Examine individual changes
This page allows you to examine the variables generated by the Edit Filter for an individual change.
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Long bench seat}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:ICS traditional church pews.jpg|alt=church pew|right|thumb|Traditional solid oak church pews]]
A '''pew''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|juː}}) is a long [[bench (furniture)|bench]] [[seat]] or enclosed box, used for seating [[Member (local church)|members]] of a [[Church (congregation)|congregation]] or [[choir]] in a [[Church (building)|church]], [[synagogue]] or sometimes a [[courtroom]]. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the [[Ryman Auditorium]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], which was formerly a church).
==Overview==
[[File:KingsNortonInterior.jpg[[Box pews]] in St John the Baptist [[King's Norton, Leicestershire|King's Norton]], Leicestershire]]
[[File:moisty.jpeg|thumb|
[[File:Pew detail Old Ship Church.jpg|thumb|Detail of pew 42, [[Old Ship Church]], [[Hingham, Massachusetts]], United States]]
[[File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg|thumb|[[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, [[Sapperton, Gloucestershire|Sapperton]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]]]
[[File:Church interior, Gotland, Sweden (3611185997).jpg|thumb|The interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)]]
The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the [[nave]]. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.<ref>
{{cite book
image = Cr1TiKaL in 2022.jpg
| last1 = Viola
| first1 = Frank
| author-link1 = Frank Viola (author)
| last2 = Barna
| first2 = George
| author-link2 = George Barna
| title = Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices
| year = 2008
| publisher = [[Tyndale House]]
| isbn = 978-1-4143-4165-1
| page = 35
| quote = By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.
}}
</ref>
Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html|title=On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church|website=www.stnicholasstratford.org|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> The rise of the [[sermon]] as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew|title=Pew - furniture|website=britannica.com|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the [[high church|high or low]] character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between [[Henry Edward Manning]] and Archdeacon Hare, [[Lytton Strachey]] remarks with characteristic irony, "Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome".<ref>Lytton Strachey, 1918, ''Eminent Victorians''; 1979 Folio Society edition p. 42.</ref>
In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, ''pew deeds'' recorded [[title (legal document)|title]] to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable [[box pews|pew boxes]], and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of [[B. T. Roberts#Conflict with Methodist Episcopal Church|B. T. Roberts]]: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.<ref>E.g., Shedfield church, Hampshire.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}</ref>
Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of [[Church service|services]] or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late [[medieval]] and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of [[long gallery|galleries]]. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.<ref>A. Mather ''The Politics of Place: A Study of Church Seating in Essex, c.1580-1640'', Friends of the Department of English Local History, Friends Papers No. 3, Leicester (1999)</ref><ref>C. Wright, The spatial ordering of community in English church seating, c.1550-1700 PhD thesis, [[University of Warwick]] (2002)</ref>
Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the [[nave]] of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and [[Kneeler|hassocks]] or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold [[Bible]]s, [[prayer book]]s, [[hymnal]]s or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.
In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer, pews are often equipped with [[kneeler]]s in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor. These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.
Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
==Pew rents==
[[File:Box pew in St. Martin's Church - geograph.org.uk - 720262.jpg|thumb|Box pew in St Martin's church, [[Thompson, Norfolk]]]]
Until the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory [[Tithe|tithing]]. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.
[[File:Milford Malvoisin pews.jpg|thumb|"Churches as they were, and as they will be", illustration of church pews from ''Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders'' (1842), by [[Francis Edward Paget]]]]
Pew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nigel Scotland|title=Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4|access-date=27 February 2013|date=15 August 2007|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=978-1-84511-336-0|page=4}}</ref> Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by [[Richard Yates (antiquary)|Richard Yates]] in his pamphlet ''The Church in Danger'' (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a [[Commissioners' church]], was the first London church to break with pew rents.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nigel Scotland |title=Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London |year=2007 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978 1 84511 336 0|pages=3–4}}</ref>
[[William James Conybeare]] commented on the pew system in his "Church Parties" article in the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'' of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan "Equality within the House of God".<ref>{{cite book|author=Sydney Smith|title=Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309|access-date=27 February 2013|year=1853|publisher=A. and C. Black|page=309}}</ref> The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the [[High Church]] party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by [[Frederic William Farrar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Brooks|title=The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41|access-date=27 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4020-7|page=41}}</ref>
Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as "free and open churches" characterized by their lack of pew rentals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html|title=Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)|website=anglicanhistory.org|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html|archive-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches in order to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by [[Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pews}}
* [http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html The West Parish History Corner: Pews, Pew Deeds, and Taxes]
* [http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/ The History of the Church Pew]
* [http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf A floor plan of an Episcopal Church in Virginia in 1849, showing the cost of each pew]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Benches (furniture)]]
[[Category:Church architecture]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christian religious furniture]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Long bench seat}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:ICS traditional church pews.jpg|alt=church pew|right|thumb|Traditional solid oak church pews]]
A '''pew''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|juː}}) is a long [[bench (furniture)|bench]] [[seat]] or enclosed box, used for seating [[Member (local church)|members]] of a [[Church (congregation)|congregation]] or [[choir]] in a [[Church (building)|church]], [[synagogue]] or sometimes a [[courtroom]]. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the [[Ryman Auditorium]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], which was formerly a church).
