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'{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Peru}} {{About|the capital of Peru}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lima | native_name = ''Ciudad de Los Reyes'' | settlement_type = [[Capital city]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | image1 = Ciudad De Lima.jpg | image2 = Fountain - Plaza Mayor (Lima).jpg | image3 = Faro La Marina, Miraflores (6905145089).jpg | image4 = Basílica Catedral Metropolitana de Lima.jpg | image5 = Lima, Peru - Parque de la Reserva (Park of the Reserve) 05.jpg | image6 = Lima Peru City Skyline.jpg }} | image_caption = '''Top to bottom, left to right:'''<br />{{small|[[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]] skyline, [[Plaza Mayor de Lima]], [[La Marina Lighthouse]], [[Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Apostle and Evangelist, Lima|Lima Metropolitan Cathedral]], [[Park of the Reserve]], San Isidro ([[San Isidro District, Lima]]).}} | image_flag = Flag_of_Lima.svg | flag_size = | seal_size = | seal_link = | image_shield = Coat of arms of Lima.svg | nickname = ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' (City of the Kings) <br /> ''La Tres Veces Coronada Villa'' (The Three Times Crowned Ville) <br /> ''La Perla del Pacífico'' (The Pearl of the Pacific) | motto = ''Hoc Signum Vere Regum Est'' ([[Latin language|Latin]])<br>"This is the real sign of the [[Biblical Magi|Kings]]") | image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center | text= '''Interactive map of Lima ''' | type=line|id=Q579240|stroke-width=2|stroke-colour=#C63131|title=Lima }} | coordinates = {{coord|12|03|36|S|77|02|15|W|type:city_region:PE-LMA|display=it}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Peru]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Peru|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Lima Province|Lima]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Established | established_date = 6 January 1535 | founder = [[Francisco Pizarro]] | leader_title1 = [[List of mayors of Lima|Mayor]] | leader_name1 = [[Rafael López Aliaga]] | total_type = City | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 2672.3 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = 800 | area_metro_km2 = 2819.3 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Peru Altitude: Elevation of Different Peru Cities">{{cite web |url=http://www.machupicchu-inca.com/peru-altitude.html |title=Peru Altitude |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> | elevation_m = 0–1550 | elevation_ft = 0–5090 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INEI: Lima tiene 9 millones 752 mil habitantes">{{cite web |url=http://www.larepublica.pe/17-01-2015/inei-lima-tiene-9-millones-752-mil-habitantes |title=INEI: Lima cuenta con 9 millones 752 mil habitantes |website=larepublica.pe |publisher=La República |date=17 January 2020 |language=es |access-date=1 April 2020 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = | population_urban = 9,751,717 | population_density_urban_km2 = auto | population_metro = 11,283,787<ref name="Lima Population 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/lima-population|title=Lima Population 2023|website=worldpopulationreview.com|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = 4,002.3 | population_demonyms = Limeño/a | timezone = [[Time in Peru|PET]] | utc_offset = −5 | postal_code_type = [[UBIGEO]] | postal_code = 15000 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]] | area_code = 1 | footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = [[Historic Centre of Lima]] | designation1_date = 1988, 1991 <small>(12th, 15th [[World Heritage Committee|sessions]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = iv | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500 500] | designation1_free1name = Region | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in North America|Latin America and the Caribbean]] }} | website = {{URL|www.munlima.gob.pe/}} }} {{Quote box | width = 24em | align = right | bgcolor = #B0C4DE | title = Historical affiliations | fontsize = 86% | quote = {{flag|Spain|1874}} (1542–1821)<br /> {{flagdeco|Peru|1821}} [[Protectorate of Peru]] (1821–1822)<br /> {{flagdeco|Peru|1822}} [[History of Peru#Territorial disputes (1824–1884)|Peruvian Republic]] (1822–1836)<br /> {{flag|Peru-Bolivian Confederation|name=Peru–Bolivia}} (1836–1838, 1838–1839)<br /> {{flagdeco|Peru|1825}} [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|North Peru]] (1838; <small>capital</small>)<br /> {{flagdeco|Peru|1825}} [[History of Peru#Territorial disputes (1824–1884)|Peruvian Republic]] (1839–1881; <small>capital</small>)<br /> {{flag|Chile}} (1881–1883; <small>[[Occupation of Lima|occupied]]</small>)<br /> {{flag|Peru}}{{refn|Known as: Peruvian Republic (until 1970); Republic of Peru (1970–present)}} (1883–present; <small>capital</small>) }} '''Lima''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|iː|m|ə}} {{respell|LEE|mə}}; {{IPA-es|ˈlima}}), originally founded as '''Ciudad de Los Reyes''' (City of The Kings), is the capital and largest city of [[Peru]]. It is located in the valleys of the [[Chillón River|Chillón]], [[Rímac River|Rímac]] and [[Lurín River]]s, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaside city of [[Callao]], it forms a contiguous urban area known as the [[Lima Metropolitan Area]]. With a population of more than 9.7 million in its urban area and more than 11 million in its metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/la-poblacion-de-lima-supera-los-nueve-millones-y-medio-de-habitantes-12031/ |title=La población de Lima supera los nueve millones y medio de habitantes |website=inei.gob.pe |publisher=INEI |language=es |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408145330/http://m.inei.gob.pe/prensa/noticias/la-poblacion-de-lima-supera-los-nueve-millones-y-medio-de-habitantes-12031/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lima is one of the largest cities in the [[Americas]]. Lima was named by natives in the agricultural region known by native <nowiki>[[Peruvians]]</nowiki> as ''Limaq''. It became the capital and most important city in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Following the [[Peruvian War of Independence]], it became the capital of the Republic of Peru (República del Perú). Around one-third of the national population now lives in its [[Lima Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]]. The city of Lima is considered to be the political, cultural, financial and commercial center of Peru. Lima is home to one of the oldest institutions of higher learning: the [[National University of San Marcos]], founded on 12 May 1551, is the first officially established and the oldest continuously functioning university in the [[New World]]. Lima is also one of the [[List of urban areas by population|thirty most populated urban agglomerations in the world]]. Due to its geostrategic importance, the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] has categorized it as a "beta" tier city. Jurisdictionally, the metropolis extends mainly within the [[province of Lima]] and in a smaller portion, to the west, within the [[Constitutional Province of Callao]], where the seaport and the [[Jorge Chávez Airport]] are located. Both provinces have regional autonomy since 2002. In October 2013, Lima was chosen to host the [[2019 Pan American Games]]; these games were held at venues in and around Lima, and were the largest sporting event ever hosted by the country. It also hosted the [[APEC]] Meetings of 2008 and 2016, the [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]] in October 2015, the [[2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference|United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in December 2014, and the [[Miss Universe 1982]] contest. ==Etymology== According to early Spanish articles, the Lima area was once called ''Itchyma'',{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} after its original inhabitants. However, even before the [[Inca]] occupation of the area in the 15th century, a famous oracle in the Rímac valley had come to be known by visitors as ''Limaq'' ('''Limaq''', pronounced {{IPA-qu|ˈli.mɑq|}}, which means "talker" or "speaker" in the [[Quechua II|coastal Quechua]] that was the area's primary language before the Spanish arrival). This oracle was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church, but the name persisted: the chronicles show "Límac" replacing "Ychma" as the common name for the area.<ref name="Limaq">{{cite web |url=http://aymara.org/biblio/lima_etimologia.pdf |title=Limaq |access-date=10 October 2009 |language=es}}</ref> Modern scholars speculate that the word "Lima" originated as the Spanish pronunciation of the native name Limaq. Linguistic evidence seems to support this theory, as spoken Spanish consistently rejects [[stop consonant]]s in word-final position. The city was founded in 1535 under the name City of [[Biblical Magi|Kings]] ({{Lang-es|link=no|Ciudad de los Reyes}}), because its foundation was decided on 6 January, date of the feast of the [[Epiphany (holiday)|Epiphany]]. This name quickly fell into disuse, and ''Lima'' became the city's name of choice; on the oldest Spanish maps of Peru, both ''Lima'' and ''Ciudad de los Reyes'' can be seen together. The river that feeds Lima is called ''[[Rímac River|Rímac]]'', and many people erroneously assume that this is because its original Inca name is "Talking River" (the Incas spoke a highland variety of Quechua, in which the word for "talker" was pronounced {{IPA-qu|ˈrimɑq|}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/blogderedaccion/2012/04/22/el-origen-del-nombre-de-nuestra-capital/ |title=El origen del nombre de nuestra capital |trans-title=The origin of the name of our capital |publisher=Pontifical Catholic University of Peru |date=22 April 2012 |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=es}}</ref> However, the original inhabitants of the valley were not Incas. This name is an innovation arising from an effort by the [[Cusco|Cuzco]] nobility in colonial times to standardize the toponym so that it would conform to the phonology of [[Cusco Quechua|Cuzco Quechua]]. Later, as the original inhabitants died out and the local [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] became extinct, the Cuzco pronunciation prevailed. Nowadays, Spanish-speaking locals do not see the connection between the name of their city and the name of the river that runs through it. They often assume that the valley is named after the river; however, Spanish documents from the colonial period show the opposite to be true.<ref name="Limaq" /> ==Symbols== ===Flag=== Historically, it is known as "Banner of the City of the Kings of Peru". It is formed by a [[Gold (color)|golden-colored]] silk canvas and in the center is the embroidered coat of arms of the city.<ref name="flag">{{cite web |url=http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html |title=Ciudad de Lima |editor=Heralatin.t35.com |access-date=11 February 2015 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810152715/http://heralatin.t35.com/peru/lima.html |archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> ===Coat of arms=== {{Main|Coat of arms of Lima}} The [[coat of arms of Lima]] was granted by the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish Crown]] on 7 December 1537, through a real cédula signed in [[Valladolid]] by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and his mother, Queen [[Joanna of Castile]]. It is formed by a main field [[Azure (heraldry)|azure]], with three [[Crown (heraldry)|gold crowns of kings]] placed in a triangle and above them a gold star that touches the three crowns with its points, and in the [[Orle (heraldry)|orle]] some gold letters that say: ''Hoc signum vere regum est (This is the true sign of the kings).'' Outside the shield are the initials I and K (Ioana and Karolus), which are the names of Queen Joanna and her son Charles V. A star is placed above the letters and two crowned [[sabre]]-faced eagles embracing them, which hold the coat of arms. ===Anthem=== The anthem of Lima was heard for the first time on 18 January 2008, in a solemn session that was attended by the then [[President of Peru]] [[Alan García]], the mayor of the city [[Luis Castañeda|Luis Castañeda Lossio]] and various authorities. Those in charge of creating the anthem were the [[councillor]]s Luis Enrique Tord (author of the lyrics), Euding Maeshiro (composer of the melody) and the musical producer Ricardo Núñez (arranger).<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |url=http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/lima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado |title=Lima tiene dos himnos que nadie ha escuchado |editor=Perú.21 |access-date=11 February 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002207/http://peru21.pe/noticia/75506/lima-tiene-dos-himnos-que-nadie-ha-escuchado |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Lima|Timeline of Lima}} {{See also|List of buildings in Lima}} ===Pre-Columbian era=== [[File:Pachacamac Mamacona2.jpg|thumb|[[Pachacámac]], built from 3rd century to 15th century, was one of the most important Pre-Columbian centres of pilgrimage on the Peruvian Coast.<ref name="Guide to Peru">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIIgCgAAQBAJ&dq=casa+de+osambela&pg=PT108|title=The Rough Guide to Peru|publisher=[[Rough Guides]]|location=[[England]]|year=2015|isbn=978-0241246924}}</ref> In the image the Temple of the Moon.]] Although the history of the city of Lima began with its Spanish foundation in 1535, the territory formed by the valleys of the [[Rímac River|Rímac]], [[Chillón River|Chillón]] and [[Lurín River|Lurín]] rivers was occupied by pre-Inca settlements, which were grouped under the [[Ichma culture|Lordship of Ichma]].{{sfn|Conlee|Dulanto|Mackay|Stanish|2004|p= 218}} The Maranga culture and the [[Lima culture]] were the ones that established and forged an identity in these territories. During those times, the sanctuaries of Lati (current [[Puruchuco]]) and [[Pachacámac]] (the main pilgrimage sanctuary during the time of the Incas) were built, it was built from 3rd century to 15th century by several civilizations, and which was used even until the time the [[Conquistador|Spanish conquistadors]] arrived. These cultures were conquered by the [[Wari culture|Wari Empire]] during the height of its imperial expansion. It is during this time that the ceremonial center of [[Cajamarquilla]] was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/cajamarquilla-archaeological-site|title=Cajamarquilla Archaeological Site - World Monuments Watch - 2006|website=[[World Monuments Fund]]}}</ref><ref name="James Higgins">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YErY-1GD7o8C&dq=Lima:+A+cultural+history&pg=PP1|title=Lima: A Cultural History|author=James Higgins|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=0195178904|pages=22, 45}}</ref> As Wari importance declined, local cultures regained autonomy, highlighting the [[Chancay culture]]. Later, in the 15th century, these territories were incorporated into the [[Inca Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://es.calameo.com/read/0005981349455e89ae19a|title=Identidad - Cultura Chancay|author=Alberto Colán Falcón|page=1}}</ref> From this time we can find a great variety of [[huaca]]s throughout the city, some of which are under investigation. The most important or well-known are those of [[Huaca Huallamarca|Huallamarca]], [[Huaca Pucllana|Pucllana]] and Mateo Salado, all located in the middle of Lima districts with very high urban growth, so they are surrounded by business and residential buildings; however, that does not prevent its perfect state of conservation. ===Foundation of Lima=== [[File:Old Coat of arms of Lima.svg|thumb|upright|The colonial [[Coat of arms of Lima|Lima's coat of arms]] official since 7 December 1537<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r0_po3dEBqwC&q=escudo+de+lima|title=Colección de documentos literarios del Peru: Lima fundada|author=Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo Rocha y Benavides|year=1863|publisher=Establecimiento de tipografía y encuadernación de A. Alfaro}}</ref>]] [[File:Lima POMA1039v.jpg|thumb|170px|<small>"The City of the Kings of Lima, royal high court, principal city of the kingdom of the Indies, residence of the viceroy, and archbishopric of the church", painting of 1615 by the [[Inca]] painter [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]]. [[Royal Library, Denmark]].</small><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www5.kb.dk/permalink/2006/poma/1039/en/text/?open=idm46287305913392|title=Nueva corónica y buen gobierno|page=362|year=1615|author=[[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala|Guamán Poma]]|website=[[Royal Library, Denmark]] website}}</ref>]] In 1532, the Spanish and their indigenous allies (from the ethnic groups subdued by the Incas) under the command of [[Francisco Pizarro]] took monarch [[Atahualpa]] prisoner in the city of [[Cajamarca]]. Although a ransom was paid, he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons. After some battles, the Spanish [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|conquered their empire]]. The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Crown]] named Francisco Pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered. Pizarro decided to found the capital in the Rímac river valley,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/Exposiciones/FundLima/fundacion/fundacion_Lima.htm|title=Historia de la Fundación de Lima|publisher=[[National University of San Marcos]]}}</ref> after the failed attempt to establish it in [[Jauja]]. He considered that Lima was strategically located, close to a favorable coast for the construction of a [[Callao|port]] but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by [[pirate]]s and foreign powers, on fertile lands and with a suitable cool climate. Thus, on 6 January 1535, Lima was founded with the name "City of the Kings", named in this way in honor of the [[Epiphany (holiday)|epiphany]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmrhAybM6lMC&dq=city+of+the+kings+lima+epiphany&pg=PA34|title=Peru. Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas|author=[[Ephraim George Squier]]|date=1877|publisher=[[Macmillan Inc.]]|isbn=9781598847772|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/peru/peru/lima.php|title=Lima, City of Kings|website=brown.edu}}</ref> on territories that had been of the [[kuraka]] Taulichusco. The explanation of this name is due to the fact that "around the same time in January, the Spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city, [...] not far from the [[Pachacámac]] sanctuary, near the [[Rímac River|Rímac river]]. However, as had happened with the region, initially called [[Governorate of New Castile|New Castile]] and later [[Peru]], the City of the Kings soon lost its name in favor of "Lima". Pizarro, with the collaboration of [[Nicolás de Ribera]], Diego de Agüero and Francisco Quintero personally traced the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima|Plaza Mayor]] and the rest of the city grid, building the Viceroyalty Palace (today transformed into the [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace of Peru]], which hence retains the traditional name of ''Casa de Pizarro'') and the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral|Cathedral]], whose first stone Pizarro laid with his own hands.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-9m2UTFCGkC&dq=Settlements%20in%20the%20Americas%3A%20Cross-Cultural%20Perspectives&pg=PP1|title=Settlements in the Americas: Cross-cultural Perspectives|author=Ralph Francis Bennett - Center for Renaissance and Baroque Studies|year=1986|publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]]|isbn=0874134110|page=35}}</ref> In August 1536, the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of monarch [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]], but the Spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them. In the following years, Lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]] and the seat of a ''[[Real Audiencia]]'' in 1543. Since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with [[Spain]], a close bond with the port of [[Callao]] was soon established.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/export/drupaljda/publicacion/21/05/60acb153b9883-guia_lima_y_callao.pdf|website=[[Regional Government of Andalusia]]|location=Lima, Seville|title=Lima and El Callao - An Architectural and Landscape Guide|isbn=978-84-7595-215-4|year=2009|last1=Tolla|first1=Enrique Bonilla di}}</ref> ===Viceroyalty time=== [[File:Plaza de Armas, Lima.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Renaissance]] [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral]], built between 1602 and 1797]] [[File:Iglesia de San Francisco, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 70.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Baroque]] [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Basilica of San Francisco]], built between 1657 and 1672]] For the next century, it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the [[Americas]], [[Europe]], and [[East Asia]]. But the city was not without its dangers; violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687, leading to a great deal of construction activity. It is then when [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s, [[Starling (structure)|starlings]] and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers, the bridge over the [[Rímac District|Rímac]] is finished, the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral|cathedral]] is built, and numerous hospitals, convents and monasteries are built. Then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods. Another threat was the presence of [[pirate]]s and [[Privateer|corsair]]s in the [[Pacific Ocean]], which motivated the construction of the [[Walls of Lima]] between 1684 and 1687.<ref name="James Higgins"/> The [[1687 Peru earthquake|1687 earthquake]] marked a turning point in the [[history of Lima]], since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as [[Buenos Aires]]. With the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] in 1717, the political demarcations were reorganized, and Lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy. In 1746 a [[1746 Lima–Callao earthquake|strong earthquake]] severely damaged the city and destroyed [[Callao]], forcing a massive reconstruction effort by [[Viceroy]] [[José Manso de Velasco, 1st Count of Superunda|José Antonio Manso de Velasco]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Charles Walker|year=2003|title=The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=83|issue=1|publisher=Hispanic American Historical Review - [[Duke University Press]]|pages=53–55|doi=10.1215/00182168-83-1-53|s2cid=144925044|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38926}}</ref> In the second half of the 18th century, [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas about [[public health]] and social control influenced the development of the city. During this period, the Peruvian capital was affected by the [[Bourbon reforms]] as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of [[Upper Peru]]. This economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the [[Catholic Church|Church]], which contributed to keeping them more linked to the Crown than to the cause of independence. The greatest political-economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] in 1776, which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic. Among the buildings built during this period there is the Coliseo de Gallos, the [[Plaza de toros de Acho|Acho Bullring]] and the General Cemetery. The first two were erected to regulate these popular activities, centralizing them in one place, while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches, considered unhealthy by public authorities. <gallery mode="packed" heights="163"> File:Bridge of Lima, Ladies of Lima 1842 Boilly and Eyriès (cropped).jpg|<small>View of Lima and the [[Tapada limeña]] (a colonial women fashion) in a painting of 1842 by [[Alcide d'Orbigny|d'Orbigny]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès|Benoît]]. Museum of the Americas, Spain.</small><ref>{{cite book|url=https://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.do?id=469709|website=Virtual Library of Bibliographic Heritage (Spain) site|title=Viaje pintoresco a las dos Américas, Asia y África : resúmen jeneral de todos los viajes y descubrimientos de... (1842)|series=Viaje pintoresco alrededor del mundo, a las dos Américas, Asia y Africa,4-6|year=1842|publisher=Imprenta y libreria de Juan Oliveres}}</ref> File:Rimac en 1850.jpg|alt=Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli.|Lima as seem from the Rímac District, painting of 1850 by Batta Molinelli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.pucp.edu.pe/blog/juanluisorrego/2010/04/09/la-flora-de-lima-introduccion/|title=La flora de Lima: introducción|date=9 April 2010|author=Juan Luis Orrego Penagos|publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]]}}</ref> File:Calle de los Judíos (Lima) 1866.jpg|Colonial Calle de los Judíos (''Jewish quarter'') (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. [[University of Chicago Library]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=[[University of Chicago Library]]}}</ref> File:Calles de la Coca and de Badegones (Lima) 1866.jpg|Colonial Calles de la Oca and de Bodegones (Lima) in 1866 by Manuel A. Fuentes and Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co. [[University of Chicago Library]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhpEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Lima+or+Sketches+of+the+Capital+of+Peru%2C+Historical%2C+Statistical%2C+Administrative%2C+Commercial+and+Moral+Paris%3A+Firmin+Didot%2C+Brothers%2C+Son&pg=PP13|title=Lima or Sketches of the Capital of Peru, Historical, Statistical, Administrative, Commercial and Moral|author1=Manuel A. Fuentes|author2=Firmin Didot, Brothers, Sons & Co.|year=1866|location=[[University of Chicago Library]]}}</ref> File:El viajero ilustrado, 1878 602092 (3810558891).jpg|[[Puente de Piedra|Puente de Piedra Bridge]], the former Arco del Puente Gate and the [[Walls of Lima]] in 1878 by ''El Viajero Ilustrado''. Old Fund of the University of Seville.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puente De Piedra, Lima|website=Old Fund of the [[University of Seville]]|url=https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04}}</ref> </gallery> ===Independence=== [[File:La Independencia del Perú.jpg|thumb|[[José de San Martín]] during the Declaration of Independence of Peru in the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima]], on July 28, 1821]] A combined expedition of Argentine and Chilean independence fighters led by General Don [[José de San Martín]] landed in southern Lima in 1820, but did not attack the city. Faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland, Viceroy [[José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes|José de la Serna]] was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the [[Royalist (Spanish American independence)|Royalist army]]. Fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order, the City Council invited San Martín to enter the city, signing a Declaration of Independence at his request. Proclaimed the [[Peruvian War of Independence|independence of Peru]] in 1821 by General [[José de San Martín|San Martín]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.congreso.gob.pe/historia/|title=Reseña Histórica del Congreso|website=Congreso de la República del Perú}}</ref> Lima became the capital of the new [[Republic of Peru]]. Thus, it was the seat of the government of the liberator and also the seat of the first [[Constituent Congress of Peru, 1822|Constituent Congress]] that the country had.<ref>{{cite book|title=La iniciación de la república: contribución al estudio de la evolución política y social del Perú|volume=2|author=[[Jorge Basadre]]|year=1929|publisher=Universidad Nacional de San Marcos|page=31|isbn=9972461963}}</ref> The war lasted for two more years, during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides. By the time the war was decided, on 9 December 1824, at the [[Battle of Ayacucho]], Lima had been considerably impoverished. ===Republican era=== [[File:Defunct Main City Gate of Lima, 19th century.jpg|thumb|This was a gate of the [[Walls of Lima|colonial wall of Lima]], the "Arco del Puente", its partially wooden structures were consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879.<ref name="Arco Puente">{{cite web|website=camp.ucss.edu.pe|title=Un arco para Lima|url=https://camp.ucss.edu.pe/blog/el-arco-de-lima/|page=59}}</ref> The colonial wall of Lima had ten gates,<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Johann Jakob von Tschudi]]|publisher=Outlook Verlag|year=1847|title=Travels in Peru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CItRDwAAQBAJ&dq=city+walls+of+lima&pg=PA59|page=59|isbn=9783732636754 }}</ref><ref name="Arco Puente"/> now demolished.]] [[File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Edificio Rímac]]]] After the War of Independence, Lima became the capital of the [[Republic of Peru]], but the country's economic stagnation and political disorder paralyzed its urban development. This situation was reversed in the 1850s, when the growing public and private income derived from the export of [[guano]] allowed a rapid expansion of the city. In the following twenty years, the State financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments, among these are the Central Market, the General Slaughterhouse, the Mental Asylum, the [[Lima Penitentiary|Penitentiary]] and the Hospital Dos de Mayo. There were also improvements in communications; in 1850 a railway line between Lima and Callao was completed and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the Rímac River, baptized as Puente Balta. In 1872 the [[Walls of Lima|colonial City Walls]] were demolished by the US engineer [[Henry Meiggs]] under contract with the Peruvian government,<ref>{{cite book|author=John Carlos Rowe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2000|title=Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism. From the Revolution to World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s53mCwAAQBAJ&dq=walls+of+lima+demolished&pg=PA436|page=436|isbn=9780195131505}}</ref> in anticipation of further urban growth in the future. However, this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor, producing widespread social unrest. During the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883), the [[Occupation of Lima|Chilean army occupied Lima]] after defeating Peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of [[Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos|San Juan]] and [[Battle of Miraflores|Miraflores]]. The city suffered from the invaders, who looted museums, public libraries and educational institutions. At the same time, angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian colony, looting their properties and businesses. ===20th century=== At the beginning of the 20th century, the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dignos de su arte: sujeto y lazo social en el Perú de las primeras décadas del siglo XX|author=Kathya Araujo|year=2009|publisher=Iberoamericana Editorial|isbn=978-8484893875|page=48|location=Santiago de Chile|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oW_7r0lptNQC&dq=Dignos%20de%20su%20arte%3A%20Sujeto%20y%20lazo%20social%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%20de%20las%20primeras%20d%C3%A9cadas%20del%20siglo%20XX&pg=PA1}}</ref> The avenues [[Paseo de la República]], Leguía (today called Arequipa), Brasil and the landscaping Salaverry that headed south and Venezuela and Colonial avenues to the west joining the port of Callao.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4mSxP9ckEkC&dq=%C2%ABA%20pesar%20del%20gobierno%C2%BB%3A%20Espa%C3%B1oles%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201879-1939&pg=PP1|title="A pesar del gobierno": españoles en el Perú, 1879-1939|author=Ascensión Martínez Riaza|year=2006|publisher=Editorial CSIC|page=139|isbn=8400084497}}</ref> In the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace of Peru]] and the [[Palacio Municipal de Lima|Palacio Municipal]]. These constructions reached their peak in the 1950s, during the government of [[Manuel A. Odría]], when the great buildings of the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Ministry of Economy]] and the Ministry of Education were built ([[Javier Alzamora Valdez Building]], currently the seat of the [[Judicial District of Lima|Superior Court of Justice of Lima]]), the [[Ministry of Health (Peru)|Ministry of Health]], the [[Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment|Ministry of Labor]] and the Hospitals of the Workers' Insurance and of the Employee as well as the [[National Stadium of Peru|National Stadium]] and several large housing units.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xkx7eEGABl8C&dq=Las%20pol%C3%ADticas%20comerciales%20y%20cambiarias%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%2C%201960-1995&pg=PP1|title=Las políticas comerciales y cambiarias en el Perú, 1960-1995|author=Jorge Rojas|publisher=Fondo Editorial PUCP|year=1996|isbn=9972420604|page=55}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minedu/informes-publicaciones/1307863-historia-del-ministerio-de-educacion|website=[[Ministry of Education (Peru)]]|title=Historia del Ministerio de Educación}}</ref> Also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city, which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country, producing the exponential growth of the capital's population and the consequent urban expansion.<ref name="Golte">{{cite web|url=https://www4.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/1999/educacion/funcion/eventos/Expos16.html|title=La Migración Andina y la Cultura Peruana|author=Golte, Jürgen|website=Congress of the Republic of Peru}}</ref> The new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area. The current districts of [[Lince District|Lince]], [[La Victoria District, Lima|La Victoria]] to the south were populated; [[Breña]] and [[Pueblo Libre District, Lima|Pueblo Libre]] to the west; [[El Agustino]], [[Ate District|Ate]] and [[San Juan de Lurigancho]] to the east and [[San Martín de Porres District|San Martín de Porres]] and [[Comas District, Lima|Comas]] to the north. As an emblematic point of this expansion, in 1973 the self-managed community of Villa El Salvador (current district of [[Villa El Salvador]]) was created, located 30&nbsp;km south of the city center and currently integrated into the [[Lima metropolitan area|metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.munives.gob.pe/Ves_historia.htm|title=HISTORIA DE VILLA EL SALVADOR|website=Villa El Salvador Municipality|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712210910/http://www.munives.gob.pe/Ves_historia.htm|archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> In the 1980s, [[terrorist]] violence added to the disorderly growth of the city the increase of settlers who arrived as internally displaced persons.