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{{redirect|Magellan|the railcar|Ferdinand Magellan (railcar)|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ferdinand Magellan
| image = Ferdinand Magellan.jpg
| caption = Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th- or 17th-century anonymous portrait
| birth_name = Fernão de Magalhães
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1480
| birth_place = Northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<ref group="note" name="birth_location"/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1521|4|27|1480||}}
| death_place = Chiefdom of [[Mactan]]<br/>(now [[Cebu]], [[Philippines]])
| nationality = Portuguese (renounced in 1517)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100125489|title=Ferdinand Magellan|work=Oxford Reference |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=smith1920p498a>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Lucy Humphrey|title=Magellan|magazine=[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]|volume=48|issue=1|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3MdNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA498]|via=Scribner}}</ref>
| known_for = {{plainlist |
*The [[Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]]
*Finding the [[Strait of Magellan]]
*First European Pacific Ocean crossing
*Leading the main part of the first [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Earth]]
}}
| signature = Magellan Signature.svg
}}
'''Ferdinand Magellan''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|g|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|GHEL|ən}}<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|JEL|ən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> {{lang-pt|Fernão de Magalhães}}, {{IPA-pt|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ|IPA}}; {{lang-es|Fernando de Magallanes}}, {{IPA-es|feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈjanes|IPA}}; {{circa}} 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer best known for having planned and led the [[Magellan expedition|1519 Spanish expedition]] to the [[East Indies]] across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime [[trade route]], during which he discovered the [[Strait of Magellan|interoceanic passage thereafter bearing his name]] and achieved the first European navigation to Asia via the Pacific.
During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]], [[Mactan Island]], now Province of [[Cebu]], Cebu group of islands in 1521 in the present-day [[Philippines]], after running into resistance from the indigenous population led by [[Lapulapu]], who consequently became a Philippine national symbol of resistance to [[colonialism]]. After Magellan's death, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] took the lead of the expedition, and with its few other surviving members in one of the two remaining ships, completed the first [[circumnavigation]] of Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.<ref>Pigafetta, Antonio. ''Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation'', trans. and ed. Skelton, R.A. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 1969).</ref><ref>[[Mairin Mitchell|Mitchell, Mairin]]. ''Elcano: The First Circumnavigator'' (London, 1958)</ref>
Born {{circa}} 1480 into a family of minor [[Portuguese nobility]], Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the [[Maluku Islands]] (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Facing criminal charges, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King [[Charles I of Spain]], who accepted it. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.<ref>A typical evaluation of Magellan by a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, ''Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel'', edited by Texeira de Carvalho e Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83–84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel".</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Torodash|title=Magellan Historiography|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|date=1971|volume=51|number=2|pages=313–335|doi=10.1215/00182168-51.2.313|doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Seville]] he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kinsella|first=Pat|title=Dire Straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery|work=BBC History Magazine|date=27 April 2021|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/ferdinand-magellan-fatal-voyage-discovery-first-circumnavigation-globe-story-facts-timeline/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition – the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was also made Commander of the [[Order of Santiago]], one of the highest military ranks of the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). ''Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages'' (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". {{ISBN|978-2915540574}}</ref>
Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Armada from [[Sanlucar de Barrameda]] southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to [[Patagonia]]. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the [[Strait of Magellan]] (as it is now named) into the [[South Seas|Mar del Sur]], which Magellan renamed the ''Mar Pacifico'' (the modern Pacific Ocean).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09526b.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=Ferdinand Magellan|via=[[NewAdvent.org]]|date=1 October 1910 |access-date=31 October 2010|last=Hartig|first=Otto|volume=9|location=New York|publisher=[[Robert Appleton Company]]}}</ref> The expedition reached [[Guam]] and, shortly after, the [[Philippine islands]]. There Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]] in April 1521. Under the command of captain [[Juan Sebastian Elcano]], the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach [[New Spain]] by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby accomplishing the first complete circuit of the globe.
While in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]'s service, Magellan had already reached the [[Malay Archipelago]] in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Miller|title=Voyages: To the New World and Beyond|page=30|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|edition=1st|year=2011|isbn=978-0-295-99115-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7H7tgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm|title=Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800 |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023160813/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014|first=Steve|last=Dutch|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Green Bay]]|date=21 May 1997}}</ref>
==Early life and travels==
[[File:Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fernão_Magalhães.jpg|thumb|left|House in [[Sabrosa]], Portugal. In the region, there is a belief that Magellan was born there.{{sfn|Fugas|2022}}]]
Magellan was born in northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] {{circa}} 1480.{{sfn|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}{{refn|group=note|1=The exact birth location is disputed. Possible locations include [[Porto]], [[Sabrosa]], [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] and [[Ponte da Barca]].{{sfn|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}{{sfn|Simões|2019}}|name=birth_location}} His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=17}} and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Ferdinand Magellan|last=Hartig|first=Otto}}</ref> Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.{{sfn|Ocampo|2019}} He was brought up as a [[page (servant)|page]] of [[Eleanor of Viseu|Queen Eleanor]], consort of [[John II of Portugal|King John II]]. In 1495 he entered the service of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]], John's successor.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Magellan, Ferdinand|volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304}}</ref>
In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in [[Seventh Portuguese India Armada|the fleet of 22 ships]] sent to host [[Francisco de Almeida]] as the first viceroy of [[Portuguese India]]. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in [[Goa]], [[Cochin]] and [[Quilon]]. He participated in several battles, including the [[battle of Cannanore]] in 1506, where he was wounded, and the [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509.<ref>James A. Patrick, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7614-7650-4}}</ref>
[[File:Fernão de Magalhães - Padrão dos Descobrimentos.png|thumb|right|upright|Effigy of Ferdinand Magellan in the [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos|Monument of the Discoveries]], in [[Lisbon]], Portugal]]
He later sailed under [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] in the first Portuguese embassy to [[Malacca]], with [[Francisco Serrão]], his friend and possibly cousin.<ref>William J. Bernstein, ''A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World'', pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8021-4416-0}}</ref> In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy and ended in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Joyner|1992|pp=42–43}}
In 1511, under the new governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Magellan and Serrão participated in the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquest of Malacca]]. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. In the company of a Malay he had [[indentured servant|indentured]] and baptized, [[Enrique of Malacca]], he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.{{sfn|Joyner|1992|p=50}} Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]" in the [[Moluccas]], where he remained. He married a woman from [[Ambon Island|Amboina]] and became a military advisor to the Sultan of [[Ternate]], [[Bayan Sirrullah]]. His letters to Magellan later proved decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref><ref>R.A. Donkin, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans"], p. 29, Volume 248 of ''Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society,'' Diane Publishing, 2003 {{ISBN|0-87169-248-1}}</ref>
After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the [[Moors]]. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later in 1515, he was offered employment as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517, after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to lead an expedition to reach the Spice Islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, thus avoiding the need to sail around the tip of Africa<ref>{{Citation|author=Mervyn D. Kaufman|title=Ferdinand Magellan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC|date=2004|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-2487-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref>), he left for Spain. In [[Seville]] he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=141275|title=Beatriz Barbosa, 1495|publisher=Geneall.net}}</ref> They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes<ref>{{Harvnb|Noronha|1921}}.</ref> and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in [[Seville]] around 1521.
Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent [[portolan charts|charts]], investigating, in partnership with [[cosmographer]] [[Rui Faleiro]], a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]].
==Voyage of circumnavigation==
{{main|Armada de Molucca}}
{{see also|Timeline of the Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}
===Background and preparations===
[[File:Detail from a map of Ortelius - Magellan's ship Victoria.png|thumb|''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by [[Ortelius]], 1590.]]
After having his proposed expeditions to the [[Spice Islands]]{{mdash}}the [[Moluccas]] beside [[New Guinea]]{{mdash}}repeatedly rejected by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]], the young [[king of Spain|king]] of [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] (later [[Holy Roman Empire|emperor]] Charles{{nbsp}}V of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]). Under the terms of the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in Africa. Magellan instead proposed to seek a southwestern passage around South America to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat never before accomplished. [[Laurence Bergreen|Bergreen]] further states that Magellan claimed to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique had been a native of the [[Spice Islands]] and used Enrique and letters from [[Francisco Serrão|Serrão]] to "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Spanish sphere of influence if the world were truly to be divided in half.{{sfnp|Bergreen|2003|pp=30–33}} (The details of the eastern division implicit in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]].)
King Manuel saw all of this as an insult and did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town, and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though it failed to capture him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Galván|first=Javier|title=That small superpower where Magellan was born|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=7 September 2020|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/370193/that-small-superpower-where-magellan-was-born/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}}
Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins,<ref name="Levinson2001">{{Citation|first=Nancy Smiler|last=Levinson|title=Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PbBzjBuW8IC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-98773-5|page=39}}</ref> though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all regions of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tomás Mazón|last=Serrano|date=2020|title=T. Elcano, Journey to History|url=https://en.rutaelcano.com/tripulacion}}</ref>{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=61}}
===Voyage===
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Voyages of Magellan.png|thumb|480px|alt=Map showing Magellan's voyages|Magellan's voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Spain to the Philippines.<ref name=smith1920p498a/>]]
The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at [[Rio de Janeiro]]. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of [[Río de la Plata]]), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of [[Puerto San Julián|Saint Julian]], and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains [[Juan de Cartagena]], [[Gaspar de Quesada]] and [[Luis de Mendoza (explorer)|Luis de Mendoza]]. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but were later freed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Magellan – Allegiance to Spain|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the ''Santiago'', was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the [[Strait of Magellan]], which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the ''San Antonio'', deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=145}} In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=215}} Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved [[quince]].
