899 === An election for speaker took place December 4, 1899, at the start of the [[56th United States Congress|56th Congress]] following the [[1898 United States House of Representatives elections|1898 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[David B. Henderson]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=December 4, 2015 |title=First House speaker from west of the Mississippi elected, Dec. 4, 1899 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/first-house-speaker-from-west-of-the-mississippi-elected-dec-4-1899-216363 |access-date=August 5, 2019 |publisher=Politico}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1898 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1900-pt1-v33/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1900-pt1-v33-1-2.pdf 33 ''Cong. Rec.'' 4–5 (1900)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[David B. Henderson]] ({{ushr|IA|3|B}}) | votes = 177 | percentage = 52.68 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James D. Richardson]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 153 | percentage = 45.54 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[John Calhoun Bell|John C. Bell]] ({{ushr|CO|2|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 1.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Silver Party | candidate = [[Francis G. Newlands]] ({{ushr|NV|AL|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.59 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 336 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 169 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} == Elections from 1901 to 1999 == === December 1901 === An election for speaker took place December 2, 1901, at the start of the [[57th United States Congress|57th Congress]] following the [[1900 United States House of Representatives elections|1900 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[David B. Henderson]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 1901 |title=Fifty-seventh Congress (with time-honored ceremonies) Is Formally Assembled |work=The St. Louis Republic |location=St. Louis, Missouri |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020274/1901-12-03/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=August 13, 2019 |via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1901 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1902-pt1-v35/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1902-pt1-v35-7-2.pdf 35 ''Cong. Rec.'' 44 (1902)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[David B. Henderson]] ({{ushr|IA|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 192 | percentage = 55.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[James D. Richardson]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 152 | percentage = 43.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Populist Party (United States) | candidate = [[William Ledyard Stark|William L. Stark]] ({{ushr|NE|4|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.29 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Amos J. Cummings]] ({{ushr|NY|10|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.29 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 346 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 174 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === November 1903 === An election for speaker took place November 9, 1903, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[58th United States Congress|58th Congress]] following the [[1902 United States House of Representatives elections|1902 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1903 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1903-pt1-v37/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1903-pt1-v37-12-2.pdf 37 ''Cong. Rec.'' 147–148 (1903)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] ({{ushr|IL|12|B}}) | votes = 198 | percentage = 54.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Sharp Williams|John Williams]] ({{ushr|MS|8|B}}) | votes = 167 | percentage = 45.75 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 365 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 183 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1905 === An election for speaker took place December 4, 1905, at the start of the [[59th United States Congress|59th Congress]] following the [[1904 United States House of Representatives elections|1904 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1905 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1906-pt1-v40/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1906-pt1-v40-13-2.pdf 40 ''Cong. Rec.'' 40–41 (1906)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 243 | percentage = 65.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Sharp Williams|John Williams]] ({{ushr|MS|8|B}}) | votes = 128 | percentage = 34.50 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 371 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 186 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1907 === An election for speaker took place December 2, 1907, at the start of the [[60th United States Congress|60th Congress]] following the [[1906 United States House of Representatives elections|1906 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1907 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1908-pt1-v42/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1908-pt1-v42-1-2.pdf 42 ''Cong. Rec.'' 4–5 (1908)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 213 | percentage = 56.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Sharp Williams|John Williams]] ({{ushr|MS|8|B}}) | votes = 162 | percentage = 43.20 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 375 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 188 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1909 === An election for speaker took place March 15, 1909, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[61st United States Congress|61st Congress]] following the [[1908 United States House of Representatives elections|1908 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. Cannon's election to a fourth term as speaker was challenged by a group of dissatisfied [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Progressive Republicans|progressive Republicans]]; 12 of these insurgents voted for other people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 16, 1909 |title=CANNON STILL HOLDS POWER IN THE HOUSE; Some Democrats, Led by Fitzgerald of Brooklyn, Desert Rules Insurgents. SPEAKER IS RE-ELECTED Minor Modifications Made In the Rules by Brooklyn Man's Resolution – Champ Clark Routed |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/03/16/archives/cannon-still-holds-power-in-the-house-some-democrats-led-by.html |access-date=July 28, 2019 |via=The Times's print archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Margulies |first=Herbert F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkMBKHQaH4C&pg=PA13 |title=Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1996 |isbn=0-313-29817-3 |location=Westport, Connecticut |pages=13–17 |access-date=July 28, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1909 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1909-pt1-v44/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1909-pt1-v44-4-2.pdf 44 ''Cong. Rec.'' 17–18 (1909)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joseph Cannon]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 204 | percentage = 53.40 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) | votes = 166 | percentage = 43.46 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry Allen Cooper|Henry A. Cooper]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | votes = 8 | percentage = 2.10 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[George W. Norris]] ({{ushr|NE|5|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[John J. Esch]] ({{ushr|WI|7|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.26 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[William Peters Hepburn|William P. Hepburn]] ({{ushr|IA|8|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.26 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 382 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 192 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === April 1911 === An election for speaker took place April 4, 1911, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[62nd United States Congress|62nd Congress]] following the [[1910 United States House of Representatives elections|1910 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Champ Clark]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 16 years, since 1895, that Democrats controlled the House.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 5, 1911 |title=CONGRESS OPENS; CLARK SPEAKER; Great Enthusiasm as Democrats Rule the House for First Time in Sixteen Years |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/04/05/archives/congress-opens-clark-speaker-great-enthusiasm-as-democrats-rule-the.html |access-date=August 9, 2019 |via=The Times's print archive}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1911 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1911-pt1-v47/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1911-pt1-v47-1-2.pdf 47 ''Cong. Rec.'' 6–7 (1911)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) | votes = 220 | percentage = 59.78 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)|James R. Mann]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | votes = 131 | percentage = 35.60 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry Allen Cooper|Henry A. Cooper]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | votes = 16 | percentage = 4.