==Overview==
[[File:KingsNortonInterior.jpg[[Box pews]] in St John the Baptist [[King's Norton, Leicestershire|King's Norton]], Leicestershire]]
[[File:moisty.jpg]]
[[File:Pew detail Old Ship Church.jpg|thumb|Detail of pew 42, [[Old Ship Church]], [[Hingham, Massachusetts]], United States]]
[[File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg|thumb|[[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, [[Sapperton, Gloucestershire|Sapperton]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]]]
[[File:Church interior, Gotland, Sweden (3611185997).jpg|thumb|The interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)]]
The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the [[nave]]. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.<ref>
{{cite book
image = Cr1TiKaL in 2022.jpg
| last1 = Viola
| first1 = Frank
| author-link1 = Frank Viola (author)
| last2 = Barna
| first2 = George
| author-link2 = George Barna
| title = Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices
| year = 2008
| publisher = [[Tyndale House]]
| isbn = 978-1-4143-4165-1
| page = 35
| quote = By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.
}}
</ref>
Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the [[Protestant Reformation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html|title=On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church|website=www.stnicholasstratford.org|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref> The rise of the [[sermon]] as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew|title=Pew - furniture|website=britannica.com|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the [[high church|high or low]] character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between [[Henry Edward Manning]] and Archdeacon Hare, [[Lytton Strachey]] remarks with characteristic irony, "Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome".<ref>Lytton Strachey, 1918, ''Eminent Victorians''; 1979 Folio Society edition p. 42.</ref>
In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, ''pew deeds'' recorded [[title (legal document)|title]] to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable [[box pews|pew boxes]], and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of [[B. T. Roberts#Conflict with Methodist Episcopal Church|B. T. Roberts]]: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.<ref>E.g., Shedfield church, Hampshire.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}</ref>
Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of [[Church service|services]] or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late [[medieval]] and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of [[long gallery|galleries]]. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.<ref>A. Mather ''The Politics of Place: A Study of Church Seating in Essex, c.1580-1640'', Friends of the Department of English Local History, Friends Papers No. 3, Leicester (1999)</ref><ref>C. Wright, The spatial ordering of community in English church seating, c.1550-1700 PhD thesis, [[University of Warwick]] (2002)</ref>
Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the [[nave]] of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and [[Kneeler|hassocks]] or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold [[Bible]]s, [[prayer book]]s, [[hymnal]]s or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.
In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer, pews are often equipped with [[kneeler]]s in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor. These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.
Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
==Pew rents==
[[File:Box pew in St. Martin's Church - geograph.org.uk - 720262.jpg|thumb|Box pew in St Martin's church, [[Thompson, Norfolk]]]]
Until the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory [[Tithe|tithing]]. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.
