Examine individual changes

'@@ -23,162 +23,113 @@ In [[Royal Navy|Royal Naval]] tradition—and other English-speaking navies outside the United States—a reduced pronunciation {{IPAc-en|audio=Lieutenant Pronunciation Reduced.ogg|l|ə|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}} is used. This is not recognised as current by recent editions of the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] (although the RN pronunciation was included in editions of OED up until the 1970s). -==Army ranks== -Conventionally, armies and other services or branches that use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use a third, more junior, rank. Historically, the "lieutenant" was the deputy to a "captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a [[Captain (Land)|captain]] commanded a [[company (military unit)|company]] and had several lieutenants, each commanding a [[platoon]]. Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by many names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] and [[Cornet (military rank)|cornet]]. Some parts of the [[British Army]], including the [[Royal Artillery]], [[Royal Engineers]] and [[fusilier]] [[regiment]]s, used first lieutenant as well as second lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve cornet as an official alternative to second lieutenant. - +==Military rank== ===Lieutenant=== -{{Main|First lieutenant}} -{{see also|Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)}} The senior grade of lieutenant is known as first lieutenant in the [[United States]], and as lieutenant in the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[English language|English-speaking]] world. In countries that do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as "lieutenant", but may also translate as "first lieutenant" or "senior lieutenant". The Israel Defense Forces rank ''segen'' (סגן) literally translates as "deputy", which is equivalent to a lieutenant. In the Finnish military there is a [[senior lieutenant]] grade that ranks above lieutenant and second lieutenant but below captain; it does not have an English equivalent. In Germany it is called [[Oberleutnant]] (high-lieutenant). + +====Army rank==== +Conventionally, armies and other services or branches that use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use a third, more junior, rank. Historically, the "lieutenant" was the deputy to a "captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a [[Captain (Land)|captain]] commanded a [[company (military unit)|company]] and had several lieutenants, each commanding a [[platoon]]. Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by many names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] and [[Cornet (military rank)|cornet]]. Some parts of the [[British Army]], including the [[Royal Artillery]], [[Royal Engineers]] and [[fusilier]] [[regiment]]s, used first lieutenant as well as second lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve cornet as an official alternative to second lieutenant. There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as a number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with one silver bar for first lieutenant and one gold (brass) bar for second lieutenant. -<gallery> -File:Australian Army OF-1b.svg|<center>Australia</center> -File:10.AzAF-LT.png|<center>Azerbaijan<br>([[Azerbaijani Land Forces]])</center> -File:Bangladesh-army-OF-1b.svg|<center>Bangladesh</center> -File:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Lieutenant Insignia.svg|<center>Bosnia and Herzegovina</center> -File:Primeiro-Tenente-V.gif|<center>[[Brazilian Army|Brazil]]<br />(''Primeiro Tenente'')</center> -File:Cdn-Army-Lt(OF-1A)-2014.svg|Canada -File:Egypt Army - OF01b.svg|Egypt -File:Army-FRA-OF-01a.svg|[[French Army|France]] -File:Georgia Army OF-2.png|Georgia -File:221-Oberleutnant.png|Germany -File:Army-GRE-OF-01a.svg|Greece -File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|India -File:14-TNI Army-1LT.svg|Indonesia -File:Sotvan 1.png|Iran -File:IE-Army-OF1a.png|Ireland -File:IDF segen.svg|Israel -File:Rank insignia of tenete of the Army of Italy (1973).svg|Italy -File:JASDF First Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|Japan ([[Japan Air Self-Defense Force|JASDF]]) -File:DPRK-Navy-OF-1c.svg|Korea, North <small>([[Korean People's Navy|Navy]], [[senior lieutenant]])</small> -File:ROKMC-OF-1b.svg|Korea, South ([[Republic of Korea Marine Corps|Marine]]) -File:Porucnik-arm-shoulder.png|North Macedonia -File:Mexican Military Teniente.gif|Mexico -File:08. Myanmar Army 1LT.svg|Myanmar -File:Army-POL-OF-01a.svg|Poland -File:OF-1(B) Pakistan Army.svg|Pakistan -File:PA 1LT Svc.svg|Philippines ([[Philippine Army]]) -File:RO-Army-OF1a.png|Romania -File:Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg|Russia <small>([[senior lieutenant]])</small> -File:SAA-OF-1b.svg|South Africa -File:SWE-Löjtnant.svg|Sweden -File:RTA OF-1b (Lieutenant).svg|Thailand -File:UA shoulder mark 13.svg|[[ Ukrainian Army]] <small>([[Senior lieutenant]])</small> -File:UNER13.png|[[Ukrainian Navy]] <small>([[Senior lieutenant]])</small> -File:British Army OF-1b.svg|United Kingdom -File:US-OF1A.svg|United States -File:PTTEEJB-GNB.png|[[Venezuelan_military_ranks|Venezuelan Army]] -File:Vietnam People's Army Lieutenant General.jpg|alt=Vietnam People's Army Lieutenant General|[[People's Army of Vietnam|Vietnam]] +<gallery class="center"> +<!