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[George W. Norris]] ({{ushr|NE|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.27 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 368 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 185 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === April 1913 === An election for speaker took place April 7, 1913, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[63rd United States Congress|63rd Congress]] following the [[1912 United States House of Representatives elections|1912 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Champ Clark]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1913 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1913-pt1-v50/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1913-pt1-v50-9-2.pdf 50 ''Cong. Rec.'' 63–64 (1913)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 272 | percentage = 66.99 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)|James R. Mann]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | votes = 111 | percentage = 27.34 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Victor Murdock]] ({{ushr|KS|8|B}}) | votes = 18 | percentage = 4.43 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry Allen Cooper|Henry A. Cooper]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 0.99 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[John M. Nelson]] ({{ushr|WI|3|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.25 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 406 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 204 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1915 === An election for speaker took place December 6, 1915, at the start of the [[64th United States Congress|64th Congress]] following the [[1914 United States House of Representatives elections|1914 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Champ Clark]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1915 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1916-pt1-v53/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1916-pt1-v53-1-2.pdf 53 ''Cong. Rec.'' 5–6 (1915)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 222 | percentage = 52.61 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)|James R. Mann]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | votes = 195 | percentage = 46.21 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.18 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 422 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 212 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === April 1917 === An election for speaker took place April 2, 1917, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[65th United States Congress|65th Congress]] following [[1916 United States House of Representatives elections|1916 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of the seats. Even so, [[Champ Clark]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] were able to retain control of the House by forming a [[Coalition government|Coalition]] with [[Third party (United States)|third-party]] ([[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Progressive]], [[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]] and [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]) members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 2, 1917 |title=With House Organized President Will Read His Address Tonight. Single Ballot Proves Sufficient To Re-elect Champ Clark As Speaker. Speaker Of The House And His Republican Opponent. Every Democrat Voted For Clark For Speakership: Four Republican Votes Were Scattered and Two Voted Present |work=The Butte daily post |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85053058/1917-04-02/ed-1/seq-1/ |access-date=July 28, 2019 |via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, Library of Congress}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1917 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1917-pt1-v55/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1917-pt1-v55-11-2.pdf 55 ''Cong. Rec.'' 106–108 (1917)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 217 | percentage = 50.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)|James R. Mann]] ({{ushr|IL|2|B}}) | votes = 205 | percentage = 47.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Frederick H. Gillett]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Irvine Lenroot]] ({{ushr|WI|11|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 428 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === May 1919 === An election for speaker took place May 19, 1919, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[66th United States Congress|66th Congress]] following [[1918 United States House of Representatives elections|1918 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Frederick H. Gillett]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=May 10, 2010 |title=GOP assumes control of Congress, May 19, 1919 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/05/gop-assumes-control-of-congress-may-19-1919-037445 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=Politico}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1919 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1919-pt1-v58/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1919-pt1-v58-1-2.pdf 58 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7–8 (1919)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Frederick H. Gillett]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) | votes = 228 | percentage = 57.00 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Champ Clark]] ({{ushr|MO|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 172 | percentage = 43.00 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 400 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 201 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === April 1921 === An election for speaker took place April 11, 1921, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[67th United States Congress|67th Congress]] following [[1920 United States House of Representatives elections|1920 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Frederick H. Gillett]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1921 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1921-pt1-v61/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1921-pt1-v61-11-2.pdf 61 ''Cong. Rec.'' 79–80 (1921)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Frederick H. Gillett]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 297 | percentage = 70.01 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Claude Kitchin]] ({{ushr|NC|2|B}}) | votes = 122 | percentage = 29.05 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 420 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 211 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1923 === An election for speaker took place December 3–5, 1923, at the start of the [[68th United States Congress|68th Congress]], following the [[1922 United States House of Representatives elections|1922 elections]] in which the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Frederick H. Gillett]] received a majority of the votes cast in the 9th ballot and was re-elected speaker. [[Progressive Republican]]s had refused to support Gillett for the first eight ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the [[House Rules Committee]] and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolfensberger |first=Don |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Opening day of new Congress: Not always total joy |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/politics/420984-opening-day-of-new-congress-not-always-total-joy |access-date=February 20, 2019 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin-right:1em; font-size:95%" |+ style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em" | 1923 election for Speaker |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 3, 1923{{snd}}1st ballot<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1924-pt1-v65/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1924-pt1-v65-1-2.pdf 65 ''Cong. Rec.'' 8 (1923)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="width: 0.5em; background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[Frederick H. Gillett]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) (Incumbent) | style="text-align:right" | 197 | style="text-align:right" | 47.58 |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Finis J. Garrett]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 195 | style="text-align:right" | 47.10 |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[Henry Allen Cooper|Henry A. Cooper]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 17 | style="text-align:right" | 4.11 |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[Martin B. Madden]] ({{ushr|IL|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 5 | style="text-align:right" | 1.21 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''414''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''208''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |- ! colspan=5 style="font-size:95%" | December 5, 1923{{snd}}9th ballot<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1924-pt1-v65/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1924-pt1-v65-3-2.pdf 65 ''Cong. Rec.'' 15 (1923)]}}.</ref> |- ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" |Party ! scope="col" style="width: 17em" |Candidate ! scope="col" style="width: 5em" |Votes ! scope="col" style="width: 3.5em" |% |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | '''[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]''' | '''[[Frederick H. Gillett]] ({{ushr|MA|2|B}}) (Incumbent)''' | style="text-align:right" | '''215''' | style="text-align:right" | '''51.94''' |- | style="background:{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | [[Finis J. Garrett]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 197 | style="text-align:right" | 47.58 |- | style="background:{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}" | | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | [[Martin B. Madden]] ({{ushr|IL|1|B}}) | style="text-align:right" | 2 | style="text-align:right" | 0.48 |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Total votes: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''414''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''100''' |- ! colspan=3 style="text-align:right" | Votes necessary: | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''208''' | style="text-align:right; background:#f5f5f5" | '''>50''' |} === December 1925 === An election for speaker took place December 7, 1925, at the start of the [[69th United States Congress|69th Congress]] following [[1924 United States House of Representatives elections|1924 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nicholas Longworth]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, even though [[Factions in the Republican Party (United States)#Progressive Republicans|progressive Republicans]] refused to vote for him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 7, 1925 |title=Insurgents Of House Strike Blow At Brilliant Opening. Longworth is Speaker |work=South Haven Daily Tribune |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/south-haven-daily-tribune-dec-07-1925-p-1/ |access-date=July 28, 2019 |via=Newspaper Archive}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1925 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1926-pt1-v67/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1926-pt1-v67-14-2.pdf 67 ''Cong. Rec.'' 379–381 (1925)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Nicholas Longworth]] ({{ushr|OH|1|B}}) | votes = 229 | percentage = 54.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Finis J. Garrett]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | votes = 173 | percentage = 41.