On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of [[Guam]] and were met by native [[Chamorro people]] who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a [[ship's boat]]. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.<ref>{{cite book|last=George Bryan Souza|first=Jeffrey S. Turley|title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-East and East Asia|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-29273-4|pages=303|oclc=932684337}}</ref> Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=224–231}}
On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of [[Samar]] ("Zamal") in the eastern [[Philippine Islands]]. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of [[Homonhon]] ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of [[Suluan]] ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.<ref name=Nowell/>
After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the [[Visayan Islands]]. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of [[Limasawa]] ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small [[bangka (boat)|outrigger boat]] ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via [[Enrique of Malacca]] (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from [[Sumatra]]), they were met by the two large [[balangay]] warships ("balanghai") of [[Rajah Kulambo]] ("Colambu") of [[Kingdom of Butuan|Butuan]], and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, [[Rajah Siawi]] ("Siaui") of [[Surigao (province)|Surigao]] ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern [[Mindanao]]. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the [[first Mass in the Philippines]], planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for [[Cebu]], accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.<ref name=Nowell>{{cite book|last=Nowell|first=C.E.|year=1962|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|chapter=Antonio Pigafetta's account|location=Evanston, IL|publisher=Northwestern University Press|oclc=347382|hdl=2027/mdp.39015008001532}}</ref>{{rp|141–150}}
Magellan met with the King of Cebu, [[Rajah Humabon]], who asked them for tribute as a trade, thinking they were traders [[bartering]] with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not need to pay tribute as they were sent by the king of Spain, "the most powerful king in the world", and that they were willing to give peace to them if they wanted peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to ask for any more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). To mark the arrival of Christianity in the Far East, Magellan then planted a [[Magellan's Cross|Cross]] on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan set about converting the locals, including the king and his wife, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and queen of Spain. After her baptism, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of the [[Child Jesus]] ([[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]]), which she was drawn to, and begged them for the image in contrition, amidst her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Child Jesus, along with an image of the [[Virgin Mary]], and a small cross to the queen as a gesture of goodwill for accepting the new faith. The king then had a [[Blood Compact]] with Magellan in order to cement the allegiance of the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. The king then told the Spaniards to go to the island of [[Mactan]] to kill his enemy [[Lapulapu]].
[[File:Magellan's Cross full.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Magellan's Cross Pavilion|Magellan's Cross]] in present-day [[Cebu]]]]
[[File:Original Image of the Santo Niño de Cebu.jpg|thumb|240px|The original image of Santo Niño de Cebú, an image of the Child Jesus given by Magellan to the [[Cebuanos]], now enshrined at the [[Basilica Minore del Santo Niño]].]]
The Spaniards went to the island of Mactan just as Rajah Humabon told them to. However, they did not initially come by force and wanted to Christianize them. Unlike the people of Cebu who accepted the new religion readily, the King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the [[Battle of Mactan|ensuing battle]], the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.
Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders [[João Serrão|Juan Serrano]] and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish soldiers on a banquet ruse on the night after the battle for being easily defeated by Lapulapu and the people of Mactan and failing to kill Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the ''Victoria'', was seaworthy. The ''Victoria'', captained by [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=209}}
==Death==
{{see|Battle of Mactan}}
After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=271}} However, [[Lapulapu]], the leader of Mactan,<ref>{{cite news|author=ABS-CBN News|title=It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/19/its-lapulapu-govt-committee-weighs-in-on-correct-spelling-of-filipino-heros-name|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]]|date=1 May 2019}}</ref> resisted conversion.<ref>{{cite book|last=David|first=Hawthorne|title=Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=[[Doubleday & Company, Inc.]]|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Battle of Mactan Marks Start of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression|url=http://kumustanews.tripod.com/index_files/page0006.htm|access-date=9 April 2009}}</ref> In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism|access-date=22 November 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=13 November 2019|ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mojarro|first=Jorge|title=[Opinion] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified|url=https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[Rappler]]|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=10 November 2019}}</ref> Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (''[[bangkaw]]'', which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened [[rattan]]), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.<ref name=Robertson>{{cite book|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea01piga/page/n9|edition=1906}} tr. James Alexander Robertson</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Monteclar|first1=Arthur Paul|title=Cebuano Weapons Used During the Battle of Mactan|url=https://sugbo.ph/2021/weapons-battle-of-mactan/|website=Sugbo.ph|date=25 May 2021 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
[[Antonio Pigafetta]] and [[Ginés de Mafra]] provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:
{{blockquote|When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries.... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields.... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice.... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.|author=Antonio Pigafetta<ref name=Robertson />{{rp|173–177}}|title=|source=}}
{{blockquote|Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the earth.|author=Ginés de Mafra<ref>{{cite book|last=Manchester|first=William|title=A World Lit Only by Fire|date=1993|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-54556-3|title-link=A World Lit Only by Fire}}{{page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>}}
==Reputation following circumnavigation==
In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=406}}{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=210}} The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.
The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the ''San Antonio'', led by [[Estêvão Gomes]], which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=299}} The ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of [[Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca|Archbishop Fonseca]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=305}}
The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the ''Victoria'' in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to [[Valladolid]], inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=399–402}}
One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including [[John III of Portugal]], [[Francis I of France]], and [[Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam]]. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'') around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=403–405}} In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta [[eulogizes]] the captain-general:
<blockquote>Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=215}}</blockquote>
==Legacy==
[[File:Map of America by Sebastian Munster.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's name for the Pacific, ''Mare pacificum'', and the [[Strait of Magellan]], labelled ''Frenum Magaliani'']]
Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the [[Age of Discovery]]",{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=414}} and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=2}} Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the [[Loaísa expedition]] in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=412}} The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by [[Francis Drake]], would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]''.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=413}}
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the ''Sea of Magellan'', in his honor, until the eighteenth century<ref>Camino, Mercedes Maroto. ''Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567–1606)'', p. 76. 2005.</ref>), and lends his name to the [[Strait of Magellan]]. His name has also since been applied to a [[list of things named after Ferdinand Magellan|variety of other entities]], including the [[Magellanic Clouds]] (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), [[Project Magellan]] (a [[Cold War]]-era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's [[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan spacecraft]].
===Quincentenary===
Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint application to [[UNESCO]] to honour the circumnavigation route.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Who First Circled the Globe? Not Magellan, Spain Wants You to Know|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/spain-portugal-magellan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:
*An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the [[General Archive of the Indies]] in [[Seville]] by the [[King Felipe VI of Spain|King]] and [[Queen Letizia of Spain|Queen]] of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the [[San Telmo Museoa|San Telmo Museum]] in [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]] in 2020.<ref name="Moncloa">{{cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2019/20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx|title=King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on first circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano|date=2019 |access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>
*An exhibition entitled ''Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano'' opened at the library of the [[Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation]] in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecid.es/EN/Paginas/Sala%20de%20Prensa/Agenda/2019/2019_05/31_magallanes.aspx|title=Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|Spain|Philippines|South America|Biography}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan]]
* [[Age of Discovery]]
* [[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]
* [[History of the Philippines]]
* [[Military history of the Philippines]]
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Spanish Empire]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Beaglehole|first=J.C.| author-link=John Beaglehole|title=The Exploration of the Pacific|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|location=London|date=1966|oclc=253002380}}
* {{citation|title=The Cambridge World History: The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1: Foundations |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|editor-last1=Bentley|editor-first1=Jerry H.|volume=6|year=2015|chapter=Introduction (Debates and differences)|editor-last2=Wiesner-Hanks|editor-first2=Merry E.|editor-last3=Subrahmanyam|editor-first3=Sanjay|isbn=9781316297919 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZtrCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+&pg=PT33|ref = {{harvid|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}}}
* {{citation|author1=Castro, Xavier de|author2=Hamon, Jocelynn|author3=Thomaz, Luis Filipe de Castro|title=Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages|publisher=Chandeigne, coll. "Magellane"|location=Paris|date=2007|isbn=978-2-915540-32-1|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|last=Cliffe|first=Edward|editor=Hakluyt, Richard|work=The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation|title=The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577|date=1885|publisher=E. & G. Goldsmid|location=Edinburgh|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|last=Drake|first=Francis|title=The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Issue 16 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|date=1628|isbn=978-1-4021-9567-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKoWqdtWZE8C&pg=PP1 |author-link= Francis Drake}}
* {{citation|last=Hogan|first=C. Michael|title=Magellanic Penguin|publisher=GlobalTwitcher.com|editor=N. Stromberg|date=2008|url=http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232|mode=cs1|postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 |archive-date=23 August 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Noronha|first=Dom José Manoel de|title=Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães|editor=Imprensa da Universidade|url=http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php?&id=1383&|publisher=Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa|location=Coimbra|date=1921|language=pt|mode=cs1|postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020324/http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php |archive-date=7 March 2010}}
* {{citation|last=Stefoff|first=Rebecca|title=Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Ocean|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEzOHAAACAAJ|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-0-7910-1291-8}}
* {{citation|last=Suárez|first=Thomas|title=Early mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|date=1999|isbn=978-962-593-470-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
{{refend}}
'''Online sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|agency=Fugas|date=19 December 2022|title=Sabrosa inaugura percurso pedestre dedicado a Fernão de Magalhães |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221170024/https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|archive-date=21 December 2022|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|ref = {{harvid|Fugas|2022}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/122391/magellans-last-will-and-testament|title=Magellan's last will and testament|date=5 July 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|access-date=5 July 2019}}
* {{citation|last=Simões|first=Pedro Olavo|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|title=Fernão de Magalhães: Acasos e desgraças da primeira volta ao mundo|date=20 September 2019<!--date obtained from a google search of the original url-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023131/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/|archive-date=31 March 2023|language=pt-pt}}