<ref name="Golte"/> In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the Andean region, as rural people sought opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 600,000 in 1940, reached 1.9&nbsp;million by 1960 and 4.8&nbsp;million by 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm |title=Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=12 August 2007 |language=es |archive-date=13 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213938/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/LIb0002/cap0101.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the start of this period, the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city's [[Historic Centre of Lima|historic center]], [[Callao]] and [[Chorrillos District|Chorrillos]]; in the following decades settlements spread to the north, beyond the Rímac River, to the east, along the Central Highway and to the south.{{sfn|Dietz|1980| p= 35}} The new migrants, at first confined to [[slum]]s in downtown Lima, led this expansion through large-scale land invasions, which evolved into shanty towns, known as ''[[pueblos jóvenes]]''.{{sfn|Dietz|1980| p= 36.}} ==Geography== [[File:ISS034-E-49361.JPG|thumb|upright|Lima as seen from the [[International Space Station]]]] [[File:ISS030-E-286160.jpg|thumb|Lima at night from [[Outer Space|space]]]] The urban area covers about {{convert|800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It is located on mostly flat terrain in the [[Sechura Desert|Peruvian coastal plain]], within the valleys of the [[Chillón River|Chillón]], [[Rímac River|Rímac]] and [[Lurín River|Lurín]] rivers. The city slopes gently from the shores of the Pacific Ocean into valleys and mountain slopes located as high as {{convert|1550|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level. Within the city are isolated hills that are not connected to the surrounding hill chains, such as El Agustino, San Cosme, El Pino, La Milla, Muleria and Pro hills. The San Cristobal hill in the Rímac District, which lies directly north of the downtown area, is the local extreme of an Andean hill outgrowth. [[Lima metropolitan area|Metropolitan Lima]] covers {{convert|2672.28|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|825.88|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (31%) comprise the actual city and {{convert|1846.40|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (69%) the city outskirts.<ref name="inei.gob.pe">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1168/libro.pdf |title=Una mirada a Lima Metropolitana |trans-title=A look at Metropolitan Lima |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |location=Lima |date=September 2014 |access-date=1 September 2019 |language=es}}</ref> The urban area extends around {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} from north to south and around {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from west to east. The city center is located {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland at the shore of the Rímac River, a vital resource for the city, since it carries what will become drinking water for its inhabitants and fuels the hydroelectric dams that provide electricity to the area. While no official administrative definition for the city exists, it is usually considered to be composed of the central 30 of 43 districts of [[Lima Province]], corresponding to an urban area centered around the historic [[Lima District|Cercado de Lima]] district. The city is the core of the [[Lima Metropolitan Area|Lima Metro Area]], one of the ten [[List of metropolitan areas in the Americas|largest metro areas in the Americas]]. Lima is the world's third largest desert city, after [[Karachi]], Pakistan, and [[Cairo]], Egypt. ===Climate=== Lima has a mild climate, despite its location in the tropics and in a [[desert]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/?p=sinoptica |title=Análisis Meteorológico |language=Spanish |trans-title=Meteorological Analysis |publisher=Ministerio del Ambiente Peru |access-date=19 August 2021 }}</ref> Lima's proximity to the waters of the Pacific Ocean leads to intense maritime moderation of the temperatures, thereby making the climate much milder than those to be expected for a tropical desert, and thus Lima can be classified as a [[Coastal deserts|desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh'') with [[subtropical climate|subtropical]] temperature ranges.<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |issn=1027-5606|doi-access= free}}</ref> Temperatures rarely fall below {{convert|12|°C|°F|abbr=on}} or rise above {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Average Weather For Callao/Lima, Peru |url=http://weatherspark.com/averages/33636/Callao-Lima-Peru |website=WeatherSpark |access-date=29 December 2014}}</ref> Two distinct seasons can be identified: summer, December through April, and winter from June through September/October. May and October/November are generally transition months, with a more dramatic warm-to-cool weather transition in later May or/and earlier June.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senamhi.gob.pe/ |title=Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú |language=Spanish |publisher=Government of Peru |access-date=19 August 2021 }}</ref> Situated onshore from the cold ocean waters, rainfall is extremely rare in Lima. The summers, December through April, are sunny, hot, and muggy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalparks-worldwide.com/sam/peru/regions/coast/climate-coast.html|title=CLIMATE ON THE COAST OF PERU|website=www.nationalparks-worldwide.com|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> Daily temperatures oscillate between lows of {{convert|18|to|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and highs of {{convert|25|to|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Coastal fogs occur in some mornings and high clouds in some afternoons and evenings. Summer sunsets are colorful, known by locals as "cielo de brujas" (Spanish for "sky of witches"), since the sky commonly turns shades of orange, pink, and red around 7&nbsp;pm. [[File:Climate Chart Lima.svg|thumb|Weather averages for the [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]|220x220px]] During winter, June through October, the weather is dramatically different. Grey skies, breezy conditions, higher humidity, and cooler temperatures prevail. Long 10 to 15-day stretches of dark overcast skies are not uncommon. Persistent morning drizzle ([[garúa]]) frequently occurs from June through September, coating the streets with a thin layer of water that generally dries up by early afternoon. Winter temperatures vary little between day and night. They range from lows of {{convert|14|to|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and highs of {{convert|16|to|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, rarely exceeding {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} except in the easternmost districts.<ref name="WMO">{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/029/c00108.htm |title=World Weather Information Service – Lima |publisher=World Meteorological Organization| access-date = 15 May 2012}}</ref> [[Relative humidity]] is always very high, particularly in the mornings.<ref name="BBC weather">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/3936456 |title=BBC Weather – Lima |publisher=BBC| access-date = 15 May 2012}}</ref> High humidity produces brief morning fog in the early summer and a usually persistent low cloud deck during the winter (generally develops in late May and persists until mid-November or even early December). The predominantly onshore flow makes the Lima area one of the cloudiest among the entire Peruvian coast. Lima has only 1284 hours of sunshine a year, 28.6 hours in July and 184 hours in April, which is exceptionally little for its latitude.<ref name=Molina>{{Cite journal |last1=Capel Molina |first1=José J. |title=Lima, un clima de desierto litoral |journal=Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense |volume=19 |pages=25–45 |publisher=Universidad Complutense de Madrid |location=Madrid |year=1999 |url=http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF |issn=0211-9803 |language=es |access-date=17 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629173938/http://revistas.ucm.es/ghi/02119803/articulos/AGUC9999110025A.PDF |archive-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> By comparison, London has an average of 1653 hours of sunshine per year, and Moscow 1731 hours of sunshine per year. Winter cloudiness prompts locals to seek sunshine in Andean valleys located at elevations generally above {{convert|500|m|-2|sp=us}} [[height above mean sea level|above sea level]]. While relative humidity is high, rainfall is very low due to strong atmospheric stability. The severely low rainfall impacts the city's water supply, which originates from wells and from rivers that flow from the [[Andes]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Painter |first=James |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6412351.stm |title=Americas &#124; Peru's alarming water truth |work=BBC News |date=12 March 2007 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Inland districts receive anywhere between {{convert|10|and|60|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of rainfall per year, which accumulates mainly during the winter months. Coastal districts receive only {{convert|10|to|30|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. As previously mentioned, winter precipitation occurs in the form of persistent morning drizzle events. These are locally called 'garúa', 'llovizna' or '[[camanchaca]]s'. On the other hand, summer rain is infrequent and occurs in the form of isolated light and brief showers. These generally occur during afternoons and evenings when leftovers from Andean storms arrive from the east. The lack of heavy rainfall arises from high atmospheric stability caused, in turn, by the combination of cool waters from semi-permanent coastal upwelling and the presence of the cold [[Humboldt Current]] and warm air aloft associated with the South Pacific anticyclone. Lima's climate (like most of coastal Peru) gets severely disrupted in [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation|El Niño]] events. Coastal waters usually average around {{convert|17|–|19|°C|°F}}, but get much warmer (as in 1998 when the water reached {{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}}). Air temperatures rise accordingly. {{Weather box |location = Lima ([[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]) 1961–1990, extremes 1960–present |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 32.7 |Feb record high C = 32.5 |Mar record high C = 33.4 |Apr record high C = 31.6 |May record high C = 30.3 |Jun record high C = 30.0 |Jul record high C = 28.3 |Aug record high C = 29.0 |Sep record high C = 28.0 |Oct record high C = 25.2 |Nov record high C = 29.0 |Dec record high C = 30.4 |year record high C = 33.4 |Jan high C = 26.1 |Feb high C = 26.8 |Mar high C = 26.3 |Apr high C = 24.5 |May high C = 22.0 |Jun high C = 20.1 |Jul high C = 19.1 |Aug high C = 18.8 |Sep high C = 19.1 |Oct high C = 20.3 |Nov high C = 22.1 |Dec high C = 24.4 |year high C = 22.5 |Jan mean C = 22.1 |Feb mean C = 22.7 |Mar mean C = 22.2 |Apr mean C = 20.6 |May mean C = 18.8 |Jun mean C = 17.5 |Jul mean C = 16.7 |Aug mean C = 16.2 |Sep mean C = 16.4 |Oct mean C = 17.3 |Nov mean C = 18.7 |Dec mean C = 20.7 |year mean C = 19.2 |Jan low C = 19.4 |Feb low C = 19.8 |Mar low C = 19.5 |Apr low C = 17.9 |May low C = 16.4 |Jun low C = 15.6 |Jul low C = 15.2 |Aug low C = 14.9 |Sep low C = 14.9 |Oct low C = 15.5 |Nov low C = 16.6 |Dec low C = 18.2 |year low C = 17.2 |Jan record low C = 12.0 |Feb record low C = 15.0 |Mar record low C = 11.0 |Apr record low C = 10.0 |May record low C = 8.0 |Jun record low C = 10.0 |Jul record low C = 8.9 |Aug record low C = 10.0 |Sep record low C = 12.5 |Oct record low C = 11.0 |Nov record low C = 11.1 |Dec record low C = 13.9 |year record low C = 8.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 0.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 0.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 0.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 0.1 |May precipitation mm = 0.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.7 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 1.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 0.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 0.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 0.2 |year precipitation mm = 6.4 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 0.7 |Feb precipitation days = 0.7 |Mar precipitation days = 0.7 |Apr precipitation days = 0.3 |May precipitation days = 1.1 |Jun precipitation days = 2.3 |Jul precipitation days = 3.0 |Aug precipitation days = 4.1 |Sep precipitation days = 3.1 |Oct precipitation days = 1.2 |Nov precipitation days = 0.4 |Dec precipitation days = 0.5 |year precipitation days = 18.2 |Jan humidity = 81.6 |Feb humidity = 82.1 |Mar humidity = 82.7 |Apr humidity = 85.0 |May humidity = 85.1 |Jun humidity = 85.1 |Jul humidity = 84.8 |Aug humidity = 84.8 |Sep humidity = 85.5 |Oct humidity = 83.5 |Nov humidity = 82.1 |Dec humidity = 81.5 |year humidity= 82.8 |Jan sun = 179.1 |Feb sun = 169.0 |Mar sun = 139.2 |Apr sun = 184.0 |May sun = 116.4 |Jun sun = 50.6 |Jul sun = 28.6 |Aug sun = 32.3 |Sep sun = 37.3 |Oct sun = 65.3 |Nov sun = 89.0 |Dec sun = 139.2 |source 1 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]],<ref name = DWD> {{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_846280_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Lima-Callao (Int. Flugh.) / Peru |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de| access-date = 18 November 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1871 |title=Station Jorge Chavez |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr| access-date = 27 June 2017}}</ref> |source 2 = Universidad Complutense de Madrid (sunshine and humidity)<ref name=Molina/> |date=August 2010}} ==Government== [[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Government Palace (Peru)|Government Palace]] of Perú]] ===National=== Lima is the capital city of the [[Republic of Peru]] and [[Lima Province]]. As such, it is home to the three branches of the [[Government of Peru]]. The [[List of Presidents of Peru|executive branch]] is headquartered in the [[Government Palace (Peru)|Government Palace]], located in the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza Mayor]]. All [[List of Peruvian Ministries|ministries]] are located in the city. The [[legislature|legislative branch]] is headquartered in the [[Legislative Palace (Peru)|Legislative Palace]] and is home to the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru]].[[File:Palacio de Justicia. Lima, Perú..jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Palace of Justice, Lima]]|left]] The [[Judicial System of Peru|Judicial branch]] is headquartered in the [[Palace of Justice (Peru)|Palace of Justice]] and is home to the [[Supreme Court of Peru]]. The [[Palace of Justice (Peru)|Palace of Justice]] in Lima is seat of the [[Supreme Court of Peru|Supreme Court of Justice]] the highest judicial court in Peru with jurisdiction over the entire territory of Peru. Lima is seat of two of the 28-second highest or [[Superior Courts of Justice of Peru|Superior Courts of Justice]]. The first and oldest Superior Court in Lima is the ''Superior Court of Justice,'' belonging to the [[Judicial District of Lima|Judicial District and]]. Due to the [[Judicial System of Peru|judicial organization of Peru]], the highest concentration of courts is located in Lima despite the fact that its judicial district has jurisdiction over only 35 of the [[List of districts of Lima|43 districts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=20 |title=Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima |trans-title=Superior Court of Lima |publisher=[[Judicial System of Peru|Judicial Power of Peru]] |access-date= 3 December 2008 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143541/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=20 |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> The ''Superior Court of the Cono Norte'' is the second Superior Court located in Lima and is part of the [[Judicial District of Cono Norte|Judicial District of North Lima]]. This judicial district has jurisdiction over the remaining eight districts, all located in northern Lima.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=11 |title=Corte Superior de Justicia de Lima Norte |trans-title=Superior Court of North Lima |publisher=[[Judicial System of Peru|Judicial Power of Peru]] |access-date=3 December 2008 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201150233/http://www.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuperior/default.asp?sede=11 |archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref><!-- Where is state government? --> ===Local=== {{Main|Metropolitan Municipality of Lima}} [[File:Lima - Union.