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry Allen Cooper|Henry A. Cooper]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | votes = 13 | percentage = 3.10 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.19 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 420 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 211 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1927 === An election for speaker took place December 5, 1927, at the start of the [[70th United States Congress|70th Congress]] following [[1926 United States House of Representatives elections|1926 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nicholas Longworth]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1927 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt1-v69/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1928-pt1-v69-1-2.pdf 69 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7–8 (1927)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Nicholas Longworth]] ({{ushr|OH|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 225 | percentage = 53.96 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Finis J. Garrett]] ({{ushr|TN|9|B}}) | votes = 177 | percentage = 42.44 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.20 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 417 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 209 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === April 1929 === An election for speaker took place April 15, 1929, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[71st United States Congress|71st Congress]] following [[1928 United States House of Representatives elections|1928 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nicholas Longworth]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1929 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1929-pt1-v71/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1929-pt1-v71-3-2.pdf 71 ''Cong. Rec.'' 23–24 (1929)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Nicholas Longworth]] ({{ushr|OH|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 254 | percentage = 63.82 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]] ({{ushr|TX|15|B}}) | votes = 143 | percentage = 35.93 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.25 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 398 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 200 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === December 1931 === An election for speaker took place on December 7, 1931, at the start of the [[72nd United States Congress|72nd Congress]], following the [[1930 United States House of Representatives elections|1930 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a very slim majority of the seats. However, during the 13 months between Election Day and the start of the new Congress, 14 members-elect died, including the sitting speaker [[Nicholas Longworth]], who died on April 9, 1931. Republicans lost a number of the special elections called to fill the vacancies; consequently, when Congress convened, the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] held a 3-seat majority in the House. [[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Opening of the 72nd Congress: December 07, 1931 |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35436? |access-date=July 25, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Historian, Clerk of the U.S. House |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite interview |last=Ritchie |first=Donald A. |subject-link=Donald A. Ritchie |interviewer=[[Robert Siegel]] |title=A Look Back At The Midterm Election Of 1930 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048598 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |work=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=NPR |place=Washington, D.C. |date=November 3, 2010}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1931 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1932-pt1-v75/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1932-pt1-v75-1-2.pdf 75 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7–8 (1932)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]] ({{ushr|TX|15|B}}) | votes = 218 | percentage = 50.69 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Bertrand Snell]] ({{ushr|NY|31|B}}) | votes = 207 | percentage = 48.14 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[George J. Schneider]] ({{ushr|WI|9|B}}) | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.17 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 430 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === March 1933 === An election for speaker took place March 9, 1933, at the start{{efn|name=Extraordinary}} of the [[73rd United States Congress|73rd Congress]], following the [[1932 United States House of Representatives elections|1932 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Henry Thomas Rainey|Henry T. Rainey]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref name="RH2014KF">{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Ray |date=October 19, 2014 |title=Mr. Speaker: Henry T. Rainey of Illinois |url=http://staging.knoxfocus.com/2014/10/mr-speaker-henry-t-rainey-illinois/ |access-date=July 26, 2019 |website=The Knoxville Focus |location=Knoxville, Tennessee}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1933 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1933-pt1-v77/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1933-pt1-v77-3-2.pdf 77 ''Cong. Rec.'' 69–70 (1933)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Henry Thomas Rainey|Henry T. Rainey]] ({{ushr|IL|20|B}}) | votes = 302 | percentage = 72.25 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Bertrand Snell]] ({{ushr|NY|31|B}}) | votes = 110 | percentage = 26.32 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Farmer–Labor Party | candidate = [[Paul John Kvale|Paul J. Kvale]] ({{ushr|MN|AL|B}}) | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.19 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 418 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 210 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1935 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1935, on the opening day of the [[74th United States Congress|74th Congress]],{{efn|The 74th Congress was the first U.S. Congress to commence on third day of January, as prescribed by the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twentieth Amendment, Section 2]], which had been adopted in 1933.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 20th Amendment: January 03, 1935 |url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35272 |access-date=July 25, 2019 |website=Historical Highlights |publisher=Historian, Clerk of the U.S. House |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagle |first=John Copeland |title=Essays on Amendment XX: Presidential Terms |url=https://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/amendments/20/essays/182/presidential-terms |access-date=July 26, 2019 |website=Heritage Guide to the Constitution |publisher=Heritage Foundation}}</ref>}} two months after the [[1934 United States House of Representatives elections|1934 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Jo Byrns|Joseph Byrns]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 1935 |title=Congress Hears President's Message |work=The Troy Free Press |location=Troy, Missouri |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/troy-free-press-jan-11-1935-p-1/ |access-date=July 26, 2019 |via=NewspaperArchive}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1935 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1935-pt1-v79/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1935-pt1-v79-1-2.pdf 79 ''Cong. Rec.'' 10–11 (1935)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Jo Byrns|Joseph Byrns]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 317 | percentage = 74.41 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Bertrand Snell]] ({{ushr|NY|31|B}}) | votes = 95 | percentage = 22.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[George J. Schneider]] ({{ushr|WI|8|B}}) | votes = 9 | percentage = 2.11 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[William P. Lambertson]] ({{ushr|KS|1|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.71 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === June 1936 === Speaker [[Jo Byrns|Joseph W. Byrns]] died suddenly in the early hours of June 4, 1936, during the [[74th United States Congress|74th Congress]]. Consequently, when the House convened that day, a [[Non-binding resolution|resolution]] declaring [[William B. Bankhead]] duly elected speaker was adopted by voice vote.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Catledge |first=Turner |date=June 5, 1936 |title=Byrns's Death Bars Adjournment; House Elects Bankhead Speaker; Plan to Quit Monday Abandoned — Week of June 15 Now Set — Recesses During Republican Convention — Tax Bill Is Slated to Go to Conference Tomorrow. DEATH OF SPEAKER BARS ADJOURNMENT |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/06/05/archives/byrnss-death-bars-adjournment-house-elects-bankhead-speaker-plan-to.html |access-date=March 20, 2019 |via=The Times's print archive}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1936 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1936-pt8-v80/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1936-pt8-v80-7-2.pdf 80 ''Cong. Rec.'' 9016 (1936)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[William B. Bankhead]] ({{ushr|AL|7|B}}) | votes = [[Voice vote|Voice]] | percentage = [[Unanimous consent|U C]] }} {{Election box end}} === January 1937 === An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1937 on the opening day of the [[75th United States Congress|75th Congress]], two months after the [[1936 United States House of Representatives elections|1936 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[William B. Bankhead]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1937 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1937-pt1-v81/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1937-pt1-v81-1-2.pdf 81 ''Cong. Rec.'' 11 (1937)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[William B. Bankhead]] ({{ushr|AL|7|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 324 | percentage = 76.78 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Bertrand Snell]] ({{ushr|NY|31|B}}) | votes = 83 | percentage = 19.67 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[George J. Schneider]] ({{ushr|WI|8|B}}) | votes = 10 | percentage = 2.37 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Fred L. Crawford]] ({{ushr|MI|8|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.71 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 421 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 211 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1939 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1939, on the opening day of the [[76th United States Congress|76th Congress]], two months after the [[1938 United States House of Representatives elections|1938 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[William B. Bankhead]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title = 1939 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1939-pt1-v84/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1939-pt1-v84-1-2.pdf 84 ''Cong. Rec.'' 10–11 (1939)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[William B. Bankhead]] ({{ushr|AL|7|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 249 | percentage = 59.29 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 168 | percentage = 40.00 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Merlin Hull]] ({{ushr|WI|9|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Bernard J. Gehrmann]] ({{ushr|WI|10|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 420 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 211 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === September 1940 === Speaker [[William B. Bankhead]] died on September 15, 1940 during the [[76th United States Congress|76th Congress]]. Accordingly, when the House convened the next day, a [[Non-binding resolution|resolution]] declaring [[Sam Rayburn]] duly elected speaker was adopted by voice vote.