* {{citation|last=Swenson|first=Tait M.|url=http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/Magellan.html|title=First Circumnavigation of the Globe by Magellan 1519–1522|date=2005|work=The Web Chronology project|access-date=14 March 2006|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/ |title=A viagem de circum-navegação de Fernão de Magalhães|date=4 September 2019<!--date from page source-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630195342/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|archive-date=30 June 2023|language=pt-pt|ref = {{harvid|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
'''Primary sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio |author-link= Antonio Pigafetta|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World|publisher=Arthur A. Clark|date=1906}} (orig. ''[https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
* Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis {{ISBN|978-1-906421-00-7}}
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542
* {{citation |editor-last=Nowell |editor-first=Charles E.|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts|publisher=NU Press|location=Evanston|date=1962}}
* <cite id=CITEREFStanley1874>''[https://archive.today/2012.07.09-201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by [[Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley|Lord Stanley of Alderley]], London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage</cite>
{{refend}}
'''Secondary sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Magellan, Ferdinand |volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304 }}
* {{citation|last=Bergreen|first=Laurence |author-link= Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe|publisher=William Morrow|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-093638-9 |url-access= registration|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg}}
* {{cite book|title=Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world|last=Cameron|first=Ian|date=1974|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=029776568X|location=London|oclc=842695}}
* {{citation|last=Guillemard|first=Francis Henry Hill|title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521|publisher=G. Philip|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |access-date=8 April 2009}}
* {{citation|last=Hildebrand|first=Arthur Sturges|title=Magellan|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Co|location=New York|date=1924|isbn=978-1-4179-1413-5}}
* {{citation|last=Joyner|first=Tim|title=Magellan|publisher=International Marine Publishing|location=Camden, Me.|date=1992|isbn=978-0-07-033128-0}}
* {{citation|last=Nunn|first=George E.|title=The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography|date=1932}}
* {{citation|last=Parr|first=Charles M.|title=So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=Crowell|location=New York|date=1953|isbn=978-0-8371-8521-7}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H. |author-link= J. H. Parry|title=The Discovery of South America|publisher=Taplinger|location=New York|date=1979}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Discovery of the Sea|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=1981|isbn=978-0-520-04236-0}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Spanish Seaborne Empire|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|date=1970|isbn=978-0-520-07140-7}}
* {{citation|last=Pérez-Mallaína|first=Pablo E.|translator=Carla Rahn Phillips|title=Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|date=1998|isbn=978-0-8018-5746-1}}
* {{citation|last=Roditi|first=Edouard|title=Magellan of the Pacific|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London|date=1972|isbn=978-0-571-08945-1}}
* {{citation|last=Schurz|first=William L.|date=May 1922|title=The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=181–194|doi=10.2307/2506024|postscript=.|jstor=2506024}}
* {{citation|last=Salonia|first=Matteo|title=Encompassing the Earth: Magellan's Voyage from Its Political Context to Its Expansion of Knowledge|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|pages=543–560|doi=10.1177/08438714221123468|date=2022|volume=34|issue=4|s2cid=252451072 |doi-access= free}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Thatcher |editor-first= Oliver J.|title=The Library of Original Sources|volume=V|chapter=Magellan's Voyage Round the World|publisher=University Research Extension|date=1907|pages=41–57 |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433067371306?urlappend=%3Bseq=57|hdl=2027/nyp.33433067371306 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation|last=Wilford|first=John Noble |author-link= John Noble Wilford|title=The Mapmakers|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=978-0-375-70850-3|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/2012.12.09-013847/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 December 2012}}
* {{citation|last=Zweig|first=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Zweig|title=Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan|publisher=Read Books|date=1938|edition=2007 reprint|isbn=978-1-4067-6006-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&q=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ferdinand Magellan}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan Ferdinand Magellan] on history.com
*[https://www.pbs.org/video/magellans-crossing-kvkexi/ PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing]
* [http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/magellan/ Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines] from History House
* [http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano]
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049979/Ferdinand-Magellan Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan]
* [http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/italica/Cronologia/secolo16/Magellan/mag_intr.html Ferdinand Magellan (Bibliotheca Augustana)]
{{Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}
{{Portuguese explorers|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magellan, Ferdinand}}
[[Category:1480 births]]
[[Category:1521 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:15th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century explorers]]
[[Category:16th century in the Spanish East Indies]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Explorers of Chile]]
[[Category:Magellan expedition]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:People from Sabrosa]]
[[Category:People of Spanish colonial Philippines]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Portuguese military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '==Early life and travels==
[[File:Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fernão_Magalhães.jpg|thumb|left|House in [[Sabrosa]], Portugal. In the region, there is a belief that Magellan was born there.{{sfn|Fugas|2022}}]]
Magellan was born in northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] {{circa}} 1480.{{sfn|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}{{refn|group=note|1=The exact birth location is disputed. Possible locations include [[Porto]], [[Sabrosa]], [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] and [[Ponte da Barca]].{{sfn|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}{{sfn|Simões|2019}}|name=birth_location}} His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=17}} and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.<ref>{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Ferdinand Magellan|last=Hartig|first=Otto}}</ref> Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.{{sfn|Ocampo|2019}} He was brought up as a [[page (servant)|page]] of [[Eleanor of Viseu|Queen Eleanor]], consort of [[John II of Portugal|King John II]]. In 1495 he entered the service of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]], John's successor.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Magellan, Ferdinand|volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304}}</ref>
In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in [[Seventh Portuguese India Armada|the fleet of 22 ships]] sent to host [[Francisco de Almeida]] as the first viceroy of [[Portuguese India]]. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in [[Goa]], [[Cochin]] and [[Quilon]]. He participated in several battles, including the [[battle of Cannanore]] in 1506, where he was wounded, and the [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509.<ref>James A. Patrick, ''Renaissance and Reformation'', p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7614-7650-4}}</ref>
[[File:Fernão de Magalhães - Padrão dos Descobrimentos.png|thumb|right|upright|Effigy of Ferdinand Magellan in the [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos|Monument of the Discoveries]], in [[Lisbon]], Portugal]]
He later sailed under [[Diogo Lopes de Sequeira]] in the first Portuguese embassy to [[Malacca]], with [[Francisco Serrão]], his friend and possibly cousin.<ref>William J. Bernstein, ''A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World'', pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8021-4416-0}}</ref> In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy and ended in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref>{{sfn|Joyner|1992|pp=42–43}}
In 1511, under the new governor [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Magellan and Serrão participated in the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|conquest of Malacca]]. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. In the company of a Malay he had [[indentured servant|indentured]] and baptized, [[Enrique of Malacca]], he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.{{sfn|Joyner|1992|p=50}} Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]" in the [[Moluccas]], where he remained. He married a woman from [[Ambon Island|Amboina]] and became a military advisor to the Sultan of [[Ternate]], [[Bayan Sirrullah]]. His letters to Magellan later proved decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.<ref>Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, {{ISBN|1-4067-6006-4}}</ref><ref>R.A. Donkin, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC "Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans"], p. 29, Volume 248 of ''Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society,'' Diane Publishing, 2003 {{ISBN|0-87169-248-1}}</ref>
After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the [[Moors]]. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later in 1515, he was offered employment as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517, after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to lead an expedition to reach the Spice Islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, thus avoiding the need to sail around the tip of Africa<ref>{{Citation|author=Mervyn D. Kaufman|title=Ferdinand Magellan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC|date=2004|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-2487-3|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref>), he left for Spain. In [[Seville]] he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=141275|title=Beatriz Barbosa, 1495|publisher=Geneall.net}}</ref> They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes<ref>{{Harvnb|Noronha|1921}}.</ref> and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in [[Seville]] around 1521.
Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent [[portolan charts|charts]], investigating, in partnership with [[cosmographer]] [[Rui Faleiro]], a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations of the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]].
==Voyage of circumnavigation==
{{main|Armada de Molucca}}
{{see also|Timeline of the Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}
===Background and preparations===
[[File:Detail from a map of Ortelius - Magellan's ship Victoria.png|thumb|''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]'', the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by [[Ortelius]], 1590.]]
After having his proposed expeditions to the [[Spice Islands]]{{mdash}}the [[Moluccas]] beside [[New Guinea]]{{mdash}}repeatedly rejected by King [[Manuel I of Portugal]], Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to [[Charles I of Spain|Charles I]], the young [[king of Spain|king]] of [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]] (later [[Holy Roman Empire|emperor]] Charles{{nbsp}}V of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]). Under the terms of the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]], Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in Africa. Magellan instead proposed to seek a southwestern passage around South America to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat never before accomplished. [[Laurence Bergreen|Bergreen]] further states that Magellan claimed to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique had been a native of the [[Spice Islands]] and used Enrique and letters from [[Francisco Serrão|Serrão]] to "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Spanish sphere of influence if the world were truly to be divided in half.{{sfnp|Bergreen|2003|pp=30–33}} (The details of the eastern division implicit in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in the 1529 [[Treaty of Zaragoza]].)
King Manuel saw all of this as an insult and did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town, and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though it failed to capture him.<ref>{{cite news|last=Galván|first=Javier|title=That small superpower where Magellan was born|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=7 September 2020|url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/370193/that-small-superpower-where-magellan-was-born/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2021}}
Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins,<ref name="Levinson2001">{{Citation|first=Nancy Smiler|last=Levinson|title=Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PbBzjBuW8IC&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-395-98773-5|page=39}}</ref> though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all regions of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tomás Mazón|last=Serrano|date=2020|title=T. Elcano, Journey to History|url=https://en.rutaelcano.com/tripulacion}}</ref>{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=61}}
===Voyage===
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Voyages of Magellan.png|thumb|480px|alt=Map showing Magellan's voyages|Magellan's voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Spain to the Philippines.<ref name=smith1920p498a/>]]
The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at [[Rio de Janeiro]]. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of [[Río de la Plata]]), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of [[Puerto San Julián|Saint Julian]], and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains [[Juan de Cartagena]], [[Gaspar de Quesada]] and [[Luis de Mendoza (explorer)|Luis de Mendoza]]. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but were later freed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferdinand Magellan – Allegiance to Spain|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>
During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the ''Santiago'', was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the [[Strait of Magellan]], which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the ''San Antonio'', deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=145}} In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of [[scurvy]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=215}} Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved [[quince]].
