Examine individual changes

'{{Infobox ethnic group| |group= Bolivians of European descent |image= |caption= |pop= {{circa|548,000}}<ref name="cia"/>,<br/>4.8% of total population |popplace= Mainly in [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]] and to a lesser extent the rest of the [[Media Luna|Media Luna Region]] |langs= [[Bolivian Spanish]]<br/>[[German language|German]] ([[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]], [[Standard German]])<br/>[[Bolivian Sign Language]] |rels= [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Anabaptists|Anabaptism]], [[Evangelicalism]], [[Judaism]], [[Irreligion]] |related= [[Mestizos in Bolivia]], [[Spaniards]] }} '''White Bolivians''' or '''European Bolivians''' are [[Bolivian people]] whose ancestry lies within the continent of [[Europe]], most notably [[Spain]] and [[Germany]], and to a lesser extent, [[Italy]] and [[Croatia]]. Bolivian people of European ancestry mostly descend from people who arrived over the centuries from [[Spain]], beginning five hundred years ago.<ref name="Bolivia is Burning">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/10/22/bolivia-is-burning-bolivia-is-burning/ |title=Bolivia is Burning |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> European Bolivians are a minority ethnic group in Bolivia, accounting for 5% of the country's population. An additional 68% of the population is mestizo, having mixed European and indigenous ancestry.<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/|title=The World Factbook: Bolivia|publisher=CIA|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> ==History== Compared to the [[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia|Indigenous]] population, considerably fewer white and [[mestizo]] Bolivians live in poverty.<ref name="BRE 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/page-files/EPP002_0.pdf |title=Bolivia's Regional Elections 2010 |publisher=Political Studies Association |access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref> Conceptions of racial boundaries in Bolivia may be fluid and perceptions of race may be tied to socioeconomic status, with the possibility of a person achieving "whitening" via economic advancement. Differences in language, educational status, and employment status may also reinforce perceptions of what constitutes a person as "white", "mestizo", or "Indigenous".<ref name="BRE 2010"/> ==Numbers== ===Census data=== In the official census in 1900, people who self-identified as "Blanco" (white) composed 12.72% or 231,088 of the total population. This was the last time data on race was collected. There were 529 Italians, 420 Spaniards, 295 Germans, 279 French, 177 Austrians, 141 English and 23 Belgians living in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo National De La Poblacion de la Republica 1900 "Segunda parte"|page=25-32|date=1900|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> ===Surveys=== According to a 2014 survey by [[Ipsos]], 3 percent of people questioned said they were white.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/mobile.php?cat=1&pla=7&id_articulo=137187|title=El 52% de la población se identifica como mestiza|language=es|date=27 January 2014|website={{ill|El Día (Bolivia)|es|lt=El Día}} |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> ==Geographic distribution== Geographically, the white and mixed-race populations of Bolivia tend to be centered in the country's eastern lowlands. The white and mixed-race Bolivians in this region are relatively affluent compared to poorer, predominantly Indigenous regions of Bolivia.