-- In alphabetic order of Country please --> +08.AlgA-1LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />{{small|{{lang-ar|ملازم أول|Mulazim awwal}}}}<br />([[Algerian People's National Army|Algerian Land Forces]])<ref name="Algeria">{{cite web |title=Ranks |url=https://www.mdn.dz/site_principal/sommaire/presentation/armoiries_an.php |website=mdn.dz |publisher=Ministry of National Defence (Algeria) |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> +Angola-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|pt|Tenente}}<br />([[Angolan Army]])<ref name="Angola_Army">{{cite web |title=Postos do Exército |url=https://faa.ao/exe/posto_exe |website=faa.ao |publisher=Angolan Army |access-date=27 June 2021 |language=pt}}</ref> +Benin Army OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Benin Armed Forces|Benin Army]])<ref name="Benin">{{cite web |title=LOI N° 2005-43 DU 26 JUIN 2006 |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/94851/111467/F-404511779/BEN-94851.pdf |website=ilo.org |publisher=National Assembly (Benin) |access-date=13 June 2021 |pages=19-20, 35-36 |language=fr |date=26 June 2006}}</ref> +09. Burkina Faso Army - 1LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Burkina Faso Armed Forces|Burkina Faso Ground Forces]])<ref name="BurkinaFaso1">{{cite web |title=LOI N° 037-2016/AN PORTANT CONDITIONS D’AVANCEMENT DES PERSONNELS D’ACTIVE DES FORCES ARMEES NATIONALES |url=https://lavoixdujuristebf.files.wordpress.com/2018/02/loi_037_avancement_personnel_fan.pdf |date=2015 |access-date=3 June 2021 |pages=17-21 |lang=fr}}</ref> +Burundi-Army-OF-1a.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />{{small|{{lang-rn|Riyetena}}}}<br />([[National Defence Force (Burundi)|Burundi Ground Forces]])<ref name="Burundi">{{cite web |title=Loi organique N°1/ 04 du 20 février 2017 portant Missions, Organisation, Composition, Instruction, Conditions de service et Fonctionnement de la Force de Défense Nationale du Burundi |url=http://fdnb.bi/sites/default/files/loi-04-2017.pdf |website=fdnb.bi/ |publisher=Government of Burundi |access-date=27 June 2021 |page=45 |language=fr}}</ref> +Cameroon-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Cameroon Armed Forces|Cameroon Ground Forces]]) +Cape_Verde-army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|pt|Tenente}}<br />([[Cape Verdean Armed Forces|Cape Verdean National Guard]])<ref name="CapeVerde_Army">{{cite web |title=Patente |url=https://www.fa.gov.cv/index.php/uniforme/patente |website=fa.gov.cv |publisher=Cape Verdean Armed Forces |access-date=26 May 2021 |language=pt}}</ref> +11.CAGF-1LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Central African Armed Forces|Central African Ground Forces]]) +Chad-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Chadian Ground Forces]]) +Comoros-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Military of the Comoros|Comorian Army]]) +DR Congo Army OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Land Forces of the DR Congo]]) +09-ROCongo Army-1LT.svg‎|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo|Congolese Ground Forces]])<ref name="RepublicoftheCongo">{{cite web |title=Grades appellations distinctions |url=https://defense.gouv.cg/gradesappellationsdistinctions/ |website=defense.gouv.cg |publisher=Ministry of National Defense (Republic of the Congo) |access-date=7 June 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> +Djibouti-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Djiboutian Army]]) +08. EGLF-1LT.svg|{{lang|es|Teniente}}<br />([[Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea|Army of Equatorial Guinea]]) +10.GLF-LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Gabonese Army]]) +08-Ghana Army-1LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Ghana Army]]) +Mali-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Republic of Guinea Armed Forces|Guinea Ground Forces]]) +Ivory Coast-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Armed Forces of the Republic of Ivory Coast|Ivory Coast Ground Forces]])<ref name="IvoryCoast">{{cite web |title=GRADES / APPELLATIONS / DISTINCTIONS |url=http://www.defense.gouv.ci/culture/grades |website=defense.gouv.ci |publisher=Ministère de la Défense |access-date=23 September 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> +08. Kenyan Army LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Kenya Army]])<ref>{{cite web |title=KDF Ranks |url=https://mod.go.ke/kdf-ranks/#1604604085917-4b478bbb-9515 |website=mod.go.ke |publisher=Ministry of Defence - Kenya |access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> +blank.