<ref name=RayburnIsDead/> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1940 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1940-pt11-v86/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1940-pt11-v86-8-2.pdf 86 ''Cong. Rec.'' 12231 (1940)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) | votes = [[Voice vote|Voice]] | percentage = [[Unanimous consent|U C]] }} {{Election box end}} === January 1941 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1941, on the opening day of the [[77th United States Congress|77th Congress]], two months after the [[1940 United States House of Representatives elections|1940 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1941 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1941-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1941-pt1-1-2.pdf 87 ''Cong. Rec.'' 6–7 (1941)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 247 | percentage = 60.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 159 | percentage = 38.79 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Merlin Hull]] ({{ushr|WI|9|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.49 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Bernard J. Gehrmann]] ({{ushr|WI|10|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 410 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 206 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1943 === An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1943, on the opening day of the [[78th United States Congress|78th Congress]], two months after the [[1942 United States House of Representatives elections|1942 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1943 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1943-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1943-pt1-1-2.pdf 89 ''Cong. Rec.'' 6 (1943)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 217 | percentage = 50.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 206 | percentage = 48.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Merlin Hull]] ({{ushr|WI|9|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Wisconsin Progressive Party | candidate = [[Harry Sauthoff]] ({{ushr|WI|2|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1945 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1945, on the opening day of the [[79th United States Congress|79th Congress]], two months after the [[1944 United States House of Representatives elections|1944 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1945 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1945-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1945-pt1-1-2.pdf 91 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7–8 (1945)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 224 | percentage = 56.85 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 168 | percentage = 42.64 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.51 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 394 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 198 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1947 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1947, on the opening day of the [[80th United States Congress|80th Congress]], two months after the [[1946 United States House of Representatives elections|1946 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 16 years, since 1931, that Republicans controlled the House. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1947 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1947-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1947-pt1-1-2.pdf 93 ''Cong. Rec.'' 34–35 (1947)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 244 | percentage = 57.28 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 182 | percentage = 42.72 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1949 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1949, on the opening day of the [[81st United States Congress|81st Congress]], two months after the [[1948 United States House of Representatives elections|1948 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1949 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1949-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1949-pt1-1-2.pdf 95 ''Cong. Rec.'' 8–9 (1949)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) | votes = 255 | percentage = 61.30 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 160 | percentage = 38.46 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 416 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 209 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1951 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1951, on the opening day of the [[82nd United States Congress|82nd Congress]], two months after the [[1950 United States House of Representatives elections|1950 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1951 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1951-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1951-pt1-1-2.pdf 97 ''Cong. Rec.'' 7 (1951)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 231 | percentage = 54.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 192 | percentage = 45.07 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.70 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1953 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1953, on the opening day of the [[83rd United States Congress|83rd Congress]], two months after the [[1952 United States House of Representatives elections|1952 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=John D. |date=January 4, 1953 |title=Martin, Sworn as Speaker, Slates Tax Reduction First; House's First Bill Proposes Tax Cut |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/04/archives/martin-sworn-as-speaker-slates-tax-reduction-first-houses-first.html |access-date=March 28, 2019 |via=The Times's print archive}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1953 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1953-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1953-pt1-1-2.pdf 99 ''Cong. Rec.'' 12–13 (1953)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 220 | percentage = 51.89 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 201 | percentage = 47.41 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.70 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 424 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 213 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1955 === An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1955, on the opening day of the [[84th United States Congress|84th Congress]], two months after the [[1954 United States House of Representatives elections|1954 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, becoming the first member since [[Henry Clay]] in the 1820s to have a third stint as speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1955 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt1-1-2.pdf 101 ''Cong. Rec.'' 8–9 (1955)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) | votes = 228 | percentage = 53.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 198 | percentage = 46.48 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1957 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1957, on the opening day of the [[85th United States Congress|85th Congress]], two months after the [[1956 United States House of Representatives elections|1956 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1957 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt1-1-2.pdf 103 ''Cong. Rec.'' 45 (1957)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 227 | percentage = 53.04 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Joseph W. Martin Jr.]] ({{ushr|MA|14|B}}) | votes = 199 | percentage = 46.49 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 428 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1959 === An election for speaker took place on January 7, 1959, on the opening day of the [[86th United States Congress|86th Congress]], two months after the [[1958 United States House of Representatives elections|1958 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1959 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt1-1-2.pdf 105 ''Cong. Rec.'' 12 (1959)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 281 | percentage = 65.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles A. Halleck|Charles Halleck]] ({{ushr|IN|2|B}}) | votes = 148 | percentage = 34.35 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 431 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1961 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1961, on the opening day of the [[87th United States Congress|87th Congress]], two months after the [[1960 United States House of Representatives elections|1960 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Sam Rayburn]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1961 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1961-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1961-pt1-1-2.pdf 107 ''Cong. Rec.'' 22 (1961)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Sam Rayburn]] ({{ushr|TX|4|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 258 | percentage = 60.00 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles A. Halleck|Charles Halleck]] ({{ushr|IN|2|B}}) | votes = 170 | percentage = 39.54 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 430 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1962 === [[Sam Rayburn]] died on November 16, 1961, between the first and second sessions of [[87th United States Congress|87th Congress]].