Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
Variables generated for this change
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '173.243.160.48' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmywatchlist',
6 => 'editmywatchlist',
7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
9 => 'editmyoptions',
10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
11 => 'urlshortener-create-url',
12 => 'centralauth-merge',
13 => 'abusefilter-view',
14 => 'abusefilter-log',
15 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 158145 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Anglo-Zulu War' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Anglo-Zulu War' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => 'Compassionate727',
1 => '49.197.103.9',
2 => 'Dumelow',
3 => 'MrOllie',
4 => '121.213.183.134',
5 => 'Mike Marchmont',
6 => '49.36.123.17',
7 => 'ClueBot NG',
8 => 'Chewings72',
9 => 'Keith-264'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 607692800 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '/* History */ ' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|British colonial war in 1879}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Zulu War
| partof =
| image = Défense de Rorke's Drift.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Detail of a painting depicting the [[Battle of Rorke's Drift]]
| date = 11 January – 4 July 1879<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=11|year1=1879|month2=07|day2=04|year2=1879}})
| place = [[South Africa]]
| territory = Partition of the Zulu Kingdom
| result = British victory
| combatant1 =
{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[British Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Zulu Kingdom|Zulu]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Benjamin Disraeli|Earl of Beaconsfield]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Henry Bartle Frere|Sir Henry Bartle Frere]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]]
| commander2 = [[Cetshwayo kaMpande]]<br />[[Ntshingwayo Khoza]]<br />[[Dabulamanzi kaMpande]]
| strength1 = '''1st invasion:'''<br />15,000–16,000{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=263–264}} gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops and 9,035 Native Contingent. {{harvnb|Morris|1998|p=292}} gives 16,800}}
* 6,600 British troops
* 9,000 Africans
17 cannons<br />7 [[Gatling gun]]s<br /><br />'''2nd invasion:'''<br />25,000{{sfn|Morris|1998|p=498}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=396}} gives British strength in April as 22,545.}}
* 16,000 British troops
* 7,000 Africans
10 cannons<br />2 Gatling guns
| strength2 = 35,000{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=318}} gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,000, of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns.}}–50,000
| casualties1 = 1,902 killed<br />256 wounded
| casualties2 = 6,930 killed{{sfn|Knight|Castle|1999|p=115}}<br />3,500+ wounded
}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Zulu War}}
{{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}}
The '''Anglo-Zulu War''' was fought in 1879 between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Zulu Kingdom]]. Following the [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act of 1867]] for the federation in Canada, by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]], it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and [[Boer Republics|Boer republics]] in South Africa. In 1874, Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere|Bartle Frere]] was sent to South Africa as [[High Commissioner]] for the British Empire to effect such plans. Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the [[South African Republic]] and the Kingdom of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].<ref>Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8.</ref>
Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative [[Anglo-Zulu War#Terms of the ultimatum|ultimatum]] on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king [[Cetshwayo]] and upon its rejection sent [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]] to invade Zululand.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Morris|1998|pp= 291–92}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=9}} states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..."{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=11}} notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply".}} The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the [[Battle of Isandlwana]], followed by the defence of [[Rorke's Drift]] by a small British force from attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region.
==History==
===Background===
{{more footnotes|section|date=January 2018}}<!--Background section and many other paragraphs through article have no citations-->
====British Empire====
By the 1850s the British Empire had colonies in southern Africa bordering on various [[Boer]] settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus, the [[Basotho]] and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with these followed an expansionist policy. [[Cape Colony]] had been formed after the [[Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814]] permanently ceded the Dutch colony of [[Cape Town]] to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially through the 19th century. [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] in south-eastern Africa, was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the [[Boer]] [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]]. Matters were brought to a head when three sons and a brother of the Zulu chief Sirayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection.
The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the [[Vaal River]], some {{cvt|550|mi|km}} northeast of [[Cape Town]], ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a [[diamond rush]] that attracted people from all over the world, which turned [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed [[West Griqualand]], site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries.
In 1874 [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]], [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa. The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=73–93}} Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the [[Orange Free State]] and the [[Transvaal Republic]] and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.
In 1877, Sir [[Bartle Frere]] was made [[High Commissioner]] for [[Southern Africa]] by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African [[dominion]]. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the [[South African Republic]], informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State and the Kingdom of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]]. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a [[casus belli]] against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}}
[[File:BartleFrere.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Bartle Frere]]]]
By 1877, Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King [[Cetshwayo]] and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.
Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of". {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=89}}
Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal — especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and [[Paul Kruger]]'s diplomatic manoeuvers added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, [[John Colenso]].
Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of [[Langalibalele]] and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on [[Robben Island]]. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal.
Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.
[[British Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Sir Michael Hicks Beach]], who would replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the [[Cape Colony]] as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.
====Zulu Kingdom====
[[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of [[Cetshwayo kaMpande]], c. 1875]]
[[Shaka Zulu]], the first Zulu king, had, through war and conquest, built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom which by 1825 encompassed an area of around {{convert|11500|sqmi}}. In 1828 he was assassinated at [[Shaka Memorial|Dukuza]] by one of his [[Induna|inDunas]] and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, [[Dinggh kaSenzangakhona]], succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by [[Andries Pretorius|Pretorius]] at the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Dingane's half brother, [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona]], then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire.
In 1839, the Boer [[Voortrekkers]], under Pretorius, formed the Boer [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]], south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.
[[File:King-Mpande-1.gif|thumb|upright|King [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona|Mpande]]]]
In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of [[Swaziland]] in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the [[Battle of Ndondakusuka]], which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.
In 1861, Umtonga, another son of [[Mpande]], fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the near by frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the [[Boer]]s, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from [[Rorke's Drift]] on the Buffalo to a point on the [[Pongola River]].
[[File:Angas - Zoeloe vrouens brou bier.png|thumb|left|Zulu village, c. 1849]]
The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] to [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant [[Dingane]]), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the [[Swazi people|Swazis]] to [[Lydenburg]]. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a [[Boer Commando|Boer commando unit]], under [[Paul Kruger]] and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the lieutenant-governor of Natal, then [[Robert William Keate]], were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful.
In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}} the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=13}} While numerous Zulus of rival factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.
As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle [[Shaka]] as far as possible. He formed new [[age-set]] regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=15}} Most Zulu warriors were armed with an ''[[iklwa]]'' (the Zulu refinement of the ''[[assegai]]'' thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide.{{sfn|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}} quote John Shepstone, Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army: saying "Equipment: Each man carries his shield and assegais, and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one, he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails, this is all."}} The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful.{{sfn|Knight|1996|pp=33, 38, 39}} The Zulu attitude towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."{{sfn|Bourquin|1978}}
===Boundary Commission and ultimatum===
{{too many quotes|section|date=February 2020}}
The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=251}} Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=87–88}}
In February 1878 a commission was appointed by [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer|Henry Bulwer]], the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir [[Sir Henry Bartle Frere, 1st Baronet|Henry Bartle Frere]], then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers",{{efn|{{harvnb|Martineau|1895|p=242}} gives much of the chapter, without sarcasm—or irony, to Bartle Frere's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission's conclusions.}} stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise [[ultimatum]] he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his ''[[casus belli]]'' and were the basis for the ultimatum to which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply,{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}}
The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of [[Sihayo kaXongo]] and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:
{{quote|A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal. She was followed [on 28 July 1878] by a party of Zulus, under Mehlokazulu, the chief son of Sihayo, and his brother, seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge, and carried back to Zululand, where she was put to death, in accordance with Zulu law...
A week later the same young men, with two other brothers and an uncle, captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo, in the company of the young man with whom she had fled. This woman was also carried back, and is supposed to have been put to death likewise; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime, punishable with death, was safe from them on English soil; they did not touch him.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=196}}}}
The third incident occurred in September when [[1878 Natal-Zululand border incident|two men were detained]] while on a sandbank of the [[Thukela River]] near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Michael Hicks Beach]], who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies:
{{quote|Mr. Smith, a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department, was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela, near Fort Buckingham, which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and accompanied by Mr. Deighton, a trader, resident at Fort Buckingham, went down to the ford across the Tugela. The stream was very low, and ran under the Zulu bank, but they were on this side of it, and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus, made prisoners, and taken off with their horses, which were on the Natal side of the river, and roughly treated and threatened for some time; though, ultimately, at the instance of a headman who came up, they were released and allowed to depart.<ref name="bpp 1">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2222, No. 111: Frere to Hicks Beach, 6 October 1878.</ref>}}
By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.
{{quote|I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory, and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence, under the laws of the Colony, the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo who were the leaders of the party.<ref name="bpp 2">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 40: Bulwer to Hicks Beach, 9 August 1878.</ref>}}
Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding
{{quote|Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true, but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do, as what Sirayo’s sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father’s house did not think of what they were doing. Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing, and he sends some of his [[izinduna]], who will follow Umlungi with his words. Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka.<ref name="bpp 3">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, Enclosure in No. 89: Cetshwayo to Bulwer, 24 August 1879.</ref>}}
The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:
{{quote|Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation, it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line, and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the remonstrances of the Natal policemen, is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which cannot be passed over, and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor’s demands, that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice, it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours.<ref name="bpp 4">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 105, Frere to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878.</ref>}}
In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:
{{quote|... Her Majesty's Government have arrived, it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest, but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists. Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree, I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable, and I am confident that you, in concert with Sir H. Bulwer, will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance, and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=258–60}}}}
[[File:Michael Hicks Beach, Lock & Whitfield woodburytype, 1876-84.jpg|thumb|upright|Hicks Beach]]
After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer]], it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this ''indaba'' was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.
By the time the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo’s sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton were only part of the justification used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of these was Cetshwayo’s apparent breaking of promises he had given to the then Mr Theophilus Shepstone at the king’s "coronation" in 1872. This farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=79}}
A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a [[Swazi people|Swazi]] king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the [[Intombe River]] in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg<!---do not link to Tafelberg, which is Table Mountain at Cape Town--->, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:
{{quote|The King disowned Umbilini’s acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble, that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother, the reigning Chief, and that if he returned he should kill him. But there is nothing to show that he has in any way punished him, and, on the contrary, it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo, he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King.<ref name="bpp 5">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2260, Enclosure 2 in No. 6: Memorandum, 16 January 1879.</ref>}}
Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission’s findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere’s letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.
In January 1879 Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:
{{quote|I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them (Her Majesty's Government) "for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take. The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of strengthening Her Majesty's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus, and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it. In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists, the reinforcements asked for were supplied, and, in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty's Government, I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war. But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king, however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger, are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=260–62}}}}
Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:
{{quote|I have impressed this [non-aggressive] view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power. But I cannot really control him without a telegraph (I don’t know that I could with one) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present moment.{{sfn|Guy|1994|p=49}}}}
Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.
====Terms of the ultimatum====
The terms which were included in the ultimatum delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the [[List of heritage sites in KwaZulu–Natal|Ultimatum Tree]] on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 4–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so that all expired on 10 January 1879.
# Surrender of Sihayo’s three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.
# Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo’s delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.
# Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.
# Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.
# Observance of the coronation promises.
# That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.
# That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.
# That every man, when he comes to man’s estate, shall be free to marry.
# All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.
# All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.
# A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.
# All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.
# No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=248}}
To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men- redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliaries- along the Zululand border ready for the invasion. {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}
For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.
===First invasion===
{{Main|Action at Sihayo's Kraal|Battle of Inyezane|Battle of Isandlwana|Battle of Rorke's Drift|Siege of Eshowe|Battle of Intombe|Battle of Hlobane|Battle of Kambula|Battle of Gingindlovu}}
[[File:Isandhlwana.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.35|Battle of Isandlwana painting by Charles Edwin Fripp (1854–1906)]]
[[File:Military Map of Zulu Land.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|British Army military map of Zulu Land, 1879]]
<!---moved from lead, now needs integration here or deletion when it duplicates--->
The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader, [[Cetshwayo]], and the [[Boers]] in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere]], acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}} says "the terms...are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war...to preclude you from incurring the delay...involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms..."}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}} of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford]] invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] at [[Rorke's Drift]], an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries.{{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}
Lord Chelmsford, the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main center column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising the previously called No. 3 Column and Durnford's No. 2 Column,{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=263–64}} gives 7,800: 1752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glynn which made up Chelmsford's Main Column. The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns: 6,669 Imperial and colonial troops: 9,035 troops in the native contingent; 802 Drivers, etc.}} under his direct command. He moved his troops from [[Pietermaritzburg]] to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal|Greytown]]. On 9 January 1879 they moved to [[Rorke's Drift]], and early on 11 January commenced crossing the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] into [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].{{sfn|Giliomee|Mbenga|2007}} Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Tugela, [[Rorke's Drift]], and Utrecht respectively, their objective being [[Ulundi]], the royal capital.
While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger.{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|1996|p=11}} states "they were a part-time citizen army, and were armed primarily with traditional weapons".}} It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties.{{sfn|Knight|2005|p=8}} Zulu warriors were armed primarily with ''[[Assegai]]'' thrusting spears, known in Zulu as ''[[iklwa]]'', clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide.{{efn|{{harvnb|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}} state "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs.}}{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}}
[[File:Alphonse de Neuville - The defence of Rorke's Drift 1879 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Battle of Rorke's Drift, showing in great detail the British Defense of Rorke's Drift. |300x300px]]
The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near [[Battle of Isandlwana|Isandlwana]]; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the camp in charge of Colonel [[Henry Pulleine|Pulleine]]. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by [[Ntshingwayo Khoza]]. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main [[Impi]] attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing [[Battle of Isandlwana]] was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British army border post of [[Rorke's Drift]] and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting.