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lima City Hall]] The city is roughly equivalent to the [[Province of Lima]], which is subdivided into [[List of districts of Lima|43 districts]]. The [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan Municipality]] has authority over the entire city, while each district has its own local government. Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality, although a [[Municipalities of Peru|provincial municipality]], acts as and has functions similar to a [[Regional Governments of Peru|regional government]], as it does not belong to any of the [[Regions of Peru|25 regions of Peru]]. Each of the 43 districts has their own distrital municipality that is in charge of its own district and coordinate with the metropolitan municipality. ===Political system=== Unlike the rest of the country, the Metropolitan Municipality has functions of regional government and is not part of any administrative region, according to Article 65. 27867 of the Law of Regional Governments enacted on 16 November 2002, 87 The previous political organization remains in the sense that a Governor is the political authority for the department and the city. The functions of this authority are mostly police and military. The same city administration covers the local municipal authority. Lima has been rocked by corruption scandals: former mayors [[Susana Villarán|Susana Villaran]] (2011-2014) and [[Luis Castañeda|Luis Castaneda]] (2003-2010 and 2014-2018) were remanded in custody as part of the bribery scandal involving the Brazilian construction company [[Odebrecht]]. [[Jorge Muñoz (Peruvian politician)|Jorge Munoz]] (mayor from 2019 to 2022), was removed from office for illegally holding several offices and the related allowances. ===International organizations=== Lima is home to the headquarters of the [[Andean Community of Nations]] that is a [[customs union]] comprising the South American countries of [[Bolivia]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]. Along with other regional and international organizations. ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Lima}} [[File:Perou-Lima 9906a.jpg|thumb|People of Lima|alt=|left]] With a municipal population of 8,852,000 and 9,752,000 for the [[Lima Metropolitan Area|metropolitan area]] and a population density of {{convert|3008.8|PD/km2|sp=us}} {{as of|2007|lc=y}},<ref name="INEI Censo 2007">Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080908054149/http://www1.inei.gob.pe/Anexos/libro.pdf ''Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú''] pp. 29–30, 32, 34.</ref> Lima ranks as the [[World's largest cities|30th most populous agglomeration in the world]], {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, and the second biggest city in South America in terms of population within city limits, after [[São Paulo]].<ref>United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf ''Urban Agglomerations 2014''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025830/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/wallcharts/WUP_2014%20Urban%20Agglomerations%20Wallchart.pdf |date=6 September 2015 }}.&nbsp;– note, per the source, "Urban agglomerations included in the chart are those of 1 million inhabitants or more in 2007. An agglomeration contains the population within the contours of contiguous territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density without regard to administrative boundaries."</ref> Its population features a complex mix of racial and ethnic groups. [[Mestizo]]s of mixed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] and [[European Peruvian|European]] (mostly Spanish and [[Italy|Italians]]) ancestry are the largest ethnic group. [[European Peruvian]]s are the second largest group. Many are of [[Spanish Peruvian|Spanish]], [[Italian Peruvian|Italian]] or [[German Peruvian|German]] descent; many others are of [[French Peruvian|French]], [[British Peruvian|British]], or [[Croatian Peruvian|Croatian]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=NZQxkfvMJFgC}}|title=Latin America Since 1930|via=Google Books |access-date=17 April 2010|isbn=978-0-8420-2831-8|author1=Baily, Samuel L|author2=Míguez, Eduardo José|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html |title=The Institute of International Education (IIE) |publisher=IIEPassport.org |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609234624/http://www.iiepassport.org/lima.html |archive-date=9 June 2008}}</ref> The minorities in Lima include Amerindians (mostly [[Aymara people|Aymara]] and [[Quechua people|Quechua]]) and [[Afro-Peruvians]], whose African ancestors were initially brought to the region as [[slavery|slaves]]. [[History of the Jews in Latin America|Jews]] of European descent and Middle Easterners are there. Lima's [[Asian Peruvian|Asian]] community is made up primarily of [[Chinese Peruvian|Chinese]] (Cantonese) and [[Japanese Peruvian|Japanese]] descendants, whose ancestors came mostly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The city has, by far, the largest Chinese diaspora in Latin America.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041125065953/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-11-25 |title=:: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. :: |publisher=Ocac.gov.tw |date=24 August 2004 |access-date=10 October 2009}}</ref> [[File:Mercado en la Plaza de la Inquisición 1843 (Lima) Rugendas.jpg|thumb|''Market in the Plaza of the Inquisition'' (Lima) by [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]], ca. 1843<ref>{{cite book|url=https://historia.uc.cl/images/publicaciones/rsagredo/sagredo_arte%20naturaleza%20y%20nacion.pdf|title=XIII International Conference on Colonial Art, History and Culture - Ruptures and continuities in colonial and independence art|issn=2322-7141|date=14 August 2019|location=Bogotá|author=Rafaél Sagredo Baeza}}</ref>]] The first settlement in what would become Lima was made up of 117 housing blocks. In 1562, another district was built across the Rímac River and in 1610, the first stone bridge was built. Lima then had a population of around 26,000; blacks made up around 40% and whites made up around 38%.<ref>[http://www.lima.info/history.htm History of Lima]. Lima Info. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829063952/http://www.lima.info/history.htm |date=29 August 2009 }}</ref> By 1748, the white population totaled 16,000–18,000.<ref>[http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113 Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa]. From Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, ''A Voyage to South America'' (1748).</ref> In 1861, the number of inhabitants surpassed 100,000 and by 1927, had doubled.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} During the early 20th century, thousands of immigrants came to the city, including people of European descent. They organized social clubs and built their own schools. Examples are [[Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt, The American School of Lima|The American-Peruvian school]], the [[Alliance française|Alianza Francesa de Lima]], the Lycée Franco-Péruvien and the hospital Maison de Sante; [[Markham College]], the British-Peruvian school in Monterrico, [[Antonio Raymondi District]] Italian School, the Pestalozzi Swiss School and also, several German-Peruvian schools. Chinese and a lesser number of Japanese came to Lima and established themselves in the [[Barrios Altos]] neighborhood in downtown Lima. Lima residents refer to their [[Chinatown, Lima|Chinatown]] as ''Barrio chino'' or ''Calle Capon'' and the city's ubiquitous [[Chifa]] restaurants{{spaced ndash}}small, sit-down, usually Chinese-run restaurants serving the Peruvian spin on Chinese cuisine{{spaced ndash}}can be found by the dozens in this enclave. In 2014, the National Institute for Statistics and Information (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica) reported that the population in Lima's 49 districts was 9,752,000 people, including the Constitutional Province of Callao. The city and (metropolitan area) represents around 29% of the national population. Of the city's population 48.7% are men and 51.3% are women. The 49 districts in Metropolitan Lima are divided into 5 areas: Cono Norte (North Lima), Lima Este (East Lima), Constitutional Province of Callao, Lima Centro (Central Lima) and Lima Sur (South Lima). The largest areas are Lima Norte with 2,475,432 people and Lima Este with 2,619,814 people, including the largest single district San Juan de Lurigancho, which hosts 1&nbsp;million people.<ref name="inei.gob.pe" /> Lima is considered a "young" city. According to INEI, by mid 2014 the age distribution in Lima was: 24.3% between 0 and 14, 27.2% between 15 and 29, 22.5% between 30 and 44, 15.4% between 45 and 59 and 10.6% above 60.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/>[[File:Cerro de San Cristóbal, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 118.JPG|alt=|thumb|''[[Pueblos jóvenes]]'' on the outskirts of Lima in 2015. Today, many of them are consolidated.]] Migration to Lima from the rest of Peru is substantial. In 2013, 3,480,000 people reported arriving from other regions. This represents almost 36% of the entire population of Metropolitan Lima. The three regions that supply most of the migrants are Junin, Ancash and Ayacucho. By contrast only 390,000 emigrated from Lima to other regions.<ref name="inei.gob.pe" /> The annual population growth rate is 1.57%. Some of the 43 metropolitan districts are considerably more populous than others. For example, San Juan de Lurigancho, San Martin de Porres, Ate, Comas, Villa El Salvador and Villa Maria del Triunfo host more than 400,000, while San Luis, San Isidro, Magdalena del Mar, Lince and Barranco have less than 60,000 residents.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> A 2005 household survey study shows a socio-economic distribution for households in Lima. It used a monthly family income of 6,000 soles (around US$1,840) or more for socioeconomic level A; between 2,000 soles (US$612) and 6,000 soles (US$1,840) for level B; from 840 soles (US$257) to 2,000 soles (US$612) for level C; from 420 soles (US$128) to 1200 soles (US$368) for level D; and up to 840 soles (US$257) for level E. In Lima, 18% were in level E; 32.3% in level D; 31.7% in level C; 14.6% in level B; and 3.4% in level A. In this sense, 82% of the population lives in households that earn less than 2000 soles (or US$612) monthly. Other salient differences between socioeconomic levels include levels of higher education, car ownership and home size.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apeim.com.pe/wp-content/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIM-NSE-2003-2004-LIMA.pdf |title=Niveles socioeconómicos en Lima Metropolitana y Callao – APEIM |trans-title=Socioeconomic levels in Metropolitan Lima and Callao – APEIM |publisher=Asociación Peruana de Empresas de Investigación de Mercados |language=es |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910065928/http://www.apeim.com.pe/wp-content/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIM-NSE-2003-2004-LIMA.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Metropolitan Lima in 2013, the percentage of the population living in households in poverty was 12.8%. The level of poverty is measured by households that are unable to access a basic food and other household goods and services, such as clothing, housing, education, transportation and health. The level of poverty has decreased from 2011 (15.6%) and 2012 (14.5%). Lima Sur is the area in Lima with the highest proportion of poverty (17.7%), followed by Lima Este (14.5%), Lima Norte (14.1%) and Lima Centro (6.2%). In addition 0.2% of the population lives in extreme poverty, meaning that they are unable to access a basic food basket.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/>{{Panorama | image = | height = 425 | alt = Miraflores and San Isidro are the districts with the greatest economic and social development. | caption = {{center|Miraflores and San Isidro are the districts with the greatest economic and social development.}} }}<br />{{Panorama | image = File:Miraflores, Lima, Peru (Costa Verde) cropped.jpg | height = 350 | alt = Overview of the Pacific Ocean. | caption = {{center|Overview of Costa Verde and the Pacific Ocean, Miraflores district}} }} ==Economy== [[File:San Isidro, Lima, Peru - Torre Begonias.jpg|thumb|Financial center of [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]]]] [[File:Bolsa de Valores, Lima, Perú, 2015-07-28, DD 101.JPG|alt=|thumb|The [[Lima Stock Exchange]] building]] Lima is the country's industrial and financial center and one of Latin America's most important financial centers,<ref>Infoplease. [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0829787.html Lima]. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref> home to many national companies and hotels. It accounts for more than two-thirds of Peru's industrial production<ref>AttractionGuide. [http://attractionguide.com/lima/ Lima Attractions]. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</ref> and most of its [[tertiary sector of the economy|tertiary sector]]. The metropolitan area, with around 7,000 factories,<ref name="studyabroaddomain.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.studyabroaddomain.com/Peru.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121100145/http://www.studyabroaddomain.com/Peru.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-11-21 |title=Study Abroad Peru |publisher=Study Abroad Domain |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> is the main location of industry. Products include textiles, clothing and food. Chemicals, fish, leather and oil derivatives are manufactured and processed.<ref name="studyabroaddomain.com"/> The financial district is in [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]], while much of the industrial activity takes place in the west of the city, extending to the airport in [[Callao]]. Lima has the largest export industry in South America and is a regional center for the cargo industry. Industrialization began in the 1930s and by 1950, through [[Import substitution industrialization|import substitution]] policies, manufacturing made up 14% of [[GNP]]. In the late 1950s, up to 70% of consumer goods were manufactured in factories located in Lima.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=cbhOISlOv3MC |page=389}}|title=Latin America Since 1930|via=Google Books |access-date=17 April 2010|isbn=978-0-521-26652-9|author1=Bethell, Leslie|year=1991}}</ref> The Callao [[seaport]] is one of the main fishing and commerce ports in South America, covering over {{convert|47|ha}} and shipping 20.7&nbsp;million metric tons of cargo in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Port Commerce |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/commerce/PER_Port_of_Callao_1477.php |work=Port of Callao |publisher=World Port Source |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> The main export goods are commodities: oil, steel, silver, zinc, cotton, sugar and coffee. {{as of|2003}}, Lima generated 53% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=917346 |title=República del Perú evaluación de la gobernabilidad democrática |trans-title=Republic of Peru evaluation of democratic governance |publisher=Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo |year=2007 |language=es |format=PDF |page=24}}</ref> Most foreign companies in Peru settled in Lima. In 2007, the Peruvian economy grew 9%, the largest growth rate in South America.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004530/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |website=cia.gov}}</ref> The [[Lima Stock Exchange]] rose 185.24% in 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf |title=Bolsa de Valores de Lima |trans-title=Lima Stock Exchange |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808150533/http://www.bvl.com.pe/english/estadist/dat_infostat_en.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref> and in 2007 by another 168.3%,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bvl.com.pe/publi_infmensuales.html |title=Bolsa de Valores de Lima |publisher=Bolsa de Valores de Lima |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714134300/http://www.bvl.com.pe/publi_infmensuales.html |archive-date=14 July 2008}}</ref> making it then one of the fastest growing stock exchanges in the world. In 2006, the [[Lima Stock Exchange]] was the world's most profitable.<ref name="proinversion.gob.pe">{{cite web |url=http://www.proinversion.gob.pe/RepositorioAPS/1/0/arc/TEASER_TREN_ELECTRICO/Teaser_Tren_Elec_Ing_21_febrero2008.pdf |title=Republic of Peru |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> The [[APEC Peru 2008|Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit 2008]] and the [[Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union Summit]] were held there. Lima is the headquarters for banks such as [[Banco de Crédito del Perú]], [[Scotiabank]] Perú, [[Interbank]], [[National bank|Bank of the Nation]], Banco Continental, MiBanco, Banco Interamericano de Finanzas, Banco Financiero, Banco de Comercio and CrediScotia. It is a regional headquarters for [[Standard Chartered]]. Insurance companies based in Lima include Rimac Seguros, Mapfre Peru, Interseguro, Pacifico, Protecta and La Positiva.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohperu.com/empresas/seguros.htm |title=Compañías de Seguros Peru |publisher=Oh Perú |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Main|Tourism in Lima}} {{wide image|360° Panorama Plaza Mayor, Lima, Peru.