<ref name=RayburnIsDead/> Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on January 10, 1962, when Congress reconvened. [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 19, 1962 |title=The Congress: Mr. Speaker |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895814,00.html |magazine=TIME |volume=79 |issue=3 |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1962 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt1-1-2.pdf 108 ''Cong. Rec.'' 5 (1962)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] ({{ushr|MA|9|B}}) | votes = 248 | percentage = 59.90 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles A. Halleck|Charles Halleck]] ({{ushr|IN|2|B}}) | votes = 166 | percentage = 40.10 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 414 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 208 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1963 === An election for speaker took place on January 9, 1963, on the opening day of the [[88th United States Congress|88th Congress]], two months after the [[1962 United States House of Representatives elections|1962 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John W. McCormack]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1965 election for Speaker<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt1-1-2.pdf 111 ''Cong. Rec.'' 17 (1965)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] ({{ushr|MA|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 256 | percentage = 59.12 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Charles A. Halleck|Charles Halleck]] ({{ushr|IN|2|B}}) | votes = 175 | percentage = 40.42 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 433 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1965 === An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1965, on the opening day of the [[89th United States Congress|89th Congress]], two months after the [[1964 United States House of Representatives elections|1964 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John W. McCormack]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1965 election for Speaker<ref name="auto" />}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] ({{ushr|MA|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 289 | percentage = 67.52 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Gerald Ford]] ({{ushr|MI|5|B}}) | votes = 139 | percentage = 32.48 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 428 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1967 === An election for speaker took place on January 10, 1967, on the opening day of the [[90th United States Congress|90th Congress]], two months after the [[1966 United States House of Representatives elections|1966 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John W. McCormack]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1967 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt1-1-2.pdf 113 ''Cong. Rec.'' 12 (1967)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] ({{ushr|MA|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 246 | percentage = 56.94 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Gerald Ford]] ({{ushr|MI|5|B}}) | votes = 186 | percentage = 43.06 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 432 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1969 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1969, on the opening day of the [[91st United States Congress|91st Congress]], two months after the [[1968 United States House of Representatives elections|1968 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[John W. McCormack]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1969 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt1-1-2.pdf 115 ''Cong. Rec.'' 13 (1969)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John W. McCormack|John McCormack]] ({{ushr|MA|9|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 241 | percentage = 56.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Gerald Ford]] ({{ushr|MI|5|B}}) | votes = 187 | percentage = 43.69 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 428 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1971 === An election for speaker took place on January 21, 1971, on the opening day of the [[92nd United States Congress|92nd Congress]], two months after the [[1970 United States House of Representatives elections|1970 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Carl Albert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=February 1, 1971 |title=The Nation: The Coming Battle Between President and Congress |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909738,00.html |magazine=TIME |volume=97 |issue=5 |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1971 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt1-1-2.pdf 117 ''Cong. Rec.'' 10 (1971)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Carl Albert]] ({{ushr|OK|3|B}}) | votes = 250 | percentage = 58.68 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Gerald Ford]] ({{ushr|MI|5|B}}) | votes = 176 | percentage = 41.32 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1973 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1973, on the opening day of the [[93rd United States Congress|93rd Congress]], two months after the [[1972 United States House of Representatives elections|1972 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Carl Albert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1973 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1973-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1973-pt1-1-2.pdf 119 ''Cong. Rec.'' 12 (1973)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Carl Albert]] ({{ushr|OK|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 236 | percentage = 55.66 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Gerald Ford]] ({{ushr|MI|5|B}}) | votes = 188 | percentage = 44.34 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 424 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 213 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1975 === An election for speaker took place on January 14, 1975, on the opening day of the [[94th United States Congress|94th Congress]], two months after the [[1974 United States House of Representatives elections|1974 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Carl Albert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1975 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt1-1-2.pdf 121 ''Cong. Rec.'' 17 (1975)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Carl Albert]] ({{ushr|OK|3|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 287 | percentage = 66.43 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[John Jacob Rhodes|John J. Rhodes]] ({{ushr|AZ|1|B}}) | votes = 143 | percentage = 33.11 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 432 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1977 === An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1977, on the opening day of the [[95th United States Congress|95th Congress]], two months after the [[1976 United States House of Representatives elections|1976 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tip O'Neill]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1977 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1977-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1977-pt1-1-2.pdf 123 ''Cong. Rec.'' 50 (1977)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tip O'Neill]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) | votes = 290 | percentage = 66.82 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[John Jacob Rhodes|John J. Rhodes]] ({{ushr|AZ|1|B}}) | votes = 142 | percentage = 32.72 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 434 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 218 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1979 === An election for speaker took place on January 15, 1979, on the opening day of the [[96th United States Congress|96th Congress]], two months after the [[1978 United States House of Representatives elections|1978 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tip O'Neill]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1979 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1979-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1979-pt1-1-1.pdf 125 ''Cong. Rec.'' 4 (1979)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tip O'Neill]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 268 | percentage = 63.51 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[John Jacob Rhodes|John J. Rhodes]] ({{ushr|AZ|1|B}}) | votes = 152 | percentage = 36.02 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 422 | percentage = 112 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 212 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1981 === An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1981, on the opening day of the [[97th United States Congress|97th Congress]], two months after the [[1980 United States House of Representatives elections|1980 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tip O'Neill]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1981 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt1-1-2.pdf 127 ''Cong. Rec.'' 94 (1981)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tip O'Neill]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 234 | percentage = 55.98 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 182 | percentage = 43.54 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.48 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 419 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 210 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1983 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1983, on the opening day of the [[98th United States Congress|98th Congress]], two months after the [[1982 United States House of Representatives elections|1982 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tip O'Neill]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1983 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt1-1-2.pdf 129 ''Cong. Rec.'' 30 (1983)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tip O'Neill]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 260 | percentage = 62.35 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 155 | percentage = 37.17 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.48 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 417 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 209 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1985 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1985, on the opening day of the [[99th United States Congress|99th Congress]], two