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[ 0 => '{{Infobox military conflict', 1 => '| conflict = Spanish expedition to Oran', 2 => '| partof = the Spanish-Barbary wars', 3 => '| image = Spanish attack on Oran 1732.jpg', 4 => '| image_size = 300', 5 => '| caption = '''''Spanish attack on Oran of 1732.'''''', 6 => '| date = 15 June 1732 – 2 July 1732', 7 => '| place = [[Oran]], [[Mers el-Kebir]], [[Regency of Algiers]]', 8 => '| result = Spanish victory<ref name="Doncelp.264">Doncel p.264</ref>', 9 => '*Spanish reconquest of [[Oran]]<ref name="Doncelp.263">Doncel p.263</ref>', 10 => '*Spanish reconquest of [[Mers el-Kebir]]<ref name="Doncelp.262">Doncel p.262</ref>', 11 => '| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Bourbon Reforms|Kingdom of Spain]]', 12 => '| combatant2 = {{ubl', 13 => ' |[[File:Flag of Ottoman Algiers.svg|23px]] [[Deylik of Algiers]]', 14 => '}}', 15 => '*[[Beylik of Oran]]', 16 => '| commander1 = {{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|Duke of Montemar]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Francisco Javier Cornejo|Francisco Cornejo]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Blas de Lezo]]<br>{{flagicon|Spain|1701}} [[Juan José Navarro, 1st Marquis of la Victoria|Juan José Navarro]]', 17 => '| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Regency of Algiers}} [[Mustapha Bouchlaghem|Bouchlaghem Bey]]<br>{{flagdeco|Regency of Algiers}} Wali Hassan<br>{{flagdeco|Regency of Algiers}} Ben Dabiza{{surrendered}}<br>{{flagdeco|Regency of Algiers}} Mohamed Boutaleb<br>', 18 => '| strength1 = 27,000–28,000 men<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><ref name="Doncelp.260">Doncel p.260</ref><br>12 [[ship of the line|ships of the line]]<ref name="Doncelp.259">Doncel p.259</ref><br>50 [[frigate]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>7 [[galley]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>26 [[galiot]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>4 [[brig]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>97 [[xebec]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>Several [[gunboat]]s and [[bomb vessel]]s<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>109 transport ships<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><br>Unknown minor vessels', 19 => '| strength2 = 20,000 men<ref name="Salmon1739">{{cite book|author=Thomas Salmon|title=Modern History: Or, the Present State of All Nations: Describing Their Respective Situations, Persons, Habits, Buildings, Manners, Laws ... Being the Most Complete and Correct System of Geography and Modern History Extant in Any Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBqLKMWx7TMC&pg=PA96|year=1739|publisher=Bettesworth and Hitch|pages=96–}}</ref><br>Unknown number of ships', 20 => '| casualties1 = Unknown, but low<ref name="Doncelp.264"/><ref name="Doncelp.263"/>', 21 => '| casualties2 = Heavy human and naval losses<ref name="Doncelp.263"/><ref name="Doncelp.262"/><br>142 [[cannon|pieces of artillery]] captured<ref name="Doncelp.263"/>', 22 => '| notes = ', 23 => '}}', 24 => '{{Campaignbox Spanish-Barbary battles}}', 25 => '', 26 => 'The '''Spanish conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir''' took place from 15 June to 2 July 1732, between the [[Enlightenment in Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Deylik of Algiers]]. The great Spanish expedition led by Don [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar]] and Don [[Francisco Javier Cornejo]]<ref name="Doncelp.259"/> defeated the Algerian troops under the command of the [[Bey]] of the [[Western Beylik|Beylik of Oran]], [[Mustapha Bouchelaghem]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Belhamissi|first=Moulay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHNyAAAAMAAJ&q=Bouchelaghem+1732|title=Alger, l'Europe et la guerre secrete (1518-1830)|date=1999|publisher=Editions Dahlab|isbn=978-9961-61-173-9|language=fr}}</ref> and the [[Wali]] of [[Oran]], Hassan. It successfully conquered the [[fortress]]-cities of [[Oran]] and [[Mers el-Kebir]],<ref>Doncel 262–263</ref> ruled and administered by Algiers from 1708, during the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], when both cities were conquered by the aforementioned Bouchelaghem, who was the governor of the western regions of Algiers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtNBAQAAMAAJ&q=Bouchelaghem+1708&pg=PP116|title=Algeria: Moniteur algerién. Journal officiel de la colonie. nr. 532-880 (5 avril 1843-10 fevr. 1848) 2 v|date=1846|language=fr}}</ref><ref>''The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815''</ref>', 27 => '', 28 => '==Background==', 29 => 'During the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the strategic [[Africa]]n cities of [[Oran]] and [[Mers el-Kebir]], which have been under Spanish control since the early 16th century, [[Reconquest of Oran (1708)|were taken]] by the Bey of Oran, Bouchlaghem Bey, taking advantage of the difficult time that Spain was going through.