[[File:Milford Malvoisin pews.jpg|thumb|"Churches as they were, and as they will be", illustration of church pews from ''Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders'' (1842), by [[Francis Edward Paget]]]]
Pew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nigel Scotland|title=Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4|access-date=27 February 2013|date=15 August 2007|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=978-1-84511-336-0|page=4}}</ref> Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by [[Richard Yates (antiquary)|Richard Yates]] in his pamphlet ''The Church in Danger'' (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a [[Commissioners' church]], was the first London church to break with pew rents.<ref>{{cite book |author=Nigel Scotland |title=Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London |year=2007 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978 1 84511 336 0|pages=3–4}}</ref>
[[William James Conybeare]] commented on the pew system in his "Church Parties" article in the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'' of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan "Equality within the House of God".<ref>{{cite book|author=Sydney Smith|title=Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309|access-date=27 February 2013|year=1853|publisher=A. and C. Black|page=309}}</ref> The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the [[High Church]] party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by [[Frederic William Farrar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Chris Brooks|title=The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41|access-date=27 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-4020-7|page=41}}</ref>
Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as "free and open churches" characterized by their lack of pew rentals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html|title=Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)|website=anglicanhistory.org|access-date=7 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html|archive-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches in order to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by [[Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer]].<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pews}}
* [http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html The West Parish History Corner: Pews, Pew Deeds, and Taxes]
* [http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/ The History of the Church Pew]
* [http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf A floor plan of an Episcopal Church in Virginia in 1849, showing the cost of each pew]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Benches (furniture)]]
[[Category:Church architecture]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Christian religious furniture]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@
==Overview==
[[File:KingsNortonInterior.jpg[[Box pews]] in St John the Baptist [[King's Norton, Leicestershire|King's Norton]], Leicestershire]]
-[[File:moisty.jpeg|thumb|
+[[File:moisty.jpg]]
[[File:Pew detail Old Ship Church.jpg|thumb|Detail of pew 42, [[Old Ship Church]], [[Hingham, Massachusetts]], United States]]
[[File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg|thumb|[[Jacobean era|Jacobean]] bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, [[Sapperton, Gloucestershire|Sapperton]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 12230 |
Old page size (old_size) | 12236 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -6 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:moisty.jpg]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:moisty.jpeg|thumb|'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html',
1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html',
2 => 'http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4',
4 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309',
5 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41',
6 => 'http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html',
7 => 'http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html',
8 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mayer,_Samuel_Ralph_Townshend',
9 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848162#identifiers',
10 => 'http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html',
11 => 'http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/',
12 => 'http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf',
13 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120566-2'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/',
1 => 'http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew',
2 => 'http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html',
3 => 'http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf',
4 => 'http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html',
5 => 'http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html',
6 => 'http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html',
7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41',
8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309',
9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4',
10 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120566-2',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html',
12 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848162#identifiers',
13 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mayer,_Samuel_Ralph_Townshend'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long bench seat</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pew_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pew (disambiguation)">Pew (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg" class="image"><img alt="church pew" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg/220px-ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg/330px-ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg/440px-ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4998" data-file-height="3238" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_traditional_church_pews.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Traditional solid oak church pews</div></div></div>
<p>A <b>pew</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a long <a href="/wiki/Bench_(furniture)" title="Bench (furniture)">bench</a> <a href="/wiki/Seat" title="Seat">seat</a> or enclosed box, used for seating <a href="/wiki/Member_(local_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member (local church)">members</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> or sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Courtroom" title="Courtroom">courtroom</a>. Occasionally, they are also found in live performance venues (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ryman_Auditorium" title="Ryman Auditorium">Ryman Auditorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, which was formerly a church).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Pew_rents"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Pew rents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>[[File:KingsNortonInterior.jpg<a href="/wiki/Box_pews" class="mw-redirect" title="Box pews">Box pews</a> in St John the Baptist <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Norton,_Leicestershire" title="King's Norton, Leicestershire">King's Norton</a>, Leicestershire]]
<a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Moisty.jpg" class="new" title="File:Moisty.jpg">File:Moisty.jpg</a>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg/220px-Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg/330px-Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg/440px-Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="640" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pew_detail_Old_Ship_Church.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Detail of pew 42, <a href="/wiki/Old_Ship_Church" title="Old Ship Church">Old Ship Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham, Massachusetts</a>, United States</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BenchendsSapperton.jpg/220px-BenchendsSapperton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BenchendsSapperton.jpg/330px-BenchendsSapperton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BenchendsSapperton.jpg/440px-BenchendsSapperton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2248" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:BenchendsSapperton.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> bench end carvings in St Kenelm's Church, <a href="/wiki/Sapperton,_Gloucestershire" title="Sapperton, Gloucestershire">Sapperton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_interior,_Gotland,_Sweden_(3611185997).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg/220px-Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg/330px-Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg/440px-Church_interior%2C_Gotland%2C_Sweden_%283611185997%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_interior,_Gotland,_Sweden_(3611185997).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The interior of a church in Gotland, Sweden (19th century)</div></div></div>