months after the [[1984 United States House of Representatives elections|1984 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tip O'Neill]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1985 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1985-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1985-pt1-1-2.pdf 131 ''Cong. Rec.'' 378 (1985)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tip O'Neill]] ({{ushr|MA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 247 | percentage = 58.11 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 175 | percentage = 41.18 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 3 | percentage = 0.71 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 425 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 213 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1987 === An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1987, on the opening day of the [[100th United States Congress|100th Congress]], two months after the [[1986 United States House of Representatives elections|1986 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Jim Wright]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1987 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1987-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1987-pt1-1-1.pdf 133 ''Cong. Rec.'' 2 (1987)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Wright]] ({{ushr|TX|12|B}}) | votes = 254 | percentage = 59.21 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 173 | percentage = 40.33 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 429 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1989 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1989, on the opening day of the [[101st United States Congress|101st Congress]], two months after the [[1988 United States House of Representatives elections|1988 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Jim Wright]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1989 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1989-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1989-pt1-1-2.pdf 135 ''Cong. Rec.'' 67 (1989)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Wright]] ({{ushr|TX|12|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 253 | percentage = 59.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 170 | percentage = 40.00 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 425 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 213 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === June 1989 === In June 1989, [[Jim Wright]] resigned as speaker of the House and from Congress amid a [[United States House Committee on Ethics|House Ethics Committee]] investigation into his financial dealings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Timothy R. |date=May 6, 2015 |title=Jim Wright, House speaker who resigned amid an ethics investigation, dies at 92 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/jim-wright-texas-democrat-who-was-speaker-of-the-house-dies-at-92/2015/05/06/2b5d116c-f406-11e4-bcc4-e8141e5eb0c9_story.html |access-date=February 6, 2019 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on June 6, 1989, during the [[101st United States Congress|101st Congress]]. [[Tom Foley]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{{{Cite news |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=June 6, 1989 |title=Foley Accepts Gavel, Calls on GOP, Democrats to 'Put Away Bitterness' |work=The Los Angeles Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-06-06-mn-1918-story.html |access-date=August 21, 2019}}}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1989 special election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1989-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1989-pt8-9-1.pdf 135 ''Cong. Rec.'' 10800 (1989)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tom Foley]] ({{ushr|WA|5|B}}) | votes = 251 | percentage = 60.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 164 | percentage = 39.33 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.48 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 417 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 209 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1991 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 1991, on the opening day of the [[102nd United States Congress|102nd Congress]], two months after the [[1990 United States House of Representatives elections|1990 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tom Foley]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1991 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1991-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1991-pt1-1-2.pdf 137 ''Cong. Rec.'' 36 (1991)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tom Foley]] ({{ushr|WA|5|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 262 | percentage = 61.07 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 165 | percentage = 38.47 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 429 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1993 === An election for speaker took place on January 5, 1993, on the opening day of the [[103rd United States Congress|103rd Congress]], two months after the [[1992 United States House of Representatives elections|1992 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Tom Foley]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1993 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1993-pt1-1-2.pdf 139 ''Cong. Rec.'' 45 (1993)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tom Foley]] ({{ushr|WA|5|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 255 | percentage = 59.16 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel]] ({{ushr|IL|18|B}}) | votes = 174 | percentage = 40.38 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.46 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 431 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1995 === An election for speaker took place on January 4, 1995, on the opening day of the [[104th United States Congress|104th Congress]], two months after the [[1994 United States House of Representatives elections|1994 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Newt Gingrich]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. This was the first time in 40 years, since 1955, that Republicans controlled the House.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Kenneth J. |last2=Dewar |first2=Helen Dewar |date=January 5, 1995 |title=Passing the Torch on Capitol Hill |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/01/05/passing-the-torch-on-capitol-hill/7c7974dc-a67c-4c95-937c-d1f3b477ed0f |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1995 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1995-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1995-pt1-1-2.pdf 141 ''Cong. Rec.'' 439 (1995)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Newt Gingrich]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) | votes = 228 | percentage = 52.54 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Dick Gephardt]] ({{ushr|MO|3|B}}) | votes = 202 | percentage = 46.55 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 4 | percentage = 0.91 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 434 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 218 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1997 === An election for speaker took place on January 7, 1997, on the opening day of the [[105th United States Congress|105th Congress]], two months after the [[1996 United States House of Representatives elections|1996 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Newt Gingrich]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. A number of Republicans did not support Gingrich's bid for a second term, and a few of them voted for other people. It was the first time in half a century in which votes were cast for someone besides the Democratic or Republican nominee.<ref name="EJOstermeier">{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier |first=Eric |date=November 1, 2015 |title=Notable House Speaker Votes Over the Decades |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2015/11/01/notable-house-speaker-votes-over-the-decades |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=Smart Politics |publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 1997 election for speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1997-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1997-pt1-1-2.pdf 143 ''Cong. Rec.'' 115 (1997)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Newt Gingrich]] ({{ushr|GA|6|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 216 | percentage = 50.83 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Dick Gephardt]] ({{ushr|MO|3|B}}) | votes = 205 | percentage = 48.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Leach]] ({{ushr|IA|1|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert H. Michel|Robert Michel]]{{efn|name=neitherin|Robert Michel and Robert Walker each received one vote in the 1997 speaker election, even though neither was a member of the House at the time.<ref name=CRS-RL30857/>}} | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Robert Smith Walker|Robert Walker]]{{efn|name=neitherin}} | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 425 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 213 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 1999 === An election for speaker took place on January 6, 1999, on the opening day of the [[106th United States Congress|106th Congress]], two months after the [[1998 United States House of Representatives elections|1998 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Dennis Hastert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 1999 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-1999-pt1/pdf/CRECB-1999-pt1-Pg42-3.pdf 145 ''Cong. Rec.'' 42 (1999)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Dennis Hastert]] ({{ushr|IL|14|B}}) | votes = 222 | percentage = 52.00 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Dick Gephardt]] ({{ushr|MO|3|B}}) | votes = 205 | percentage = 48.00 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 427 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} == Elections since 2001 == === January 2001 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2001, on the opening day of the [[107th United States Congress|107th Congress]], two months after the [[2000 United States House of Representatives elections|2000 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Dennis Hastert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 2001 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2001-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2001-pt1-Pg20-3.pdf 147 ''Cong. Rec.'' 20 (2001)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Dennis Hastert]] ({{ushr|IL|14|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 222 | percentage = 51.50}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Dick Gephardt]] ({{ushr|MO|3|B}}) | votes = 206 | percentage = 47.80 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Murtha]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 | party = {{spaces|3}}— | candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 431 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2003 === An election for speaker took place on January 7, 2003, on the opening day of the [[108th United States Congress|108th Congress]], two months after the [[2002 United States House of Representatives elections|2002 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Dennis Hastert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title= 2003 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2003-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2003-pt1-Pg3.pdf 149 ''Cong. Rec.'' 3–4 (2003)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Dennis Hastert]] ({{ushr|IL|14|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 228 |percentage = 52.