On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of [[Guam]] and were met by native [[Chamorro people]] who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a [[ship's boat]]. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.<ref>{{cite book|last=George Bryan Souza|first=Jeffrey S. Turley|title=The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-East and East Asia|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-29273-4|pages=303|oclc=932684337}}</ref> Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=224–231}}
On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of [[Samar]] ("Zamal") in the eastern [[Philippine Islands]]. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of [[Homonhon]] ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of [[Suluan]] ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.<ref name=Nowell/>
After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the [[Visayan Islands]]. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of [[Limasawa]] ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small [[bangka (boat)|outrigger boat]] ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via [[Enrique of Malacca]] (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from [[Sumatra]]), they were met by the two large [[balangay]] warships ("balanghai") of [[Rajah Kulambo]] ("Colambu") of [[Kingdom of Butuan|Butuan]], and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, [[Rajah Siawi]] ("Siaui") of [[Surigao (province)|Surigao]] ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern [[Mindanao]]. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the [[first Mass in the Philippines]], planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]] ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for [[Cebu]], accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.<ref name=Nowell>{{cite book|last=Nowell|first=C.E.|year=1962|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|chapter=Antonio Pigafetta's account|location=Evanston, IL|publisher=Northwestern University Press|oclc=347382|hdl=2027/mdp.39015008001532}}</ref>{{rp|141–150}}
Magellan met with the King of Cebu, [[Rajah Humabon]], who asked them for tribute as a trade, thinking they were traders [[bartering]] with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not need to pay tribute as they were sent by the king of Spain, "the most powerful king in the world", and that they were willing to give peace to them if they wanted peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to ask for any more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). To mark the arrival of Christianity in the Far East, Magellan then planted a [[Magellan's Cross|Cross]] on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan set about converting the locals, including the king and his wife, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and queen of Spain. After her baptism, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of the [[Child Jesus]] ([[Santo Niño de Cebú|Santo Niño]]), which she was drawn to, and begged them for the image in contrition, amidst her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Child Jesus, along with an image of the [[Virgin Mary]], and a small cross to the queen as a gesture of goodwill for accepting the new faith. The king then had a [[Blood Compact]] with Magellan in order to cement the allegiance of the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. The king then told the Spaniards to go to the island of [[Mactan]] to kill his enemy [[Lapulapu]].
[[File:Magellan's Cross full.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Magellan's Cross Pavilion|Magellan's Cross]] in present-day [[Cebu]]]]
[[File:Original Image of the Santo Niño de Cebu.jpg|thumb|240px|The original image of Santo Niño de Cebú, an image of the Child Jesus given by Magellan to the [[Cebuanos]], now enshrined at the [[Basilica Minore del Santo Niño]].]]
The Spaniards went to the island of Mactan just as Rajah Humabon told them to. However, they did not initially come by force and wanted to Christianize them. Unlike the people of Cebu who accepted the new religion readily, the King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the [[Battle of Mactan|ensuing battle]], the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.
Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders [[João Serrão|Juan Serrano]] and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish soldiers on a banquet ruse on the night after the battle for being easily defeated by Lapulapu and the people of Mactan and failing to kill Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the ''Victoria'', was seaworthy. The ''Victoria'', captained by [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]], finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=209}}
==Death==
{{see|Battle of Mactan}}
After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=271}} However, [[Lapulapu]], the leader of Mactan,<ref>{{cite news|author=ABS-CBN News|title=It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/19/its-lapulapu-govt-committee-weighs-in-on-correct-spelling-of-filipino-heros-name|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[ABS-CBN News]]|publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]]|date=1 May 2019}}</ref> resisted conversion.<ref>{{cite book|last=David|first=Hawthorne|title=Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=[[Doubleday & Company, Inc.]]|year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Battle of Mactan Marks Start of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression|url=http://kumustanews.tripod.com/index_files/page0006.htm|access-date=9 April 2009}}</ref> In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|title=Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism|access-date=22 November 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|Inquirer.net]]|date=13 November 2019|ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mojarro|first=Jorge|title=[Opinion] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified|url=https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified|access-date=22 November 2019|work=[[Rappler]]|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=10 November 2019}}</ref> Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (''[[bangkaw]]'', which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened [[rattan]]), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.<ref name=Robertson>{{cite book|title=Magellan's Voyage Around the World|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea01piga/page/n9|edition=1906}} tr. James Alexander Robertson</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Monteclar|first1=Arthur Paul|title=Cebuano Weapons Used During the Battle of Mactan|url=https://sugbo.ph/2021/weapons-battle-of-mactan/|website=Sugbo.ph|date=25 May 2021 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
[[Antonio Pigafetta]] and [[Ginés de Mafra]] provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:
{{blockquote|When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries.... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields.... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice.... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.|author=Antonio Pigafetta<ref name=Robertson />{{rp|173–177}}|title=|source=}}
{{blockquote|Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the earth.|author=Ginés de Mafra<ref>{{cite book|last=Manchester|first=William|title=A World Lit Only by Fire|date=1993|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-54556-3|title-link=A World Lit Only by Fire}}{{page needed|date=May 2020}}</ref>}}
==Reputation following circumnavigation==
In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=406}}{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=210}} The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.
The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the ''San Antonio'', led by [[Estêvão Gomes]], which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=299}} The ''[[Casa de Contratación]]'' withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of [[Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca|Archbishop Fonseca]].{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=305}}
The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the ''Victoria'' in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to [[Valladolid]], inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=399–402}}
One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including [[John III of Portugal]], [[Francis I of France]], and [[Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam]]. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as ''Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo'') around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|pp=403–405}} In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta [[eulogizes]] the captain-general:
<blockquote>Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.{{sfn|Cameron|1974|p=215}}</blockquote>
==Legacy==
[[File:Map of America by Sebastian Munster.JPG|thumb|upright=1|A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's name for the Pacific, ''Mare pacificum'', and the [[Strait of Magellan]], labelled ''Frenum Magaliani'']]
Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the [[Age of Discovery]]",{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=414}} and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=2}} Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the [[Loaísa expedition]] in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=412}} The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by [[Francis Drake]], would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the ''[[Victoria (ship)|Victoria]]''.{{sfn|Bergreen|2003|p=413}}
Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the ''Sea of Magellan'', in his honor, until the eighteenth century<ref>Camino, Mercedes Maroto. ''Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567–1606)'', p. 76. 2005.</ref>), and lends his name to the [[Strait of Magellan]]. His name has also since been applied to a [[list of things named after Ferdinand Magellan|variety of other entities]], including the [[Magellanic Clouds]] (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), [[Project Magellan]] (a [[Cold War]]-era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's [[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan spacecraft]].
===Quincentenary===
Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint application to [[UNESCO]] to honour the circumnavigation route.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Who First Circled the Globe? Not Magellan, Spain Wants You to Know|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/spain-portugal-magellan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 September 2019}}</ref>
Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:
*An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the [[General Archive of the Indies]] in [[Seville]] by the [[King Felipe VI of Spain|King]] and [[Queen Letizia of Spain|Queen]] of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the [[San Telmo Museoa|San Telmo Museum]] in [[San Sebastián|San Sebastian]] in 2020.<ref name="Moncloa">{{cite web|url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2019/20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx|title=King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on first circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano|date=2019 |access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>
*An exhibition entitled ''Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano'' opened at the library of the [[Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation]] in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aecid.es/EN/Paginas/Sala%20de%20Prensa/Agenda/2019/2019_05/31_magallanes.aspx|title=Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Portugal|Spain|Philippines|South America|Biography}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan]]
* [[Age of Discovery]]
* [[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]
* [[History of the Philippines]]
* [[Military history of the Philippines]]
* [[Portuguese Empire]]
* [[Spanish Empire]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Beaglehole|first=J.C.| author-link=John Beaglehole|title=The Exploration of the Pacific|publisher=Adam & Charles Black|location=London|date=1966|oclc=253002380}}
* {{citation|title=The Cambridge World History: The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1: Foundations |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|editor-last1=Bentley|editor-first1=Jerry H.|volume=6|year=2015|chapter=Introduction (Debates and differences)|editor-last2=Wiesner-Hanks|editor-first2=Merry E.|editor-last3=Subrahmanyam|editor-first3=Sanjay|isbn=9781316297919 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZtrCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+&pg=PT33|ref = {{harvid|Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam|2015}}}}
* {{citation|author1=Castro, Xavier de|author2=Hamon, Jocelynn|author3=Thomaz, Luis Filipe de Castro|title=Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages|publisher=Chandeigne, coll. "Magellane"|location=Paris|date=2007|isbn=978-2-915540-32-1|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|last=Cliffe|first=Edward|editor=Hakluyt, Richard|work=The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation|title=The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577|date=1885|publisher=E. & G. Goldsmid|location=Edinburgh|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|last=Drake|first=Francis|title=The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Issue 16 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|date=1628|isbn=978-1-4021-9567-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kKoWqdtWZE8C&pg=PP1 |author-link= Francis Drake}}
* {{citation|last=Hogan|first=C. Michael|title=Magellanic Penguin|publisher=GlobalTwitcher.com|editor=N. Stromberg|date=2008|url=http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232|mode=cs1|postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232 |archive-date=23 August 2011}}
* {{citation|last=Noronha|first=Dom José Manoel de|title=Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães|editor=Imprensa da Universidade|url=http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php?&id=1383&|publisher=Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa|location=Coimbra|date=1921|language=pt|mode=cs1|postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020324/http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php |archive-date=7 March 2010}}
* {{citation|last=Stefoff|first=Rebecca|title=Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Ocean|date=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEzOHAAACAAJ|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|isbn=978-0-7910-1291-8}}