[[File:Guerriers zoulous.jpg|thumb|left|Zulu warriors, 1879 ([[Charles Edwin Fripp]])]]
While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel [[Charles Pearson (British Army officer)|Charles Pearson]], crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the [[Siege of Eshowe#Prelude: Inyezane|Inyezane River]], and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the [[Siege of Eshowe]] had begun.
Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel [[Evelyn Wood (British Army officer)|Evelyn Wood]], had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of [[Hlobane Mountain]], where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure.{{efn|{{harvnb|Laband|2009|p=5}} "The Anglo-Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion."}}
[[File:Ntombe.jpg|thumb|upright|Battle of the Intombe river]]
It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.
On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the [[Battle of Intombe]]; the British force suffered 80 killed{{efn|{{harvnb|Morris|1998|p=474}} gives 80 killed: 62 British soldiers, 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers.}} and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column, under Lord Chelmsford, consisting of 3,400 British and 2,300 African soldiers, marched to the relief of [[Eshowe]], entrenched camps being formed each night.
Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the [[AbaQulusi (Zulu)|abaQulusi Zulu]] stronghold in Hlobane.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=}} Lieutenant Colonel [[Redvers Henry Buller|Redvers Buller]], led the [[Battle of Hlobane|attack on Hlobane]] on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.
The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=353}} notes "The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed.".}} attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the [[Battle of Kambula]] and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed.{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}, gives 800 Zulu casualties. {{harvnb|Knight|1995|p=142 }} says, '785 [bodies] were collected from close by the camp. Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died'.}} The effect of the battle of Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander [[Mnyamana Buthelezi]] tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi{{sfn|Morvan|2021|pp=261-262}} but many demoralised warriors simply went home.{{sfn|Knight|1995|p=142 }}
[[File:The burning of Ulundi.jpg|thumb|The burning of Ulundi]]
While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at [[Battle of Gingindlovu|Gingindlovu]], the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200 while the British only suffered two dead and 52 wounded. The next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April, after which the Zulu forces burned it down.
===Second invasion===
{{Main|Battle of Ulundi}}
[[File:Last Sleep of the Brave.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Last Sleep of the Brave, 1879 ([[Alphonse de Neuville]])]]
The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}"Chelmsford...began his second invasion". {{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=75}} "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=27}} has a map titled: "First invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Morris|1998|pp=498–511}} has a chapter titled:"The Second Invasion".}} was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.
One of the early British casualties was the exiled heir to the French throne, [[Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial|Imperial Prince Napoleon Eugene]], who had volunteered to serve in the British army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party.
Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the [[Battle of Ulundi]], and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated.
===Aftermath===
{{Military history of South Africa}}
After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and [[Cetshwayo]] became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to [[Cape Town]]. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The [[Zulu royal family|dynasty of Shaka]] was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including [[Zibhebhu kaMaphitha|Zibhebhu]], [[John Robert Dunn]], a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war.
Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|loc=Ch 9}} and would never serve in the field again.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=99}} Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in [[Cape Town]].
Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from [[Robben Island]] and returned to Zululand in 1883.
A Resident ([[Melmoth Osborn]]) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs [[Usibepu]] (Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white [[Filibuster (military)|freebooters]].
When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the [[Tugela River]] and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]] forest. After appeals to [[Melmoth Osborn]] he moved to [[Eshowe]], where he died soon after.
==Last veterans==
* Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and [[OBE]]) [[Frank Bourne]], [[Distinguished Conduct Medal|DCM]] (1854–1945) Last survivor of [[Rorke's Drift]].<ref name="rorkesdriftvc" />
* Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953)
* Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953)
==Film adaptions==
* ''[[Zulu (1964 film)|Zulu]]'' (1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift.
* ''[[Zulu Dawn]]'' (1979), the Battle of Isandlwana.
==See also==
{{Portal|Victorian era}}
* [[Bambatha Rebellion]]
* [[Colony of Natal]]
* [[First Boer War]]
* [[Military history of South Africa]]
*[[Shaka|Shaka Zulu]]
*[[Scramble for Africa]]
*[[Zulu Kingdom|Kingdom of Zululand]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|1}}
===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rorkesdriftvc">{{Cite web | title = The Rorke's Drift VC Discussion Forum | work = rorkesdriftvc.com | date = 15 December 2001 | access-date = 2016-04-09 | url = http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/discussion.php?topid=693&forid=1}}</ref>
}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Christon I. |last2=Ferris |first2=John R. |last3=Herwig |first3=Holger H. |first4=Timothy H. E. |last4=Travers |title=World History of Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfcfOrihAvAC&pg=PA462 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1941-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barthorp|title=The Zulu War: Isandhlwana to Ulundi|year=2002|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=0-304-36270-0}}
* {{Cite journal| volume=IV |issue=4 |last=Bourquin |first=S. |title=The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879 |journal=Military History Journal |year=1978 |issn=2193-2336}}
* {{Cite book |last=Colenso |first=Frances E. |others=Assisted by Edward Durnford |year=1880 |title=History of the Zulu War and Its Origin |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzuluwar00colerich}}
* {{cite book|last1=Giliomee|first1=Hermann Buhr|author-link1=Hermann Giliomee|last2=Mbenga|first2=Bernard |title=New History of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0x0AAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=978-0-624-04359-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Gump|first=James O. |title=The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_vMrWVqLIEC|year=1996|publisher=Bison Books|isbn=0-8032-7059-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Guy|first=Jeff |title=The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wroYQAAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=University of Natal Press|isbn=978-0-86980-892-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=Brave Men's Blood: The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoaOAAAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Pen & Sword Military Classics|isbn=978-1-84415-212-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Knight (historian)|title=Rorke's Drift, 1879: 'Pinned like Rats in a Hole'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgoFae8PG5cC&pg=PA33|year=1996|publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-85532-506-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=The Zulu War 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xe8VDP1hlUC|year=2003|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-84176-612-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=British Fortifications in Zululand 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHV_S7Fdop0C|year=2005|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-84176-829-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knight |first1=Ian |last2=Castle|first2=Ian |title=British Army: Zulu War to the Boer War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50dYkgEACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Brassey's UK|isbn=978-1-85753-284-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Laband|first=John |title=Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npwiCbbEikkC|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6300-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lock|first1=Ron |last2=Quantrill|first2=Peter |title=Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRJzAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Greenhill|isbn=978-1-85367-505-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Martineau|first=John |title=The life and correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwcMAQAAMAAJ|volume=II |year=1895|publisher=J. Murray|location=London|chapter=XIX}}
* {{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin |title=Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8614-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Donald R. |title=The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIWjmKPLCoUC|year=1998|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80866-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Morvan|first=Philippe |title=Les fils du ciel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMfEAAAQBAJ|year=2021|publisher=Calmann-Lévy|isbn=978-2-7021-6767-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Raugh|first=Harold E. |title=Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgTmAEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-7227-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Spiers|first=Edward M. |title=The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ZnAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2354-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=P. S. |title=Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZlIFcnAMTEC |year=2006 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5368-1}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Brookes|first1=Edgar H|author-link= Edgar Brookes|last2=Webb |first2=Colin de B.|title=A History of Natal|publisher=University of Natal Press|year=1965|location=[[Brooklyn]]|isbn=0-86980-579-7}}
* {{Cite news|last=David|first=Saul|author-link=Saul David|title=The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War|newspaper=[[BBC History (magazine)|BBC History Magazine]]|volume=10|issue=2|pages=26–33|date=February 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Dutton|first=Roy |title=Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o1sDwAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Infodial|isbn=978-0-9556554-4-9}}
* {{cite book|last=French |first=Gerald |title=Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1EBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4738-3510-8|publisher=John Lane, The Bodley Head|orig-year=1939|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-44593-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Laband|first1=John|last2=Knight |first2=Ian|title=The Anglo-Zulu War|publisher=[[The History Press|Sutton]]|year=1996|location=[[Stroud]]|isbn=0-86985-829-7}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Zululand}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Anglo-Zulu War}}
* [http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website]
* [http://www.anglozuluwar.com Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031124021302/http://www.1879memorials.com/ The Keynsham Light Horse]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706170914/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fzulu1878.htm Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879] by Ralph Zuljan
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Political history of South Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anglo-Zulu War| ]]
[[Category:1879 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1879 in the Colony of Natal]]
[[Category:1879 in the Zulu Kingdom]]
[[Category:African resistance to colonialism]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Zulu]]
[[Category:History of KwaZulu-Natal]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Last stands]]
[[Category:Military history of South Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Zulu]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|British colonial war in 1879}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Anglo-Zulu War
| partof =
| image = Défense de Rorke's Drift.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = Detail of a painting depicting the [[Battle of Rorke's Drift]]
| date = 11 January – 4 July 1879<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=11|year1=1879|month2=07|day2=04|year2=1879}})
| place = [[South Africa]]
| territory = Partition of the Zulu Kingdom
| result = British victory
| combatant1 =
{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[British Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Zulu Kingdom|Zulu]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Benjamin Disraeli|Earl of Beaconsfield]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Henry Bartle Frere|Sir Henry Bartle Frere]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]<br />{{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Garnet Wolseley]]
| commander2 = [[Cetshwayo kaMpande]]<br />[[Ntshingwayo Khoza]]<br />[[Dabulamanzi kaMpande]]
| strength1 = '''1st invasion:'''<br />15,000–16,000{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=263–264}} gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops and 9,035 Native Contingent. {{harvnb|Morris|1998|p=292}} gives 16,800}}
* 6,600 British troops
* 9,000 Africans
17 cannons<br />7 [[Gatling gun]]s<br /><br />'''2nd invasion:'''<br />25,000{{sfn|Morris|1998|p=498}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=396}} gives British strength in April as 22,545.}}
* 16,000 British troops
* 7,000 Africans
10 cannons<br />2 Gatling guns
| strength2 = 35,000{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=318}} gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,000, of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns.}}–50,000
| casualties1 = 1,902 killed<br />256 wounded
| casualties2 = 6,930 killed{{sfn|Knight|Castle|1999|p=115}}<br />3,500+ wounded
}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Zulu War}}
{{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}}
The '''Anglo-Zulu War''' was fought in 1879 between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Zulu Kingdom]]. Following the [[Constitution Act, 1867|British North America Act of 1867]] for the federation in Canada, by [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]], it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and [[Boer Republics|Boer republics]] in South Africa. In 1874, Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere|Bartle Frere]] was sent to South Africa as [[High Commissioner]] for the British Empire to effect such plans. Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the [[South African Republic]] and the Kingdom of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].<ref>Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8.</ref>
Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative [[Anglo-Zulu War#Terms of the ultimatum|ultimatum]] on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king [[Cetshwayo]] and upon its rejection sent [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]] to invade Zululand.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Morris|1998|pp= 291–92}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=9}} states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..."{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=11}} notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply".}} The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the [[Battle of Isandlwana]], followed by the defence of [[Rorke's Drift]] by a small British force from attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region.
==Last veterans==
* Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and [[OBE]]) [[Frank Bourne]], [[Distinguished Conduct Medal|DCM]] (1854–1945) Last survivor of [[Rorke's Drift]].<ref name="rorkesdriftvc" />
* Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953)
* Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953)
==Film adaptions==
* ''[[Zulu (1964 film)|Zulu]]'' (1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift.
* ''[[Zulu Dawn]]'' (1979), the Battle of Isandlwana.