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|8|B}}) |votes = 201 |percentage = 46.31 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Murtha]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 |party = {{spaces|3}}— |candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' |votes = 4 |percentage = 0.93 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 434 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 218 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2005 === An election for speaker took place on January 4, 2005, on the opening day of the [[109th United States Congress|109th Congress]], two months after the [[2004 United States House of Representatives elections|2004 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Dennis Hastert]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title =2005 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2005-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2005-pt1-Pg37-3.pdf 151 ''Cong. Rec.'' 37 (2005)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Dennis Hastert]] ({{ushr|IL|14|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 226 |percentage = 52.92 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|8|B}}) |votes = 199 |percentage = 46.60 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Murtha]] ({{ushr|PA|12|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate minor party no change | color = #f5f5f5 |party = {{spaces|3}}— |candidate = ''[[Abstention|Present]]'' |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 427 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2007 === An election for speaker took place on January 4, 2007, on the opening day of the [[110th United States Congress|110th Congress]], two months after the [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections|2006 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nancy Pelosi]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, becoming the first woman speaker of the House in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branigin |first=William |date=January 4, 2007 |title=Pelosi Sworn in as First Woman Speaker of the House |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/technology/2007/01/04/pelosi-sworn-in-as-first-woman-speaker-of-the-house/32917f2c-c075-4d7a-b404-90e8c9fe7cea/?noredirect=on |access-date=February 11, 2019 |website=The Washington Post}}</ref> This was the first time in 12 years, since 1995, that the Democrats controlled the House. {{Election box begin no change | title=2007 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2007-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2007-pt1-Pg2-2.pdf 153 ''Cong. Rec.'' 2 (2007)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|8|B}}) |votes = 233 |percentage = 53.56 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Boehner]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) |votes = 202 |percentage = 46.44 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 435 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 218 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2009 === An election for speaker took place on January 6, 2009, on the opening day of the [[111th United States Congress|111th Congress]], two months after the [[2008 United States House of Representatives elections|2008 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. [[Nancy Pelosi]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. {{Election box begin no change | title=2009 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2009-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2009-pt1-Pg3.pdf 155 ''Cong. Rec.'' 3 (2009)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 255 |percentage = 59.44 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Boehner]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) |votes = 174 |percentage = 40.56 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 429 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 215 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2011 === An election for speaker took place on January 5, 2011, at the start of the [[112th United States Congress|112th Congress]], two months after the [[2010 United States House of Representatives elections|2010 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[John Boehner]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker of the House. Frustrated by widespread election losses, several "[[Blue Dog Coalition|Blue Dog Democrats]]" refused to vote for outgoing speaker Nancy Pelosi.<ref name=EJOstermeier/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Jeffrey |date=January 6, 2011 |title=Pelosi makes history again |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/01/pelosi-makes-history-again-047163 |access-date=August 5, 2019 |publisher=Politico}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title=2011 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2011-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2011-pt1-Pg75-2.pdf 157 ''Cong. Rec.'' 75 (2011)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Boehner]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) |votes = 241 |percentage = 55.88 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|8|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 173 |percentage = 39.96 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Heath Shuler]] ({{ushr|NC|11|B}}) |votes = 11 |percentage = 2.53 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) |votes = 2 |percentage = 0.48 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Dennis Cardoza]] ({{ushr|CA|18|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Costa]] ({{ushr|CA|20|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Cooper]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Steny Hoyer]] ({{ushr|MD|5|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Marcy Kaptur]] ({{ushr|OH|9|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 432 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2013 === An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2013, at the start of the [[113th United States Congress|113th Congress]], two months after the [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections|2012 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[John Boehner]] received a majority of the votes cast, despite the defections of several members from his own party, and was re-elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Micah |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Were the G.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection? |work=The New York Times |url=https://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/04/were-the-g-o-p-votes-against-boehner-a-historic-rejection |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title=2013 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2013-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2013-pt1-Pg21-2.pdf 159 ''Cong. Rec.'' 21 (2013)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Boehner]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 220 |percentage = 51.64 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|12|B}}) |votes = 192 |percentage = 45.04 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Eric Cantor]] ({{ushr|VA|7|B}}) |votes = 3 |percentage = 0.70 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Cooper]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) |votes = 2 |percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Allen West (politician)|Allen West]]{{efn|name=notin2013|Allen West, Colin Powell and David M. Walker each received votes in the 2013 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.<ref name=CRS-RL30857/>}} |votes = 2 |percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Justin Amash]] ({{ushr|MI|3|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Dingell]] ({{ushr|MI|12|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Jordan (U.S. politician)|Jim Jordan]] ({{ushr|OH|4|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Raúl Labrador]] ({{ushr|ID|1|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Colin Powell]]{{efn|name=notin2013}} |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[David M. Walker (U.S. Comptroller General)|David Walker]]{{efn|name=notin2013}} |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 426 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 214 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2015 === {{main|January 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election}} An election for speaker took place on January 6, 2015, at the start of the [[114th United States Congress|114th Congress]], two months after the [[2014 United States House of Representatives elections|2014 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[John Boehner]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker, even though [[Freedom Caucus]] Republicans chose not to vote for him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Deirdre |date=January 6, 2015 |title=Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/06/politics/house-speaker-boehner-vote |access-date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title=2015 election for Speaker<ref>{{harvnb|GPO|loc=[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2015-pt1/pdf/CRECB-2015-pt1-Pg29-3.pdf 161 ''Cong. Rec.'' 29 (2015)]}}.</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[John Boehner]] ({{ushr|OH|8|B}}) (Incumbent) |votes = 216 |percentage = 52.95 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|12|B}}) |votes = 164 |percentage = 40.20 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Dan Webster]] ({{ushr|FL|10|B}}) |votes = 12 |percentage = 2.95 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Louie Gohmert]] ({{ushr|TX|1|B}}) |votes = 3 |percentage = 0.74 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Ted Yoho]] ({{ushr|FL|3|B}}) |votes = 2 |percentage = 2.