* {{citation|last=Suárez|first=Thomas|title=Early mapping of Southeast Asia|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|date=1999|isbn=978-962-593-470-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
{{refend}}
'''Online sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|agency=Fugas|date=19 December 2022|title=Sabrosa inaugura percurso pedestre dedicado a Fernão de Magalhães |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221170024/https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024|archive-date=21 December 2022|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|ref = {{harvid|Fugas|2022}}}}
* {{citation|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth|author-link=Ambeth Ocampo|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/122391/magellans-last-will-and-testament|title=Magellan's last will and testament|date=5 July 2019|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer|INQUIRER.net]]|publisher=INQUIRER.net|access-date=5 July 2019}}
* {{citation|last=Simões|first=Pedro Olavo|url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|title=Fernão de Magalhães: Acasos e desgraças da primeira volta ao mundo|date=20 September 2019<!--date obtained from a google search of the original url-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=[[Jornal de Notícias]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023131/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/|archive-date=31 March 2023|language=pt-pt}}
* {{citation|last=Swenson|first=Tait M.|url=http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/Magellan.html|title=First Circumnavigation of the Globe by Magellan 1519–1522|date=2005|work=The Web Chronology project|access-date=14 March 2006|mode=cs1|postscript=.}}
* {{citation|url=https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/ |title=A viagem de circum-navegação de Fernão de Magalhães|date=4 September 2019<!--date from page source-->|access-date=30 June 2023|website=Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630195342/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/|archive-date=30 June 2023|language=pt-pt|ref = {{harvid|Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo|2019}}}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
'''Primary sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Pigafetta|first=Antonio |author-link= Antonio Pigafetta|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World|publisher=Arthur A. Clark|date=1906}} (orig. ''[https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga Primer viaje en torno del globo]'' Retrieved on 2009-04-08)
* Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis {{ISBN|978-1-906421-00-7}}
* [[Maximilianus Transylvanus]], ''De Moluccis insulis'', 1523, 1542
* {{citation |editor-last=Nowell |editor-first=Charles E.|title=Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts|publisher=NU Press|location=Evanston|date=1962}}
* <cite id=CITEREFStanley1874>''[https://archive.today/2012.07.09-201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan]'', full text, English translation by [[Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley|Lord Stanley of Alderley]], London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage</cite>
{{refend}}
'''Secondary sources'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Magellan, Ferdinand |volume= 17 |last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley | pages = 302–304 }}
* {{citation|last=Bergreen|first=Laurence |author-link= Laurence Bergreen|title=Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe|publisher=William Morrow|year=2003|isbn=978-0-06-093638-9 |url-access= registration|url=https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg}}
* {{cite book|title=Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world|last=Cameron|first=Ian|date=1974|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=029776568X|location=London|oclc=842695}}
* {{citation|last=Guillemard|first=Francis Henry Hill|title=The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521|publisher=G. Philip|date=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil |access-date=8 April 2009}}
* {{citation|last=Hildebrand|first=Arthur Sturges|title=Magellan|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Co|location=New York|date=1924|isbn=978-1-4179-1413-5}}
* {{citation|last=Joyner|first=Tim|title=Magellan|publisher=International Marine Publishing|location=Camden, Me.|date=1992|isbn=978-0-07-033128-0}}
* {{citation|last=Nunn|first=George E.|title=The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography|date=1932}}
* {{citation|last=Parr|first=Charles M.|title=So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan|publisher=Crowell|location=New York|date=1953|isbn=978-0-8371-8521-7}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H. |author-link= J. H. Parry|title=The Discovery of South America|publisher=Taplinger|location=New York|date=1979}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Discovery of the Sea|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|date=1981|isbn=978-0-520-04236-0}}
* {{citation|last=Parry|first=J.H.|title=The Spanish Seaborne Empire|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|date=1970|isbn=978-0-520-07140-7}}
* {{citation|last=Pérez-Mallaína|first=Pablo E.|translator=Carla Rahn Phillips|title=Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|date=1998|isbn=978-0-8018-5746-1}}
* {{citation|last=Roditi|first=Edouard|title=Magellan of the Pacific|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London|date=1972|isbn=978-0-571-08945-1}}
* {{citation|last=Schurz|first=William L.|date=May 1922|title=The Spanish Lake|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=5|issue=2|pages=181–194|doi=10.2307/2506024|postscript=.|jstor=2506024}}
* {{citation|last=Salonia|first=Matteo|title=Encompassing the Earth: Magellan's Voyage from Its Political Context to Its Expansion of Knowledge|journal=International Journal of Maritime History|pages=543–560|doi=10.1177/08438714221123468|date=2022|volume=34|issue=4|s2cid=252451072 |doi-access= free}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Thatcher |editor-first= Oliver J.|title=The Library of Original Sources|volume=V|chapter=Magellan's Voyage Round the World|publisher=University Research Extension|date=1907|pages=41–57 |chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433067371306?urlappend=%3Bseq=57|hdl=2027/nyp.33433067371306 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{citation|last=Wilford|first=John Noble |author-link= John Noble Wilford|title=The Mapmakers|publisher=Knopf|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=978-0-375-70850-3|url=http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |archive-url= https://archive.today/2012.12.09-013847/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 9 December 2012}}
* {{citation|last=Zweig|first=Stefan |author-link=Stefan Zweig|title=Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan|publisher=Read Books|date=1938|edition=2007 reprint|isbn=978-1-4067-6006-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&q=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Ferdinand Magellan}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan Ferdinand Magellan] on history.com
*[https://www.pbs.org/video/magellans-crossing-kvkexi/ PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing]
* [http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/magellan/ Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines] from History House
* [http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano]
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049979/Ferdinand-Magellan Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan]
* [http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/italica/Cronologia/secolo16/Magellan/mag_intr.html Ferdinand Magellan (Bibliotheca Augustana)]
{{Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation}}
{{Portuguese explorers|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Magellan, Ferdinand}}
[[Category:1480 births]]
[[Category:1521 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:16th-century Portuguese people]]
[[Category:15th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century explorers]]
[[Category:16th century in the Spanish East Indies]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Explorers of Chile]]
[[Category:Magellan expedition]]
[[Category:Maritime history of Portugal]]
[[Category:People from Sabrosa]]
[[Category:People of Spanish colonial Philippines]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Portuguese military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,35 +1,2 @@
-{{short description|Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)}}
-{{redirect|Magellan|the railcar|Ferdinand Magellan (railcar)|other uses}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
-{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
-{{Infobox person
-| name = Ferdinand Magellan
-| image = Ferdinand Magellan.jpg
-| caption = Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th- or 17th-century anonymous portrait
-| birth_name = Fernão de Magalhães
-| birth_date = {{circa}} 1480
-| birth_place = Northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<ref group="note" name="birth_location"/>
-| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1521|4|27|1480||}}
-| death_place = Chiefdom of [[Mactan]]<br/>(now [[Cebu]], [[Philippines]])
-| nationality = Portuguese (renounced in 1517)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100125489|title=Ferdinand Magellan|work=Oxford Reference |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=smith1920p498a>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Lucy Humphrey|title=Magellan|magazine=[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]|volume=48|issue=1|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3MdNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA498]|via=Scribner}}</ref>
-| known_for = {{plainlist |
-*The [[Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]]
-*Finding the [[Strait of Magellan]]
-*First European Pacific Ocean crossing
-*Leading the main part of the first [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Earth]]
-}}
-| signature = Magellan Signature.svg
-}}
-
-'''Ferdinand Magellan''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|g|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|GHEL|ən}}<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|JEL|ən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> {{lang-pt|Fernão de Magalhães}}, {{IPA-pt|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ|IPA}}; {{lang-es|Fernando de Magallanes}}, {{IPA-es|feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈjanes|IPA}}; {{circa}} 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer best known for having planned and led the [[Magellan expedition|1519 Spanish expedition]] to the [[East Indies]] across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime [[trade route]], during which he discovered the [[Strait of Magellan|interoceanic passage thereafter bearing his name]] and achieved the first European navigation to Asia via the Pacific.
-
-During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]], [[Mactan Island]], now Province of [[Cebu]], Cebu group of islands in 1521 in the present-day [[Philippines]], after running into resistance from the indigenous population led by [[Lapulapu]], who consequently became a Philippine national symbol of resistance to [[colonialism]]. After Magellan's death, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] took the lead of the expedition, and with its few other surviving members in one of the two remaining ships, completed the first [[circumnavigation]] of Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.<ref>Pigafetta, Antonio. ''Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation'', trans. and ed. Skelton, R.A. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 1969).</ref><ref>[[Mairin Mitchell|Mitchell, Mairin]]. ''Elcano: The First Circumnavigator'' (London, 1958)</ref>
-
-Born {{circa}} 1480 into a family of minor [[Portuguese nobility]], Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the [[Maluku Islands]] (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Facing criminal charges, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King [[Charles I of Spain]], who accepted it. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.<ref>A typical evaluation of Magellan by a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, ''Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel'', edited by Texeira de Carvalho e Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83–84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel".</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Torodash|title=Magellan Historiography|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|date=1971|volume=51|number=2|pages=313–335|doi=10.1215/00182168-51.2.313|doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Seville]] he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kinsella|first=Pat|title=Dire Straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery|work=BBC History Magazine|date=27 April 2021|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/ferdinand-magellan-fatal-voyage-discovery-first-circumnavigation-globe-story-facts-timeline/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition – the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was also made Commander of the [[Order of Santiago]], one of the highest military ranks of the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). ''Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages'' (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". {{ISBN|978-2915540574}}</ref>
-
-Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Armada from [[Sanlucar de Barrameda]] southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to [[Patagonia]]. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the [[Strait of Magellan]] (as it is now named) into the [[South Seas|Mar del Sur]], which Magellan renamed the ''Mar Pacifico'' (the modern Pacific Ocean).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09526b.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=Ferdinand Magellan|via=[[NewAdvent.org]]|date=1 October 1910 |access-date=31 October 2010|last=Hartig|first=Otto|volume=9|location=New York|publisher=[[Robert Appleton Company]]}}</ref> The expedition reached [[Guam]] and, shortly after, the [[Philippine islands]]. There Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]] in April 1521. Under the command of captain [[Juan Sebastian Elcano]], the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach [[New Spain]] by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby accomplishing the first complete circuit of the globe.