<ref>Mckay / ''The Rise of the Powers''</ref> With the war having ended, and with the resurgence of the new Spain as one of the major European powers, the King [[Philip V of Spain]], organised an expedition to recoup the lost cities.<ref>Suárez Fernández p.276</ref> The expedition was, in part, funded by the successful offensive on the [[Republic of Genoa]], led by the Admiral Don [[Blas de Lezo]], in which Lezo demanded a payment of 2 million pesos, and to pay homage to the Spanish flag, or else he would bombard the city.<ref name="Doncelp.254">Doncel p.254</ref><ref name="Doncelp.255">Doncel p.255</ref> The Genovese finally accepted all the terms of the Spanish Admiral.<ref name="Doncelp.255"/> Of the 2 million pesos, a million and a half was to be destined for the new expedition.<ref name="Doncelp.255"/>', 30 => '', 31 => 'The rumour that [[Spain]] was preparing for another expedition, was cause for alarm for the Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], thinking that Spain, wanted to occupy the [[Italy|Italian]] territories held by the [[Holy Roman Empire|Austrians]] again. When all the preparations had been concluded, with the aim of calming the other [[Europe]]an powers, Philip V published a decree which stated his intention of reconquering Oran.<ref name="Doncelp.255"/>', 32 => '', 33 => '==Preparations of the expedition==', 34 => '[[File:DonAntonioBarcelóConSuJabequeCorreoRindeADosGaleotasArgelinas.jpg|thumb|305px|''A Spanish [[xebec]] facing two Algerian corsair [[galiot]]s.'']]', 35 => 'The expedition began to organise itself on 16 March 1732, in the port of [[Alicante]].<ref name="Doncelp.256">Doncel p.256</ref> The person responsible for the preparation of the expedition was the Prince of Campo Florido, Captain-General and Governor of the Kingdom of [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]].<ref name="Doncelp.256"/> The city was overcome with the challenge of containing such a large number of troops, sailors and noblemen. The authorities estimated more than 30,000 present.<ref name="Doncelp.256"/> At the time, the city received most of its merchandise via the port, with some help from nearby towns and cities, but finally the supply to the city was a success.<ref name="Doncelp.257">Doncel p.257</ref>', 36 => '', 37 => 'On 7 June, Don [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar]], who Philip V had chosen as leader of the expedition, attended the Convent of ''Santísima Faz'', to pray for protection and the success of his plan.<ref name="Doncelp.257"/> The port began filling up with masts, and every type of sail, conceivable, and by the end of May, Campo Florido informed the Spanish General, Don Alejandro de la Motte, that he had solved the embargo of all the transport ships nearby. Everything had been planned, down to the last detail, and the expedition was ready to set sail.<ref>Doncel 258–259</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => '===The fleet===', 40 => 'The great fleet consisted of 12 [[ship of the line|ships of the line]], 50 [[frigate]]s, 7 [[galley]]s and 26 [[galiot]]s, 4 [[brig]]s, 97 [[xebec]]s, several [[gunboat]]s and [[bomb vessel]]s, approximately 109 [[transport]] ships, and several minor ships and vessels of different classes,<ref name="Doncelp.259"/> in total, the ships of the fleet numbered about 500–600, and the supreme commander of the fleet was the veteran naval officer Don [[Francisco Javier Cornejo]].<ref name="Doncelp.259"/> The fleet caused great astonishment in all [[Europe]], and as a writer of that time, said:', 41 => '{{cquote| ''Never before was the Mediterranean Sea covered in such a variety of flags.''<ref name="Doncelp.259"/>}}', 42 => '', 43 => '===The army===', 44 => '[[File:José Carrillo de Albornoz, primer duque de Montemar (Museo del Prado).jpg|thumb|200px|Don [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|José Carrillo de Albornoz, Duke of Montemar]], leader of the expedition.]]', 45 => 'The army was led by the [[José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar|Duke of Montemar]].<ref name="Doncelp.259"/> The contingent consisted of 23 generals, 19 brigadiers and 129 officers.<ref name="Doncelp.259"/>', 46 => '', 47 => 'The [[infantry]] consisted of 32 [[battalion]]s; the artillery battalion (600 men and 60 pieces of artillery and 20 mortars), the regiments of ''Spanish and Walloon Guards'' (each with 4 battalions), the regiments of ''Spain'', ''Soria'', ''Vitoria'', ''Cantabria'' and ''Asturias'' (each with 2 battalions), the regiments of ''Ireland'', ''Ulster'' and ''Namur'' (each with 1 battalion), the regiments of ''Aragon'', ''Hainaut'', ''Antwerp'' and ''First and Third of Swiss'' (each with 2 battalions), and a company of riflemen, guides, all born in Oran, and administrative, legal and medical personnel.