<p>The first backless stone benches began to appear in English churches in the thirteenth century, originally placed against the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>. Over time, they were brought into the centre of the room, first as moveable furniture and later fixed to the floor. Wooden benches replaced the stone ones from the fourteenth century and became common in the fifteenth.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Churches were not commonly furnished with permanent pews before the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> as a central act of Christian worship, especially in Protestantism, made the pew a standard item of church furniture.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Hence the use or avoidance of pews could be used as a test of the <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high or low</a> character of a Protestant church: describing a mid-19th century conflict between <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Henry Edward Manning</a> and Archdeacon Hare, <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a> remarks with characteristic irony, "Manning had been removing the high pews from the church in Brighton, and putting in open benches in their place. Everyone knew what that meant; everyone knew that the high pew was one of the bulwarks of Protestantism, and that an open bench had upon it the taint of Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In some churches, pews were installed at the expense of the congregants, and were their personal property; there was no general public seating in the church itself. In these churches, <i>pew deeds</i> recorded <a href="/wiki/Title_(legal_document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Title (legal document)">title</a> to the pews, and were used to convey them. Pews were originally purchased from the church by their owners under this system, and the purchase price of the pews went to the costs of building the church. When the pews were privately owned, their owners sometimes enclosed them in lockable <a href="/wiki/Box_pews" class="mw-redirect" title="Box pews">pew boxes</a>, and the ownership of pews was sometimes controversial, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts#Conflict_with_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="B. T. Roberts">B. T. Roberts</a>: a notice that the pews were to be free in perpetuity was sometimes erected as a condition of building grants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Certain areas of the church were considered to be more desirable than others, as they might offer a better view of <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">services</a> or, indeed, might make a certain family or person more prominent or visible to their neighbours during these services. During the late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> and early modern period, attendance at church was legally compulsory, so the allocation of a church's pews offered a public visualisation of the social hierarchy within the whole parish. At this time many pews had been handed down through families from one generation to the next. Alternatively, wealthier inhabitants often expected more prestigious seating in reward for contribution to the material upkeep of the church, such as the erection of <a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">galleries</a>. Disputes over pew ownership were not uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Pews are generally made of wood and arranged in rows facing the altar in the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of a church. Usually a pathway is left between pews in the center to allow for a procession; some have benchlike cushioned seating, and <a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">hassocks</a> or footrests, although more traditional, conservative churches usually have neither cushions nor footrests. Many pews have slots behind each pew to hold <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bibles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_book" title="Prayer book">prayer books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnals</a> or other church literature. Sometimes the church may also provide stations on certain rows that allow the hearing-impaired to use headsets in order to hear the sermon. In many churches pews are permanently attached to the floor, or to a wooden platform.
</p><p>In churches with a tradition of public kneeling prayer, pews are often equipped with <a href="/wiki/Kneeler" title="Kneeler">kneelers</a> in front of the seating bench so members of the congregation can kneel on them instead of the floor. These kneelers essentially have long, usually padded boards which run lengthwise parallel to the seating bench of the pew. These kneeler boards may be 15 cm or so wide and elevated perhaps 10–15 cm above the floor, but dimensions can vary widely. Permanently attached kneelers are often made so they can be rotated or otherwise moved up out of the way when the congregation members are not kneeling.
</p><p>Due to the prominence in European culture and usefulness, the usage of the pew has spread to many courtrooms in Europe and has additionally spread to Jewish synagogues due to trends of modelling synagogues similar to churches in Western Europe. In most old churches the family names are carved into the end of the pew to show who sat there but in some bigger cases the name of a village was carved into the end and only one person from every village came to mass every week.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pew_rents">Pew rents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pew rents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg/220px-Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg/330px-Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg/440px-Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_pew_in_St._Martin%27s_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_720262.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Box pew in St Martin's church, <a href="/wiki/Thompson,_Norfolk" title="Thompson, Norfolk">Thompson, Norfolk</a></div></div></div>
<p>Until the early/mid twentieth century, it was common practice in Anglican, Catholic, and Presbyterian churches to rent pews in churches to families or individuals as a principal means of raising income. This was especially common in the United States where churches lacked government support through mandatory <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a>. This enforced and demonstrated social standing within a parish.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg/220px-Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg/330px-Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg/440px-Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="854" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Milford_Malvoisin_pews.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Churches as they were, and as they will be", illustration of church pews from <i>Milford Malvoisin, or Pews and Pewholders</i> (1842), by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Paget" title="Francis Edward Paget">Francis Edward Paget</a></div></div></div>