-
-While in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]'s service, Magellan had already reached the [[Malay Archipelago]] in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Miller|title=Voyages: To the New World and Beyond|page=30|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|edition=1st|year=2011|isbn=978-0-295-99115-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7H7tgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm|title=Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800 |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023160813/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014|first=Steve|last=Dutch|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Green Bay]]|date=21 May 1997}}</ref>
-
==Early life and travels==
[[File:Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fernão_Magalhães.jpg|thumb|left|House in [[Sabrosa]], Portugal. In the region, there is a belief that Magellan was born there.{{sfn|Fugas|2022}}]]
' |
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Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
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1 => '{{redirect|Magellan|the railcar|Ferdinand Magellan (railcar)|other uses}}',
2 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}',
3 => '{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}',
4 => '{{Infobox person',
5 => '| name = Ferdinand Magellan',
6 => '| image = Ferdinand Magellan.jpg',
7 => '| caption = Ferdinand Magellan, in a 16th- or 17th-century anonymous portrait',
8 => '| birth_name = Fernão de Magalhães',
9 => '| birth_date = {{circa}} 1480',
10 => '| birth_place = Northern [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]<ref group="note" name="birth_location"/>',
11 => '| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1521|4|27|1480||}}',
12 => '| death_place = Chiefdom of [[Mactan]]<br/>(now [[Cebu]], [[Philippines]])',
13 => '| nationality = Portuguese (renounced in 1517)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100125489|title=Ferdinand Magellan|work=Oxford Reference |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=smith1920p498a>{{cite magazine|last=Smith|first=Lucy Humphrey|title=Magellan|magazine=[[St. Nicholas Magazine]]|volume=48|issue=1|year=1920|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3MdNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA498]|via=Scribner}}</ref>',
14 => '| known_for = {{plainlist |',
15 => '*The [[Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan expedition]]',
16 => '*Finding the [[Strait of Magellan]]',
17 => '*First European Pacific Ocean crossing',
18 => '*Leading the main part of the first [[circumnavigation]] of the [[Earth]] ',
19 => '}}',
20 => '| signature = Magellan Signature.svg',
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23 => ''''Ferdinand Magellan''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|g|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|GHEL|ən}}<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|l|ə|n}} {{respell|mə|JEL|ən}};<ref>{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magellan|title=Magellan|dictionary=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]] |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> {{lang-pt|Fernão de Magalhães}}, {{IPA-pt|fɨɾˈnɐ̃w dɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ|IPA}}; {{lang-es|Fernando de Magallanes}}, {{IPA-es|feɾˈnando ðe maɣaˈjanes|IPA}}; {{circa}} 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer best known for having planned and led the [[Magellan expedition|1519 Spanish expedition]] to the [[East Indies]] across the Pacific Ocean to open a maritime [[trade route]], during which he discovered the [[Strait of Magellan|interoceanic passage thereafter bearing his name]] and achieved the first European navigation to Asia via the Pacific.',
24 => '',
25 => 'During this voyage, Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]], [[Mactan Island]], now Province of [[Cebu]], Cebu group of islands in 1521 in the present-day [[Philippines]], after running into resistance from the indigenous population led by [[Lapulapu]], who consequently became a Philippine national symbol of resistance to [[colonialism]]. After Magellan's death, [[Juan Sebastián Elcano]] took the lead of the expedition, and with its few other surviving members in one of the two remaining ships, completed the first [[circumnavigation]] of Earth when they returned to Spain in 1522.<ref>Pigafetta, Antonio. ''Magellan's Voyage: A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation'', trans. and ed. Skelton, R.A. (2 vols., New Haven, CT, 1969).</ref><ref>[[Mairin Mitchell|Mitchell, Mairin]]. ''Elcano: The First Circumnavigator'' (London, 1958)</ref>',
26 => '',
27 => 'Born {{circa}} 1480 into a family of minor [[Portuguese nobility]], Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer in service of the Portuguese Crown in Asia. King Manuel refused to support Magellan's plan to reach the [[Maluku Islands]] (the "Spice Islands") by sailing westwards around the American continent. Facing criminal charges, Magellan left Portugal and proposed the same expedition to King [[Charles I of Spain]], who accepted it. Consequently, many in Portugal considered him a traitor and he never returned.<ref>A typical evaluation of Magellan by a contemporary Portuguese historian is that given by Damião de Goes, ''Crónica do felicissimo rei Dom Emanuel'', edited by Texeira de Carvalho e Lopes (4 vols., Coimbra, 1926; originally published 1556), IV, 83–84, who considered Magellan "a disgruntled man who planned the voyage for Castile principally to spite the Portuguese sovereign Manuel".</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Martin|last=Torodash|title=Magellan Historiography|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|date=1971|volume=51|number=2|pages=313–335|doi=10.1215/00182168-51.2.313|doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Seville]] he married, fathered two children, and organised the expedition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kinsella|first=Pat|title=Dire Straits: the story of Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage of discovery|work=BBC History Magazine|date=27 April 2021|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/ferdinand-magellan-fatal-voyage-discovery-first-circumnavigation-globe-story-facts-timeline/ |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref> For his allegiance to the Hispanic Monarchy, in 1518, Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition – the five-ship Armada of Molucca. He was also made Commander of the [[Order of Santiago]], one of the highest military ranks of the [[Spanish Empire]].<ref>Castro, Xavier de (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010). ''Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta et autres témoignages'' (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". {{ISBN|978-2915540574}}</ref>',
28 => '',
29 => 'Granted special powers and privileges by the King, he led the Armada from [[Sanlucar de Barrameda]] southwest across the Atlantic Ocean, to the eastern coast of South America, and down to [[Patagonia]]. Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition successfully passed through the [[Strait of Magellan]] (as it is now named) into the [[South Seas|Mar del Sur]], which Magellan renamed the ''Mar Pacifico'' (the modern Pacific Ocean).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09526b.htm|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|title=Ferdinand Magellan|via=[[NewAdvent.org]]|date=1 October 1910 |access-date=31 October 2010|last=Hartig|first=Otto|volume=9|location=New York|publisher=[[Robert Appleton Company]]}}</ref> The expedition reached [[Guam]] and, shortly after, the [[Philippine islands]]. There Magellan was killed in the [[Battle of Mactan]] in April 1521. Under the command of captain [[Juan Sebastian Elcano]], the expedition later reached the Spice Islands. To navigate back to Spain and avoid seizure by the Portuguese, the expedition's two remaining ships split, one attempting, unsuccessfully, to reach [[New Spain]] by sailing eastwards across the Pacific, while the other, commanded by Elcano, sailed westwards via the Indian Ocean and up the Atlantic coast of Africa, finally arriving at the expedition's port of departure and thereby accomplishing the first complete circuit of the globe.',
30 => '',
31 => 'While in the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]'s service, Magellan had already reached the [[Malay Archipelago]] in Southeast Asia on previous voyages traveling east (from 1505 to 1511–1512). By visiting this area again but now traveling west, Magellan achieved a nearly complete personal circumnavigation of the globe for the first time in history.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Miller|title=Voyages: To the New World and Beyond|page=30|publisher=[[University of Washington Press]]|edition=1st|year=2011|isbn=978-0-295-99115-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7H7tgAACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm|title=Circumnavigations of the Globe to 1800 |access-date=11 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023160813/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/westtech/circumn.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014|first=Steve|last=Dutch|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin-Green Bay]]|date=21 May 1997}}</ref>',
32 => ''
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81 => 'http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/Magellan.html',
82 => 'https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230630195342/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/',
84 => 'https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga',
85 => 'https://archive.today/2012.07.09-201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc',
86 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magellan,_Ferdinand',
87 => 'https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg',
88 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842695',
89 => 'https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil',
90 => 'https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2506024',
91 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506024',
92 => 'https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08438714221123468',
93 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252451072',
94 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433067371306?urlappend=%3Bseq=57',
95 => 'https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433067371306',
96 => 'https://archive.today/2012.12.09-013847/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm',
97 => 'http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm',
98 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&q=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1',
99 => 'http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan',
100 => 'https://www.pbs.org/video/magellans-crossing-kvkexi/',
101 => 'http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/magellan/',
102 => 'http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm',
103 => 'https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049979/Ferdinand-Magellan',
104 => 'http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/italica/Cronologia/secolo16/Magellan/mag_intr.html',
105 => 'https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586389705606'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_travels"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and travels</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Voyage_of_circumnavigation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Voyage of circumnavigation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Background_and_preparations"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background and preparations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Voyage"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Voyage</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Reputation_following_circumnavigation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reputation following circumnavigation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Quincentenary"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Quincentenary</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_travels">Early life and travels</span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg/220px-Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg/330px-Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg/440px-Sabrosa-_Casa_de_Fern%C3%A3o_Magalh%C3%A3es.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4657" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>House in <a href="/wiki/Sabrosa" title="Sabrosa">Sabrosa</a>, Portugal. In the region, there is a belief that Magellan was born there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFugas2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFugas2022-1">[1]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Magellan was born in northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birth_location_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth_location-5">[note 1]</a></sup> His father, Pedro de Magalhães, was a minor member of Portuguese nobility<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200317_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200317-6">[5]</a></sup> and mayor of the town. His mother was Alda de Mezquita.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> Magellan's siblings included Diego de Sosa and Isabel Magellan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOcampo2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOcampo2019-8">[7]</a></sup> He was brought up as a <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Viseu" title="Eleanor of Viseu">Queen Eleanor</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">King John II</a>. In 1495 he entered the service of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a>, John's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>In March 1505, at the age of 25, Magellan enlisted in <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Portuguese_India_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Portuguese India Armada">the fleet of 22 ships</a> sent to host <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> as the first viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>. Although his name does not appear in the chronicles, it is known that he remained there eight years, in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>. He participated in several battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannanore" title="Battle of Cannanore">battle of Cannanore</a> in 1506, where he was wounded, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">Battle of Diu</a> in 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/170px-Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/255px-Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png/340px-Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es_-_Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Effigy of Ferdinand Magellan in the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o_dos_Descobrimentos" title="Padrão dos Descobrimentos">Monument of the Discoveries</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure>
<p>He later sailed under <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> in the first Portuguese embassy to <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>, his friend and possibly cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> In September, after arriving at Malacca, the expedition fell victim to a conspiracy and ended in retreat. Magellan had a crucial role, warning Sequeira and risking his life to rescue Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner199242–43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner199242–43-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1511, under the new governor <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, Magellan and Serrão participated in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">conquest of Malacca</a>. After the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with a rich plunder. In the company of a Malay he had <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured</a> and baptized, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">Enrique of Malacca</a>, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner199250_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner199250-14">[13]</a></sup> Serrão departed in the first expedition sent to find the "<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, where he remained. He married a woman from <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Amboina</a> and became a military advisor to the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Sirrullah" title="Bayan Sirrullah">Bayan Sirrullah</a>. His letters to Magellan later proved decisive, giving information about the spice-producing territories.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>After taking a leave without permission, Magellan fell out of favour. Serving in Morocco, he was wounded, resulting in a permanent limp. He was accused of trading illegally with the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. The accusations were proven false, but he received no further offers of employment after 15 May 1514. Later in 1515, he was offered employment as a crew member on a Portuguese ship, but rejected this. In 1517, after a quarrel with Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests to lead an expedition to reach the Spice Islands from the east (i.e., while sailing westwards, thus avoiding the need to sail around the tip of Africa<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup>), he left for Spain. In <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> he befriended his countryman Diogo Barbosa and soon married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> They had two children: Rodrigo de Magallanes<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> and Carlos de Magallanes, both of whom died at a young age. His wife died in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> around 1521.