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|360° panoramic view of the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima]]}} As the main entry point to the country, Lima has developed an important tourism industry, among which its [[Historic Centre of Lima|Historic Center]], its archaeological centers, its nightlife, museums, art galleries, [[Festivities of Peru|festivities]] and popular traditions stand out. According to Mastercard's Global Destination Cities Index, in 2014, Lima was the most visited city of Latin America and was the 20th city globally, with 5.11 million visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf|title=Master Card 2014 Global Destination Cities Index|author1=Yuwa Hedrick-Wong|author2=Desmond Choong|page=4|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803193028/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Mastercard_GDCI_2014_Letter_Final_70814.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=10 YEARS LATER: THE CITIES IN LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN TAKING CROSS BORDER TRAVEL TO NEW LEVELS |url=https://newsroom.mastercard.com/latin-america/press-releases/10-years-later-the-cities-in-latin-america-the-caribbean-taking-cross-border-travel-to-new-levels/ |website=MasterCard Social Newsroom |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408145453/https://newsroom.mastercard.com/latin-america/press-releases/10-years-later-the-cities-in-latin-america-the-caribbean-taking-cross-border-travel-to-new-levels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lima is the top destination in South America, with 2.63&nbsp;million international visitors in 2018 and a growth forecast of 10.00% percent for 2019. [[File:Peru Travel- Monastery of San Francisco, Lima.jpg|thumb|The [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Catacombs of the Basilica of San Francisco]] was the Old cemetery of the city during all the colonial times, until 1810. It contain bones of some 70,000 [[colonist|colonial]] people.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rough Guide to Peru (Travel Guide eBook)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QqGWDwAAQBAJ&dq=casa+de+osambela&pg=PT115|publisher=[[Apa Publications]]|location=England|year=2018|author1=Sara Humphreys|author2=Steph Dyson|author3=Todd Obolsky|isbn=978-1789195095}}</ref>]] The [[Historic Centre of Lima]], which includes part of the districts of [[Lima District|Lima]] and [[Rímac District|Rímac]], was declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in 1988 due to the importance that the city had during the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], leaving as testimony a large number of architectural legacies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/500|title=Historic Centre of Lima|website=UNESCO World Heritage Site}}</ref> Highlights include the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Basilica and Convent of San Francisco]], the [[Plaza Mayor de Lima|Plaza Mayor]], the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral]], the [[Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima|Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo]], the [[Palacio de Torre Tagle]], among others. The tour of the churches of the city is very popular among tourists. In a short walk through the city center we can find many, several of which date from the 16th and 17th centuries. [[File:Convento Santo Domingo - Lima.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Rococo]] [[Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima|Basilica of Santo Domingo]], built between 1678 and 1766. It holds the [[tomb]]s of the saints [[Rose of Lima]], [[Martín de Porres]] and [[John Macias]].<ref name="Guide to Peru"/>]] Among them, the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Basilica of San Francisco]] stand out, which are said to be linked by the underground passageways of their catacombs. The [[Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas]] also stands out, a place of pilgrimage to the ''[[Lord of Miracles|Señor de los Milagros]]'' (Lord of the Miracles), whose festivities in the month of October constitute the most important religious manifestation of Lima and of all Peruvians. Some sections of the [[Walls of Lima|Colonial Walls of Lima]] can still be seen: such is the case of the Bastion Santa Lucía, remains of the old Spanish fortification built by Viceroy [[Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata|Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull]] around the city center, whose location adjoins the limit of [[Barrios Altos]] and [[El Agustino]]. Likewise, having Lima the privilege of being the only capital in South America with immediate access to the sea, it has wide tourist piers that in recent years have become a great attraction for thousands of tourists, especially in the districts of Miraflores and Barranco, where there is also a wide development in terms of entertainment in these areas, turning the capital into a place with several places of tourism and entertainment. Until the 1970s, the hotel offer was characterized by having the best hotels in the city in the [[Lima District|center of Lima]], however, since the early 1990s to date, these establishments have positioned themselves in other areas such as the central-southern area of the capital as in [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]], Barranco, [[Santiago de Surco]], [[Surquillo]] and [[San Borja District|San Borja]]; in addition to the [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro district]] that has the largest hotel building in Peru, the 30-story Westin Libertador. These fine examples of medieval Spanish fortifications were used to defend the city from attacks by [[pirate]]s and [[Privateer|corsairs]]. For this, part of the Walls corresponding to the rear area of the Basilica of San Francisco, very close to the [[Government Palace, Peru|Government Palace]], was recovered, in which a park was built (called Parque de la Muralla) and in which you can see remains of it.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Parque de la Muralla|url=http://www.perutoptours.com/index14limuralla.html|website=perutoptours.com}}</ref> Half an hour from the historic center, in the [[Miraflores District, Lima|district of Miraflores]] you can visit the tourist and entertainment center [[Larcomar]] which is located on the [[cliff]]s facing the sea. [[File:La gran pirámide de la Huaca Pucllana.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Huaca Pucllana]], [[Lima culture]] archaeological site, circa 500-700 CE<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ys5QDwAAQBAJ&dq=Huaca+Pucllana+site&pg=PT975|title=Grand Tourist 2. On Experiencing the World|author=Ellen Boer, Peter Boer|date=2017|isbn=9781543468878}}</ref>]] The city has two traditional zoological parks: the main and oldest is the Parque de las Leyendas, located in the [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel district]], and the other is the Parque Zoológico Huachipa located east of the city in the [[Lurigancho-Chosica]] district. On the other hand, the offer of [[Movie theater|cinema]]s is wide and has numerous state-of-the-art rooms (4D) that program international film premieres. Exclusive beaches are visited during the summer months, which are located on the [[Pan-American Highway]], to the [[Cono Norte|north]] are the resorts of [[Santa Rosa District, Lima|Santa Rosa]] and [[Ancón District|Ancón]]; Until the 1980s, the latter was the most exclusive in Lima and Peru. Currently, although it maintains its architectural beauty, it is visited by people from all over [[Cono Norte|Lima North]] and the [[Lima District|Center]]. And to the [[Cono Sur (Lima)|south of the city]], the resorts of [[Punta Hermosa]], [[Punta Negra District|Punta Negra]], [[San Bartolo District|San Bartolo]] and [[Pucusana]]. Numerous restaurants, nightclubs, lounges, bars, clubs and hotels have been opened in such places to cater to bathers. The suburban district of [[Cieneguilla]], the [[Pachacámac District|district of Pachacámac]] and the district of [[Chosica]] provide important tourist attractions among locals. Due to its elevation (over 500 masl), the sun shines in Chosica during the winter, being very visited by the residents of Lima to escape the urban fog.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/south-america/geography-of-lima.htm|title=Geography of Lima|website=Geography.howstuffworks.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627163454/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/south-america/geography-of-lima.htm|archive-date=27 June 2008}}</ref> ==Society and culture== Strongly influenced by [[Culture of Europe|European]], [[Andes|Andean]], [[Culture of Africa|African]] and [[Culture of Asia|Asian]] culture, Lima is a [[melting pot]], due to [[colonization]], immigration and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous influences]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Marmon |first=Johanna |title=Colonial masterpiece: many who visit Peru come for the journey to ancient Macchu Picchu. But the former colonial—and current day—capital city of Lima is an architectural and gastronomic wonderland |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111620596.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141728/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-111620596.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=13 January 2013 |newspaper=South Florida CEO |date=1 December 2003}}</ref> The [[Historic Centre of Lima|Historic Centre]] was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1988. [[File:Last look arounjd Lima (8444763943).jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Rococo]] [[Casa de Osambela]] completed in 1805.]] The city is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas,'' mixing [[Spanish cuisine|Spanish]], [[Andes|Andean]] and [[Asian cuisine|Asian]] culinary traditions.<ref name="mixtura.biz">{{cite web |author=Web Design by Avtec Media |url=http://www.mixtura.biz/peruvian-cuisine/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111024918/http://www.mixtura.biz/peruvian-cuisine/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-01-11 |title=Peruvian Cuisine ~ New Andean ~ Novoandina – Mixtura Restaurant:: The New Andean Cuisine:: Kirkland, Washington: Latin Spanish Peruvian Restaurants |publisher=Mixtura.biz |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Lima's beaches, located along the northern and southern ends of the city, are heavily visited during the summer. Restaurants, clubs and hotels serve the beachgoers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jupitermag.com/nomads-notebook/lima-offers-both-luxury-and-local-life-experiences |title=Lima Offers Both Luxury And Local Life Experiences |website=Jupiter Magazine |date=28 December 2018 |language=en |access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref> Lima has a vibrant and active theater scene, including classic theater, cultural presentations, modern theater, experimental theater, dramas, dance performances and theater for children. Lima is home to the [[Teatro Municipal (Lima)|Municipal Theater]], Segura Theater, Japanese-Peruvian Theater, Marsano Theater, British theater, Theater of the PUCP Cultural Center and the Yuyachkani Theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limaeasy.com/culture/theaters_lima.php |title=Theatres in Lima, Peru – LimaEasy (c) |publisher=LimaEasy |date=27 June 2009 |access-date=8 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629232543/http://www.limaeasy.com/culture/theaters_lima.php |archive-date=29 June 2009}}</ref> === ‘Wall of Shame’ === In the 1980s, the [[internal conflict in Peru]] led part of the rural population (between 600,000 and 1 million people) to take refuge in Lima. The new arrivals, often very poor, build hastily shacks. Some residents of these neighborhoods have acquired property titles, but urban planning remains largely non-existent. The rich neighborhoods erected walls up to 3 meters high with barbed wire at the top to isolate themselves from the poor neighborhoods. These walls are now the subject of controversy between those who support a security discourse and those who defend discrimination, especially since many inhabitants of the poor neighbourhoods cross the wall every day to work in the neighbouring neighbourhood, as gardeners or domestic workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janetsky |first=Megan |date=2019-09-07 |title=Lima's 'Wall of Shame' and the Art of Building Barriers |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/peru-lima-wall/597085/ |access-date= |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> ===Architecture=== {{Main|List of buildings in Lima}} {{See also|Balconies of Lima}} The architecture of the capital is characterized by a mixture of styles as reflected in the changes between trends throughout various periods of the city's history. Examples of [[Spanish Colonial architecture|colonial architecture]] include structures such as the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Basilica and Convent of San Francisco]], the [[Lima Metropolitan Cathedral]], and the [[Palacio de Torre Tagle]]. These constructions were generally influenced by the styles of Spanish Neoclassicism, [[Spanish Baroque architecture|Spanish Baroque]], and the Spanish Colonial styles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwell.com/article/lima-peru-4ee4f7d3|title=Lima, Peru{{!}}dwell.com|date=26 February 2009}}</ref> In the buildings of the historic center you can see over 1,600 [[Balconies of Lima|balconies]] dating from the Viceroyalty and Republican times.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3eK1nVLHgMC&dq=V!VA%20Travel%20Guides%3A%20Peru&pg=PP1|title=V!VA Travel Guides: Peru|first1=Ricardo|last1=Segreda|first2=Crit|last2=Minster|first3=Paula|last3=Newton|publisher=Viva Publishing Network|year=2009|isbn=978-0979126437|page=66}}</ref> The types of balconies that the city presents are open balconies, flat, box, continuous, among others. After the [[Independence of Peru]], a gradual shift towards [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Art Nouveau]] styles took place. Many of these constructions were influenced by the French architectural style. [[File:Palacio de Torre Tagle.JPG|thumb|left|240px|[[Balconies of Lima|Balconies]] were a common colonial architectural feature in the historic center. In the image the [[Palacio de Torre Tagle]] completed in 1735.]] In 1940, the census results reflected the city's major urban problems such as sanitation, housing, work, recreation and transportation. During the following years, the Society of Architects, the Institute of Urbanism, the Grupo Espacio, the magazine ''El Arquitecto Peruano'' and the Department of Architecture at the National School of Engineers were created. These entities tried to promote the improvement of urban conditions based on modern principles. Meanwhile, the State promoted the development of collective housing through organizations such as the National Housing Commission (CNV) and the National Office of Planning and Urban Development (ONPU). With the architect Fernando Belaunde as deputy, in 1945 the Housing Plan based on Neighborhood Units was made official. Some government buildings as well as major cultural institutions were built in this architectural time period. During the 1950s and 1960s, several [[Brutalist style]] buildings were built on behalf of the [[Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru|military government]] of [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]]. Examples of this architecture are the [[Museo de la Nación]] and the [[Ministry of Defense (Peru)|Peruvian Ministry of Defense]]. The 20th century saw the appearance of glass [[skyscraper]]s, particularly around the [[San Isidro District, Lima|city's financial district]]. There are also several new architectural projects and real estate. ===Language=== Known as [[Peruvian Coast Spanish]], Lima's Spanish is characterized by the lack of strong intonations as found in many other Spanish-speaking regions. It is heavily influenced by [[Castile (historical region)|Castilian]] Spanish. Throughout the Viceroyalty era, most of the Spanish nobility based in Lima were originally from Castile.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=113 |title=Articles: Colonial Lima according to Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa |publisher=Historical Text Archive |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Limean Castillian is also characterized by the lack of ''[[voseo]]'', unlike many other [[Spanish language in the Americas|Hispanic American]] countries. This is because ''voseo'' was primarily used by Spain's lower socioeconomic classes, a social group that did not begin to appear in Lima until the late colonial era.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}} Limean Spanish is distinguished by its clarity in comparison to other Latin American accents and has been influenced by immigrant groups including Italians, [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], West Africans, Chinese and Japanese. It also has been influenced by [[anglicism]]s as a result of [[globalization]], as well as by Andean Spanish and [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]], due to migration from the Andean highlands.