==See also==
{{Portal|Victorian era}}
* [[Bambatha Rebellion]]
* [[Colony of Natal]]
* [[First Boer War]]
* [[Military history of South Africa]]
*[[Shaka|Shaka Zulu]]
*[[Scramble for Africa]]
*[[Zulu Kingdom|Kingdom of Zululand]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|1}}
===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="rorkesdriftvc">{{Cite web | title = The Rorke's Drift VC Discussion Forum | work = rorkesdriftvc.com | date = 15 December 2001 | access-date = 2016-04-09 | url = http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/discussion.php?topid=693&forid=1}}</ref>
}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Christon I. |last2=Ferris |first2=John R. |last3=Herwig |first3=Holger H. |first4=Timothy H. E. |last4=Travers |title=World History of Warfare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfcfOrihAvAC&pg=PA462 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1941-0}}
* {{Cite book|last=Barthorp|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barthorp|title=The Zulu War: Isandhlwana to Ulundi|year=2002|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=0-304-36270-0}}
* {{Cite journal| volume=IV |issue=4 |last=Bourquin |first=S. |title=The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879 |journal=Military History Journal |year=1978 |issn=2193-2336}}
* {{Cite book |last=Colenso |first=Frances E. |others=Assisted by Edward Durnford |year=1880 |title=History of the Zulu War and Its Origin |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofzuluwar00colerich}}
* {{cite book|last1=Giliomee|first1=Hermann Buhr|author-link1=Hermann Giliomee|last2=Mbenga|first2=Bernard |title=New History of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0x0AAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Tafelberg|isbn=978-0-624-04359-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Gump|first=James O. |title=The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_vMrWVqLIEC|year=1996|publisher=Bison Books|isbn=0-8032-7059-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Guy|first=Jeff |title=The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wroYQAAACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=University of Natal Press|isbn=978-0-86980-892-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=Brave Men's Blood: The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoaOAAAACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Pen & Sword Military Classics|isbn=978-1-84415-212-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Knight (historian)|title=Rorke's Drift, 1879: 'Pinned like Rats in a Hole'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgoFae8PG5cC&pg=PA33|year=1996|publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-85532-506-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=The Zulu War 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xe8VDP1hlUC|year=2003|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-84176-612-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=British Fortifications in Zululand 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHV_S7Fdop0C|year=2005|publisher=Osprey|isbn=978-1-84176-829-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knight |first1=Ian |last2=Castle|first2=Ian |title=British Army: Zulu War to the Boer War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50dYkgEACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Brassey's UK|isbn=978-1-85753-284-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Laband|first=John |title=Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npwiCbbEikkC|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-6300-2}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lock|first1=Ron |last2=Quantrill|first2=Peter |title=Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pRJzAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Greenhill|isbn=978-1-85367-505-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Martineau|first=John |title=The life and correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwcMAQAAMAAJ|volume=II |year=1895|publisher=J. Murray|location=London|chapter=XIX}}
* {{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin |title=Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8614-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Donald R. |title=The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIWjmKPLCoUC|year=1998|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80866-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Morvan|first=Philippe |title=Les fils du ciel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMfEAAAQBAJ|year=2021|publisher=Calmann-Lévy|isbn=978-2-7021-6767-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Raugh|first=Harold E. |title=Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgTmAEACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=Scarecrow|isbn=978-0-8108-7227-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Spiers|first=Edward M. |title=The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ZnAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2354-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Thompson |first=P. S. |title=Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZlIFcnAMTEC |year=2006 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5368-1}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Brookes|first1=Edgar H|author-link= Edgar Brookes|last2=Webb |first2=Colin de B.|title=A History of Natal|publisher=University of Natal Press|year=1965|location=[[Brooklyn]]|isbn=0-86980-579-7}}
* {{Cite news|last=David|first=Saul|author-link=Saul David|title=The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War|newspaper=[[BBC History (magazine)|BBC History Magazine]]|volume=10|issue=2|pages=26–33|date=February 2009}}
* {{cite book|last=Dutton|first=Roy |title=Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o1sDwAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Infodial|isbn=978-0-9556554-4-9}}
* {{cite book|last=French |first=Gerald |title=Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1EBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4738-3510-8|publisher=John Lane, The Bodley Head|orig-year=1939|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Ian |title=Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-44593-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Laband|first1=John|last2=Knight |first2=Ian|title=The Anglo-Zulu War|publisher=[[The History Press|Sutton]]|year=1996|location=[[Stroud]]|isbn=0-86985-829-7}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Zululand}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Anglo-Zulu War}}
* [http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website]
* [http://www.anglozuluwar.com Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031124021302/http://www.1879memorials.com/ The Keynsham Light Horse]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706170914/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fzulu1878.htm Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879] by Ralph Zuljan
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Political history of South Africa}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anglo-Zulu War| ]]
[[Category:1879 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1879 in the Colony of Natal]]
[[Category:1879 in the Zulu Kingdom]]
[[Category:African resistance to colonialism]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Zulu]]
[[Category:History of KwaZulu-Natal]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Last stands]]
[[Category:Military history of South Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Zulu]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -33,170 +33,4 @@
Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative [[Anglo-Zulu War#Terms of the ultimatum|ultimatum]] on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king [[Cetshwayo]] and upon its rejection sent [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]] to invade Zululand.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Morris|1998|pp= 291–92}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=9}} states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..."{{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=11}} notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply".}} The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the [[Battle of Isandlwana]], followed by the defence of [[Rorke's Drift]] by a small British force from attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region.
-
-==History==
-
-===Background===
-{{more footnotes|section|date=January 2018}}<!--Background section and many other paragraphs through article have no citations-->
-====British Empire====
-By the 1850s the British Empire had colonies in southern Africa bordering on various [[Boer]] settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus, the [[Basotho]] and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with these followed an expansionist policy. [[Cape Colony]] had been formed after the [[Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814]] permanently ceded the Dutch colony of [[Cape Town]] to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially through the 19th century. [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] in south-eastern Africa, was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the [[Boer]] [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]]. Matters were brought to a head when three sons and a brother of the Zulu chief Sirayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection.
-
-The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the [[Vaal River]], some {{cvt|550|mi|km}} northeast of [[Cape Town]], ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a [[diamond rush]] that attracted people from all over the world, which turned [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed [[West Griqualand]], site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries.
-
-In 1874 [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]], [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa. The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=73–93}} Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the [[Orange Free State]] and the [[Transvaal Republic]] and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.
-
-In 1877, Sir [[Bartle Frere]] was made [[High Commissioner]] for [[Southern Africa]] by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African [[dominion]]. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the [[South African Republic]], informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State and the Kingdom of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]]. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a [[casus belli]] against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}}
-
-[[File:BartleFrere.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Bartle Frere]]]]
-By 1877, Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King [[Cetshwayo]] and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.
-
-Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of". {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=89}}
-
-Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal — especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and [[Paul Kruger]]'s diplomatic manoeuvers added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, [[John Colenso]].
-
-Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of [[Langalibalele]] and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on [[Robben Island]]. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal.
-
-Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.
-
-[[British Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Sir Michael Hicks Beach]], who would replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the [[Cape Colony]] as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.
-
-====Zulu Kingdom====
-[[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of [[Cetshwayo kaMpande]], c. 1875]]
-[[Shaka Zulu]], the first Zulu king, had, through war and conquest, built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom which by 1825 encompassed an area of around {{convert|11500|sqmi}}. In 1828 he was assassinated at [[Shaka Memorial|Dukuza]] by one of his [[Induna|inDunas]] and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, [[Dinggh kaSenzangakhona]], succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by [[Andries Pretorius|Pretorius]] at the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Dingane's half brother, [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona]], then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire.
-
-In 1839, the Boer [[Voortrekkers]], under Pretorius, formed the Boer [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]], south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.
-
-[[File:King-Mpande-1.gif|thumb|upright|King [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona|Mpande]]]]
-In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of [[Swaziland]] in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the [[Battle of Ndondakusuka]], which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.
-
-In 1861, Umtonga, another son of [[Mpande]], fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the near by frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the [[Boer]]s, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from [[Rorke's Drift]] on the Buffalo to a point on the [[Pongola River]].
-
-[[File:Angas - Zoeloe vrouens brou bier.png|thumb|left|Zulu village, c. 1849]]
-The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] to [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant [[Dingane]]), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the [[Swazi people|Swazis]] to [[Lydenburg]]. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a [[Boer Commando|Boer commando unit]], under [[Paul Kruger]] and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the lieutenant-governor of Natal, then [[Robert William Keate]], were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful.
-
-In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}} the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=13}} While numerous Zulus of rival factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.
-
-As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle [[Shaka]] as far as possible. He formed new [[age-set]] regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=15}} Most Zulu warriors were armed with an ''[[iklwa]]'' (the Zulu refinement of the ''[[assegai]]'' thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide.{{sfn|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}} quote John Shepstone, Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army: saying "Equipment: Each man carries his shield and assegais, and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one, he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails, this is all."}} The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful.{{sfn|Knight|1996|pp=33, 38, 39}} The Zulu attitude towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."{{sfn|Bourquin|1978}}
-
-===Boundary Commission and ultimatum===
-{{too many quotes|section|date=February 2020}}
-The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=251}} Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=87–88}}
-
-In February 1878 a commission was appointed by [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer|Henry Bulwer]], the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir [[Sir Henry Bartle Frere, 1st Baronet|Henry Bartle Frere]], then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers",{{efn|{{harvnb|Martineau|1895|p=242}} gives much of the chapter, without sarcasm—or irony, to Bartle Frere's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission's conclusions.}} stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise [[ultimatum]] he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his ''[[casus belli]]'' and were the basis for the ultimatum to which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply,{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}}
-
-The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of [[Sihayo kaXongo]] and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:
-
-{{quote|A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal. She was followed [on 28 July 1878] by a party of Zulus, under Mehlokazulu, the chief son of Sihayo, and his brother, seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge, and carried back to Zululand, where she was put to death, in accordance with Zulu law...
-
-A week later the same young men, with two other brothers and an uncle, captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo, in the company of the young man with whom she had fled. This woman was also carried back, and is supposed to have been put to death likewise; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime, punishable with death, was safe from them on English soil; they did not touch him.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=196}}}}
-
-The third incident occurred in September when [[1878 Natal-Zululand border incident|two men were detained]] while on a sandbank of the [[Thukela River]] near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Michael Hicks Beach]], who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies:
-
-{{quote|Mr. Smith, a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department, was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela, near Fort Buckingham, which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and accompanied by Mr. Deighton, a trader, resident at Fort Buckingham, went down to the ford across the Tugela. The stream was very low, and ran under the Zulu bank, but they were on this side of it, and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus, made prisoners, and taken off with their horses, which were on the Natal side of the river, and roughly treated and threatened for some time; though, ultimately, at the instance of a headman who came up, they were released and allowed to depart.<ref name="bpp 1">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2222, No. 111: Frere to Hicks Beach, 6 October 1878.</ref>}}
-
-By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.
-
-{{quote|I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory, and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence, under the laws of the Colony, the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo who were the leaders of the party.<ref name="bpp 2">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 40: Bulwer to Hicks Beach, 9 August 1878.</ref>}}
-
-Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding
-{{quote|Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true, but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do, as what Sirayo’s sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father’s house did not think of what they were doing. Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing, and he sends some of his [[izinduna]], who will follow Umlungi with his words. Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka.<ref name="bpp 3">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, Enclosure in No. 89: Cetshwayo to Bulwer, 24 August 1879.</ref>}}
-
-The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:
-{{quote|Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation, it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line, and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the remonstrances of the Natal policemen, is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which cannot be passed over, and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor’s demands, that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice, it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours.<ref name="bpp 4">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 105, Frere to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878.</ref>}}
-
-In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:
-{{quote|... Her Majesty's Government have arrived, it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest, but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists. Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree, I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable, and I am confident that you, in concert with Sir H. Bulwer, will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance, and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=258–60}}}}
-
-[[File:Michael Hicks Beach, Lock & Whitfield woodburytype, 1876-84.jpg|thumb|upright|Hicks Beach]]
-After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer]], it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this ''indaba'' was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.
-
-By the time the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo’s sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton were only part of the justification used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of these was Cetshwayo’s apparent breaking of promises he had given to the then Mr Theophilus Shepstone at the king’s "coronation" in 1872. This farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=79}}
-A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a [[Swazi people|Swazi]] king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the [[Intombe River]] in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg<!---do not link to Tafelberg, which is Table Mountain at Cape Town--->, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:
-
-{{quote|The King disowned Umbilini’s acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble, that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother, the reigning Chief, and that if he returned he should kill him. But there is nothing to show that he has in any way punished him, and, on the contrary, it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo, he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King.<ref name="bpp 5">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2260, Enclosure 2 in No. 6: Memorandum, 16 January 1879.</ref>}}
-
-Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission’s findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere’s letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.
-
-In January 1879 Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:
-{{quote|I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them (Her Majesty's Government) "for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take. The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of strengthening Her Majesty's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus, and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it. In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists, the reinforcements asked for were supplied, and, in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty's Government, I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war. But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king, however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger, are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=260–62}}}}
-
-Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:
-{{quote|I have impressed this [non-aggressive] view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power. But I cannot really control him without a telegraph (I don’t know that I could with one) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present moment.{{sfn|Guy|1994|p=49}}}}
-
-Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.
-
-====Terms of the ultimatum====
-The terms which were included in the ultimatum delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the [[List of heritage sites in KwaZulu–Natal|Ultimatum Tree]] on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 4–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so that all expired on 10 January 1879.
-# Surrender of Sihayo’s three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.
-# Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo’s delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.
-# Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.
-# Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.
-# Observance of the coronation promises.
-# That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.
-# That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.
-# That every man, when he comes to man’s estate, shall be free to marry.
-# All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.
-# All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.
-# A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.
-# All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.
-# No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=248}}
-
-To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men- redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliaries- along the Zululand border ready for the invasion. {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}
-
-For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.
-
-===First invasion===
-{{Main|Action at Sihayo's Kraal|Battle of Inyezane|Battle of Isandlwana|Battle of Rorke's Drift|Siege of Eshowe|Battle of Intombe|Battle of Hlobane|Battle of Kambula|Battle of Gingindlovu}}
-[[File:Isandhlwana.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.35|Battle of Isandlwana painting by Charles Edwin Fripp (1854–1906)]]
-[[File:Military Map of Zulu Land.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|British Army military map of Zulu Land, 1879]]
-
-<!---moved from lead, now needs integration here or deletion when it duplicates--->
-The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader, [[Cetshwayo]], and the [[Boers]] in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere]], acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}} says "the terms...are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war...to preclude you from incurring the delay...involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms..."}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}} of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford]] invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] at [[Rorke's Drift]], an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries.{{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}
-
-Lord Chelmsford, the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main center column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising the previously called No. 3 Column and Durnford's No. 2 Column,{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=263–64}} gives 7,800: 1752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glynn which made up Chelmsford's Main Column. The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns: 6,669 Imperial and colonial troops: 9,035 troops in the native contingent; 802 Drivers, etc.}} under his direct command. He moved his troops from [[Pietermaritzburg]] to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal|Greytown]]. On 9 January 1879 they moved to [[Rorke's Drift]], and early on 11 January commenced crossing the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] into [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].{{sfn|Giliomee|Mbenga|2007}} Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Tugela, [[Rorke's Drift]], and Utrecht respectively, their objective being [[Ulundi]], the royal capital.