<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><ref name="Doncelp.260"/> In total 23,100 men.<ref name="Doncelp.259"/><ref name="Doncelp.260"/>', 48 => '', 49 => 'The [[cavalry]] was composed by the regiments ''Queen'' and ''Prince'' (each with 417 men) and ''Santiago'' and ''Granada'' (each with 419 men), and another 4 regiments of ''Spanish Dragoons'' (each with 3 squads).<ref name="Doncelp.260"/> In total 3,372 men.<ref name="Doncelp.260"/>', 50 => '', 51 => '==The expedition==', 52 => '[[File:JuanJoséNavarroCapitánGeneralDeLaArmada.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Spanish Admiral Don [[Juan José Navarro]]. Posthumous portrait by [[Rafael Tegeo]].]]', 53 => 'On 15 June 1732, with all troops on board, and all preparations completed, the fleet was at anchor, and the next day the fleet began its departure in perfect formation, offering a wonderful spectacle. The Spanish soldier and poet, [[Eugenio Gerardo Lobo]], who took part in the expedition, dedicated his poetry to the Spanish expedition:<ref name="Doncelp.261">Doncel p.261</ref>', 54 => '{{quotation|''Ve, lucido escuadrón, ve, fuerte armada,<br>Del monarca de España empeño augusto,<br>Y el pendón infeliz del moro adusto,<br>Su luna llore en ti siempre eclipsada.''<ref name="Doncelp.261"/>}}', 55 => 'A few days after, the fleet was obliged, due to contrary winds, to take cover near the [[Cape Palos]], but on the 24 June, after overcoming its difficulties, it continued its journey towards [[Oran]].<ref name="Doncelp.261"/> On 27 June, the fleet arrived at the coasts of Oran, and the Duke of Montemar, ordered the troops to disembark on the Aguadas beach, near [[Mers el-Kebir]], but this could not take place till the next day.<ref name="Doncelp.261"/> At dawn, the troops began to disembarked with barely any resistance.<ref name="Doncelp.261"/> The Algerian troops, who up to that time had remained in defensive positions, began to attack the Spanish troops; however, the firepower of the Spanish ships,<ref name="Doncelp.261"/> in particular the [[ship of the line]] ''Castilla'', under the command of Don [[Juan José Navarro]],<ref name="Martinez-Valverde">Martinez-Valverde / ''Enciclopedia General del Mar''</ref> made a big contribution in covering the landing troops by the use of his naval guns, decimating and forcing the Muslim troops to flee.<ref name="Martinez-Valverde"/> Before midday, all the infantry had disembarked, and the cavalry followed soon after.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/>', 56 => '', 57 => '==Conquest of Oran and Mers el-Kebir==', 58 => '[[File:Conquista de Orán en 1732.jpg|thumb|The Spanish landing]]', 59 => 'After midday, the [[grenadiers]] together with the cavalry, gradually began to gather on a small hill, where the only fountain to be seen, around lay, and from where the Spanish troops had formed and taken control, and which the moors wanted to take hold.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> The Duke of Montemar ordered a small fort to be built to ensure communication with the fleet.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> A company of fusiliers was set up to protect the workers on the Fort, but they were under continual attack from the large number of [[Algiers|Algerian]] troops, and finally, due to lack of ammunition, they began to retreat. This retreat gave the moors heart and they cautiosly advanced.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> Montemar, noticing this, sent 16 companies of infantry under the command of Don Alejandro de la Motte, and 4 squadrons of ''Spanish Dragoons'' to attack the front line of Muslim troops.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> The onslaught by the cavalry and infantry was so energetic, that they caused many casualties in the enemy, and forced the Moorish troops to retreat to another distant mountain amid the great confusion.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> Counting [[Janissaries]], Moors and [[Turkey|Turks]], they came to about 20,000 to 22,000 men in total.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/>', 60 => '', 61 => 'De la Motte and his army continued to advance till they reached [[Mers el-Kebir]], where they discovered a field in which the Janissaries had gathered in, it was promptly destroyed, making about 300 Janissaries flee, all of which belonged to Mers el-Kebir's garrison.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> Terrified by the intense firepower of the grenadiers, the captain of the fort of Mers el-Kebir (Ben Dabiza)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Esterhazy|first=Louis-Joseph-Ferdinand Walsin (Général) Auteur du texte|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5724996g|title=De la domination turque dans l'ancienne régence d'Alger / par M. Walsin Esterhazy,...