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=jayN0hV5DDkC |page=124}}|title=The Colonial Divide in Peruvian Narrative|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1-84519-184-9|author1=Kokotovic, Misha|year=2007}}</ref> ===Museums=== {{Main|Museums in Lima}} Lima is home to the country's highest concentration of museums, most notably the [[Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología e Historia del Perú]], Museum of Art, the Museo Pedro de Osma, the [[Museum of Natural History, Lima|Museum of Natural History]], the [[Museum of the Nation]], The Sala Museo Oro del Perú Larcomar, the Museum of Italian Art, the Museum of Gold and the [[Larco Museum]]. These museums focus on art, [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian cultures]], natural history, science and religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.go2peru.com/webapp/ilatintravel/articulo.jsp?cod=1998845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031228220754/http://www.go2peru.com/webapp/ilatintravel/articulo.jsp?cod=1998845 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-12-28 |title=Information about Peru |publisher=Go2peru.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> The [[Museum of Italian Art]] shows European art.{{clear}} <gallery mode="packed"> File:LimaMuseoNacion.jpg|The [[Museo de la Nación]] houses thousands of artifacts spanning the entire span of human occupation in Peru. File:Barranco Museo Pedro de Osma.jpg|The Museo Pedro de Osma houses artistic objects dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, including paintings, sculptures, altarpieces, silverware, Huamanga stone carvings, furniture and other objects from regions with an ancient Andean artistic tradition. File:Lima museo larco.jpg|[[Larco Museum]] is a privately owned museum of pre-Columbian art that is housed in an 18th-century vice-royal building built over a 7th-century pre-Columbian pyramid. File:Calle Antonio Polo Pueblo Libre.jpg|[[National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History of Peru]] is the largest and oldest museum in Peru. </gallery>{{Clear}} === Food === {{Main|Peruvian cuisine}} [[File:Causa Rellena.jpg|thumb|270x270px|[[Causa limeña]]]] Lima is known as the ''Gastronomical Capital of the Americas''. A center of immigration and the center of the Spanish Viceroyalty, chefs incorporated dishes brought by the conquistadors and waves of immigrants: African, European, Chinese and Japanese.<ref name="mixtura.biz"/> Since the second half of the 20th century, international immigrants were joined by internal migrants from rural areas.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15424982_ITM |title=Peru's revolution in tastes: innovative chefs in Lima are dishing up a fusion of Andean and European cuisines with seasoning from around the world. (01-MAY-06) Americas (English Edition) |publisher=Accessmylibrary.com |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Lima cuisines include [[Creole peoples|Creole food]], [[Chifa]]s, [[Ceviche|Cebicherias]] and [[Pollo a la Brasa|Pollerias]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf |title=101 Reasons to be proud of Peru |publisher=Peru Experience |location=Lima |year=2008 |access-date=10 October 2009 |isbn=978-603-45260-1-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118052410/http://filer.livinginperu.com/101reasons.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> In the 21st century, its restaurants became recognized internationally.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm |title=Gastronomía en Lima |website=go2peru.com |language=es |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012623/http://www.go2peru.com/spa/guia_viajes/lima/cocina_lima.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007, the Peruvian Society for Gastronomy was born with the objective of uniting Peruvian gastronomy to put together activities that would promote Peruvian food and reinforce the Peruvian national identity. The society, called APEGA, gathered chefs, nutritionists, institutes for gastronomical training, restaurant owners, chefs and cooks, researchers and journalists. They worked with universities, food producers, artisanal fishermen and sellers in food markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html |title=APEGA Sociedad Peruana de Gastronomía – ¿Qué es Apega? |work=apega.pe |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818095447/http://www.apega.pe/apega/-que-es-apega-S1/C1.html |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> One of their first projects (2008) was to create the largest food festival in Latin America, called Mistura ("mixture" in Portuguese). The fair takes place in September every year. The number of attendees has grown from 30,000 to 600,000 in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/09/17/349038162/mistura-food-fest-gives-peruvian-cuisine-a-chance-to-shine |title=Mistura Food Fest Gives Peruvian Cuisine A Chance To Shine |website=[[NPR]]|date=17 September 2014 |last1=Bloudoff-Indelicato |first1=Mollie }}</ref> The fair congregates restaurants, food producers, bakers, chefs, street vendors and cooking institutes from for ten days to celebrate excellent food.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mistura.pe/mistura-2014/ |title=Mistura.pe |author=Aunt Poison S.A.C.}}</ref> Since 2011, several Lima restaurants have been recognized as among [[The World's 50 Best Restaurants]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/past-lists/2011 |title=Past List 2011 |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- !Year !Astrid y Gaston ![[Central Restaurante|Central]] !Maido |- |2011 |42 | – | – |- |2012 |35 | – | – |- |2013 |14 |50 | – |- |2014 |18 |15 | – |- |2015 |14 |4 |44 |- |2016 |30 |4 |13 |- |2017 |33 |5 |8 |- |2018 |39 |6 |7 |- |2019 |– |6 |10 |- |2021 | - |4 |7 |- |2022 | - |2 |11 |} In 2016, Central was awarded No. 4 (chefs [[Virgilio Martínez Véliz|Virgilio Martinez]] and Pia Leon), Maido was awarded No. 13 (chef Mitsuharu Tsumura) and Astrid & Gaston was awarded No. 30 (chef Diego Muñoz and owned by chef Gaston Acurio).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners#t1-50 |title=1–50 The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> In addition, Central was named No. 1 restaurant in the list of Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 2015. Out of the 50 best restaurants in Latin America, we find: Central #1, Astrid & Gaston #3, Maido #5, La Mar #12, Malabar #20, Fiesta #31, Osso Carnicería y Salumería #34, La Picanteria #36 and Rafael #50.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/latinamerica/en/the-list.html#t1-50 |title=Latin America's 50 Best Restaurants 1–50 |publisher=Theworlds50best.com |date=4 September 2013 |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> These restaurants fuse ideas from across the country and the world. Peruvian coffee and chocolate have also won international awards.<ref name=":0" /> Lima is the Peruvian city with the greatest variety and where different dishes representing South American cuisine can be found. Ceviche is Peru's national dish and it's made from salt, garlic, onions, hot Peruvian peppers, and raw fish that's all marinated in lime. In Northern Peru, one can find black-oyster ceviche, mixed seafood ceviche, crab and lobster ceviche. In the Andes one can also find trout ceviche and chicken ceviche.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treehouselodge.com/ceviche-perus-national-dish/ |title=Ceviche, Peru's National Dish |website=treehouselodge.com |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> About 1.7 million residents are not connected to the drinking water system and are forced to buy water from tankers, even though it is not always safe to drink. The problem of access to water continues to worsen due to drought, pollution, poor infrastructure, overexploitation by large companies and intensive agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.connectas.org/latinoamerica-tiene-sed/|title=Latinoamérica tiene sed - CONNECTAS|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref>{{Clear}} ===Religion=== [[File:Sacristía de San Pedro Lima.jpg|thumb|Sacristy of the colonial [[Basilica and Convent of San Pedro, Lima|Basilica of San Pedro]] of Lima. The painting by [[Bernardo Bitti]] in the background.]] The arrival of the [[Conquistador|Spanish conquistadors]] in Peru meant the introduction of the [[Catholic Church|Catholic religion]] in this area populated by aborigines of various ethnic groups, who followed [[Animism|animist]] and [[Polytheism|polytheistic]] religions,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrutOSGcIlQC&dq=Latinoam%C3%A9rica%3A%20Cien%20A%C3%B1os%20de%20Filosof%C3%ADa&pg=PP1|title=Latinoamérica: cien años de filosofía|volume=1|author=Carlos Rojas Osorio|publisher=Isla Negra Editores|year=2002|isbn=1932271023|page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpUFTBQtLz8C&dq=Mas%20Alla%20Del%20Homo%20Sapiens&pg=PP1|title=Mas Allá Del Homo Sapiens|volume=1|author=Mariu Suarez|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|year=2001|isbn=155212522X|page=601}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWxzRcDWzWYC&dq=Diccionario%20Mitol%C3%B3gico%20Americano&pg=PP1|title=Diccionario mitológico americano: dioses, razas, leyendas|author1=Héctor V. Morel|author2=José Dalí Moral|publisher=Editorial Kier|year=1987|isbn=9501703274|page=18}}</ref> which produced a [[Syncretism#Religious syncretism|religious syncretism]]. Through a long process of indoctrination and practices among the pre-Columbian settlers, the Spanish [[friar]]s made faith their most important task. The city of Lima, capital of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], became in the 17th century a city of [[Monastery|monastic]] life where saints such as [[Rose of Lima]] (patron saint of Catholics in Lima, of [[National Police of Peru]], of the [[Republic of Peru]], of the [[Americas|American continent]] and of the [[Philippines]]) and [[Martín de Porres]]. The Peruvian capital is the seat of the [[Archdiocese of Lima]], which was established in 1541 as a [[diocese]] and in 1547 as an [[archdiocese]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/22/resena-historica/|title=Reseña Histórica|website=Archbishop of Lima website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720212659/http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/22/resena-historica/|archive-date=20 July 2018}}</ref> It is one of the oldest Ecclesiastical Provinces in the [[Americas]]. Currently the Archdiocese of Lima is in charge of [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne|Juan Luis Cipriani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/24/relacion-de-arzobispos-de-lima/|title=Relación de Arzobispos de Lima|date=2010|website=Archbishop of Lima website|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611185248/http://www.arzobispadodelima.org/blog/2010/06/24/relacion-de-arzobispos-de-lima/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city also has two [[mosque]]s of the [[Islam|Muslim religion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caminoalislam.com/convertirse-al-islam/centros-isamicos-/peru|title=Los Centros Islámicos de Perú|website=caminoalislam.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805171748/http://caminoalislam.com/convertirse-al-islam/centros-isamicos-/peru|archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref> three [[synagogue]]s of the [[Judaism|Jewish religion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itongadol.com/noticias/73732-comunidad-judia-de-peru-ante-el-desafio-de-la-llegada-de-familias-jovenes-y-su-crecimiento|title=COMUNIDAD JUDÍA DE PERÚ. ANTE EL DESAFÍO DE LA LLEGADA DE FAMILIAS JÓVENES Y SU CRECIMIENTO|website=itongadol.com}}</ref> a temple of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] located in [[La Molina District|La Molina]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/temples/details/lima-peru-temple?lang=eng|title=Lima Peru Temple|website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> a church of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox religion]] located in the [[Pueblo Libre District, Lima|district of Pueblo Libre]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Iglesia Ortodoxa de la Santisima Trinidad|url=http://santisima-trinidad-peruortodoxo.20fr.com/|website=santisima-trinidad-peruortodoxo.20fr.com}}</ref> five [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temples<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.budismo.com/directorios/peru.php|website=budismo.com|title=Directorio de Centros y Templos Budistas - Perú}}</ref> and six [[prayer]] rooms of the [[Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://direcciones.idmji.org/es/|title=Direcciones de la Iglesia|website=idmji.org}}</ref> According to the [[2007 Peru Census]], 82.83% of Lima residents over the age of twelve declared they were [[Catholic]], while 10.90% profess the [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical religion]], 3.15% belong to other religions and 3.13% do not specify any religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censos.inei.gob.pe/cpv2007/tabulados/|website=Censos Nacionales 2007 XI de Población y Vivienda|title=Cuadro N°1|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática]]}}</ref> One of the most prominent Catholic religious manifestations in the capital is the procession of the [[Lord of Miracles|Señor de Los Milagros]] (Lord of Miracles),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70I34daINx8C&dq=La%20Iglesia%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA&pg=PP1|title=La Iglesia en el Perú: su historia social desde la independencia|author=Jeffrey L. Klaiber|publisher=[[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]]|year=1996|isbn=9972420329|page=136}}</ref> whose image dating from the [[Viceroyalty of Peru|colonial era]] goes out in procession through the streets of the city in the month of October of each year. The ''Señor de Los Milagros'' was named Patron of the city by the Cabildo of Lima in 1715 and Patron of Peru in 2010. === Sports === {{Main|Sport in Lima}} The city and has sports venues for [[association football|football]], [[golf]], [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]], many within private clubs. A popular sport among Limenos is ''[[Paleta Frontón|fronton]]'', a [[racquet sport]] similar to ''[[Squash (sport)|squash]]'' invented in Lima. The city is home to seven international-class [[golf]] links. [[Equestrianism]] is popular in Lima with private clubs as well as the [[Hipódromo de Monterrico]] horse racing track. The most popular sport in Lima is [[Association football|football]] with professional club teams operating in the city. <gallery mode="packed"> File:Plaza Acho.jpg|'''[[Plaza de toros de Acho]]'''; the plaza is classified as a national historic monument. It is the oldest [[bullring]] in the Americas. File:PRESIDENTA DEL CONSJEO DE MINISTROS Y MINISTRA DE DEFENSA REALIZARON UN SOBREVUELO POR LA CAPITAL - 51229945883.jpg|[[Estadio Nacional del Perú|Estadio Nacional of Peru]]; its current capacity is 40,000 seats as stated by the Peruvian Football Federation. File:Estadio monumental lima.jpg|[[Estadio Monumental "U"]] is the highest capacity football stadium in South America and one of the largest in the world. File:Lima Golf Club, San Isidro District.jpg|'''Lima Golf Club''' ([[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]]) File:Campo de marte.jpg|'''Campo de Marte''' is one of the largest parks in the metropolitan area of Lima. </gallery>{{Clear}} The historic [[Plaza de toros de Acho]], located in the [[Rímac District]], a few minutes from the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza de Armas]], holds [[Bullfighting|bullfights]] yearly. The season runs from late October to December. Lima is the host of [[2019 Pan American Games]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/major-games/pan-american-games/2019/1016437-lima-awarded-2019-pan-american-and-parapan-games |title=Lima awarded 2019 Pan American and Parapan Games |first=Duncan |last=Mackay |work=insidethegames.biz – International Olympic Committee, Paralympic and Commonwealth Games News|date=11 October 2013 }}</ref> The [[131st IOC Session]] was held in Lima. The meeting saw Paris elected to host the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] and Los Angeles elected to host the [[2028 Summer Olympics]]. Lima will have 2 venues for the [[2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup]]. {|class="wikitable" |- !Club !Sport !League !Venue |- |Peruvian Institute of Sport |Various |Various |[[Estadio Nacional (Lima)]] |- |[[Club Universitario de Deportes]] |[[Association football|Football]] |[[Peruvian Primera División]] |[[Estadio Monumental "U"]] |- |[[Alianza Lima]] |[[Association football|Football]] |[[Peruvian Primera División]] |[[Estadio Alejandro Villanueva]] |- |[[Sporting Cristal]] |[[Association football|Football]] |[[Peruvian Primera División]] |[[Estadio Alberto Gallardo]] |- |[[Deportivo Municipal]] |[[Association football|Football]] |[[Peruvian Primera División]] |[[Estadio Iván Elías Moreno]] |- |[[CD Universidad San Martín]] |[[Association football|Football]] |[[Peruvian Primera División]] |[[Estadio Alberto Gallardo]] |- |[[Regatas Lima]] |Various |Various |Regatas Headquarters Chorrillos |- |Real Club Lima |[[Basketball]], [[Volleyball]] |Various |[[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro]] |} ==Subdivisions== {{Main|List of districts of Lima}} [[File:Metropolitan_Lima.png|thumb|<span style="color:Red;">'''Downtown Lima'''</span><br />[[Cono Norte|<span style="color:SaddleBrown;">'''Northern Lima'''</span>]]<br />[[Cono Sur (Lima)|<span style="color:ForestGreen;">'''Southern Lima'''</span>]]<br />[[Cono Este|<span style="color:DarkOrange;">'''Eastern Lima'''</span>]]|alt=]] Lima is made up of thirty-one densely populated districts, each headed by a local mayor and the Mayor of Lima, whose authority extends to these and the twelve outer districts of the Lima province. The city's [[Historic Centre of Lima|historic center]] is located in the [[Lima District|Cercado de Lima]] district, locally known as simply Lima, or as "El Centro" ("Center"). It is home to most of the vestiges the colonial past, the Presidential Palace ({{lang-es|Palacio de Gobierno|links=no}}), the [[Metropolitan Municipality of Lima|Metropolitan Municipality and]] ({{lang-es|Consejo municipal metropolitano de Lima|links=no}}), [[Barrio Chino (Lima)|Chinatown]] and dozens of hotels, some operating and some defunct, that cater to the national and international elite. The upscale [[San Isidro District, Lima|San Isidro District]] is the city's financial center. It is home to politicians and celebrities. San Isidro has parks, including Parque El Olivar, which is home to [[olive]] trees imported from Spain during the seventeenth century. The Lima Golf Club, a prominent [[country club|golf club]], is located within the district. Another upscale district is [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]], which has luxury hotels, shops and restaurants. Miraflores has parks and green areas, more than most other districts. Larcomar, a shopping mall and entertainment center built on cliffs overlooking the Pacific Ocean, featuring bars, dance clubs, movie theaters, cafes, shops, boutiques and galleries, is also located in this district. Nightlife, shopping and entertainment center around [[Miraflores Central Park|Parque Kennedy]], a park in the heart of Miraflores.