-
-While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger.{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|1996|p=11}} states "they were a part-time citizen army, and were armed primarily with traditional weapons".}} It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties.{{sfn|Knight|2005|p=8}} Zulu warriors were armed primarily with ''[[Assegai]]'' thrusting spears, known in Zulu as ''[[iklwa]]'', clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide.{{efn|{{harvnb|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}} state "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs.}}{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}}
-[[File:Alphonse de Neuville - The defence of Rorke's Drift 1879 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Battle of Rorke's Drift, showing in great detail the British Defense of Rorke's Drift. |300x300px]]
-The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near [[Battle of Isandlwana|Isandlwana]]; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the camp in charge of Colonel [[Henry Pulleine|Pulleine]]. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by [[Ntshingwayo Khoza]]. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main [[Impi]] attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing [[Battle of Isandlwana]] was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British army border post of [[Rorke's Drift]] and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting.
-[[File:Guerriers zoulous.jpg|thumb|left|Zulu warriors, 1879 ([[Charles Edwin Fripp]])]]
-While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel [[Charles Pearson (British Army officer)|Charles Pearson]], crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the [[Siege of Eshowe#Prelude: Inyezane|Inyezane River]], and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the [[Siege of Eshowe]] had begun.
-
-Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel [[Evelyn Wood (British Army officer)|Evelyn Wood]], had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of [[Hlobane Mountain]], where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure.{{efn|{{harvnb|Laband|2009|p=5}} "The Anglo-Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion."}}
-
-[[File:Ntombe.jpg|thumb|upright|Battle of the Intombe river]]
-It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.
-
-On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the [[Battle of Intombe]]; the British force suffered 80 killed{{efn|{{harvnb|Morris|1998|p=474}} gives 80 killed: 62 British soldiers, 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers.}} and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column, under Lord Chelmsford, consisting of 3,400 British and 2,300 African soldiers, marched to the relief of [[Eshowe]], entrenched camps being formed each night.
-
-Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the [[AbaQulusi (Zulu)|abaQulusi Zulu]] stronghold in Hlobane.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=}} Lieutenant Colonel [[Redvers Henry Buller|Redvers Buller]], led the [[Battle of Hlobane|attack on Hlobane]] on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.
-
-The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=353}} notes "The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed.".}} attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the [[Battle of Kambula]] and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed.{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}, gives 800 Zulu casualties. {{harvnb|Knight|1995|p=142 }} says, '785 [bodies] were collected from close by the camp. Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died'.}} The effect of the battle of Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander [[Mnyamana Buthelezi]] tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi{{sfn|Morvan|2021|pp=261-262}} but many demoralised warriors simply went home.{{sfn|Knight|1995|p=142 }}
-
-[[File:The burning of Ulundi.jpg|thumb|The burning of Ulundi]]
-
-While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at [[Battle of Gingindlovu|Gingindlovu]], the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200 while the British only suffered two dead and 52 wounded. The next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April, after which the Zulu forces burned it down.
-
-===Second invasion===
-
-{{Main|Battle of Ulundi}}
-
-[[File:Last Sleep of the Brave.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Last Sleep of the Brave, 1879 ([[Alphonse de Neuville]])]]
-The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}"Chelmsford...began his second invasion". {{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=75}} "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=27}} has a map titled: "First invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Morris|1998|pp=498–511}} has a chapter titled:"The Second Invasion".}} was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.
-
-One of the early British casualties was the exiled heir to the French throne, [[Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial|Imperial Prince Napoleon Eugene]], who had volunteered to serve in the British army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party.
-
-Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the [[Battle of Ulundi]], and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated.
-
-===Aftermath===
-{{Military history of South Africa}}
-
-After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and [[Cetshwayo]] became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to [[Cape Town]]. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The [[Zulu royal family|dynasty of Shaka]] was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including [[Zibhebhu kaMaphitha|Zibhebhu]], [[John Robert Dunn]], a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war.
-
-Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|loc=Ch 9}} and would never serve in the field again.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=99}} Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in [[Cape Town]].
-
-Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from [[Robben Island]] and returned to Zululand in 1883.
-
-A Resident ([[Melmoth Osborn]]) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs [[Usibepu]] (Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white [[Filibuster (military)|freebooters]].
-
-When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the [[Tugela River]] and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]] forest. After appeals to [[Melmoth Osborn]] he moved to [[Eshowe]], where he died soon after.
==Last veterans==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 11858 |
Old page size (old_size) | 59512 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -47654 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '',
1 => '==History==',
2 => '',
3 => '===Background===',
4 => '{{more footnotes|section|date=January 2018}}<!--Background section and many other paragraphs through article have no citations-->',
5 => '====British Empire====',
6 => 'By the 1850s the British Empire had colonies in southern Africa bordering on various [[Boer]] settlements, native African kingdoms such as the Zulus, the [[Basotho]] and numerous indigenous tribal areas and states. Various interactions with these followed an expansionist policy. [[Cape Colony]] had been formed after the [[Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1814]] permanently ceded the Dutch colony of [[Cape Town]] to Britain, and its territory expanded very substantially through the 19th century. [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] in south-eastern Africa, was proclaimed a British colony on 4 May 1843 after the British government had annexed the [[Boer]] [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]]. Matters were brought to a head when three sons and a brother of the Zulu chief Sirayo organized a raid into Natal and carried off two women who were under British protection.',
7 => '',
8 => 'The discovery of diamonds in 1867 near the [[Vaal River]], some {{cvt|550|mi|km}} northeast of [[Cape Town]], ended the isolation of the Boers in the interior and had a significant effect on events. The discovery triggered a [[diamond rush]] that attracted people from all over the world, which turned [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] into a town of 50,000 within five years and drew the attention of British imperial interests. In the 1870s, the British annexed [[West Griqualand]], site of the Kimberley diamond discoveries.',
9 => '',
10 => 'In 1874 [[Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon|Lord Carnarvon]], [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]], who had brought about federation in Canada in 1867, thought that a similar scheme might work in South Africa. The South African plan called for a ruling white minority over a black majority, which would provide a large pool of cheap labour for the British sugar plantations and mines.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=73–93}} Carnarvon, in an attempt to extend British influence in 1875, approached the Boer states of the [[Orange Free State]] and the [[Transvaal Republic]] and tried to organize a federation of the British and Boer territories but the Boer leaders turned him down.',
11 => '',
12 => 'In 1877, Sir [[Bartle Frere]] was made [[High Commissioner]] for [[Southern Africa]] by Lord Carnarvon. Carnarvon appointed Frere to the position on the understanding that he would work to enforce Carnarvon's confederation plan and Frere could then become the first British governor of a federated southern African [[dominion]]. Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner to bring this plan about. One of the obstacles to such a scheme was the presence of the independent Boer states of the [[South African Republic]], informally known as the Transvaal Republic and the Orange Free State and the Kingdom of [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]]. Bartle Frere wasted no time in putting the scheme forward and manufacturing a [[casus belli]] against the Zulu by exaggerating the significance of a number of recent incidents.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}}',
13 => '',
14 => '[[File:BartleFrere.jpg|upright|thumb|left|[[Bartle Frere]]]]',
15 => 'By 1877, Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], the British Secretary for Native Affairs in Natal, annexed the Transvaal Republic for Britain using a special warrant. The Transvaal Boers objected but as long as the Zulu threat remained, found themselves between two threats; they feared that if they took up arms to resist the British annexation, King [[Cetshwayo]] and the Zulus would take the opportunity to attack. The successive British annexations and in particular the annexation of West Griqualand caused a climate of simmering unease for the Boer republics.',
16 => '',
17 => 'Shepstone railed against the disruptive effect of allowing Cetshwayo's regime to remain. "Zulu power", he said, "is the root and real strength of all native difficulties in South Africa". In December 1877, he wrote to Carnarvon "Cetshwayo is the secret hope of every petty independent chief hundreds of miles from him who feels a desire that his colour shall prevail, and it will not be until this hope is destroyed that they will make up their minds to submit to the rule of civilisation". Earlier in October 1877, Shepstone had attended a meeting with Zulu leaders near the Blood River to resolve the land dispute between the Zulus and the Boers. He suggested a compromise with the Boers and the meeting broke up without clear resolutions. He turned against the Zulus with vengeance, saying he had come into possession of "the most incontrovertible, overwhelming and clear evidence" never previously disclosed, for supporting the claims of the Boers. He rejected Zulu claims as "characterised by lying and treachery to an extent that I could not have believed even savages are capable of". {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=89}}',
18 => '',
19 => 'Shepstone, in his capacity as British governor of Natal, had expressed concerns about the Zulu army under King Cetshwayo and the potential threat to Natal — especially given the adoption by some of the Zulus of old muskets and other out-of-date firearms. In his new role of Administrator of the Transvaal, he was now responsible for protecting the Transvaal and had direct involvement in the Zulu border dispute from the side of the Transvaal. Persistent Boer representations and [[Paul Kruger]]'s diplomatic manoeuvers added to the pressure. There were incidents involving Zulu paramilitary actions on either side of the Transvaal/Natal border, and Shepstone increasingly began to regard King Cetshwayo, as having permitted such "outrages", and to be in a "defiant mood". King Cetshwayo now found no defender in Natal save the bishop of Natal, [[John Colenso]].',
20 => '',
21 => 'Colenso advocated for native Africans in Natal and Zululand who had been unjustly treated by the colonial regime in Natal. In 1874 he took up the cause of [[Langalibalele]] and the Hlubi and Ngwe tribes in representations to the Colonial Secretary, Lord Carnarvon. Langalibalele had been falsely accused of rebellion in 1873 and, following a charade of a trial, was found guilty and imprisoned on [[Robben Island]]. In taking the side of Langalibalele against the colonial regime in Natal and Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs, Colenso found himself even further estranged from colonial society in Natal.',
22 => '',
23 => 'Bishop Colenso's concern about the misleading information that was being provided to the Colonial Secretary in London by Shepstone and the Governor of Natal prompted him to champion the cause of the Zulus against Boer oppression and official encroachments. He was a prominent critic of Frere's efforts to depict the Zulu kingdom as a threat to Natal. Colenso's campaigns revealed the racialist foundation underpinning the colonial regime in Natal and made him enemies among the colonists.',
24 => '',
25 => '[[British Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]]'s Tory administration in London did not want a war with the Zulus. "The fact is," wrote [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Sir Michael Hicks Beach]], who would replace Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in November 1878, "that matters in Eastern Europe and India ... wore so serious an aspect that we cannot have a Zulu war in addition to other greater and too possible troubles." However, Sir Bartle Frere had already been into the [[Cape Colony]] as governor and High Commissioner since 1877 with the brief of creating a Confederation of South Africa from the various British colonies, Boer Republics and native states and his plans were well advanced. He had concluded that the powerful Zulu kingdom stood in the way of this, and so was receptive to Shepstone's arguments that King Cetshwayo and his Zulu army posed a threat to the peace of the region. Preparations for a British invasion of the Zulu kingdom had been underway for months. In December 1878, notwithstanding the reluctance of the British government to start yet another colonial war, Frere presented Cetshwayo with an ultimatum that the Zulu army be disbanded and the Zulus accept a British resident. This was unacceptable to the Zulus as it effectively meant that Cetshwayo, had he agreed, would have lost his throne.',
26 => '',
27 => '====Zulu Kingdom====',
28 => '[[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|thumb|left|Photograph of [[Cetshwayo kaMpande]], c. 1875]]',
29 => '[[Shaka Zulu]], the first Zulu king, had, through war and conquest, built the small Zulu tribe into the Zulu Kingdom which by 1825 encompassed an area of around {{convert|11500|sqmi}}. In 1828 he was assassinated at [[Shaka Memorial|Dukuza]] by one of his [[Induna|inDunas]] and two of his half-brothers, one of whom, [[Dinggh kaSenzangakhona]], succeeded him as king. By the 1830s migrating Boers came into conflict with the Zulu Kingdom, then ruled by Dingane. Dingane suffered a crushing defeat on 16 December 1838, when he attacked a group of 470 Voortrekker settlers led by [[Andries Pretorius|Pretorius]] at the [[Battle of Blood River]]. Dingane's half brother, [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona]], then defected with some 17,000 followers and allied with the Boers against Dingane. Dingane was assassinated and Mpande became king of the Zulu empire.',
30 => '',
31 => 'In 1839, the Boer [[Voortrekkers]], under Pretorius, formed the Boer [[Natalia Republic|Republic of Natalia]], south of the Tugela, and west of the British settlement of Port Natal (now Durban). Mpande and Pretorius maintained peaceful relations. However, in 1842, war broke out between the British and the Boers, resulting in the British annexation of Natalia. Mpande shifted his allegiance to the British, and remained on good terms with them.',
32 => '',
33 => '[[File:King-Mpande-1.gif|thumb|upright|King [[Mpande kaSenzangakhona|Mpande]]]]',
34 => 'In 1843, Mpande ordered a purge of perceived dissidents within his kingdom. This resulted in numerous deaths, and the fleeing of thousands of refugees into neighbouring areas, including the British-controlled Natal. Many of these refugees fled with cattle, the main measure of the Zulu wealth. Mpande began raiding the surrounding areas, culminating in the invasion of [[Swaziland]] in 1852. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did shortly afterwards. At this time, a battle for the succession broke out between two of Mpande's sons, Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. This culminated in 1856 with the [[Battle of Ndondakusuka]], which left Mbuyazi dead. Cetshwayo then set about usurping his father's authority. When Mpande died of old age in 1872, Cetshwayo took over as ruler.',
35 => '',
36 => 'In 1861, Umtonga, another son of [[Mpande]], fled to the Utrecht district, prompting Cetshwayo to assemble an army on the near by frontier. According to claims later brought forward by the [[Boer]]s, Cetshwayo offered the farmers a strip of land along the border if they would surrender his brother. The Boers complied on the condition that Umtonga's life was spared, and in 1861 Mpande signed a deed transferring this land to the Boers. The south boundary of the land added to Utrecht ran from [[Rorke's Drift]] on the Buffalo to a point on the [[Pongola River]].',
37 => '',
38 => '[[File:Angas - Zoeloe vrouens brou bier.png|thumb|left|Zulu village, c. 1849]]',