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Lesotho Defence Force|Lesotho Army]])<ref name="Lesotho">{{cite web |title=Ranks in the Army |url=http://www.ldf.gov.ls/ranks.html |publisher=Lesotho Defence Force |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> +Madagascar-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Madagascar People's Armed Forces|Madagascar Ground Forces]])<ref name="Madagascar">{{cite web |title=LOI N° 96-029 portant Statut Général des Militaires |url=http://www.defense.gov.mg/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/LOI-96-029.pdf |website=defense.gov.mg |publisher=Ministry of Defence (Madagascar) |access-date=10 July 2021 |pages=2 |language=fr |date=15 November 1996}}</ref> +08. Malawi Army - LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Malawian Defence Force|Malawian Army]]) +06.Mali Army-1LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Malian Armed Forces|Malian Army]])<ref name="Mali">{{cite web|title=2011 - Plaquette sur les insignes et blasons des Forces Armées du Mali|url=http://www.memoriamali.com/webdossier/2011-parcours-historique-de-la-region-de-segou/|language=fr|date=23 April 2011 |access-date=17 October 2020 }}</ref> +11-Moroccan Army-1LT.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Royal Moroccan Army]]) +Mozambique-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|pt|Teniente}}<br />([[Mozambique Defence Armed Forces|Mozambican Army]]) +08-Namibia Army-1LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Namibian Army]]) +blank.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Niger Armed Forces|Niger Ground Forces]])<ref name="Niger">{{cite web |author1=Bureau international des droits des enfants |title=État des Lieux: Formation des forces de défense et de sécurité sur les droit de l'enfant au Niger |url=http://www.ibcr.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/%C3%89tat-des-lieux-Niger.pdf |access-date=28 September 2020 |page=34 |language=fr |date=December 2012}}</ref> +Nigeria-Army-OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Nigerian Army]]) +08-Rwanda Army-1LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Rwanda Defence Force|Rwandan Land Forces]])<ref name="Rwanda">{{cite web |title=RDF Insignia |url=https://www.mod.gov.rw/rdf/insignia |website=mod.gov.rw |publisher=Government of the Republic of Rwanda |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> +STeP OF-1b.svg|{{lang|pt|Tenente}}<br />([[Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe|Army of São Tomé and Príncipe]]) +Senegal-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Armed Forces of Senegal|Senegalese Army]]) +Seychelles Army OF-01b (2018).svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Seychelles People's Defence Force|Seychelles Infantry Unit]])<ref name="Seychelles">{{cite web |title=Rank structure |url=https://www.spdf.sc/rank-structure/ |website=spdf.sc |publisher=Seychelles People's Defence Forces |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> +SAA-OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[South African Army]])<ref name="SouthAfrica_Army">{{cite web |title=Uniform: Rank insignia |url=http://www.army.mil.za/aboutus/uniform/rankinsignia.htm |website=army.mil.za |publisher=Department of Defence (South Africa) |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020110337/http://www.army.mil.za/aboutus/uniform/rankinsignia.htm |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> +09-Tanzania Army-1LT.svg|Lieutenant<br />{{lang|sw|Luteni}}<br />([[Tanzania People's Defence Force|Tanzanian Army]]) +Togo-Army-OF-1b.svg|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant}}<br />([[Togolese Armed Forces|Togolese Army]])<ref name="Togo">{{cite web |title=Journal officiel de la république togolaise |date=12 February 2008 |volume=5 |url=http://jo.gouv.tg/sites/default/files/annee/2008/jo%202008-5.pdf |access-date=16 June 2021 |language=fr}}</ref> +Uganda-Army-OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Uganda People's Defence Force|Ugandan Land Forces]])<ref name="Uganda_Army">{{cite journal |title=Uganda Peoples' Defence Forces Act |journal=The Uganda Gazette |date=18 September 2019 |volume=CXII |issue=46 |pages=1851-1854 |url=https://www.updf.go.ug/Gazette.pdf |access-date=29 May 2021 |publisher=Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation}}</ref> +blank.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Zambian Army]]) +Zimbabwe-Army-OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Zimbabwe National Army]]) </gallery> -====Second lieutenant==== -{{Main|Second lieutenant}} -Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from the ranks may skip the rank altogether.