|date=1840|language=EN}}</ref> capitulated, on the condition that they would be allowed to retreat to [[Algiers]].<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> Immediately after, De la Motte's army besieged Mers el-Kebir.<ref name="Doncelp.262"/> Montemar, seeing how successful this had been, then sent his army to the nearby mountains where the majority of the enemy lay, but these, terrified and demoralised, retreated that very night to [[Oran]],<ref name="Doncelp.263"/><ref name="Doncelp.262"/> which was also abandoned along with all its forts and castles used for defence.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> The quality and discipline of the Spanish army, without a doubt terrified the Algerian troops.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> The next day, 1 July, Montemar, through a message from the French consul in Oran, found out about this news and immediately sent a detachment to confirm this.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> The news was in fact true, and the French consul himself,<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> came out to receive the Spanish troops, which entered the city without any trouble, as it was almost deserted, as was the Palace of Bey.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> The Spanish captured 80 bronze pieces of artillery,<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> 50 iron pieces and 12 bells,<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> and innumerable artifacts of war, and supplies, enough to supply the city for at least three months.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/> Finally, the next day, 2 July, the city of Mers el-Kebir also capitulated to De la Motte's troops.<ref name="Doncelp.263"/>', 62 => '', 63 => '==Consequences==', 64 => '[[File:Felipe V de España.jpg|thumb|left|220px|King [[Philip V of Spain]] by [[Jean Ranc]].]]', 65 => '[[File:JoséPatiñoMuseoNaval.jpg|thumb|200px|Don José Patiño by [[Jean Ranc]].]]', 66 => 'On 5 July a solemn ''Te Deum'' was sung in Oran to commemorate the victory.<ref name="Doncelp.264"/> The news soon reached [[History of Spain (1700-1810)|Spain]] and spread to the rest of [[Europe]], where the famous victory was celebrated with festivals and religious ceremonies.<ref name="Doncelp.264"/> The [[Pope Clement XII]] was greatly contented to hear of the reclaiming of the cities, thanking and full of praise for [[Philip V of Spain]].<ref name="Doncelp.264"/> A month after the recovery of Oran, on 1 August, having secured the city, Montemar made back to Spain with the majority of his troops, leaving behind a garrison of 6,000 men.<ref name="Doncelp.265">Doncel p.265</ref>', 67 => '', 68 => 'Montemar was received with great expectation in [[Seville]] on 15 August, Philip V presented him with a chain of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], a reward for the service to his country.<ref name="Doncelp.266">Doncel p.266</ref> Also Don [[José Patiño]] was rewarded with the same honour, as he had planned the expedition.<ref name="Doncelp.266"/>', 69 => '', 70 => 'Bey Hassan wasn't resigned to the loss of his beloved city.<ref name="Doncelp.267">Doncel p.267</ref> Regretting the cowardice he had shown by abandoning the city, he tried many times to retrieve it, by attacking it over the following months.<ref name="Doncelp.267"/> At the end of August he closed in on Oran with more than 10,000 troops, but they were defeated by the Spanish, causing them more than 2,000 casualties.<ref name="Doncelp.267"/> The city was to remain under Spanish control till 1792.<ref>Doncel / ''Presencia de España en Orán 1509-1792''</ref>', 71 => '', 72 => '==Notes==', 73 => '{{Reflist|3}}', 74 => '', 75 => '==References==', 76 => '*{{in lang|es}} Sánchez Doncel, Gregorio. ''Presencia de España en Orán 1509-1792''. T. San Ildefonso (1991) {{ISBN|978-84-600-7614-8}}', 77 => '*{{in lang|es}} Arbeloa Romá, Armando. ''La expedición contra Orán del año 1732''. Universidad de Alicante.', 78 => '* {{cite book | last = Mckay | first = Derek | title = The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648-1815 | publisher = Longman | location = New York | year = 1983 | isbn = 0-582-48554-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofgreatpow00dere }}', 79 => '*{{in lang|es}} Martínez-Valverde y Martínez, Carlos. ''Enciclopedia General del Mar.'' Garriga, 1957.', 80 => '* {{cite book | last = Symcox | first = Geoffrey | title = War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism, 1618-1763 | publisher = Harper Torchbooks | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-06-139500-5 }}', 81 => '*{{in lang|es}} Suárez Fernández, Luis. ''Historia general de España y América: La España de las reformas: Hasta el final del reinado de Carlos IV''. (1984) {{ISBN|84-321-2119-3}}', 82 => '', 83 => '{{coord missing|Algeria}}', 84 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}' ]