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/peru/lima/miraflores/miraflores-activities/parque-kennedy/ |title=Parque Kennedy – Miraflores – Top Rated Peru City Parks |publisher=Vivatravelguides.com |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> [[La Molina District|La Molina]], [[San Borja District|San Borja]], [[Santiago de Surco]] -home to the American Embassy and the exclusive Club Polo Lima – are the other three wealthy districts. The middle class districts in Lima are [[Jesús María District, Lima|Jesús María]], [[Lince District|Lince]], [[Magdalena del Mar]], [[Pueblo Libre]], [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]] and [[Barranco District|Barranco]]. The most densely populated districts lie in Northern and Southern Lima, where the suburbs of the city begin (Spanish: [[Cono Norte]] and [[Cono Sur (Lima)|Cono Sur]], respectively) and they are mostly composed of Andean immigrants who arrived during the mid- and late- 20th century looking for a better life and economic opportunity, or as refugees of the country's internal conflict with the [[Shining Path]] during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the case of Cono Norte (now called [[Cono Norte|Lima Norte]]), shopping malls such as Megaplaza and Royal Plaza were built in the [[Independencia District, Lima|Independencia]] district, on the border with the [[Los Olivos District]] (the most residential neighborhood in the northern part). Most inhabitants are [[middle class|middle]] or [[lower middle class]]. [[Barranco District|Barranco]], which borders [[Miraflores District, Lima|Miraflores]] by the Pacific Ocean, is the city's bohemian district, home or once home of writers and intellectuals including [[Mario Vargas Llosa]], [[Chabuca Granda]] and [[Alfredo Bryce Echenique]]. This district has restaurants, music venues called "peñas" featuring the traditional folk music of coastal Peru (in Spanish, "música criolla") and Victorian-style chalets. Along with Miraflores it serves as the home to the foreign nightlife scene. ==Education== [[File:Font al parque Universitario de Lima amb el Panteón de los Próceres al fons.jpg|thumb|250px|Colonial [[Casona of the National University of San Marcos|Casona and Chapel]] of the [[National University of San Marcos]]; it is the [[List of colonial universities in Hispanic America|second oldest university in the Americas]]. ]] Home to universities, institutions and schools, Lima has the highest concentration of institutions of higher learning on the continent. Lima is home to the oldest continuously operating higher learning institution in the New World, [[National University of San Marcos]], founded in 1551.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historia |url=http://www.unmsm.edu.pe/?c=Home2&url=inicio-historia |publisher=Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos |access-date=13 January 2013 |language=es}}</ref> [[Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería]] (UNI) was founded in 1876 by Polish engineer [[Edward Habich]] and is the country's most important engineering school. Other public universities offer teaching and research, such as the [[Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal]] (the second largest), the [[Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]] (where ex-president [[Alberto Fujimori]] once taught) and the [[National University of Callao]]. The [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], established in 1917, is the oldest private university. Other private institutions include [[University of the Pacific (Peru)|Universidad del Pacifico]], [[Universidad ESAN]], [[Universidad de Lima]], [[Universidad de San Martín de Porres]], [[Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia]], [[Universidad Cientifica del Sur]], [[Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola]], [[Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas]], [[Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista]] and Universidad Ricardo Palma.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562138/Lima_(Peru).html |title=Lima (Peru) – MSN Encarta |publisher=MSN |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029001807/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562138/Lima_(Peru).html |archive-date=29 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The city and has a total of 8,047 elementary and high schools, both public and private, which educate more than one and a half million students. The number of private schools is much greater than public schools (6,242 vs 1,805) while the average size of private schools is 100 for elementary and 130 for high school. Public schools average 400 students in elementary and 500 in high school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.larepublica.pe/21-07-2014/lima-tiene-mas-de-6-mil-colegios-privados-y-cerca-de-2-mil-centros-publicos-segun-mapcity |title=Lima tiene más de 6 mil colegios privados y cerca de 2 mil centros públicos – según Mapcity |work=LaRepublica.pe |access-date=17 December 2014 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725232301/http://www.larepublica.pe/21-07-2014/lima-tiene-mas-de-6-mil-colegios-privados-y-cerca-de-2-mil-centros-publicos-segun-mapcity |archive-date=2014-07-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Ministerio de Educación, Lima, Peru.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Edificio Ministerio de Educación (Ministry of Education), San Borja]] Lima has one of the country's highest levels of enrollment in high school and preschool. 86.1% of high school-age students are in school, vs the national average of 80.7%. In early childhood, the enrollment level in Lima is 84.7%, while the national average is 74.5%. Early childhood enrollment has improved by 12.1% since 2005. In elementary school, the enrollment in Lima is 90.7%, while the national average for this level is 92.9%.<ref name="limacomovamos.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.limacomovamos.org/cm/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/InformeEvaluandoLima2012.pdf |title=Evaluando la gestión en Lima al 2012 |publisher=Observatorio Ciudadano Lima Cómo Vamos |language=es}}</ref> The dropout rate for Lima is lower than the national average, except for elementary school, which is higher. In Lima, the dropout rate in elementary is 1.3% and 5.7% in high school, while the national average is 1.2% in elementary and 8.3% in high school.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/> In Peru, students grade second and fourth students take a test called "Evaluacion Censal de Estudiantes" (ECE). The test assesses skills in reading comprehension and math. Scores are grouped in three levels: Below level 1 means that students were not able to respond to even the most simple questions; level 1 means the students did not achieve the expected level in skills but could respond to simple questions; and level 2 means they achieved/exceeded the expected skills for their grade level. In 2012, 48.7% of students in Lima achieved level 2 in reading comprehension compared to 45.3% in 2011. In math, only 19.3% students achieved level 2, with 46.4% at level 1 and 34.2% less than level 1. Even though the results for Math are lower than for reading, in both subject areas performance increased in 2012 over 2011. The city performs much better than the national average in both disciplines.<ref name="umc.minedu.gob.pe">{{cite web |url=http://umc.minedu.gob.pe/?p=1405 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511124713/http://umc.minedu.gob.pe/?p=1405 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-05-11 |title=Evaluación Censal de Estudiantes 2012 (ECE 2012) |work=minedu.gob.pe}}</ref> The educational system in Lima is organized under the authority of the "Direccion Regional de Educacion (DRE) de Lima Metropolitana", which is in turn divided into 7 sub-directions or "UGEL" (Unidad de Gestion Educativa Local): UGEL 01 (San Juan de Miraflores, Villa Maria del Triunfo, Villa El Salvador, Lurin, Pachacamac, San Bartolo, Punta Negra, Punta Hermosa, Pucusana, Santa Maria and Chilca), UGEL 02 (Rimac, Los Olivos, Independencia, Rimac and San Martin de Porres), UGEL 03 (Cercado, Lince, Breña, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel, Magdalena, Jesus Maria, La Victoria and San Isidro), UGEL 04 (Comas, Carabayllo, Puente Piedra, Santa Rosa and Ancon), UGEL 05 (San Juan de Lurigancho and El Agustino), UGEL 06 (Santa Anita, Lurigancho-Chosica, Vitarte, La Molina, Cieneguilla and Chaclacayo) and UGEL 07 (San Borja, San Luis, Surco, Surquillo, Miraflores, Barranco and Chorrillos).<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/> The UGELes with highest results on the ECE 2012 are UGEL 07 and 03 in both reading comprehension and math. UGEL 07 had 60.8% students achieving level 2 in reading comprehension and 28.6% students achieving level 2 in Math. UGEL 03 had 58.5% students achieve level 2 in reading comprehension and 24.9% students achieving level 2 in math. The lowest achieving UGELs are UGEL 01, 04 and 05.<ref name="umc.minedu.gob.pe"/> 23% of men have completed university education in Lima, compared to 20% of women. Additionally, 16.2% of men have completed non-university higher education along with 17% of women. The average years of schooling in the city is 11.1 years (11.4 for men and 10.9 for women).<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> ==Transportation== {{Main |transport in Lima}} ===Air=== [[File:Airport lima peru.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]]] Lima is served by [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]], located in [[Callao]] (LIM). It is the country's largest airport hosting the largest number of domestic and international passengers. It serves as the fourth-largest hub in the Latin American air network. Lima possesses five other airports: the Las Palmas Air Force Base, Collique Airport and runways in [[Santa María del Mar (Peru)|Santa María del Mar]], [[San Bartolo District|San Bartolo]] and [[Chilca]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gc.kls2.com/ |title=Great Circle Mapper |publisher=Gc.kls2.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> ===Road=== {{Details|Highways in Peru}} Lima is a major stop on the [[Pan-American Highway]]. Because of its location on the country's central coast, Lima is an important junction in Peru's highway system. Three major highways originate in Lima. *The [[Peru Highway 1|Northern Panamerican Highway]] extends more than {{convert|1330|km|mi|sp=us}} to the border with Ecuador connecting the northern districts with many major cities along the northern Peruvian coast. *The Central Highway ({{lang-es|Carretera Central|links=no}}) connects the eastern districts with cities in central Peru. The highway extends {{convert|860|km|mi|sp=us}} with its terminus at [[Pucallpa]] near Brazil. *The [[Peru Highway 1|Southern Panamerican Highway]] connects the southern districts to the southern coast. The highway extends {{convert|1450|km|mi|sp=us}} to the border with Chile. The city has a single major bus terminal next to the mall Plaza Norte. This bus station connects to national and international destinations. Other bus stations serve private bus companies around the city. In addition, informal bus stations are located in the south, center and north of the city. ===Maritime=== [[File:Ciudad De Lima.jpg|thumb|260px|Miraflores District on the coast]] Lima's proximity to the port of [[Callao]] allows Callao to act as the metropolitan area's major port and one of Latin America's largest. Callao hosts nearly all maritime transport for the metropolitan area. A small port in [[Lurín District|Lurín]] serves oil tankers due to a nearby refinery. Maritime transport inside Lima city limits is relatively insignificant compared to that of Callao. ===Rail=== Lima is connected to the Central Andean region by the [[Ferrocarril Central Andino]] which runs from Lima through the departments of [[Junín Region|Junín]], [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]], [[Pasco Region|Pasco]] and [[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php |title=Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A. |publisher=Ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090702044459/http://www.ferrocarrilcentral.com.pe/index_.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Major cities along this line include [[Huancayo]], [[La Oroya]], [[Huancavelica]] and [[Cerro de Pasco]]. Another inactive line runs from Lima northwards to the city of [[Huacho]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huacho.info/bandurria/ferrocarril.html |title=Bandurria – El sitio – Ferrocarril Lima Huacho |publisher=Huacho.info |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> [[Commuter rail]] services for Lima are planned as part of the larger [[Tren de la Costa (Peru)|Tren de la Costa]] project. ===Public=== [[File:Sistema Integrado de Transporte de Lima.jpg|220px|thumb|Sistema Integrado de Transporte Bus System in [[Avenida Arequipa|Arequipa Avenue]] (Route 301)]] Lima's road network is based mostly on large [[Dual carriageway|divided avenues]] rather than [[Controlled-access highway|freeways]]. Lima operates a network of nine freeways – the Via Expresa Paseo de la Republica, Via Expresa Javier Prado, Via Expresa Grau, Panamericana Norte, Panamericana Sur, Carretera Central, Via Expresa Callao, Autopista Chillon Trapiche and the Autopista Ramiro Priale.<ref name="arqandina.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.arqandina.com/pages/p4/f413.htm |title=Periodo 1945–1965 – Galería de Fotos y Planos |publisher=Arqandina.com |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> According to a 2012 survey, the majority of the population uses public or collective transportation (75.6%), while 12.3% uses a car, taxi or motorcycle.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/> The urban transport system is composed of over 300 transit routes<ref name="proinversion.gob.pe"/> that are served by buses, microbuses and combis. Taxis are mostly informal and unmetered; they are cheap but feature poor driving habits. Fares are agreed upon before the passenger enters the taxi. Taxis vary in size from small four-door compacts to large vans. They account for a large part of the car stock. In many cases they are just a private car with a taxi sticker on the windshield. Additionally, several companies provide on-call taxi service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/lima/2868020156.html |title=Lima : Planning a Trip: Getting Around |publisher=Frommers.com |date=28 July 2008 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> === Corredores Complementarios Bus System === The '''Sistema Integrado de Transporte''' (which means Integrated Transport System), is a bus system developed by the local government to reorganize the current system of routes that has become chaotic. One of the main goals of the SIT is to reduce the number of urban routes, renew the bus fleet currently operating by many private companies and to reduce (and eventually replace) most "combis" from the city. As of July 2020, SIT currently operates 16 routes: [[San Martín de Porres District|San Martin de Porres]] – [[Santiago de Surco|Surco]] (107) [[Ate District|Ate]] – [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]] (201, 202,204,206 and 209), [[Rímac District|Rimac]] – [[Santiago de Surco|Surco]] (301,302,303 and 306), [[San Juan de Lurigancho]] – [[Magdalena del Mar District|Magdalena]] (404,405,409,412), and [[Lima District|Downtown Lima]] – [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]](508){{citation needed|date=October 2021}} ===Colectivos=== [[Colectivo]]s render express service on some major roads. The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield. Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users. The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops. This service is informal and is illegal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Getting around: Taxis, mototaxis and colectivos |url=http://www.roughguides.com/travel/south-america/peru/getting-around/taxis-mototaxis-and-colectivos.aspx |work=[[Rough Guides]] |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116171248/http://www.roughguides.com/travel/south-america/peru/getting-around/taxis-mototaxis-and-colectivos.aspx |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances. ====Metropolitan Transport System==== [[File:Lima Metropoliano.jpg|thumb|[[El Metropolitano]]]] The Metropolitan Transport System or [[El Metropolitano]] is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT). The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service. Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from the [[Inter-American Development Bank]] and the [[World Bank]]. Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metropolitano.gob.pe/|title=Metropolitano|website=www.metropolitano.gob.pe|accessdate=7 April 2023}}</ref> This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area. The first phase of this project has {{convert|33|km|sp=us}} of line (north) to [[Chorrillos District|Chorrillos]] (south). It began commercial operations on 28 July 2010. Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses over [[Avenida Arequipa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munlima.gob.pe/corredorazul |title=Corredor Azul &#124; Tacna - Garcilaso de la Vega - Arequipa &#124; Reforma del Transporte |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005141/http://www.munlima.gob.pe/corredorazul/ |archive-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes. Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers. Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.<ref name="limacomovamos.org" /> [[File:Linea 1 del Metro de Lima.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Lima Metro]]]] ====Metro==== The [[Lima Metro]] has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of {{convert|1.2|km|ft|sigfig=2}}. It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av. Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av. Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores. Afterwards, it continues through Av. Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov. Los Cabitos, to Av. Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost {{convert|35|km|0|abbr=on}}, in the east of the capital in [[San Juan de Lurigancho]]. The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons. Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people. The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.<ref name="limacomovamos.org" /> ===Other transportation issues=== [[File:Intensa Congestión vehicular en Lima.jpg|alt=avenue|thumb|271x271px|[[Traffic congestion|Traffic Jam]] in Javier Prado Avenue]] Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours. 1.397 million vehicles were in use by the end of 2012. The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.<ref name="limacomovamos.org" /> The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts. Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts. The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012. The bike lanes ran for {{convert|71|km|0|abbr=on}}. They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/> San Borja district was the first to implement a bike-share program called San Borja en Bici. It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro). By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.munisanborja.gob.pe/bicisanborja/ |title=:::.- San Borja en Bici -.::: |work=munisanborja.gob.pe |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201045750/http://www.munisanborja.gob.pe/bicisanborja/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Challenges== ===Environment=== ====Air==== Lima suffers most from air pollution. The sedimentary dust has solid particles that settle as dust on different surfaces or float through the air. The fine particles are the most dangerous given that they are able to damage human respiratory systems. The recommended limit of these particles by the [[World Health Organization]] is 5 tons/km2/month. In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2. The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/estadisticas-ambientales-febrero-2014.pdf |title=Estadísticas Ambientales |date=February 2014 |website=inei.gob.pe }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lima has built [[billboard]]s which serve as [[air purifier]]s.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/84013/this-billboard-sucks-pollution-from-the-sky-and-returns-purified-air/ |title=This Billboard Sucks Pollution from the Sky and Returns Purified Air |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=1 May 2014 |magazine=Time |language=en |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> ====Water==== The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC. In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of SEDAPAL was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum. These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum. The values are within the recommended limits.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ====Solid waste==== The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about {{convert|0.7|kg|0|abbr=on}} per day. In 2012, each resident produced {{convert|273.36|kg|0|abbr=on}} of solid waste. The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate. The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean. Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> '''COVID-19''' Lima has a population of about 10 million people. This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation. Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months. However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Mayor of Lima sees COVID-19 as spark for an urban hub to the green recovery |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/urban-impact-of-covid-19 |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite magazine |title=Why Peru Is Emerging as a Coronavirus Hotspot in Latin America |url=https://time.com/5844768/peru-coronavirus/ |access-date=2021-06-07 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> Lima's [[green recovery]] is centred on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all. The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development of [[COVID-19]] through the execution of 46&nbsp;km of rising bike routes.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> Lima is one of over 10,000 cities from all around the world that make up the [[Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy|Global Covenant of Mayors.]]<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/ |access-date=2021-06-07 |website=Global Covenant of Mayors |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Access to basic services=== In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes. In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems. 99.6% of homes have grid electric service. Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.<ref name="limacomovamos.org"/> ===Security=== [[File:Lima from above.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|San Isidro, Lima from above]] The perception of security varies by district. For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of insecurity (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey. The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria. The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606042705/http://ciudadnuestra.org/segunda_encuesta_nacional_urbana_de_victimizacion_2012___peru.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-06-06 |title=Ciudad Nuestra – Segunda Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Victimización 2012 Perú |website=ciudadnuestra.org |language=es}}</ref> Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim. The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency. The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos. The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo. These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org"/> While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo. The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district. For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official. Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.<ref name="inei.gob.pe"/> The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district. The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%). The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).<ref name="ciudadnuestra.org"/> ==Notable people== {{See also|List of people from Lima}} ==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in South America}} Lima is [[Sister city|twinned]] with: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *[[Akhisar]], Turkey<ref name=lucidez>{{cite web |title=Ciudades hermanas: Costumbres similares, por Inés Yabar |url=https://lucidez.pe/ciudades-hermanas-costumbres-similares-por-ines-yabar/ |website=lucidez.pe |publisher=Lucidez |language=es |date=2018-01-13 |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Austin, Texas|Austin]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister and Friendship Cities Program |url=https://www.austintexas.gov/department/sister-and-friendship-cities-program |website=austintexas.gov |publisher=City of Austin |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Beijing]], China *[[Bogotá]], Colombia *[[Bordeaux]], France *[[Brasilia]], Brazil *[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=Convenios Internacionales |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/internacionalesycooperacion/relacionesbilaterales/convenios |website=buenosaires.gob.ar |publisher=Buenos Aires |language=es |access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref> *[[Caracas]], Venezuela *[[Cleveland]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland's Sister Cities |url=http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities |website=city.cleveland.oh.us |publisher=City of Cleveland |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Guadalajara]], Mexico<ref>{{cite web |title=Ciudades Hermanas, un sueño malgastado |url=http://www.arquimediosgdl.org.mx/noticias/ciudades-hermanas-un-sueno-malgastado/ |website=arquimediosgdl.org.mx |publisher=Arqui Medios |language=es |date=2019-07-12 |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Karaçoban]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Lima ve Çevresinde Görülmesi Gereken Yerler |url=http://tatligezgin.com/peru/lima-ve-cevresinde-gorulmesi-gereken-yerler/ |website=tatligezgin.com |publisher=Tatlı Gezgin |language=tr |date=2016-06-20 |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Kyiv]], Ukraine *[[Madrid]], Spain<ref>{{cite web |title=Agreements with cities |url=https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |website=madrid.es |publisher=Madrid |access-date=2021-12-19 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} *[[Mexico City]], Mexico *[[Miami]], United States *[[Montreal]], Canada *[[Pescara]], Italy<ref name=lucidez/> *[[Santa Ana, Costa Rica|Santa Ana]], Costa Rica<ref>{{cite web |title=Rendición de Cuentas 2015–2016 |url=https://www.santaana.go.cr/images/documentos/pdf/2016/Informe%20RC%202015-2016%20Final%20Web.pdf |website=santaana.go.cr |publisher=Heredia |page=52 |language=es |date=2016 |access-date=2021-12-19 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120184248/https://www.santaana.go.cr/images/documentos/pdf/2016/Informe%20RC%202015-2016%20Final%20Web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[São Paulo]], Brazil *[[Shanghai]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=市级友好城市 |url=http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html |website=sh.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai |language=zh |access-date=2021-12-19 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163609/http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Stamford gains another sister city, this time Rose, Italy |url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-gains-another-sister-city-this-time-6554570.php |website=stamfordadvocate.com |publisher=Stamford Advocate |date=2015-10-06 |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Taipei]], Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |title=Taipei's Sister Cities |url=https://english.sec.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=2789B64DFDD8B838 |website=sec.gov.taipei | date=18 March 2020 |publisher=Secretariat, Taipei City Government |access-date=2021-12-19}}</ref> *[[Tegucigalpa]], Honduras {{div col end}} ==See also== {{Portal|Peru}} *[[List of buildings in Lima]] *[[Largest cities in the Americas]] *[[List of people from Lima]] *[[List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |first=Kenneth J. |last=Andrien |title=Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ahS3AAAAIAAJ}}|year=1985 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=978-0-8263-0791-0}} *{{cite book |first=Timothy E. |last=Anna |title=The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=T4oaAAAAYAAJ}}|year=1979 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1004-2}} *{{cite book |last1=Conlee |first1=Christina |first2=Jalh |last2=Dulanto |first3=Carol |last3=Mackay |first4=Charles |last4=Stanish |chapter=Late Prehispanic sociopolitical complexity |editor-first1=Helaine |editor-last1= Silverman |title=Andean archaeology |location=Malden |publisher=Blackwell |year=2004 |pages=209–236 |isbn=0-631-23400-4}} *{{cite book |first=Henry A. |last=Dietz |title=Poverty and Problem-Solving Under Military Rule: The Urban Poor in Lima, Peru |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=-EnBAAAAIAAJ}}|date=1 January 1980 |publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76460-6}} *{{cite book |first=John |last=Hemming |title=The Conquest of the Incas |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=QnIaAAAAYAAJ}}|date=1 January 1970 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-122560-6}} *{{cite book |first=James |last=Higgins |title=Lima: A Cultural History |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=h0NZ7dAiJ7sC}}|date=January 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517891-3}} *{{cite book |first=Peter F. |last=Klarén |title=Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=6t0R_UUnX1EC}}|year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506928-0}} *{{cite book |last=Ramón |first=Gabriel |chapter=The script of urban surgery: Lima, 1850–1940 |pages=170–192 |editor-first=Arturo Almandoz |editor-last=Marte |title=Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850-1950 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=eJ0mTbevsA4C}}|year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-27265-0}} *{{cite journal |url=http://hahr.dukejournals.org/content/83/1/53 |title=The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746 |journal=Hispanic American Historical Review |doi=10.1215/00182168-83-1-53 |access-date=3 July 2016 |last=Walker |first=Charles |year=2003 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=53–82 |s2cid=144925044}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|30em}} ===General=== *''Nota etimológica: El topónimo Lima'', Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú *''Lima Monumento Histórico'', Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996 ===History=== *Higgins, James (editor). ''The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts'', 2014. Online at [https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Jhemanperu] *Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. ''Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico''. Lima: INEI, 1996. {{in lang|es}} ===Demographics=== *Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, ''Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú''. Lima: INEI, 2008. {{in lang|es}} *United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, ''Urban Agglomerations 2007''. New York (June 2008). {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons and category}} {{Wikivoyage}} *{{oweb|http://www.munlima.gob.pe/|Municipality of Lima}} ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420214305/http://www.munlima.gob.pe/ |date=20 April 1999 }}) {{in lang|es}} *[http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/60314/ 1.40 gigapixel image of Lima] *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} {{Lima landmarks}} {{Lima}} {{Regional capitals of Peru}} {{Navboxes |list= {{Navboxes |title=[[File:Gnome-globe.svg|25px]]{{nbsp}}Geographic locale |list= '''[[Geographic coordinate system|Lat. <small>and</small> Long.]] {{Coord|12|2|36|S|77|01|42|W|display=inline}}''' }} {{Large cities of Peru}} {{List of South American capitals}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{Pan American Games host cities}} {{Megacities}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lima| ]] [[Category:Capitals in South America]] [[Category:Cities in Peru]] [[Category:Lima Province]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Peru]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1535]] [[Category:1535 establishments in the Spanish Empire]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Lima]]'