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In non-English-speaking countries, the equivalent rank title may translate as "second lieutenant", "lieutenant", "sub-lieutenant" or "junior lieutenant". Non-English terms include ''alferes'' (Portuguese Army and Air Force), ''alférez'' (Spanish Army and Air Force), ''fänrik'' ([[Swedish Armed Forces]]), ''ensign'', ''Leutnant'' (German Army), ''letnan'' ([[Indonesian National Armed Forces]]), ''poručík'' ([[Army of the Czech Republic|Czech Army]]), ''segen mishne'' ([[Israel Defense Forces]]) or ''løjtnant'' (Danish Army). -<gallery> -File:Australian Army OF-1a.svg|<center>Australia</center> -File:Bangladesh-army-OF-1a.svg|<center>Bangladesh</center> -File:Bosnia and Herzegovina Lieutenant Insignia.svg|<center>Bosnia and Herzegovina</center> -File:Segundo-Tenente-V.gif|<center>[[Brazilian Army|Brazil]]<br />(''Segundo Tenente'')</center> -File:Cdn-Army-2Lt(OF-1)-2014.svg|Canada -File:Egypt Army - OF01a.svg|Egypt -File:Army-FRA-OF-01b.svg|[[French Army|France]] -File:Georgia Army OF-1b.png|Georgia -File:211-Leutnant.png|Germany -File:Army-GRE-OF-01b.svg|Greece -File:13-TNI Army-2LT.svg|Indonesia -File:Sotvan 2.png|Iran -File:IE-Army-OF1b.png|Ireland -File:IDF segen mishne.svg|Israel -File:Rank insignia of sottotenete of the Army of Italy (1973).svg|Italy -File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|Japan ([[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force|JGSDF]]) -File:DPRK-Army-OF-1a.svg|Korea, North ([[Korean People's Army|Army]]) -File:소위.JPG|Korea, South ([[Republic of Korea Air Force|Air Force]]) -File:Potporucnik-arm-shoulder.png|North Macedonia -File:Mexican Military Subteniente.gif|Mexico -File:07. Myanmar Army 2LT.svg|Myanmar -File:Army-POL-OF-01b.svg|Poland -File:OF-1(A) Pakistan Army.svg|Pakistan -File:PA 2LT Svc.svg|Philippines ([[Philippine Army]]) -File:RO-Army-OF1b.png|Romania -File:SAA-OF-1a.svg|South Africa -File:SWE-Fänrik.svg|Sweden -File:RTA OF-1a (Sub Lieutenant).svg|Thailand -File:UA shoulder mark 12.svg|[[ Ukrainian Army]] -File:UNER12.png|[[Ukrainian Navy]] -File:British Army OF-1a.svg|United Kingdom -File:US-OF1B.svg|United States -File:TTEEJB-GNB.png|[[Venezuelan_military_ranks|Venezuelan Army]] -</gallery> +====Marine rank==== +The [[United States Marine Corps]] and British [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |title=RM Officers & Other Ranks Badges of Rank – Royal Navy website |access-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007021455/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain the naval form{{clarify|date=February 2010|reason=which ones exactly? Russia/USSR have been used army ranks all along}}. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade higher; thus a Royal Marine captain ranked with and was paid the same as a British Army major. This historical remnant caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished. -====Third lieutenant==== -<gallery> -File:Rank insignia of младши лейтенант of the Bulgarian Army.png|<center>[[Bulgaria]]</center> -File:Georgia Army OF-1a.png|<center>[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<br />[[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Georgian Land Forces|army]]</center> -File:Sotvan 3.png|<center>[[Iran]]</center> -File:RAF N F1c-MlLt 2010–.png|<center>[[Russia]]<br />[[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Russian Navy|navy]]</center> -File:Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg|<center>[[Russia]]<br />[[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]] [[Russian Ground Forces|army]]/[[Strategic Missile Troops|RVSN]]</center> -File:UA shoulder mark 11.svg|[[Ukrainian Army]] <small>([[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]])</small> -File:UNER11.png|[[Ukrainian Navy]] <small>([[junior lieutenant|junior lt.]])</small> +<gallery class="center"> +<!-- In alphabetic order of Country please --> +Generic-Navy-O2.svg|{{lang|es|Teniente}}<br />([[Colombian Naval Infantry]])<ref name="Colombia_Navy"> {{cite web |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/2010/ley_1405_2010.html |title=Ley 1405 de 2010 Nuevos Grados Militares |author=Congreso de la República de Colombia |date=28 July 2010 |language=es |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724153456/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/2010/ley_1405_2010.html |archive-date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> +Maldives Army OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />{{lang|dv|ފަސްޓް ލެފްޓިނަންޓް}}<br />([[MNDF Marine Corps|Maldivian Marine Corps]])<ref name="Maldives">{{cite web |title=ރޭންކް ސްޓްރަކްޗަރ |url=https://mndf.gov.mv/mndf/ranks |website=mndf.gov.mv |publisher=Maldives National Defence Force |access-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229225234/https://mndf.gov.mv/mndf/ranks |archive-date=29 February 2020 |language=dv}}</ref> +7in.png|{{lang|es|Teniente}}<br />([[Spanish Marine Infantry]])<ref name="Spain">{{cite web |title=Army Ranks & Insignia |url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/personal/divisas-empleos.html |website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es |publisher=Ministry of Defence (Spain) |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> +OF-1 Löjtnant AMF hylsa.jpg|{{lang|sv|Löjtnant}}<br />([[Swedish Amphibious Corps]])<ref name="FMgrader2019">{{cite web|title=Nya gradbeteckningar införs|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2019/10/nya-gradbeteckningar-infors/|publisher=Försvarsmakten|date=2019-10-01|access-date=2019-10-02}}</ref> +British Royal Marines OF-1b.svg|Lieutenant<br />([[Royal Marines]])<ref name="Royal_Marines">{{cite web |title=RM Officers & Other Ranks Badges of Rank |website=Royal Navy website |url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |access-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007021455/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> </gallery> -===Eastern European ranks=== -A few non-English-speaking militaries maintain a lower rank, frequently translated as "third lieutenant" OF1c. The rank title may actually translate as "second lieutenant", "junior lieutenant", "sub-lieutenant" or "[[Ensign (rank)|ensign]]". [[Warsaw Pact]] countries (except Poland since 1957) standardised their ranking systems on the Soviet system. Some of the former Soviet and Warsaw Pact nations have now discarded the third rank while many retain it like Ukraine, Georgia and Armenia. Other nations use the term "senior ''poruchik''" or "''nadporuchik''" (OF1a), "''poruchik''" (OF1b), and "junior ''poruchik''" or "''podporuchik''" (OF1c). +====Air force rank==== +{{See also|Flight lieutenant}} -===Russia===<!--[[Mladshy leytenant]] redirects here--> -The [[Soviet Union]] used the three ranks [[senior lieutenant]] (старший лейтенант; ''starshy leytenant'' - OF1a), lieutenant (лейтенант; ''leytenant'' - OF1b), and junior lieutenant (мла́дший лейтенант; ''mladshy leytenant'' - OF1c). The armed forces of the Russian Federation inherited this rank structure. If military personnel serve in a guards formation, or on a guards warship, the rank designation will be preceded by the word "guards" (e.g. "guards junior lieutenant"). For civil or military personnel in the medical or judicial professions, the military rank will be preceded by the words "legal" or "medical service". +While some air forces use the army rank system, the British [[Royal Air Force]] and many other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] air forces use another rank system in which [[flight lieutenant]] ranks with an army captain and naval lieutenant, a [[flying officer]] ranks with an army lieutenant and a [[pilot officer]] with an army second lieutenant. -{| class=wikitable -|- -| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"| '''gorget patch''' <small>(1935 – 1940/43)</small> || -| style="text-align:center;" colspan="6"| '''Army shoulder straps''' -|- align=center -| [[File:Red Army Lt col 1943v.png|40px]] -| [[File:RA A-arm Lt 1943.png|40px]] -| [[File:Red Air Force Leytenant 1943v.png|40px]] -| -| [[File:RA-SA A-inf F1-2Lt 1955.png|45px]] -| [[File:RAF A F1-2Lt since 2010par.svg|45px]] -| [[File:RAF A F1-2Lt 2010.png|40px]] -| [[File:Lejtinant.png|48px]] -| [[File:Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg|40px]] -| [[File:10lt.png|45px]] +{| +!colspan=2|NATO OF-2 / US O-3 +|- style="text-align:center;" +|<!-- --> [[File:RAAF O3 rank.png|50x100px]] +|<!-- --> [[File:Flight Lieutenant of IAF.png|50x100px]] +|<!-- --> [[File:Thai air O2.png|50x100px]] +|<!-- --> [[File:British RAF OF-2.svg|50x100px]] +|- style="text-align:center;" +| Australian<br />Flight<br />lieutenant +| Indian<br />Flight<br />lieutenant +| Thai<br />Flight<br />lieutenant +| UK<br />Flight<br />lieutenant |- style="text-align:center;" -| Army -| Armoured<br />troops -| Air Force -| -| (1946–1955) -| (1955–1994)<br />(2010–present) -| (1994–2010) -| (1994–2010) -| (2010–present) -| (2010–present) +| [[File:CDN-Air Force-Lieutenant (OF1A)-2015.svg|50x100px]] +| [[File:Teniente de la FAM.gif|50x100px]] +| [[File:RO-Airforce-OF-2bs.PNG|50x100px]] +| [[File:SAAF-OF-1b.svg|50x100px]] +| [[File:Tte-ea.svg|50x100px]] +| [[File:SWE-Airforce-löjtnant.png|50x100px]] +|- style="text-align:center;" +| Canada<br />Lieutenant +| Mexico<br />Teniente +| Romania<br />Locotenent +| South Africa<br />Lieutenant +| Spain<br />Teniente +| Sweden<br />Löjtnant |} -===United States ranks=== -In March 1813, the US Army created the rank of third lieutenant. The rank was used as the entry level officer rank for the Ordnance Department and the Corps of Artillery until March 1821.<ref>p.970 Tucker, Spencer C. ''The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History'' [3 volumes] ABC-CLIO, 25 Apr 2012</ref> Throughout the 19th century and until as late as World War II<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross |url=http://www.homeofheroes.com/members/02_DSC/citatons/03_wwii-dsc/army_a.html |quote=The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross (Posthumously) to Baltazar Adona, Third Lieutenant, U.S. Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against a hostile force in the Philippine Islands. Third Lieutenant Adona distinguished himself by intrepid actions from 10 to 16 December 1941 while serving with the Philippine Scouts |access-date=27 July 2009}}</ref> the [[United States Army]] sometimes referred to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[second lieutenant]]s as "third lieutenants". These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized second lieutenant position existed. Additionally, the [[Confederate States Army]] also used "third lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company. +In the US Air Force, the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty air force bases for cadets of the [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] and [[Air Force ROTC]] the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip is used to designate this rank. -Notably, the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]] used a simple officer rank structure with Captain, First, Second and Third Lieutenants, each of whom had distinct insignia. The title of Third Lieutenant, essentially equal to the rank of [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], existed until 1915 when the Service became the nucleus of the new [[United States Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscg.mil/history/docs/usrcsuniforms1908.pdf|title=United States Revenue Marine Uniforms & Devices to 1908}}</ref> Because of the time required to fully establish this organization the rank continued for some time afterwards; the first Coast Guard aviator, [[Elmer F. Stone]], was a third lieutenant until 1918.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909020021/http://uscgaviationhistory.aoptero.org/images/Elmer%20Stone%20Book_1.pdf Commander Elmer F. "Archie" Stone, USCG Coast Guard Aviator #1]</ref> +The Royal Air Force also has an [[acting pilot officer]] designation, the most junior commissioned rank in the British armed forces. It is functionally equivalent to third lieutenant (OF-1c / O-0). -==Naval rank== +====Naval rank==== +{{main|Lieutenant (navy)}} {{Navalranks}} -===Lieutenant commander=== -{{Main|Lieutenant commander}} -Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain: such a lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy, and a "lieutenant in command" or "lieutenant and commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-thickness stripe between the two full stripes of a lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for lieutenant commanders upon introduction of their rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Ltcdr |title=Officer Ranks in the Royal Navy – Lieutenant Commander |publisher=Royal Naval Museum |access-date=2008-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm |archive-date=2014-10-11 }}</ref> -<gallery> -File:GR-Navy-OF3.svg|Greece -File:PN LCDR WhtDr.svg|Philippines -File:POR-Navy-OF3.svg|Portugal -File:U.S. Navy O-4 insignia.svg|US -</gallery> - -===Lieutenant=== -{{main|Lieutenant (navy)}} During the early days of the naval rank, a lieutenant might be very junior indeed, or might be on the cusp of promotion to captain; by modern standards, he might rank with any army rank between second lieutenant and lieutenant colonel. As the rank structure of navies stabilized, and the ranks of commander, lieutenant commander and sub-lieutenant were introduced, the naval lieutenant came to rank with an army captain (NATO OF-2 or US O-3). The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3761 |title=Uniforms and Badges of Rank – Royal Navy website |access-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012070139/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3761 |archive-date=2008-10-12 }}</ref> consists of two medium [[gold braid]] stripes (top stripe with loop) on a [[navy blue]] or black background. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various Air Forces for their equivalent ranks grades, except that the loop is removed (see [[flight lieutenant]]). -<gallery> +<gallery class="center"> +<!-- In alphabetic order of Country please --> File:French Navy-Rama NG-OF1b.svg|France File:GR-Navy-OF2.svg|Greece @@ -190,104 +141,30 @@ </gallery> -==="First lieutenant" in naval use=== +===Lieutenant commander=== +{{Main|Lieutenant commander}} +Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain: such a lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy, and a "lieutenant in command" or "lieutenant and commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-thickness stripe between the two full stripes of a lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for lieutenant commanders upon introduction of their rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Ltcdr |title=Officer Ranks in the Royal Navy – Lieutenant Commander |publisher=Royal Naval Museum |access-date=2008-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011015812/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm |archive-date=2014-10-11 }}</ref> + +===First lieutenant=== +{{Main|First lieutenant}} +===="First lieutenant" in naval use==== The first lieutenant in the [[Royal Navy]] and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the "first lieutenant" and acting as the [[second-in-command]]. Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, [[destroyer]]s and [[frigate]]s the first lieutenant (either a lieutenant or lieutenant-commander) is second in command, [[executive officer]] (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialization is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant (normally a lieutenant-commander) is appointed as his deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a [[shore establishment]] carries a similar responsibility to the first lieutenant of a [[capital ship]]. In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the [[deck department]] or division, depending upon the size of the ship. In smaller ships with only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign while in larger ships with a deck department, consisting of multiple subordinate divisions, the billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. On submarines and smaller Coast Guard cutters the billet of first lieutenant may be filled by a [[petty officer]]. -===Sub-lieutenant=== -{{Main|Sub-lieutenant}} -In the Royal Navy, the commissioned rank of mate was created in 1840, and was renamed sub-lieutenant in 1860. In the US Navy, the rank was called [[Master (naval)|master]] until 1883, when it was renamed [[lieutenant, junior grade]]. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] or [[subordinate officer]], ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from a NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman. +===Second lieutenant=== +{{Main|Second lieutenant}} +Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from the ranks may skip the rank altogether.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} -<gallery> -File:Generic-Navy-O2.svg|Canada -File:IN Sublieutenant.png|India -File:PN LTJG WhtDr.svg|Philippines (Lieutenant Junior Grade) -File:POR-Navy-guarda-marinha.png|Portugal -File:Generic-Navy-O1.svg|UK -</gallery> +===Third lieutenant=== +{{Main|Junior lieutenant}} -==Marine rank== -{{See also|United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia}} +====United States rank==== +In March 1813, the US Army created the rank of third lieutenant. The rank was used as the entry level officer rank for the Ordnance Department and the Corps of Artillery until March 1821.<ref>p.970 Tucker, Spencer C. ''The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History'' [3 volumes] ABC-CLIO, 25 Apr 2012</ref> Throughout the 19th century and until as late as World War II<ref>{{cite web |title=Full Text Citations For Award of The Distinguished Service Cross |url=http://www.homeofheroes.com/members/02_DSC/citatons/03_wwii-dsc/army_a.html |quote=The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross (Posthumously) to Baltazar Adona, Third Lieutenant, U.S. Army, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against a hostile force in the Philippine Islands. Third Lieutenant Adona distinguished himself by intrepid actions from 10 to 16 December 1941 while serving with the Philippine Scouts |access-date=27 July 2009}}</ref> the [[United States Army]] sometimes referred to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[second lieutenant]]s as "third lieutenants". These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized second lieutenant position existed. Additionally, the [[Confederate States Army]] also used "third lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company. -The [[United States Marine Corps]] and British [[Royal Marines]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |title=RM Officers & Other Ranks Badges of Rank – Royal Navy website |access-date=2008-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007021455/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.00h001004001009 |archive-date=2008-10-07 }}</ref> both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain the naval form{{clarify|date=February 2010|reason=which ones exactly? Russia/USSR have been used army ranks all along}}. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade higher; thus a Royal Marine captain ranked with and was paid the same as a British Army major. This historical remnant caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished. +Notably, the [[United States Revenue Cutter Service]] used a simple officer rank structure with Captain, First, Second and Third Lieutenants, each of whom had distinct insignia. The title of Third Lieutenant, essentially equal to the rank of [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], existed until 1915 when the Service became the nucleus of the new [[United States Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uscg.mil/history/docs/usrcsuniforms1908.pdf|title=United States Revenue Marine Uniforms & Devices to 1908}}</ref> Because of the time required to fully establish this organization the rank continued for some time afterwards; the first Coast Guard aviator, [[Elmer F. Stone]], was a third lieutenant until 1918.