</p><p>Meanwhile, Magellan devoted himself to studying the most recent <a href="/wiki/Portolan_charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portolan charts">charts</a>, investigating, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Cosmographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographer">cosmographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rui_Faleiro" title="Rui Faleiro">Rui Faleiro</a>, a gateway from the Atlantic to the South Pacific and the possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Voyage_of_circumnavigation">Voyage of circumnavigation</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armada_de_Molucca" class="mw-redirect" title="Armada de Molucca">Armada de Molucca</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Magellan%E2%80%93Elcano_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation">Timeline of the Magellan–Elcano circumnavigation</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_and_preparations">Background and preparations</span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/220px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/330px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png/440px-Detail_from_a_map_of_Ortelius_-_Magellan%27s_ship_Victoria.png 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1538" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)">Victoria</a></i>, the sole ship of Magellan's fleet to complete the circumnavigation. Detail from a map by <a href="/wiki/Ortelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Ortelius">Ortelius</a>, 1590.</figcaption></figure>
<p>After having his proposed expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> beside <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>—repeatedly rejected by King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, Magellan renounced his Portuguese nationality and turned to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I</a>, the young <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">king</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">emperor</a> Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>V of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>). Under the terms of the 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, Portugal was to control the eastern routes to Asia that went around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in Africa. Magellan instead proposed to seek a southwestern passage around South America to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, a feat never before accomplished. <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Bergreen" title="Laurence Bergreen">Bergreen</a> further states that Magellan claimed to Charles that his Malaccan or Sumatran slave Enrique had been a native of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> and used Enrique and letters from <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Serrão</a> to "prove" that the islands were so far east that they would fall within the Spanish sphere of influence if the world were truly to be divided in half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200330–33_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200330–33-20">[19]</a></sup> (The details of the eastern division implicit in the Tordesillas treaty would later be formalized in the 1529 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>.)
</p><p>King Manuel saw all of this as an insult and did everything in his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. The Portuguese king allegedly ordered that Magellan's properties be vandalized as it was the coat of arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home town, and may have even requested the assassination of the navigator. When Magellan eventually sailed to the open seas in August 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though it failed to capture him.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Magellan's fleet consisted of five ships carrying supplies for two years of travel. The crew consisted of about 270 men of different origins,<sup id="cite_ref-Levinson2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levinson2001-22">[21]</a></sup> though the numbers may vary downwards among scholars based on contradicting data from the many documents available. About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all regions of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>. Portuguese and Italian followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners from France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unidentified origin completed the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200361_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200361-24">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Voyage">Voyage</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Special:EditPage/Ferdinand Magellan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22">"Ferdinand Magellan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyages_of_Magellan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing Magellan's voyages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png/480px-Voyages_of_Magellan.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png/720px-Voyages_of_Magellan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Magellan's voyages; the double line represents Magellan's trip from Portugal to the Moluccas. The single line traces his long, continuous voyage from Spain to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-smith1920p498a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith1920p498a-25">[24]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The fleet left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailing west across the Atlantic toward South America. In December, they made landfall at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. From there, they sailed south along the coast, searching for a way through or around the continent. After three months of searching (including a false start in the estuary of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>), weather conditions forced the fleet to stop their search to wait out the winter. They found a sheltered natural harbor at the port of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_San_Juli%C3%A1n" title="Puerto San Julián">Saint Julian</a>, and remained there for five months. Shortly after landing at St. Julian, there was a mutiny attempt led by the Spanish captains <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Cartagena" title="Juan de Cartagena">Juan de Cartagena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Quesada" title="Gaspar de Quesada">Gaspar de Quesada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Mendoza_(explorer)" title="Luis de Mendoza (explorer)">Luis de Mendoza</a>. Magellan barely managed to quell the mutiny, despite at one point losing control of three of his five ships to the mutineers. Mendoza was killed during the conflict, and Magellan sentenced Quesada and Cartagena to being beheaded and marooned, respectively. Lower-level conspirators were made to do hard labor in chains over the winter, but were later freed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>During the winter, one of the fleet's ships, the <i>Santiago</i>, was lost in a storm while surveying nearby waters, though no men were killed. Following the winter, the fleet resumed their search for a passage to the Pacific in October 1520. Three days later, they found a bay which eventually led them to a strait, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, which allowed them passage through to the Pacific. While exploring the strait, one of the remaining four ships, the <i>San Antonio</i>, deserted the fleet, returning east to Spain. The fleet reached the Pacific by the end of November 1520. Based on the incomplete understanding of world geography at the time, Magellan expected a short journey to Asia, perhaps taking as little as three or four days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974145_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974145-27">[26]</a></sup> In fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty days. The long journey exhausted their supply of food and water, and around 30 men died, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003215_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003215-28">[27]</a></sup> Magellan himself remained healthy, perhaps because of his personal supply of preserved <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>.
</p><p>On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and were met by native <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a> who came aboard the ships and took items such as rigging, knives, and a <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_boat" title="Ship's boat">ship's boat</a>. The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a trade exchange (as they had already given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> Magellan sent a raiding party ashore to retaliate, killing several Chamorro men, burning their houses, and recovering the stolen goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003224–231_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003224–231-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 16 March, the fleet sighted the island of <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a> ("Zamal") in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Islands">Philippine Islands</a>. They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of <a href="/wiki/Homonhon" title="Homonhon">Homonhon</a> ("Humunu"), where they would remain for a week while their sick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of the neighboring island of <a href="/wiki/Suluan" title="Suluan">Suluan</a> ("Zuluan") and traded goods and supplies and learned of the names of neighboring islands and local customs.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowell_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>After resting and resupplying, Magellan sailed on deeper into the <a href="/wiki/Visayan_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan Islands">Visayan Islands</a>. On 28 March, they anchored off the island of <a href="/wiki/Limasawa" title="Limasawa">Limasawa</a> ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">outrigger boat</a> ("boloto"). After talking with the crew of the boat via <a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">Enrique of Malacca</a> (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>), they were met by the two large <a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangay</a> warships ("balanghai") of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajah_Kulambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajah Kulambo (page does not exist)">Rajah Kulambo</a> ("Colambu") of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Butuan">Butuan</a>, and one of his sons. They went ashore to Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Siawi" title="Rajah Siawi">Rajah Siawi</a> ("Siaui") of <a href="/wiki/Surigao_(province)" title="Surigao (province)">Surigao</a> ("Calagan"). The rulers were on a hunting expedition on Limasawa. They received Magellan as their guest and told him of their customs and of the regions they controlled in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. The tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a great amount of golden jewelry and golden artifacts, which piqued Magellan's interest. On 31 March, Magellan's crew held the <a href="/wiki/First_Mass_in_the_Philippines" title="First Mass in the Philippines">first Mass in the Philippines</a>, planting a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Magellan asked the rulers for the next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a> ("Zubu"), because it was the largest. They set off for <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, accompanied by the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port on 7 April.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowell_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowell-31">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141–150">: 141–150 </span></sup>
</p><p>Magellan met with the King of Cebu, <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a>, who asked them for tribute as a trade, thinking they were traders <a href="/wiki/Bartering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartering">bartering</a> with them. Magellan and his men insisted that they did not need to pay tribute as they were sent by the king of Spain, "the most powerful king in the world", and that they were willing to give peace to them if they wanted peace and war if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to ask for any more tribute and welcomed them instead to the Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo). To mark the arrival of Christianity in the Far East, Magellan then planted a <a href="/wiki/Magellan%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan's Cross">Cross</a> on the shorelines of the kingdom. Magellan set about converting the locals, including the king and his wife, Queen Humamay, to Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the king and queen of Spain. After her baptism, the queen asked the Spaniards for the image of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Ceb%C3%BA" title="Santo Niño de Cebú">Santo Niño</a>), which she was drawn to, and begged them for the image in contrition, amidst her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Child Jesus, along with an image of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, and a small cross to the queen as a gesture of goodwill for accepting the new faith. The king then had a <a href="/wiki/Blood_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Compact">Blood Compact</a> with Magellan in order to cement the allegiance of the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. The king then told the Spaniards to go to the island of <a href="/wiki/Mactan" title="Mactan">Mactan</a> to kill his enemy <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>.
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg/240px-Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg/360px-Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg/480px-Magellan%27s_Cross_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magellan%27s_Cross_Pavilion" title="Magellan's Cross Pavilion">Magellan's Cross</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg/240px-Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg/360px-Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg/480px-Original_Image_of_the_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Cebu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>The original image of Santo Niño de Cebú, an image of the Child Jesus given by Magellan to the <a href="/wiki/Cebuanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebuanos">Cebuanos</a>, now enshrined at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Minore_del_Santo_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica Minore del Santo Niño">Basilica Minore del Santo Niño</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Spaniards went to the island of Mactan just as Rajah Humabon told them to. However, they did not initially come by force and wanted to Christianize them. Unlike the people of Cebu who accepted the new religion readily, the King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of the island of Mactan resisted. On 27 April, Magellan and members of his crew attempted to subdue the Mactan natives by force, but in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">ensuing battle</a>, the Europeans were overpowered and Magellan was killed by Lapulapu and his men.