39 => 'The boundary was beaconed in 1864, but when in 1865 Umtonga again fled from [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] to [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], Cetshwayo, seeing that he had lost his part of the bargain (for he feared that the still living Umtonga might be used to supplant him, as Mpande had been used to supplant [[Dingane]]), removed the beacon and claimed the land ceded by the [[Swazi people|Swazis]] to [[Lydenburg]]. The Zulus asserted that the Swazis were their vassals and therefore had no right to part with this territory. For a year, a [[Boer Commando|Boer commando unit]], under [[Paul Kruger]] and an army under Cetshwayo were posted to defend the newly acquired Utrecht border. The Zulu forces took back their land north of the Pongola. Questions were also raised as to the validity of the documents signed by the Zulus concerning the Utrecht strip; in 1869 the services of the lieutenant-governor of Natal, then [[Robert William Keate]], were accepted by both parties as arbitrator, but the attempt then made to settle disagreements proved unsuccessful.',
40 => '',
41 => 'In spite of his dislike for their activities, Cetshwayo permitted European missionaries in Zululand. Though he did not harm or persecute{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=91}} the missionaries themselves, several converts were killed. The missionaries, for their part, were a source of hostile reports.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=13}} While numerous Zulus of rival factions fled into Natal and some of the surrounding areas, Cetshwayo continued and maintained the peaceful relations with the Natal colonists that had prevailed for decades. Such was the political background when Cetshwayo became absolute ruler of the Zulus upon his father's death in 1873.',
42 => '',
43 => 'As ruler, Cetshwayo set about reviving the military methods of his uncle [[Shaka]] as far as possible. He formed new [[age-set]] regiments and even succeeded in equipping his regiments with a few antiquated muskets and other outdated firearms.{{sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=15}} Most Zulu warriors were armed with an ''[[iklwa]]'' (the Zulu refinement of the ''[[assegai]]'' thrusting spear) and a shield made of cowhide.{{sfn|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}} quote John Shepstone, Acting Secretary for Native Affairs at the time on the Zulu army: saying "Equipment: Each man carries his shield and assegais, and a kaross or blanket if he possesses one, he may also have a war dress of monkey skins or ox tails, this is all."}} The Zulu army drilled in the personal and tactical use and coordination of this weapons system. While some Zulus also had firearms, their marksmanship training was poor and the quality and supply of their powder and shot was dreadful.{{sfn|Knight|1996|pp=33, 38, 39}} The Zulu attitude towards firearms was summarized: "The generality of Zulu warriors, however, would not have firearms – the arms of a coward, as they said, for they enable the poltroon to kill the brave without awaiting his attack."{{sfn|Bourquin|1978}}',
44 => '',
45 => '===Boundary Commission and ultimatum===',
46 => '{{too many quotes|section|date=February 2020}}',
47 => 'The tension between Cetshwayo and the Transvaal over border disputes continued. Sir [[Theophilus Shepstone]], whom Cetshwayo regarded as his friend, had supported him in the border dispute, but in 1877 he led a small force into the Transvaal and persuaded the Boers to give up their independence. Shepstone became administrator of the Transvaal, and in that role saw the border dispute from the other side.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=251}} Shepstone claimed to have evidence supporting the Boer position but, ultimately, he failed to provide any. In a meeting with Zulu notables at Blood River in October 1877, Shepstone attempted to placate the Zulu with paternal speeches, however they were unconvinced and accused Shepstone of betraying them. Shepstone's subsequent reports to Carnarvon then began to paint the Zulu as an aggressive threat where he had previously presented Cetshwayo in a most favourable light.{{sfn|Gump|1996|pp=87–88}}',
48 => '',
49 => 'In February 1878 a commission was appointed by [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer|Henry Bulwer]], the lieutenant-governor of Natal since 1875, to report on the boundary question. The commission reported in July and found almost entirely in favour of the contention of the Zulu. However, Sir [[Sir Henry Bartle Frere, 1st Baronet|Henry Bartle Frere]], then high commissioner and still pressing forward with Carnarvon's federation plan, characterized the award as "one-sided and unfair to the Boers",{{efn|{{harvnb|Martineau|1895|p=242}} gives much of the chapter, without sarcasm—or irony, to Bartle Frere's remarkable rationalizations in undermining the commission's conclusions.}} stipulated that on the land being given to the Zulu, the Boers living on it should be compensated if they left or protected if they remained. In addition, Frere planned to use the meeting on the boundary commission report with the Zulu representatives to also present a surprise [[ultimatum]] he had devised that would allow British forces under Lord Chelmsford, which he had previously been instructed to use only in defense against a Zulu invasion of Natal, to instead invade Zululand. Three incidents occurred in late July, August and September which Frere seized upon as his ''[[casus belli]]'' and were the basis for the ultimatum to which Frere knew Cetshwayo could not comply,{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} giving Frere a pretext to attack the Zulu kingdom.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}}',
50 => '',
51 => 'The first two incidents related to the flight into Natal of two wives of [[Sihayo kaXongo]] and their subsequent seizure and execution by his brother and sons and were described thus:',
52 => '',
53 => '{{quote|A wife of the chief Sihayo had left him and escaped into Natal. She was followed [on 28 July 1878] by a party of Zulus, under Mehlokazulu, the chief son of Sihayo, and his brother, seized at the kraal where she had taken refuge, and carried back to Zululand, where she was put to death, in accordance with Zulu law...',
54 => '',
55 => 'A week later the same young men, with two other brothers and an uncle, captured in like manner another refugee wife of Sihayo, in the company of the young man with whom she had fled. This woman was also carried back, and is supposed to have been put to death likewise; the young man with her although guilty in Zulu eyes of a most heinous crime, punishable with death, was safe from them on English soil; they did not touch him.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=196}}}}',
56 => '',
57 => 'The third incident occurred in September when [[1878 Natal-Zululand border incident|two men were detained]] while on a sandbank of the [[Thukela River]] near the Middle Drift. Sir Bartle Frere described this matter in a despatch to Sir [[Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn|Michael Hicks Beach]], who had replaced Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies:',
58 => '',
59 => '{{quote|Mr. Smith, a surveyor in the Colonial Engineer Department, was on duty inspecting the road down to the Tugela, near Fort Buckingham, which had been made a few years ago by order of Sir Garnet Wolseley, and accompanied by Mr. Deighton, a trader, resident at Fort Buckingham, went down to the ford across the Tugela. The stream was very low, and ran under the Zulu bank, but they were on this side of it, and had not crossed when they were surrounded by a body of 15 or 20 armed Zulus, made prisoners, and taken off with their horses, which were on the Natal side of the river, and roughly treated and threatened for some time; though, ultimately, at the instance of a headman who came up, they were released and allowed to depart.<ref name="bpp 1">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2222, No. 111: Frere to Hicks Beach, 6 October 1878.</ref>}}',
60 => '',
61 => 'By themselves, these incidents were flimsy grounds upon which to found an invasion of Zululand. Bulwer did not initially hold Cetshwayo responsible for what was clearly not a political act in the seizure and murder of the two women.',
62 => '',
63 => '{{quote|I have sent a message to the Zulu King to inform him of this act of violence and outrage by his subjects in Natal territory, and to request him to deliver Up to this Government to be tried for their offence, under the laws of the Colony, the persons of Mehlokazulu and Bekuzulu the two sons of Sirayo who were the leaders of the party.<ref name="bpp 2">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 40: Bulwer to Hicks Beach, 9 August 1878.</ref>}}',
64 => '',
65 => 'Cetshwayo also treated the complaint rather lightly, responding',
66 => '{{quote|Cetywayo is sorry to have to acknowledge that the message brought by Umlungi is true, but he begs his Excellency will not take it in the light he sees the Natal Government seem to do, as what Sirayo’s sons did he can only attribute to a rash act of boys who in the zeal for their father’s house did not think of what they were doing. Cetywayo acknowledges that they deserve punishing, and he sends some of his [[izinduna]], who will follow Umlungi with his words. Cetywayo states that no acts of his subjects will make him quarrel with his fathers of the house of Shaka.<ref name="bpp 3">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, Enclosure in No. 89: Cetshwayo to Bulwer, 24 August 1879.</ref>}}',
67 => '',
68 => 'The original complaint carried to Cetshwayo from the lieutenant-governor was in the form of a request for the surrender of the culprits. The request was subsequently transformed by Sir Bartle Frere into a "demand". Frere wrote to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878:',
69 => '{{quote|Apart from whatever may be the general wish of the Zulu nation, it seems to me that the seizure of the two refugee women in British territory by an armed force crossing an unmistakable and well known boundary line, and carrying them off and murdering them with contemptuous disregard for the remonstrances of the Natal policemen, is itself an insult and a violation of British territory which cannot be passed over, and unless apologised and atoned for by compliance with the Lieutenant Governor’s demands, that the leaders of the murderous gangs shall be given up to justice, it will be necessary to send to the Zulu King an ultimatum which must put an end to pacific relations with our neighbours.<ref name="bpp 4">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2220, No. 105, Frere to Hicks Beach, 30 September 1878.</ref>}}',
70 => '',
71 => 'In reply, in at least three dispatches, 17 October, 21 November and 18 December, Hicks Beach emphatically states that war is to be avoided and a British invasion of Zululand prohibited. From 21 November dispatch:',
72 => '{{quote|... Her Majesty's Government have arrived, it is my duty to impress upon you that in supplying these reinforcements it is the desire of Her Majesty's Government not to furnish means for a campaign of invasion and conquest, but to afford such protection as may be necessary at this juncture to the lives and property of the colonists. Though the present aspect of affairs is menacing in a high degree, I can by no means arrive at the conclusion that war with the Zulus should be unavoidable, and I am confident that you, in concert with Sir H. Bulwer, will use every effort to overcome the existing difficulties by judgment and forbearance, and to avoid an evil so much to be deprecated as a Zulu war.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=258–60}}}}',
73 => '',
74 => '[[File:Michael Hicks Beach, Lock & Whitfield woodburytype, 1876-84.jpg|thumb|upright|Hicks Beach]]',
75 => 'After considerable discussion and exchanges of views between Sir Bartle Frere and Sir [[Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer]], it was decided to arrange a meeting with representatives of the Zulu king. The ostensible reason for this ''indaba'' was to present the findings of the long-awaited Boundary Commission to the Zulu people. The occasion was also to be used to present the king with an ultimatum.',
76 => '',
77 => 'By the time the ultimatum was presented, the two infractions by Sihayo’s sons and the roughing up of Smith and Deighton were only part of the justification used, as several matters had arisen in the meantime. One of these was Cetshwayo’s apparent breaking of promises he had given to the then Mr Theophilus Shepstone at the king’s "coronation" in 1872. This farcical piece of theatre had been agreed to by Cetshwayo simply to satisfy the wishes of Shepstone and meant nothing to the Zulu people. Indeed, his real Zulu installation had taken place several weeks earlier when he had been acclaimed by his izinduna.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=79}}',
78 => 'A second addition to the ultimatum, which seems almost like an afterthought, required the surrender of Mbelini kaMswati. Mbelini was the son of a [[Swazi people|Swazi]] king who unsuccessfully disputed the succession with his brother, resulting in his exile from the kingdom. He took refuge with Cetshwayo and was granted land in the region of the [[Intombe River]] in western Zululand. (It is entirely possible that Cetshwayo regarded him as a useful buffer between him and the Boers of the Transvaal.) Here, he took up residence on the Tafelberg<!---do not link to Tafelberg, which is Table Mountain at Cape Town--->, a flat-topped mountain overlooking the river. Something of a brigand, Mbelini made raids on anyone in his area, Boer and Zulu alike, accruing cattle and prisoners in the process. With the annexation of the Transvaal, Britain had also to deal with Mbelini and because Frere was convinced that the bandit chief was in the pay of the Zulu king, his surrender was included in the ultimatum. The light in which Mbelini was regarded is shown in a paragraph from a memorandum written by Sir Henry Bulwer:',
79 => '',
80 => '{{quote|The King disowned Umbilini’s acts by saying that Umbilini had been giving him trouble, that he had left the Zulu country in order to wrest the Swazi chieftainship from his brother, the reigning Chief, and that if he returned he should kill him. But there is nothing to show that he has in any way punished him, and, on the contrary, it is quite certain that even if Umbilini did not act with the express orders of Cetywayo, he did so with the knowledge that what he was doing would be agreeable to the King.<ref name="bpp 5">British Parliamentary Papers, C. 2260, Enclosure 2 in No. 6: Memorandum, 16 January 1879.</ref>}}',
81 => '',
82 => 'Frere has been accused of chicanery by taking deliberate advantage of the length of time it took for correspondence to pass between South Africa and London to conceal his intentions from his political masters or at least defer giving them the necessary information until it was too late for them to act. The first intimation to the British government of his intention to make 'demands' on the Zulu was in a private letter to Hicks Beach written on 14 October 1878. The letter only arrived in London on 16 November and by then messengers had already been despatched from Natal to the Zulu king to request the presence of a delegation at the Lower Tugela on 11 December for the purpose of receiving the Boundary Commission’s findings. Had Hicks Beach then sent off a telegraph forbidding any action other than the announcement of the boundary award, it might have arrived in South Africa just in time to prevent the ultimatum being presented. No prohibition was sent and could hardly be expected to have been, for Hicks Beach had no means of knowing the urgency of the events that were in train. Nowhere in Frere’s letter was there anything to indicate how soon he intended to act, nor was there anything to suggest how stringent his demands would be.',
83 => '',
84 => 'In January 1879 Hicks Beach wrote to Bartle Frere:',
85 => '{{quote|I may observe that the communications which had previously been received from you had not entirely prepared them (Her Majesty's Government) "for the course which you have deemed it necessary to take. The representations made by Lord Chelmsford and yourself last autumn as to the urgent need of strengthening Her Majesty's forces in South Africa were based upon the imminent danger of an invasion of Natal by the Zulus, and the inadequate means at that time at your disposal for meeting it. In order to afford protection to the lives and property of the colonists, the reinforcements asked for were supplied, and, in informing you of the decision of Her Majesty's Government, I took the opportunity of impressing upon you the importance of using every effort to avoid war. But the terms which you have dictated to the Zulu king, however necessary to relieve the colony in future from an impending and increasing danger, are evidently such as he may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war; and I regret that the necessity for immediate action should have appeared to you so imperative as to preclude you from incurring the delay which would have been involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms which Cetywayo should be required to accept before those terms were actually presented to the Zulu king.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|pp=260–62}}}}',
86 => '',
87 => 'Hicks Beach had earlier admitted his helplessness with regard to the Frere's actions in a telling note to his Prime Minister:',
88 => '{{quote|I have impressed this [non-aggressive] view upon Sir B. Frere, both officially and privately, to the best of my power. But I cannot really control him without a telegraph (I don’t know that I could with one) I feel it is as likely as not that he is at war with the Zulus at the present moment.{{sfn|Guy|1994|p=49}}}}',
89 => '',
90 => 'Frere wanted to provoke a conflict with the Zulus and in that goal he succeeded. Cetshwayo rejected the demands of 11 December, by not responding by the end of the year. A concession was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879, after which Bartle Frere deemed a state of war to exist. The British forces intended for the defense of Natal had already been on the march with the intention to attack the Zulu kingdom. On 10 January they were poised on the border. On 11 January, they crossed the border and invaded Zululand.',
91 => '',
92 => '====Terms of the ultimatum====',