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060909020021/http://uscgaviationhistory.aoptero.org/images/Elmer%20Stone%20Book_1.pdf Commander Elmer F. "Archie" Stone, USCG Coast Guard Aviator #1]</ref> -==Air force rank== -{{Main|RAF officer ranks|United States Air Force officer rank insignia|Canadian Forces ranks and insignia}} - -While some air forces use the army rank system, the British [[Royal Air Force]] and many other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] air forces use another rank system in which [[flight lieutenant]] ranks with an army captain and naval lieutenant, a [[flying officer]] ranks with an army lieutenant and a [[pilot officer]] with an army second lieutenant. - -{| -!colspan=2|NATO OF-2 / US O-3 -|- style="text-align:center;" -|<!-- --> [[File:RAAF O3 rank.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Flight Lieutenant of IAF.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Thai air O2.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:British RAF OF-2.svg|50x100px]] -|- style="text-align:center;" -| Australian<br />Flight<br />lieutenant -| Indian<br />Flight<br />lieutenant -| Thai<br />Flight<br />lieutenant -| UK<br />Flight<br />lieutenant -|- -|<!-- white space --><br /> -|- -!colspan=2|NATO OF-1a / US O-2 -|- style="text-align:center;" -|<!-- --> [[File:1tenente fab.gif|100x50px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:CDN-Air Force-Lieutenant (OF1A)-2015.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Luftwaffe-221-Oberleutnant.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Teniente de la FAM.gif|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:PAF 1LT Svc.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Porucznik Lotnicze.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:RO-Airforce-OF-2bs.PNG|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:SAAF-OF-1b.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Tte-ea.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:SWE-Airforce-löjtnant.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:US Air Force O2 shoulderboard.svg|50x100px]] -|- style="text-align:center;" -| Brazil<br />Primeiro Tenente<br /> -| Canada<br />Lieutenant<br /> -| Germany<br />Oberleutnant<br /> -| Mexico<br />Teniente<br /> -| Philippines<br /> First<br />Lieutenant -| Poland<br />Porucznik -| Romania<br />Locotenent<br /> -| South Africa<br />Lieutenant<br /> -| Spain<br />Teniente<br /> -| Sweden<br />Löjtnant -| US<br />First<br />Lieutenant -|- -|<!-- white space --><br /> -|- -!colspan=2|NATO OF-1b / US O-1 -|- style="text-align:center;" -|<!-- --> [[File:2tenente fab.gif|100x50px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:CDN-Air Force-2nd Lieutenant (OF1B)-2015.svg|50x100px]] -<!-- -->| [[File:Luftwaffe-211-Leutnant.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Subteniente FAM.gif|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:PAF 2LT Svc.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Podporucznik Lotnicze.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:RO-Airforce-OF-1s.PNG|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:SAAF-OF-1a.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:Alf-ea.svg|50x100px]] -|<!-- --> [[File:SWE-Airforce-fänrik.png|50x100px]] -|<!-- US --> [[File:US Air Force O1 shoulderboard.svg|50x100px]] -|- style="text-align:center;" -| Brazil<br />Segundo Tenente<br /> -| Canada<br />Second<br />lieutenant -| Germany<br />Leutnant<br /> -| Mexico<br />Subteniente<br /> -| Philippines<br />Second<br />Lieutenant -| Poland<br />Podporucznik<br /> -| Romania<br />Sublocotenent<br /> -| South Africa<br />Second Lieutenant<br /> -| Spain<br />Alférez<br /> -| Sweden<br />Fänrik<br /> -| US<br />Second<br />lieutenant -|} - -In the US Air Force, the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty air force bases for cadets of the [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] and [[Air Force ROTC]] the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip is used to designate this rank. - -The Royal Air Force also has an [[acting pilot officer]] designation, the most junior commissioned rank in the British armed forces. It is functionally equivalent to third lieutenant (OF-1c / O-0). +===Sub-lieutenant=== +{{Main|Sub-lieutenant}} +In the Royal Navy, the commissioned rank of mate was created in 1840, and was renamed sub-lieutenant in 1860. In the US Navy, the rank was called [[Master (naval)|master]] until 1883, when it was renamed [[lieutenant, junior grade]]. In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval [[commissioned officer|commissioned]] or [[subordinate officer]], ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from a NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman. ==Other uses== @@ -367,13 +244,8 @@ *[[Comparative military ranks]] *[[Tenentism]] -<!-- -==Notes== -<references group=nb/> --> ==References== +{{Wiktionary|lieutenant}} {{reflist}} - -==External links== -{{Wiktionary|lieutenant}} {{Authority control}} '