Examine individual changes

'[[Image:Scharwenka2.jpg|thumb|F. X. Scharwenka]] '''Franz Xaver Scharwenka''' (6 January 1850{{ndash}}8 December 1924) was a [[Poland|Polish]]-[[Germany|German]] [[pianist]], [[composer]] and teacher. He was the brother of (Ludwig) [[Philipp Scharwenka]] (1847–1917), who was also a composer and teacher of music. ;o jgtcd r]]]]] == Life and career == Franz Xaver Scharwenka was born in [[Samter]], [[Prussia]] (Polish: [[Szamotuły]]; until 1793 and since 1919 part of [[Poland]]) in 1850. Although he began learning to play the piano by ear when he was 3, Scharwenka did not start formal music studies until he was 15, when his family moved to [[Berlin]] and he enrolled at the Akademie der Tonkunst. Under [[Theodor Kullak]], his pianistic skills developed rapidly, and he made his debut at the Singakademie in 1869. He taught at the academy until entering military service in 1873. Upon his discharge in 1874, Scharwenka began touring as a concert pianistrkoiy6759[e30548="suttoni22339">Suttoni, ''New Grove (2001)'', 22:339.</ref> In 1881 Scharwenka organized a successful annual series of chamber and solo concerts at the Singakademie in conjunction with Gustav Holländer and Heinrich Grünfeld. That October he founded his own music school in Berlin. In 1886 he conducted the first in a series of orchestral concerts devoted to the music of [[Hector Berlioz]], [[Franz Liszt]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] while continuing to tour extensively and play his works in collaboration with other artists such as the conductor [[Hans Richter (conductor)|Hans Richter]] and the violinist [[Joseph Joachim]]. This triple role as pianist, composer and educator would occupy Scharwenka for the rest of his career.<ref>Suttoni, ''New Grove (2001)'', 22:439–440.</ref> In 1891, Scharwenka made his3i593kiledhjjuijjeifthywetvgwsbqrtg3qijhdrt7g43u64whrithy ufhfrcjgu 4648476155555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaartyb6gutih5g xcgtcebgf6fhvgvvnhhzrr666gyy5tijkh7t7 rqe x212a fe e e 4 e 4 4 45 rt ws6 r es; 6' 5w 'y 'w 'qw ' '4 a ;'25;4t5as e;4 2 5wa3pl 4 k4q3w jerk 2wu45 qeu 2wr ucz first tour of [[United States|America]]. Deciding to emigrate, he opened a [[New York City|New York]] branch of his Scharwenka Music School. In 1893 the Berlin Scharwenka Conservatory was united with the Klindworth Conservatory, and in 1898 he returned [[Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory|there]] as Director, from New York. In 1914, with W. Petzet, he opened a School of Music with a piano teachers' seminary attached.<ref>A. Eaglefield-Hull, ''Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians'' (Dent, London 1924).</ref> Among pianists who received some instruction from him were [[José Vianna da Motta]], Fridtjof Backer-Grøndahl and Selmar Jansen. His ''Methodik des Klavierspiels'' was published in [[Leipzig]] in 1907. <ref>Suttoni, ''New Grove (2001)'', 22:440.</ref> In addition to his activities as a pianist, composer and founder of a music school, he also organized a series of concerts, focusing mainly on works by prominent composers of the century, including Beethoven, Berlioz and Liszt. Scharwenka made several recordings for [[Columbia Records]] in c. 1905 and c. 1908, including works of his own, as well as Chopin, [[Felix Mendelssohn|Mendelssohn]], [[Carl Maria von Weber|Weber]] and Liszt: his account of Chopin's ''[[Fantaisie-Impromptu]]'' (Op. posth. 66) is admired. There are [[Welte-Mignon]] piano rolls, including the Chopin A-flat Waltz, Op 42, and the F minor Fantaisie (Op. 49), his performance of which was famous.<ref>J. Methuen-Campbell, ''Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day'' ([[Gollancz]], London 1981), 101-2.