93 => 'The terms which were included in the ultimatum delivered to the representatives of King Cetshwayo on the banks of the Thukela river at the [[List of heritage sites in KwaZulu–Natal|Ultimatum Tree]] on 11 December 1878. No time was specified for compliance with item 4, twenty days were allowed for compliance with items 1–3, that is, until 31 December inclusive; ten days more were allowed for compliance with the remaining demands, items 4–13. The earlier time limits were subsequently altered so that all expired on 10 January 1879.',
94 => '# Surrender of Sihayo’s three sons and brother to be tried by the Natal courts.',
95 => '# Payment of a fine of 500 head of cattle for the outrages committed by the above and for Cetshwayo’s delay in complying with the request of the Natal Government for the surrender of the offenders.',
96 => '# Payment of 100 head of cattle for the offence committed against Messrs. Smith and Deighton.',
97 => '# Surrender of the Swazi chief Umbilini and others to be named hereafter, to be tried by the Transvaal courts.',
98 => '# Observance of the coronation promises.',
99 => '# That the Zulu army be disbanded and the men allowed to go home.',
100 => '# That the Zulu military system be discontinued and other military regulations adopted, to be decided upon after consultation with the Great Council and British Representatives.',
101 => '# That every man, when he comes to man’s estate, shall be free to marry.',
102 => '# All missionaries and their converts, who until 1877 lived in Zululand, shall be allowed to return and reoccupy their stations.',
103 => '# All such missionaries shall be allowed to teach and any Zulu, if he chooses, shall be free to listen to their teaching.',
104 => '# A British Agent shall be allowed to reside in Zululand, who will see that the above provisions are carried out.',
105 => '# All disputes in which a missionary or European is concerned, shall be heard by the king in public and in presence of the Resident.',
106 => '# No sentence of expulsion from Zululand shall be carried out until it has been approved by the Resident.{{sfn|Martineau|1895|p=248}}',
107 => '',
108 => 'To ensure that there was no interference from London, Frere delayed informing the Colonial Office about his ultimatum until it was too late for it to be countermanded. The full text of his demands did not reach London until 2 January 1879. By then, Chelmsford had assembled an army of 18,000 men- redcoats, colonial volunteers and Natal African auxiliaries- along the Zululand border ready for the invasion. {{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}',
109 => '',
110 => 'For his part, Cetshwayo strenuously attempted to avoid war with the British and, should it occur, to limit its scope and effects. He ordered his troops to defend their country only if attacked and not to carry the war beyond its borders. He directed them to avoid killing any of the invaders other than the regular British soldiers in their red coats.',
111 => '',
112 => '===First invasion===',
113 => '{{Main|Action at Sihayo's Kraal|Battle of Inyezane|Battle of Isandlwana|Battle of Rorke's Drift|Siege of Eshowe|Battle of Intombe|Battle of Hlobane|Battle of Kambula|Battle of Gingindlovu}}',
114 => '[[File:Isandhlwana.jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.35|Battle of Isandlwana painting by Charles Edwin Fripp (1854–1906)]]',
115 => '[[File:Military Map of Zulu Land.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|British Army military map of Zulu Land, 1879]]',
116 => '',
117 => '<!---moved from lead, now needs integration here or deletion when it duplicates--->',
118 => 'The pretext for the war had its origins in border disputes between the Zulu leader, [[Cetshwayo]], and the [[Boers]] in the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] region. Following a commission inquiry on the border dispute which reported in favour of the Zulu nation in July 1878, Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere]], acting on his own, added an ultimatum to the commission meeting, much to the surprise of the Zulu representatives who then relayed it to Cetshwayo. Cetshwayo had not responded by the end of the year, so an extension was granted by Bartle Frere until 11 January 1879. Cetshwayo returned no answer to the demands{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=261–62}} says "the terms...are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war...to preclude you from incurring the delay...involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms..."}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=11}} of Bartle Frere, and in January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford]] invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government.{{sfn|Spiers|2006|p=41}}{{sfn|Knight|2003|p=9}} The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] at [[Rorke's Drift]], an old Irish trader's post that had become a mission station, in command of 4,700 men, which included 1,900 White troops and 2,400 African auxiliaries.{{snf|Meredith|2007|p=92}}',
119 => '',
120 => 'Lord Chelmsford, the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of British forces during the war, initially planned a five-pronged invasion of Zululand composed of over 16,500 troops in five columns and designed to encircle the Zulu army and force it to fight as he was concerned that the Zulus would avoid battle. In the event, Chelmsford settled on three invading columns with the main center column, now consisting of some 7,800 men comprising the previously called No. 3 Column and Durnford's No. 2 Column,{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|pp=263–64}} gives 7,800: 1752 Imperial and Colonial troops and 6054 Native Contingent and 377 Conductors and Drivers for the Number 2 Column under Durnford and the Number 3 Column under Glynn which made up Chelmsford's Main Column. The strength of the entire invasion force is given as a total of 16,506 for the five columns: 6,669 Imperial and colonial troops: 9,035 troops in the native contingent; 802 Drivers, etc.}} under his direct command. He moved his troops from [[Pietermaritzburg]] to a forward camp at Helpmekaar, past [[Greytown, KwaZulu-Natal|Greytown]]. On 9 January 1879 they moved to [[Rorke's Drift]], and early on 11 January commenced crossing the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] into [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].{{sfn|Giliomee|Mbenga|2007}} Three columns were to invade Zululand, from the Lower Tugela, [[Rorke's Drift]], and Utrecht respectively, their objective being [[Ulundi]], the royal capital.',
121 => '',
122 => 'While Cetshwayo's army numbered perhaps 35,000 men, it was essentially a militia force which could be called out in time of national danger.{{efn|{{harvnb|Knight|1996|p=11}} states "they were a part-time citizen army, and were armed primarily with traditional weapons".}} It had a very limited logistical capacity and could only stay in the field a few weeks before the troops would be obliged to return to their civilian duties.{{sfn|Knight|2005|p=8}} Zulu warriors were armed primarily with ''[[Assegai]]'' thrusting spears, known in Zulu as ''[[iklwa]]'', clubs, some throwing spears and shields made of cowhide.{{efn|{{harvnb|Archer|Ferris|Herwig|Travers|2008|p=462}} state "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs.}}{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|p=62}}',
123 => '[[File:Alphonse de Neuville - The defence of Rorke's Drift 1879 - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Battle of Rorke's Drift, showing in great detail the British Defense of Rorke's Drift. |300x300px]]',
124 => 'The initial entry of all three columns was unopposed. On 22 January the centre column, which had advanced from Rorke's Drift, was encamped near [[Battle of Isandlwana|Isandlwana]]; on the morning of that day Lord Chelmsford split his forces and moved out to support a reconnoitering party, leaving the camp in charge of Colonel [[Henry Pulleine|Pulleine]]. The British were outmanoeuvred by the main Zulu army nearly 20,000 strong led by [[Ntshingwayo Khoza]]. Chelmsford was lured eastward with much of his centre column by a Zulu diversionary force while the main [[Impi]] attacked his camp. Chelmsford's decision not to set up the British camp defensively, contrary to established doctrine, and ignoring information that the Zulus were close at hand were decisions that the British were soon to regret. The ensuing [[Battle of Isandlwana]] was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left Chelmsford no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand. In the battle's aftermath, a party of some 4,000 Zulu reserves mounted an unauthorised raid on the nearby British army border post of [[Rorke's Drift]] and were driven off after 10 hours of ferocious fighting.',
125 => '[[File:Guerriers zoulous.jpg|thumb|left|Zulu warriors, 1879 ([[Charles Edwin Fripp]])]]',
126 => 'While the British central column under Chelmsford's command was thus engaged, the right flank column on the coast, under Colonel [[Charles Pearson (British Army officer)|Charles Pearson]], crossed the Tugela River, skirmished with a Zulu impi that was attempting to set up an ambush at the [[Siege of Eshowe#Prelude: Inyezane|Inyezane River]], and advanced as far as the deserted missionary station of Eshowe, which he set about fortifying. On learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, Pearson made plans to withdraw back beyond the Tugela River. However, before he had decided whether or not to put these plans into effect, the Zulu army managed to cut off his supply lines, and the [[Siege of Eshowe]] had begun.',
127 => '',
128 => 'Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel [[Evelyn Wood (British Army officer)|Evelyn Wood]], had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of [[Hlobane Mountain]], where a force of 4,000 Zulus had been spotted. He planned to attack them on 24 January, but on learning of the disaster at Isandlwana, he decided to withdraw back to the Kraal. Thus one month after the British invasion, only their left flank column remained militarily effective, and it was too weak to conduct a campaign alone. The first invasion of Zululand had been a failure.{{efn|{{harvnb|Laband|2009|p=5}} "The Anglo-Zulu War is described in terms of the 1st invasion and 2nd invasion."}}',
129 => '',
130 => '[[File:Ntombe.jpg|thumb|upright|Battle of the Intombe river]]',
131 => 'It had never been Cetshwayo's intention to invade Natal, but to simply fight within the boundaries of the Zulu kingdom. Chelmsford used the next two months to regroup and build a fresh invading force with the initial intention of relieving Pearson at Eshowe. The British government rushed seven regiments of reinforcements to Natal, along with two artillery batteries.',
132 => '',
133 => 'On 12 March, an armed escort of stores marching to Luneberg, was defeated by about 500 Zulus at the [[Battle of Intombe]]; the British force suffered 80 killed{{efn|{{harvnb|Morris|1998|p=474}} gives 80 killed: 62 British soldiers, 3 European conductors and 15 native voorloopers.}} and all the stores were lost. The first troops arrived at Durban on 7 March. On the 29th a column, under Lord Chelmsford, consisting of 3,400 British and 2,300 African soldiers, marched to the relief of [[Eshowe]], entrenched camps being formed each night.',
134 => '',
135 => 'Chelmsford ordered Sir Evelyn Wood's troops to attack the [[AbaQulusi (Zulu)|abaQulusi Zulu]] stronghold in Hlobane.{{sfn|Colenso|1880|p=}} Lieutenant Colonel [[Redvers Henry Buller|Redvers Buller]], led the [[Battle of Hlobane|attack on Hlobane]] on 28 March. However, as the Zulu main army of 20,000 men approached to help their besieged tribesmen, the British force began a retreat which turned into a rout and were pursued by 1,000 Zulus of the abaQulusi who inflicted some 225 casualties on the British force.',
136 => '',
137 => 'The next day 20,000 Zulu warriors{{efn|{{harvnb|Colenso|1880|p=353}} notes "The strength of the enemy was thought to be 20,000 of whom 1000 are supposed to have been killed.".}} attacked Wood's 2,068 men in a well-fortified camp at Kambula, apparently without Cetshwayo's permission. The British held them off in the [[Battle of Kambula]] and after five hours of heavy attacks the Zulus withdrew with heavy losses but were pursued by British mounted troops, who killed many more fleeing and wounded warriors. British losses amounted to 83 (28 killed and 55 wounded), while the Zulus lost up to 2,000 killed.{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}, gives 800 Zulu casualties. {{harvnb|Knight|1995|p=142 }} says, '785 [bodies] were collected from close by the camp. Many more lay out on the line of retreat where the slaughter had been heaviest... Perhaps as many as 2,000 died'.}} The effect of the battle of Kambula on the Zulu army was severe. Their commander [[Mnyamana Buthelezi]] tried to get the regiments to return to Ulundi{{sfn|Morvan|2021|pp=261-262}} but many demoralised warriors simply went home.{{sfn|Knight|1995|p=142 }}',
138 => '',
139 => '[[File:The burning of Ulundi.jpg|thumb|The burning of Ulundi]]',
140 => '',
141 => 'While Woods was thus engaged, Chelmsford's column was marching on Eshowe. On 2 April this force was attacked en route at [[Battle of Gingindlovu|Gingindlovu]], the Zulu being repulsed. Their losses were heavy, estimated at 1,200 while the British only suffered two dead and 52 wounded. The next day they relieved Pearson's men. They evacuated Eshowe on 5 April, after which the Zulu forces burned it down.',
142 => '',
143 => '===Second invasion===',
144 => '',
145 => '{{Main|Battle of Ulundi}}',
146 => '',
147 => '[[File:Last Sleep of the Brave.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Last Sleep of the Brave, 1879 ([[Alphonse de Neuville]])]]',
148 => 'The new start of the larger, heavily reinforced second invasion{{efn|{{harvnb|Raugh|2011|p=5}}"Chelmsford...began his second invasion". {{harvnb|Thompson|2006|p=75}} "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Knight|2003|p=27}} has a map titled: "First invasion of Zululand". {{harvnb|Morris|1998|pp=498–511}} has a chapter titled:"The Second Invasion".}} was not promising for the British. Despite their successes at Kambula, Gingindlovu and Eshowe, they were right back where they had started from at the beginning of January. Nevertheless, Chelmsford had a pressing reason to proceed with haste – Sir Garnet Wolseley was being sent to replace him, and he wanted to inflict a decisive defeat on Cetshwayo's forces before then. With yet more reinforcements arriving, soon to total 16,000 British and 7,000 Native troops, Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.',
149 => '',
150 => 'One of the early British casualties was the exiled heir to the French throne, [[Napoleon Eugene, Prince Imperial|Imperial Prince Napoleon Eugene]], who had volunteered to serve in the British army and was killed on 1 June while out with a reconnoitering party.',
151 => '',
152 => 'Cetshwayo, knowing that the newly reinforced British would be a formidable opponent, attempted to negotiate a peace treaty. Chelmsford was not open to negotiations, as he wished to restore his reputation before Wolseley relieved him of command, and he proceeded to the royal kraal of Ulundi, intending to defeat the main Zulu army. On 4 July, the armies clashed at the [[Battle of Ulundi]], and Cetshwayo's forces were decisively defeated.',
153 => '',
154 => '===Aftermath===',
155 => '{{Military history of South Africa}}',
156 => '',
157 => 'After the battle of Ulundi, the Zulu army dispersed, most of the leading chiefs tendered their submission, and [[Cetshwayo]] became a fugitive. Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to [[Cape Town]]. It is said that scouts spotted the water-carriers of the king, distinctive because the water was carried above, not upon, their heads. His deposition was formally announced to the Zulu. Wolseley wasted no time in discarding Bartle Frere's confederation scheme and drew up a new scheme which divided Zululand into thirteen chiefdoms headed by compliant chiefs which ensured that the Zulus would no longer unite under a single king and made internal divisions and civil wars inevitable. The [[Zulu royal family|dynasty of Shaka]] was deposed, and the Zulu country portioned among eleven Zulu chiefs, including [[Zibhebhu kaMaphitha|Zibhebhu]], [[John Robert Dunn]], a white adventurer, and Hlubi, a Basuto chief allied to the British in the war.',
158 => '',
159 => 'Chelmsford received a Knight Grand Cross of Bath, largely because of Ulundi. However, he was severely criticized by the Horse Guards investigation{{sfn|Lock|Quantrill|2002|loc=Ch 9}} and would never serve in the field again.{{sfn|Gump|1996|p=99}} Bartle Frere was relegated to a minor post in [[Cape Town]].',
160 => '',
161 => 'Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Zulu War, Bishop Colenso interceded on behalf of Cetshwayo with the British government and succeeded in getting him released from [[Robben Island]] and returned to Zululand in 1883.',
162 => '',
163 => 'A Resident ([[Melmoth Osborn]]) was appointed to be the channel of communication between the chiefs and the British government. This arrangement led to much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British government determined to restore Cetshwayo to power. In the meantime, however, blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs [[Usibepu]] (Zibebu) and Hamu on the one side and the tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. Cetshwayo's party (who now became known as the Usuthu) suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were aided by a band of white [[Filibuster (military)|freebooters]].',
164 => '',
165 => 'When Cetshwayo was restored Usibepu was left in possession of his territory, while Dunn's land and that of the Basuto chief (the country between the [[Tugela River]] and the Umhlatuzi, i.e., adjoining Natal) was constituted a reserve, in which locations were to be provided for Zulu unwilling to serve the restored king. This new arrangement proved as futile as had Wolseley's. Usibepu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, and being left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo's territory, viewed with displeasure the re-installation of his former king, and Cetshwayo was desirous of humbling his relative. A collision very soon took place; Usibepu's forces were victorious, and on 22 July 1883, led by a troop of mounted Boer mercenary troops, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo's kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]] forest. After appeals to [[Melmoth Osborn]] he moved to [[Eshowe]], where he died soon after.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/discussion.php?topid=693&forid=1',
1 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228911#identifiers',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bfcfOrihAvAC&pg=PA462',