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Jordan (American politician)|Jim Jordan]] ({{ushr|OH|4|B}}) |votes = 2 |percentage = 0.50 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Jeff Duncan (politician)|Jeff Duncan]] ({{ushr|SC|3|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Rand Paul]]{{efn|name="notinJ2015"|Rand Paul, Colin Powell and Jeff Sessions each received one vote in the January 2015 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.<ref name=CRS-RL30857/>}} |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Colin Powell]]{{efn|name=notinJ2015}} |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Trey Gowdy]] ({{ushr|SC|4|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] ({{ushr|CA|23|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Jim Cooper]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[Peter DeFazio]] ({{ushr|OR|4|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) |candidate = [[Jeff Sessions]]{{efn|name=notinJ2015}} |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) |candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) |votes = 1 |percentage = 0.24 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 408 |percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 205 |percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === October 2015 === {{main|October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election}} On September 25, 2015, [[John Boehner]] formally announced his intention to resign from the speakership and the House.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shesgreen |first=Deirdre |last2=Allen |first2=Cooper |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/09/25/john-boehner-resigns-house-speaker/72793398/ |access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref> Consequently, an intra-term election for a new speaker was held on October 29, 2015, during the [[114th United States Congress|114th Congress]]. [[Paul Ryan]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Deirdre |date=October 29, 2015 |title=Paul Ryan elected House speaker |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/10/29/politics/paul-ryan-house-speaker-vote/index.html |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title=2015 special election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2015 |title=161 ''Cong. Rec.'' H7337–38 (2015) |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/2015/10/29/CREC-2015-10-29.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2019 |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Paul Ryan]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) | votes = 236 | percentage = 54.63 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|12|B}}) | votes = 184 | percentage = 42.60 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Dan Webster]] ({{ushr|FL|10|B}}) | votes = 9 | percentage = 2.08 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Cooper]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Colin Powell]]{{efn|Colin Powell received one vote in the October 2015 speaker election, even though he was not a member of the House at the time.<ref name=CRS-RL30857/>}} | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 432 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2017 === {{main|2017 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election}} An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2017, on the opening day of the [[115th United States Congress|115th Congress]], two months after the [[2016 United States House of Representatives elections|2016 elections]] in which [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] won a majority of the seats. [[Paul Ryan]] received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Kristina |last2=Hughes |first2=Siobhan |date=January 3, 2017 |title=Paul Ryan Is Re-Elected House Speaker |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/paul-ryan-is-expected-to-win-re-election-as-house-speaker-tuesday-1483441201 |access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 2017 election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2017 |title=163 ''Cong. Rec.'' H3–4 (2017) |url=https://www.congress.gov/115/crec/2017/01/03/CREC-2017-01-03.pdf |access-date=February 4, 2019 |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Paul Ryan]] ({{ushr|WI|1|B}}) (Incumbent) | votes = 239 | percentage = 55.19 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|12|B}}) | votes = 189 | percentage = 43.65 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)|Tim Ryan]] ({{ushr|OH|13|B}}) | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Cooper]] ({{ushr|TN|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Daniel Webster (Florida politician)|Dan Webster]] ({{ushr|FL|10|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 433 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 217 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} === January 2019 === {{main|2019 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election}} An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2019, on the opening day of the [[116th United States Congress|116th Congress]], two months after the [[2018 United States House of Representatives elections|2018 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a majority of the seats. Former speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] received a majority of the votes cast and was elected speaker, even though several Democrats chose not to vote for her.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Lindsey |date=January 3, 2019 |title=Pelosi elected speaker with 15 Democratic defections |url=http://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/pelosi-elected-speaker-15-democratic-defections |access-date=February 5, 2019 |website=Roll Call}}</ref> She is the first person since [[Sam Rayburn]] in the 1950s to return to the speakership after losing it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bresnahan |first=John |last2=Caygle |first2=Heather |last3=Bade |first3=Rachael |authorlink3=Rachael Bade |date=January 3, 2019 |title=The survivor: Nancy Pelosi makes history — again |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/03/nancy-pelosi-speaker-congress-profile-1077678 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |publisher=Politico}}</ref> {{Election box begin no change | title= 2019 election for Speaker<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2019 |title=165 ''Cong. Rec.'' H2–4 (2019) |url=https://www.congress.gov/116/crec/2019/01/03/CREC-2019-01-03.pdf |access-date=February 7, 2019 |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Nancy Pelosi]] ({{ushr|CA|12|B}}) | votes = 220 | percentage = 51.17 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Kevin McCarthy (California politician)|Kevin McCarthy]] ({{ushr|CA|23|B}}) | votes = 192 | percentage = 44.66 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Jim Jordan (American politician)|Jim Jordan]] ({{ushr|OH|4|B}}) | votes = 5 | percentage = 1.16 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Cheri Bustos]] ({{ushr|IL|17|B}}) | votes = 4 | percentage = 0.93 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Tammy Duckworth]]{{efn|name= 2019notin|Tammy Duckworth, Stacy Abrams and Joe Biden each received votes in the 2019 speaker election, even though none of them was a member of the House at the time.<ref name= CRS-RL30857/>}} | votes = 2 | percentage = 0.47 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Stacey Abrams]]{{efn|name= 2019notin}} | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Joe Biden]]{{efn|name= 2019notin}} | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Marcia Fudge]] ({{ushr|OH|11|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Joe Kennedy III]] ({{ushr|MA|4|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[John Lewis]] ({{ushr|GA|5|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Republican Party (US) | candidate = [[Thomas Massie]] ({{ushr|KY|4|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box candidate with party link no change | party = Democratic Party (US) | candidate = [[Stephanie Murphy]] ({{ushr|FL|7|B}}) | votes = 1 | percentage = 0.23 }} {{Election box total no change | votes = 430 | percentage = 100 }} {{Election box necessary no change | votes = 216 | percentage = >50 }} {{Election box end}} ===January 2021=== {{main|2021 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election}} An election for speaker took place on January 3, 2021, at the start of the [[117th United States Congress|117th Congress]], two months after the [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections|2020 elections]] in which [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] won a slim majority of the seats. In a break with tradition due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], all House members-elect did not gather together in the chamber to vote and record their presence, but rather, were summoned to the chambers in seven groups of about 72 persons.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/pelosi-speaker-election-new-congress-convenes-slim-democratic-majority| title=Pelosi faces trickiest speaker election yet as Democrats begin new Congress with slim majority| last=Pergram| first=Chad| date=January 3, 2021| publisher=Fox News| access-date=January 3, 2021}}</ref> Nancy Pelosi received a majority of the votes cast and was re-elected speaker. >>>Insert a box of the election! == Notes == {{notelist|30em}} == References == ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== {{Include-USGov|agency=[[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]}} * {{Cite web |title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lawhome.html |access-date=February 1, 2019 |website=memory.loc.gov |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C. |ref={{harvid|LOC}}}} * {{Cite web |title=Congressional Record (Bound Edition) |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/crecb_gpo/_crecb |access-date=February 1, 2019 |website=govinfo.gov |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |location=Washington, D.C. |ref={{harvid|GPO}}}} * {{Cite web |last=Heitshusen |first=Valerie |last2=Beth |first2=Richard S. |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30857.pdf |access-date=January 11, 2019 |website=RL30857 |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |location=Washington, D.C. |ref={{harvid|CRS RL30857}}}} {{United States Congress|powersprivilegesprocedurecommitteeshistoryandmedia}} [[Category:Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections| ]] [[Category:Lists of elections in the United States|Speaker US House]]'