<p>Pew rental emerged as a source of controversy in the 1840s and 1850s, especially in the Church of England. The legal status of pew rents was, in many cases, questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Further, it exacerbated a problem with a lack of accommodation in churches that had been noted already in the 1810s, especially in London, and in particular by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Yates_(antiquary)" title="Richard Yates (antiquary)">Richard Yates</a> in his pamphlet <i>The Church in Danger</i> (1815) with his estimate of over 950,000 people who could not afford to worship in a parish church. St Philip's Clerkenwell, a <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_church" title="Commissioners' church">Commissioners' church</a>, was the first London church to break with pew rents.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/William_James_Conybeare" class="mw-redirect" title="William James Conybeare">William James Conybeare</a> commented on the pew system in his "Church Parties" article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Review" title="Edinburgh Review">Edinburgh Review</a></i> of 1853, stating that it was the Anglicans who had adopted the slogan "Equality within the House of God".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The early 19th century Commissioners' churches were only required to offer 20% free seating. Attitudes changed from the 1840s, with the <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> party turning against paid pews. By the 1860s and 1870s that view had become quite orthodox, and was supported vocally by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Farrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic William Farrar">Frederic William Farrar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many Anglo-Catholic parishes were founded at this time as "free and open churches" characterized by their lack of pew rentals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> In mid-century reforms, pews were on occasion removed from English churches in order to discourage rental practices. The Free and Open Church Association was founded in 1866 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ralph_Townshend_Mayer" title="Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer">Samuel Ralph Townshend Mayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
{{cite book
image = Cr1TiKaL in 2022.jpg
| last1 = Viola
| first1 = Frank
| author-link1 = Frank Viola (author)
| last2 = Barna
| first2 = George
| author-link2 = George Barna
| title = Pagan Christianity? Exploring the Roots of Our Church Practices
| year = 2008
| publisher = <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House" title="Tyndale House">Tyndale House</a>
| isbn = 978-1-4143-4165-1
| page = 35
| quote = By the thirteenth century, backless benches were gradually introduced into English parish buildings. These benches were made of stone and placed against the walls. They were then moved into the body of the building (the area called the nave). At first, the benches were arranged in a semi-circle around the pulpit. Later they were fixed to the floor. on the other hand the modern pew was introduced in the fourteenth century, though it was not commonly found in churches until the fifteenth century. At that time, wooden benches supplanted the stone seats.
}}</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html">"On the Christian Life: On Chairs in Church"</a>. <i>www.stnicholasstratford.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902013230/http://www.stnicholasstratford.org/article_feb2015_chairs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stnicholasstratford.org&rft.atitle=On+the+Christian+Life%3A+On+Chairs+in+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholasstratford.org%2Farticle_feb2015_chairs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454697/pew">"Pew - furniture"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pew+-+furniture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F454697%2Fpew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lytton Strachey, 1918, <i>Eminent Victorians</i>; 1979 Folio Society edition p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Shedfield church, Hampshire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Mather <i>The Politics of Place: A Study of Church Seating in Essex, c.1580-1640</i>, Friends of the Department of English Local History, Friends Papers No. 3, Leicester (1999)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Wright, The spatial ordering of community in English church seating, c.1550-1700 PhD thesis, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> (2002)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Scotland2007" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Scotland (15 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5zCBt5EuiEC&pg=PA4"><i>Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late Victorian Britain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-336-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-336-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squires+in+the+Slums%3A+Settlements+and+Missions+in+Late+Victorian+Britain&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-336-0&rft.au=Nigel+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5zCBt5EuiEC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Scotland2007" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Scotland (2007). <i>Squires in the Slums: Settlements and Missions in Late-Victorian London</i>. I. B. Tauris. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1_84511_336_0" title="Special:BookSources/978 1 84511 336 0"><bdi>978 1 84511 336 0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squires+in+the+Slums%3A+Settlements+and+Missions+in+Late-Victorian+London&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845113360&rft.au=Nigel+Scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSydney_Smith1853" class="citation book cs1">Sydney Smith (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIVHAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309"><i>Edinburgh Review, Or Critical Journal</i></a>. A. and C. Black. p. 309<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+Review%2C+Or+Critical+Journal&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Sydney+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIVHAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFChris_Brooks1995" class="citation book cs1">Chris Brooks (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GO7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41"><i>The Victorian Church: Architecture and Society</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4020-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4020-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-4020-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Church%3A+Architecture+and+Society&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4020-7&rft.au=Chris+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GO7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html">"Church Pews, Their Origin and Legal Incidents, by John Coke Fowler (1844)"</a>. <i>anglicanhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120828033217/http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freechurch/fowler_pews1844.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anglicanhistory.org&rft.atitle=Church+Pews%2C+Their+Origin+and+Legal+Incidents%2C+by+John+Coke+Fowler+%281844%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicanhistory.org%2Fmisc%2Ffreechurch%2Ffowler_pews1844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Mayer,_Samuel_Ralph_Townshend">"Mayer, Samuel Ralph Townshend" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mayer%2C+Samuel+Ralph+Townshend&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APew" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pews" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pews">Pews</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westparish.org/history/pews_deeds_taxes.html">The West Parish History Corner: Pews, Pew Deeds, and Taxes</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bornagainpews.com/history-of-the-church-pew/">The History of the Church Pew</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgeorgesepiscopal.net/share/A%20Brief%20History(1).pdf">A floor plan of an Episcopal Church in Virginia in 1849, showing the cost of each pew</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120566-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1681196456' |