3 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-2336',
4 => 'https://archive.org/details/historyofzuluwar00colerich',
5 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=N0x0AAAAMAAJ',
6 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=G_vMrWVqLIEC',
7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wroYQAAACAAJ',
8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EoaOAAAACAAJ',
9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EgoFae8PG5cC&pg=PA33',
10 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7xe8VDP1hlUC',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qHV_S7Fdop0C',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=50dYkgEACAAJ',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=npwiCbbEikkC',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pRJzAAAAMAAJ',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xwcMAQAAMAAJ',
16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CIWjmKPLCoUC',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMfEAAAQBAJ',
19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgTmAEACAAJ',
20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ZnAAAAMAAJ',
21 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dZlIFcnAMTEC',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=3o1sDwAAQBAJ',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1EBgAAQBAJ',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC',
25 => 'http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com',
26 => 'http://www.anglozuluwar.com',
27 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20031124021302/http://www.1879memorials.com/',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080706170914/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fzulu1878.htm',
29 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576730',
30 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538',
31 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538',
32 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191130-1',
33 => 'http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536537805171',
34 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85150048',
35 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574960',
36 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph311282&CON_LNG=ENG'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-2336',
1 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-2336',
2 => 'http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576730',
3 => 'http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536537805171',
4 => 'http://www.anglozuluwar.com',
5 => 'http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com',
6 => 'http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/discussion.php?topid=693&forid=1',
7 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph311282&CON_LNG=ENG',
8 => 'https://archive.org/details/historyofzuluwar00colerich',
9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=3o1sDwAAQBAJ',
10 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=50dYkgEACAAJ',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7xe8VDP1hlUC',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CIWjmKPLCoUC',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EgoFae8PG5cC&pg=PA33',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=EoaOAAAACAAJ',
16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=G_vMrWVqLIEC',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=N0x0AAAAMAAJ',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMfEAAAQBAJ',
19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=bfcfOrihAvAC&pg=PA462',
20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dZlIFcnAMTEC',
21 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1EBgAAQBAJ',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgTmAEACAAJ',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=npwiCbbEikkC',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ZnAAAAMAAJ',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pRJzAAAAMAAJ',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qHV_S7Fdop0C',
27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=wroYQAAACAAJ',
29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xwcMAQAAMAAJ',
30 => 'https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538',
31 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191130-1',
32 => 'https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538',
33 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85150048',
34 => 'https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574960',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20031124021302/http://www.1879memorials.com/',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080706170914/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fzulu1878.htm',
37 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228911#identifiers'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British colonial war in 1879</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-Zulu War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Défense de Rorke's Drift.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg/280px-D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="183" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg/420px-D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg/560px-D%C3%A9fense_de_Rorke%27s_Drift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1407" /></a><br />Detail of a painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift" title="Battle of Rorke's Drift">Battle of Rorke's Drift</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>11 January – 4 July 1879<br />(5 months, 3 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
British victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td>
Partition of the Zulu Kingdom</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Earl of Beaconsfield</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" title="Henry Bartle Frere">Sir Henry Bartle Frere</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Garnet Wolseley</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<a href="/wiki/Cetshwayo_kaMpande" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetshwayo kaMpande">Cetshwayo kaMpande</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ntshingwayo_Khoza" title="Ntshingwayo Khoza">Ntshingwayo Khoza</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dabulamanzi_kaMpande" title="Dabulamanzi kaMpande">Dabulamanzi kaMpande</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<p><b>1st invasion:</b><br />15,000–16,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>6,600 British troops</li>
<li>9,000 Africans</li></ul>
<p>17 cannons<br />7 <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a><br /><br /><b>2nd invasion:</b><br />25,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1998498_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998498-2">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>16,000 British troops</li>
<li>7,000 Africans</li></ul>
10 cannons<br />2 Gatling guns</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
35,000<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a></sup>–50,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
1,902 killed<br />256 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
6,930 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnightCastle1999115_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightCastle1999115-5">[2]</a></sup><br />3,500+ wounded</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Zulu_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Zulu War"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Zulu War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Zulu_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Zulu War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Sihayo%27s_Kraal" title="Action at Sihayo's Kraal">Sihayo's Kraal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zungwini_Mountain_skirmishes" title="Zungwini Mountain skirmishes">Zungwini Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe#Inyezane" title="Siege of Eshowe">Inyezane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Isandlwana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift" title="Battle of Rorke's Drift">Rorke's Drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Intombe" title="Battle of Intombe">Intombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hlobane" title="Battle of Hlobane">Hlobane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kambula" title="Battle of Kambula">Kambula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gingindlovu" title="Battle of Gingindlovu">Gingindlovu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eshowe" title="Siege of Eshowe">Eshowe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zungeni_Mountain_skirmish" title="Zungeni Mountain skirmish">Zungeni Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" title="Battle of Ulundi">Ulundi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scramble_for_Africa" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Scramble for Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Scramble for Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Scramble_for_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scramble_for_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa"><span class="wrap">Scramble for Africa</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Africa (1879)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">South Africa (1880)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Sudan (1881)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Egypt (1882)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1883)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Hova_Wars" title="Franco-Hova Wars">Madagascar (1883)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Eritrea (1885)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Equatoria (1886–89)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Resistance" title="Banadir Resistance">Somalia (1888-1924)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Batetela_rebellion" title="Batetela rebellion">Congo (1895)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1890)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland (1890)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stairs_Expedition_to_Katanga" title="Stairs Expedition to Katanga">Katanga (1891−92)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Dahomey (1892)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland (1893)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1894)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Ashanti (1895)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia (1895)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Matabeleland (1896)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Zanzibar (1896)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin (1897)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Wassoulou (1898)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad#French_conquest" title="French Chad">Chad (1887–1920)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kouss%C3%A9ri" title="Battle of Kousséri">Kousséri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda (1898)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">South Africa (1899)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland (1900)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Aro (1901)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bailundo_revolt" title="Bailundo revolt">Angola (1902)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Namibia (1904)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Tanganyika (1905)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Morocco (1905)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">South Africa (1906)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mufilo" title="Battle of Mufilo">Mufilo (1907)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Ouaddai (1909)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Libya (1911)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">South Africa (1914)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Darfur_Expedition" title="Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition">Darfur (1916)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<p>The <b>Anglo-Zulu War</b> was fought in 1879 between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act of 1867</a> for the federation in Canada, by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Lord Carnarvon</a>, it was thought that similar political effort, coupled with military campaigns, might succeed with the African Kingdoms, tribal areas and <a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer republics</a> in South Africa. In 1874, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bartle_Frere" title="Henry Bartle Frere">Bartle Frere</a> was sent to South Africa as <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> for the British Empire to effect such plans. Among the obstacles were the armed independent states of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> and the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Frere, on his own initiative, sent a provocative <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War#Terms_of_the_ultimatum" title="Anglo-Zulu War">ultimatum</a> on 11 December 1878 to the Zulu king <a href="/wiki/Cetshwayo" title="Cetshwayo">Cetshwayo</a> and upon its rejection sent <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_2nd_Baron_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a> to invade Zululand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiers200641_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiers200641-7">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColenso1880261–62_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColenso1880261–62-8">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1998291–92_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998291–92-9">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a></sup> The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an opening victory of the Zulu at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isandlwana" title="Battle of Isandlwana">Battle of Isandlwana</a>, followed by the defence of <a href="/wiki/Rorke%27s_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorke's Drift">Rorke's Drift</a> by a small British force from attack by a large Zulu force. The British eventually won the war, ending Zulu dominance of the region.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Last_veterans"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Last veterans</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Film_adaptions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Film adaptions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Last_veterans">Last veterans</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Last veterans">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Colour Sergeant (later Lieutenant-Colonel and <a href="/wiki/OBE" class="mw-redirect" title="OBE">OBE</a>) <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bourne" title="Frank Bourne">Frank Bourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">DCM</a> (1854–1945) Last survivor of <a href="/wiki/Rorke%27s_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorke's Drift">Rorke's Drift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rorkesdriftvc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rorkesdriftvc-11">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>Private Charles Wallace Warden (died 8 March 1953)</li>
<li>Henry "Harry" Figg R.N. (died 23 May 1953)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Film_adaptions">Film adaptions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Film adaptions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zulu_(1964_film)" title="Zulu (1964 film)">Zulu</a></i> (1964), the Battle at Rorke's Drift.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Dawn" title="Zulu Dawn">Zulu Dawn</a></i> (1979), the Battle of Isandlwana.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1072126029">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{float:right;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Victorian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Victorian era">Victorian era portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka Zulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Kingdom of Zululand</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColenso1880">Colenso 1880</a>, pp. 263–264 gives 6,669 Imperial and Colonial troops and 9,035 Native Contingent. <a href="#CITEREFMorris1998">Morris 1998</a>, p. 292 gives 16,800</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColenso1880">Colenso 1880</a>, p. 396 gives British strength in April as 22,545.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColenso1880">Colenso 1880</a>, p. 318 gives the total strength of the Zulu army at 35,000, of which 4,000 remained with Cetshwayo while the rest marched in two columns.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnight2003">Knight 2003</a>, p. 9 states "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus..."<a href="#CITEREFKnight2003">Knight 2003</a>, p. 11 notes "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply".</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998498-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1998498_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1998">Morris 1998</a>, p. 498.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnightCastle1999115-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnightCastle1999115_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnightCastle1999">Knight & Castle 1999</a>, p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpiers200641-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpiers200641_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpiers2006">Spiers 2006</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColenso1880261–62-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColenso1880261–62_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColenso1880">Colenso 1880</a>, pp. 261–62.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1998291–92-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1998291–92_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1998">Morris 1998</a>, pp. 291–92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rorkesdriftvc-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rorkesdriftvc_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com/discussion.php?topid=693&forid=1">"The Rorke's Drift VC Discussion Forum"</a>. <i>rorkesdriftvc.com</i>. 