<ref name="BRE 2010"/> ===1900 census=== According to the 1900 official Bolivian census, a person who self-identified as “Blanca” white was a descendant of a foreigner, principally a Spaniard. Overall there are [[Italians]], Spanish, [[Germans]] and French. In total, they represented 12.7 percent of the total population with large populations in Cochabamba and Santa Cruz representing 36.8 percent combined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo general de la población de la Republica de Bolivia 1900|page=25|language=es|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable ! [[Departments of Bolivia|Departments]] ! Men ! Women ! Total<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bolivia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Censo_Poblacion_1900_T2.pdf|title=Censo general de la población de la Republica de Bolivia 1900|page=32|language= es|access-date=September 5, 2020}}</ref> ! % |- | [[File:Flag of Beni.svg|25px|border]] [[Beni Department|Beni]] | 2,981 | 2,132 | 5,113 | 15.88 |- | [[File:Flag of Chuquisaca.svg|25px|border]] [[Chuquisaca Department|Chuquisaca]] | 15,413 | 16,354 | 31,767 | 15.53 |- | [[File:Flag of Cochabamba.svg|25px|border]] [[Cochabamba Department|Cochabamba]] | 28,938 | 31,667 | 60,605 | 18.46 |- | [[File:Bandera de La Paz.svg|25px|border]] [[La Paz Department (Bolivia)|La Paz]] | 18,340 | 17,915 | 36,255 | 8.13 |- | [[File:Flag of Oruro.svg|25px|border]] [[Oruro Department|Oruro]] | 3,996 | 3,778 | 7,774 | 9.03 |- | National territory | 202 | 5 | 207 | 0.64 |- | [[File:Flag of Potosí.svg|25px|border]] [[Potosí Department|Potosí]] | 11,229 | 10,484 | 21,713 | 6.66 |- | [[File:Flag of Santa Cruz.svg|25px|border]] [[Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)|Santa Cruz]] | 29,672 | 29,798 | 59,470 | 18.37<ref>Census has incorrect percentage of 28.37%.</ref> |- | [[File:Flag of Tarija.svg|25px|border]] [[Tarija Department|Tarija]] | 4,368 | 3,816 | 8,184 | 7.95 |- ! {{flagicon|Bolivia}} Republic of Bolivia ! 115,139 ! 115,949 ! 231,088 ! 12.72 |} ===Mennonites=== {{Main|Mennonites in Bolivia}} In 1995, there were a total of 25 Mennonite colonies in Bolivia with a total population of 28,567. The most populous ones were ''Riva Palacios'' (5,488), Swift Current (2,602), ''Nueva Esperanza'' (2,455), ''Valle Esperanza'' (2,214) and ''Santa Rita'' (1,748).<ref name=b1>{{cite book|author1=Schroeder, William|author2=Huebert, Helmut |title=Mennonite historical atlas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfyYXOGoMy8C&pg=PA144|year=1996|publisher=Kindred Productions|isbn=978-0-920643-05-1|pages=144–145|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref> In 2002 there were 40 Mennonite colonies with a population of about 38,000 people. An outreach of [[Conservative Mennonites]] can be found at ''La Estrella'', with others in progress. The total population was estimated at 60,000 by Lisa Wiltse in 2010.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wiltse |first=Lisa |date=2010 |title=The Mennonites of Manitoba, Bolivia |url=https://www.burnmagazine.org/essays/2010/08/lisa-wiltse-the-mennonites-of-manitoba-bolivia/ |magazine=Burn|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pdt|title=Plautdietsch|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=2019-05-19}}</ref> In 2012 there were 23,818 church members in congregations of [[Russian Mennonites]], indicating a total population of about 70,000. Another 1,170 Mennonites were in Spanish-speaking congregations.<ref name=GAMEO>{{Cite web |url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=103617 |title=Bolivia |website=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> The number of colonies was 57 in 2011. In the [[Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia|Santa Cruz Department]] there is an important colony (70.000 inhabitants) of German-speaking [[Mennonite]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/world/americas/21bolivia.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier|website=[[The New York Times]]|date= 21 December 2006|access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> ==Politics== White Bolivians and mestizos have tended to favor the political opposition against the [[Evo Morales]] administration. ==See also== *[[Croatian Bolivians]] *[[German Bolivians]] *[[Indigenous peoples in Bolivia]] *[[Mennonites in Bolivia]] *[[Mestizos in Bolivia|Mestizos in Bolívia]] == Notable White Bolivians == <nowiki>[[Ana María Ortiz]]</nowiki> - Bolivian Model == References and footnotes == {{Reflist}} {{Ethnic groups in Bolivia}} {{White people}} [[Category:Bolivian people of European descent| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bolivia]] [[Category:European Bolivian| ]] [[Category:White Latin American]]'