</ref>. He recorded his "Polish Dance No. 1" in E-flat minor, Op. 3, No. 1 on [[American Piano Company|Ampico]] [[reproducing piano]] roll in 1921. He died in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], in 1924. == Music == [[File:VonWerner-FXScharwenka.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait by [[Anton von Werner]]]] Scharwenka's own compositions include an opera (''Mataswintha''), a [[symphony]], four [[piano concerto]]s, [[chamber music]] (all with piano part) and numerous piano pieces. The four piano concertos are substantial works. The first, in B flat minor, Op. 38<ref>Referred to as "Scharwenka's B-flat-minor horror" by [[Glenn Gould]] in: Tim Page (ed.), ''The Glenn Gould Reader'' (Knopf, New York 1984), 74.</ref>, was completed in 1874 and premiered the following year. Originally written as a solo piano fantasy, Scharwenka was dissatisfied, and reworked it with orchestra into this form. [[Franz Liszt]] accepted the dedication and performed it in Berlin.<ref>Frank Cooper, 1970 ''Sleevenote'' to RCA SB 6815.</ref> Its first recording was made in 1968 with [[Earl Wild]] and the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] under [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. The fourth concerto, in F minor, Op. 82 (1908), was premiered on 18 October 1908 in the Beethovensaal, Berlin, with Scharwenka's student Martha Siebold as the soloist and the composer himself conducting. Scharwenka's works were neglected for some years after his death; however, his "Polish Dance No. 1" in E-flat minor, Op. 3, No. 1, remained enormously popular. Since the mid-1990s, however, interest in his music has been rekindled, and recordings of most of his works are now available commercially. The recording of his Fourth Piano Concerto played by [[Stephen Hough]] with the [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Lawrence Foster]] was voted Record of the Year by the British music magazine [[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]] in 1996. His Symphony in C minor, Op. 60, received its CD premiere in 2004. == Selected works == ===Concertos=== * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, Op. 32 (1876) * Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Op. 56 (1881) * Piano Concerto No. 3 in C{{music|sharp}} minor, Op. 80 * Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 (1908) ===Orchestral=== * Overture in G (1869) * Andante religioso, Op. 46a, the composer's arrangement of the Cello Sonata (1881) * Symphony in C minor, Op. 60 (1885) ===Chamber music=== * Piano Trio No. 1 in F sharp minor, Op. 1 (1868) * Violin Sonata in D minor, Op. 2 (1868) * Piano Quartet in F major, Op. 37 (1876-1877?) * Cello Sonata in E minor, Op. 46 (1877) ===Works for solo piano=== * 5 Polish Dances for piano, Op. 3 * Scherzo in G major for piano, Op. 4 * Stories at the Piano, Op. 5 * Piano Sonata No. 1 in C sharp minor, Op. 6 (1872) * Polonaise in C sharp minor, Op. 12 * Barcarolle in E minor, Op. 14 * Impromptu in D major for piano, Op. 17 * 2 Piano Pieces, Op. 22: Novelette, Melodie * Valse-Caprice in A major for piano, Op. 31 * Piano Sonata No. 2 in E{{music|flat}} major, Op. 36 (1878) * Dance Suites, Op. 41 * Polonaise for piano, Op. 42 * Piano Trio No. 2 in A minor, Op. 45 (1878) * Polish Dances, Op. 47 * Theme and Variations for piano, Op. 48 * 4 Polish Dances for piano, Op. 58: Moderato, Lento, Allegro non tanto, Moderato * Serenade for violin and piano, Op. 70 (1895) * Eglantine Waltz for piano, Op. 84 * 3 Piano Pieces, Op. 86: Nocturne, Serenade, Maerchen ==Selected discography== * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, Op. 32 played by [[Earl Wild]] with the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by [[Erich Leinsdorf]]. Recorded in 1969. (As LP, RCA Red Seal SB 6815.) CD also contains Paderewski's Piano Concerto and [[Balakirev]]'s Fantasia on Themes by [[Glinka]] (Elan Recordings no. 22660). * Piano Concerto No. 1 in B flat minor, Op. 32 played by [[Marc-André Hamelin]] with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra conducted by Michael Stern. Recorded in 2005. CD also contains [[Anton Rubinstein]]'s Piano Concerto no. 4 ([[Hyperion Records]] no. 67508). * Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 56 played by [[Michael Ponti]] with the [[Hamburg Symphony Orchestra]] conducted by Richard Kapp. Issued in 1971 as LP, VOX Candide STGBY 651. Also contains Scherzo Op. 4, Erzählung am Klavier no 2, Op. 5, Novelette Op. 22 no. 1, and Polonaise op 42. * Piano Concerto No. 3 in C sharp minor, Op. 80 played by [[Seta Tanyel]] with the Radio Philharmonie Hannover conducted by [[Tadeusz Strugala]]. Recorded in 1996. CD also contains Piano concerto no. 2 (Hyperion no. 67365) * Piano Concerto No. 4 in F minor, Op. 82 played by [[Stephen Hough]] with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra conducted by Lawrence Foster. Recorded in 1995. CD also contains [[Emil von Sauer]]'s Piano Concerto no. 1 (Hyperion no. 66790). * Symphony in C minor, Op. 60 (1885). Gävle Symphony Orchestra conducted by [[Christopher Fifield]] ([[Sterling Records (Sweden)|Sterling]] 1060-2). == Notes == {{reflist}} ==References== *X. Scharwenka, ''Klänge aus meinem Leben'' (Koehler, Leipzig 1922). (autobiography). *Xaver Scharwenka, ''Sounds From My Life: Reminiscences of a Musician'' (Hardcover) by Xaver Scharwenka (Author), William E. Petig (Translator), Robert S. Feigelson (Introduction) (The Scarecrow Press, Inc.; Har/Com edition (April 28, 2007)). ISBN 13:978-0-8108-5669-1, ISBN 10:0-8108-5669-7. (This is the first English translation of the autobiography above. In addition to extensive annotations, the book includes an introduction providing an overview of Scharwenka's life and work, a comprehensive discography, and a CD of representative selections of Scharwenka's musical compositions.) *Matthias Schneider-Dominco, ''Xaver Scharwenka (1850-1924)''. Werkverzeichnis (ScharWV), (Göttingen 2003), ISBN 3-932622-68-5 *Suttoni, Charles, ed. Stanley Sadie, ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition' (London: Macmilian, 2001), 29 vols. ISBN 0-333-60800-3. == External links == * [http://www.klassika.info/Komponisten/Scharwenka/ Article at Klassika.info] (in German) with a database of his complete works * {{IMSLP|id=Scharwenka%2C_Xaver|cname=Xaver Scharwenka}} * [http://www.scharwenka.de/ The Xaver and Philipp Scharwenka Society] *[http://www.editionsilvertrust.com/music-books-s-to-z.htm Xaver Scharwenka Piano Quartet Op.37 & Piano Trio No.2, Op.45 sound-bites and short bio] *{{worldcat id|lccn-no89-17702}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Scharwenka, Xaver}} [[Category:1850 births]] [[Category:1924 deaths]] [[Category:People from Szamotuły County]] [[Category:20th-century classical composers]] [[Category:German composers]] [[Category:German classical pianists]] [[Category:Polish composers]] [[Category:Opera composers]] [[Category:Polish classical pianists]] [[Category:Romantic composers]] [[Category:People from the Province of Posen]] [[de:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[fr:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[nl:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[ja:フランツ・クサヴァー・シャルヴェンカ]] [[pl:Franz Xavier Scharwenka]] [[pt:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[ru:Шарвенка, Франц Ксавер]] [[fi:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[sv:Xaver Scharwenka]] [[zh:克萨韦尔·沙尔文卡]]'