15 December 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rorkesdriftvc.com&rft.atitle=The+Rorke%27s+Drift+VC+Discussion+Forum&rft.date=2001-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rorkesdriftvc.com%2Fdiscussion.php%3Ftopid%3D693%26forid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFArcherFerrisHerwigTravers2008" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfcfOrihAvAC&pg=PA462"><i>World History of Warfare</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1941-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1941-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-1941-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History+of+Warfare&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1941-0&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Christon+I.&rft.au=Ferris%2C+John+R.&rft.au=Herwig%2C+Holger+H.&rft.au=Travers%2C+Timothy+H.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbfcfOrihAvAC%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barthorp" title="Michael Barthorp">Barthorp, Michael</a> (2002). <i>The Zulu War: Isandhlwana to Ulundi</i>. <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36270-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36270-0"><bdi>0-304-36270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zulu+War%3A+Isandhlwana+to+Ulundi&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-304-36270-0&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBourquin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bourquin, S. (1978). "The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879". <i>Military History Journal</i>. <b>IV</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2193-2336">2193-2336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Zulu+Military+Organization+and+the+Challenge+of+1879&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=2193-2336&rft.aulast=Bourquin&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFColenso1880" class="citation book cs1">Colenso, Frances E. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofzuluwar00colerich"><i>History of the Zulu War and Its Origin</i></a>. Assisted by Edward Durnford. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Zulu+War+and+Its+Origin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Colenso&rft.aufirst=Frances+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofzuluwar00colerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGiliomeeMbenga2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Giliomee" title="Hermann Giliomee">Giliomee, Hermann Buhr</a>; Mbenga, Bernard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0x0AAAAMAAJ"><i>New History of South Africa</i></a>. Tafelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04359-1"><bdi>978-0-624-04359-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=Tafelberg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-624-04359-1&rft.aulast=Giliomee&rft.aufirst=Hermann+Buhr&rft.au=Mbenga%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0x0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGump1996" class="citation book cs1">Gump, James O. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_vMrWVqLIEC"><i>The Dust Rose Like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux</i></a>. Bison Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7059-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7059-3"><bdi>0-8032-7059-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dust+Rose+Like+Smoke%3A+The+Subjugation+of+the+Zulu+and+the+Sioux&rft.pub=Bison+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8032-7059-3&rft.aulast=Gump&rft.aufirst=James+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_vMrWVqLIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGuy1994" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Jeff (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wroYQAAACAAJ"><i>The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879–1884</i></a>. University of Natal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86980-892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86980-892-4"><bdi>978-0-86980-892-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+the+Zulu+Kingdom%3A+The+Civil+War+in+Zululand%2C+1879%E2%80%931884&rft.pub=University+of+Natal+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86980-892-4&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwroYQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight1995" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EoaOAAAACAAJ"><i>Brave Men's Blood: The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879</i></a>. Pen & Sword Military Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-212-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+Men%27s+Blood%3A+The+Epic+of+the+Zulu+War%2C+1879&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military+Classics&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-212-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEoaOAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Knight_(historian)" title="Ian Knight (historian)">Knight, Ian</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgoFae8PG5cC&pg=PA33"><i>Rorke's Drift, 1879: 'Pinned like Rats in a Hole'<span></span></i></a>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-506-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-506-7"><bdi>978-1-85532-506-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rorke%27s+Drift%2C+1879%3A+%27Pinned+like+Rats+in+a+Hole%27&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-506-7&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgoFae8PG5cC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight2003" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xe8VDP1hlUC"><i>The Zulu War 1879</i></a>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-612-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-612-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zulu+War+1879&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-612-6&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xe8VDP1hlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHV_S7Fdop0C"><i>British Fortifications in Zululand 1879</i></a>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-829-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-829-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-829-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Fortifications+in+Zululand+1879&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-829-8&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHV_S7Fdop0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnightCastle1999" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian; Castle, Ian (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50dYkgEACAAJ"><i>British Army: Zulu War to the Boer War</i></a>. Brassey's UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85753-284-5"><bdi>978-1-85753-284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Army%3A+Zulu+War+to+the+Boer+War&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+UK&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85753-284-5&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Castle%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50dYkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLaband2009" class="citation book cs1">Laband, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npwiCbbEikkC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars</i></a>. Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6300-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Zulu+Wars&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6300-2&rft.aulast=Laband&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpwiCbbEikkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLockQuantrill2002" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Ron; Quantrill, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRJzAAAAMAAJ"><i>Zulu Victory: The Epic of Isandlwana and the Cover-up</i></a>. Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-505-8"><bdi>978-1-85367-505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zulu+Victory%3A+The+Epic+of+Isandlwana+and+the+Cover-up&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-505-8&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Quantrill%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRJzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMartineau1895" class="citation book cs1">Martineau, John (1895). "XIX". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwcMAQAAMAAJ"><i>The life and correspondence of the Right Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc</i></a>. Vol. II. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIX&rft.btitle=The+life+and+correspondence+of+the+Right+Hon.+Sir+Bartle+Frere%2C+bart.%2C+G.C.B.%2C+F.R.S.%2C+etc&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Martineau&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwcMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2007" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4t6XGAAACAAJ"><i>Diamonds, Gold and War: The Making of South Africa</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8614-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-8614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamonds%2C+Gold+and+War%3A+The+Making+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8614-5&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4t6XGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMorris1998" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Donald R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CIWjmKPLCoUC"><i>The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80866-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washing+of+the+Spears%3A+A+History+of+the+Rise+of+the+Zulu+Nation+Under+Shaka+and+Its+Fall+in+the+Zulu+War+of+1879&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80866-1&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCIWjmKPLCoUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMorvan2021" class="citation book cs1">Morvan, Philippe (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSMfEAAAQBAJ"><i>Les fils du ciel</i></a>. Calmann-Lévy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7021-6767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7021-6767-0"><bdi>978-2-7021-6767-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+fils+du+ciel&rft.pub=Calmann-L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-7021-6767-0&rft.aulast=Morvan&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSMfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRaugh2011" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, Harold E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkgTmAEACAAJ"><i>Anglo-Zulu War, 1879: A Selected Bibliography</i></a>. Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7227-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7227-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Zulu+War%2C+1879%3A+A+Selected+Bibliography&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7227-1&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkgTmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSpiers2006" class="citation book cs1">Spiers, Edward M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2ZnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854–1902</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2354-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Soldier+and+Empire%2C+1854%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2354-9&rft.aulast=Spiers&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2ZnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, P. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZlIFcnAMTEC"><i>Black Soldiers of the Queen: The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu War</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5368-1"><bdi>978-0-8173-5368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Soldiers+of+the+Queen%3A+The+Natal+Native+Contingent+in+the+Anglo-Zulu+War&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5368-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZlIFcnAMTEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"/><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrookesWebb1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Brookes" title="Edgar Brookes">Brookes, Edgar H</a>; Webb, Colin de B. (1965). <i>A History of Natal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>: University of Natal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86980-579-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86980-579-7"><bdi>0-86980-579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Natal&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=University+of+Natal+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-86980-579-7&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Edgar+H&rft.au=Webb%2C+Colin+de+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_David" title="Saul David">David, Saul</a> (February 2009). "The Forgotten Battles of the Zulu War". <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC History (magazine)">BBC History Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 2. pp. 26–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Battles+of+the+Zulu+War&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=2009-02&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDutton2010" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Roy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o1sDwAAQBAJ"><i>Forgotten Heroes Zulu & Basuto Wars including Medal Roll 1877-8-9</i></a>. Infodial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9556554-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9556554-4-9"><bdi>978-0-9556554-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Heroes+Zulu+%26+Basuto+Wars+including+Medal+Roll+1877-8-9&rft.pub=Infodial&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9556554-4-9&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o1sDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFrench2014" class="citation book cs1">French, Gerald (2014) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1EBgAAQBAJ"><i>Lord Chelmsford and the Zulu War</i></a>. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3510-8"><bdi>978-1-4738-3510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Chelmsford+and+the+Zulu+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Lane%2C+The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-3510-8&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfl1EBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2mbl5xPOcUC"><i>Zulu Rising: The Epic Story of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-44593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-44593-1"><bdi>978-0-330-44593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zulu+Rising%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Isandlwana+and+Rorke%27s+Drift&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-330-44593-1&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2mbl5xPOcUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLabandKnight1996" class="citation book cs1">Laband, John; Knight, Ian (1996). <i>The Anglo-Zulu War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Sutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86985-829-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86985-829-7"><bdi>0-86985-829-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Zulu+War&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-86985-829-7&rft.aulast=Laband&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Knight%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><span class="noprint"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zululand" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zululand">Zululand</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zululand&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Zulu+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Zulu_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anglo-Zulu_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rorkesdriftvc.com">Rorke's Drift and the Anglo–Zulu War website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglozuluwar.com">Anglo–Zulu War Historical Society</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031124021302/http://www.1879memorials.com/">The Keynsham Light Horse</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706170914/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr75/fzulu1878.htm">Anglo–Zulu War, 1878–1879</a> by Ralph Zuljan</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:British_colonial_campaigns&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">Tangier</a> (1664)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War" title="Anglo-Mughal War">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_War" title="Tacky's War">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement" title="Regulator Movement">War of the Regulation</a> (1765–71)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suriname" title="Battle of Suriname">Suriname</a> (1804)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Vietnamese_conflict" title="Anglo-Vietnamese conflict">Vietnamese skirmish</a> (1808)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> 1828–32)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857-58)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_revolt_of_1920" title="Iraqi revolt of 1920">Iraq</a> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising Kenya</a> (1952–60)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_reform_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional reform referendum">1983 constitutional reform referendum</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of National Unity (South Africa)">Government of National Unity</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a> </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228911#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228911#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576730">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381538">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4191130-1">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536537805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85150048">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574960">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph311282&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1647615636 |