</p><p>Following his death, Magellan was initially succeeded by co-commanders <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">Juan Serrano</a> and Duarte Barbosa (with a series of other officers later leading). The fleet left the Philippines (following a bloody betrayal by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Spanish soldiers on a banquet ruse on the night after the battle for being easily defeated by Lapulapu and the people of Mactan and failing to kill Lapulapu) and eventually made their way to the Moluccas in November 1521. Laden with spices, they attempted to set sail for Spain in December, but found that only one of their remaining two ships, the <i>Victoria</i>, was seaworthy. The <i>Victoria</i>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a>, finally returned to Spain by 6 September 1522, completing the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with the expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974209_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974209-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></div>
<p>After several weeks in the Philippines, Magellan had converted as many as 2,200 locals to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon of Cebu and most leaders of the islands around Cebu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003271_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003271-33">[32]</a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a>, the leader of Mactan,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> resisted conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> In order to gain the trust of Rajah Humabon,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup> Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force on the morning of 27 April 1521. During the resulting battle against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spear (<i><a href="/wiki/Bangkaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkaw">bangkaw</a></i>, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>), and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a> provided written documents of the events culminating in Magellan's death:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When morning came forty-nine of us leaped into the water up to our thighs, and walked through water for more than two crossbow flights before we could reach the shore. The boats could not approach nearer because of certain rocks in the water. The other eleven men remained behind to guard the boats. When we reached land, those men had formed in three divisions to the number of more than one thousand five hundred persons. When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries.... The musketeers and crossbowmen shot from a distance for about a half-hour, but uselessly; for the shots only passed through the shields.... Recognizing the captain, so many turned upon him that they knocked his helmet off his head twice.... An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the Indian's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Antonio Pigafetta<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-39">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173–177">: 173–177 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing of Magellan's body survived, that afternoon the grieving rajah-king, hoping to recover his remains, offered Mactan's victorious chief a handsome ransom of copper and iron for them but Datu Lapulapu refused. He intended to keep the body as a war trophy. Since his wife and child died in Seville before any member of the expedition could return to Spain, it seemed that every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from the earth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ginés de Mafra<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reputation_following_circumnavigation">Reputation following circumnavigation</span></h2>
<p>In the immediate aftermath of the circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan for his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled in Spain and his native Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003406_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003406-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974210_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974210-43">[42]</a></sup> The Portuguese regarded Magellan as a traitor for having sailed for Spain. In Spain, Magellan's reputation suffered due to the largely unflattering accounts of his actions given by the survivors of the expedition.
</p><p>The first news of the expedition came from the crew of the <i>San Antonio</i>, led by <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a>, which deserted the fleet in the Strait of Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521. The deserters were put on trial, but eventually exonerated after producing a distorted version of the mutiny at Saint Julian, and depicting Magellan as disloyal to the king. The expedition was assumed to have perished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003299_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003299-44">[43]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></i> withheld Magellan's salary from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed under house arrest with their young son on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Archbishop Fonseca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003305_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003305-45">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the <i>Victoria</i> in September 1522 were also largely unfavourable to Magellan. Many, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in the mutiny at Saint Julian. On the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, inviting him to bring two guests. He brought sailors Francisco Albo and Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly not including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler. Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed that Magellan refused to follow the king's orders (and gave this as the cause for the mutiny at Saint Julian), and that he unfairly favoured his relatives among the crew, and disfavoured the Spanish captains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003399–402_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003399–402-46">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>One of the few survivors loyal to Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta. Though not invited to testify with Elcano, Pigafetta made his own way to Valladolid and presented Charles with a hand-written copy of his notes from the journey. He would later travel through Europe giving copies to other royals including <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Villiers_de_L%27Isle-Adam" title="Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam">Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam</a>. After returning to his home of Venice, Pigafetta published his diary (as <i>Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo</i>) around 1524. Scholars have come to view Pigafetta's diary as the most thorough and reliable account of the circumnavigation, and its publication helped to eventually counter the misinformation spread by Elcano and the other surviving mutineers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003403–405_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003403–405-47">[46]</a></sup> In an often-cited passage following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle of Mactan, Pigafetta <a href="/wiki/Eulogizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogizes">eulogizes</a> the captain-general:
</p>
<blockquote><p>Magellan's main virtues were courage and perseverance, in even the most difficult situations; for example he bore hunger and fatigue better than all the rest of us. He was a magnificent practical seaman, who understood navigation better than all his pilots. The best proof of his genius is that he circumnavigated the world, none having preceded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974215_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974215-48">[47]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG/220px-Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG/330px-Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG/440px-Map_of_America_by_Sebastian_Munster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>A 1561 map of America showing Magellan's name for the Pacific, <i>Mare pacificum</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, labelled <i>Frenum Magaliani</i></figcaption></figure>
<p>Magellan has come to be renowned for his navigational skill and tenacity. The first circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003414_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003414-49">[48]</a></sup> and even "the most important maritime voyage ever undertaken".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen20032_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen20032-50">[49]</a></sup> Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the failure of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Loa%C3%ADsa_expedition" title="Loaísa expedition">Loaísa expedition</a> in 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003412_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003412-51">[50]</a></sup> The next expedition to successfully complete a circumnavigation, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, would not occur until 1580, 58 years after the return of the <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)">Victoria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003413_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003413-52">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>Magellan named the Pacific Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the <i>Sea of Magellan</i>, in his honor, until the eighteenth century<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup>), and lends his name to the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>. His name has also since been applied to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ferdinand_Magellan" title="List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan">variety of other entities</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds" title="Magellanic Clouds">Magellanic Clouds</a> (two dwarf galaxies visible in the night sky of the southern hemisphere), <a href="/wiki/Project_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Magellan">Project Magellan</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>-era US Navy project to circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan spacecraft</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Quincentenary">Quincentenary</span></h3>
<p>Even though Magellan did not survive the trip, he has received more recognition for the expedition than Elcano has. Since Magellan was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to recognize a Portuguese explorer, and Spain feared Basque nationalism. In 2019, the 500th anniversary of the voyage, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint application to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> to honour the circumnavigation route.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup>
Commemorations of the circumnavigation include:
</p>
<ul><li>An exhibition titled "The Longest Journey: the first circumnavigation" was opened at the <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> by the <a href="/wiki/King_Felipe_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Felipe VI of Spain">King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain" title="Queen Letizia of Spain">Queen</a> of Spain. It was scheduled to be transferred to the <a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_Museoa" title="San Telmo Museoa">San Telmo Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastian</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Moncloa_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moncloa-55">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li>An exhibition entitled <i>Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano</i> opened at the library of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_International_Development_Cooperation" title="Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation">Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation</a> in Madrid. It gave prominence to Pigafetta, the chronicler of the expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Ferdinand_Magellan" title="List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan">List of things named after Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia" title="Chronology of European exploration of Asia">Chronology of European exploration of Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military history of the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-birth_location-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_location_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact birth location is disputed. Possible locations include <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabrosa" title="Sabrosa">Sabrosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Vila Nova de Gaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_da_Barca" title="Ponte da Barca">Ponte da Barca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimões2019-4">[4]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFugas2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFugas2022_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFugas2022">Fugas 2022</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015">Bentley, Wiesner-Hanks & Subrahmanyam 2015</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019">Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimões2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimões2019_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimões2019">Simões 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200317-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200317_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartig1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hartig, Otto (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ferdinand Magellan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ferdinand_Magellan">"Ferdinand Magellan" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Magellan&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Hartig&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOcampo2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOcampo2019_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOcampo2019">Ocampo 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magellan,_Ferdinand" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magellan, Ferdinand">Magellan, Ferdinand</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 302–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magellan%2C+Ferdinand&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=302-304&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Patrick, <i>Renaissance and Reformation</i>, p. 787, Marshall Cavendish, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7650-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7650-4">0-7614-7650-4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Bernstein, <i>A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World</i>, pp. 183–185, Grove Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-4416-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-4416-0">0-8021-4416-0</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-6006-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-6006-4">1-4067-6006-4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner199242–43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner199242–43_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoyner1992">Joyner 1992</a>, pp. 42–43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner199250-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner199250_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoyner1992">Joyner 1992</a>, p. 50.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4067-6006-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4067-6006-4">1-4067-6006-4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.A. Donkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B4IFMnssyqgC">"Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices up to the Arrival of Europeans"</a>, p. 29, Volume 248 of <i>Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society,</i> Diane Publishing, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1">0-87169-248-1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMervyn_D._Kaufman2004" class="citation cs2">Mervyn D. Kaufman (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC"><i>Ferdinand Magellan</i></a>, Capstone Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNCHmeAtgrYC&pg=PA13">13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-2487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7368-2487-3"><bdi>978-0-7368-2487-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Magellan&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7368-2487-3&rft.au=Mervyn+D.+Kaufman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNCHmeAtgrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=141275">"Beatriz Barbosa, 1495"</a>. Geneall.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatriz+Barbosa%2C+1495&rft.pub=Geneall.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneall.net%2FP%2Fper_page.php%3Fid%3D141275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoronha1921">Noronha 1921</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200330–33-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200330–33_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen (2003)</a>, pp. 30–33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGalván2020" class="citation news cs1">Galván, Javier (7 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/370193/that-small-superpower-where-magellan-was-born/">"That small superpower where Magellan was born"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=That+small+superpower+where+Magellan+was+born&rft.date=2020-09-07&rft.aulast=Galv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifestyle.inquirer.net%2F370193%2Fthat-small-superpower-where-magellan-was-born%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Levinson2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson2001_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2001" class="citation cs2">Levinson, Nancy Smiler (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PbBzjBuW8IC&pg=PA39"><i>Magellan and the First Voyage Around the World</i></a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98773-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98773-5"><bdi>978-0-395-98773-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan+and+the+First+Voyage+Around+the+World&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-395-98773-5&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Smiler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PbBzjBuW8IC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSerrano2020" class="citation web cs1">Serrano, Tomás Mazón (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.rutaelcano.com/tripulacion">"T. Elcano, Journey to History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T.+Elcano%2C+Journey+to+History&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s+Maz%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.rutaelcano.com%2Ftripulacion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen200361-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen200361_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 61.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-smith1920p498a-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith1920p498a_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>smith1920p498a</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Magellan">"Ferdinand Magellan – Allegiance to Spain"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Magellan+%E2%80%93+Allegiance+to+Spain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdinand-Magellan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974145-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974145_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1974">Cameron 1974</a>, p. 145.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003215-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003215_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Bryan_Souza2016" class="citation book cs1">George Bryan Souza, Jeffrey S. Turley (2016). <i>The Boxer Codex Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and Ethnography of the Pacific, South-East and East Asia</i>. Brill. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29273-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29273-4"><bdi>978-90-04-29273-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/932684337">932684337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Codex+Transcription+and+Translation+of+an+Illustrated+Late+Sixteenth-Century+Spanish+Manuscript+Concerning+the+Geography%2C+History+and+Ethnography+of+the+Pacific%2C+South-East+and+East+Asia&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932684337&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29273-4&rft.aulast=George+Bryan+Souza&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.+Turley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003224–231-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003224–231_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, pp. 224–231.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nowell-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowell_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowell_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNowell1962" class="citation book cs1">Nowell, C.E. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's account". <i>Magellan's Voyage Around the World</i>. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008001532">2027/mdp.39015008001532</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/347382">347382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antonio+Pigafetta%27s+account&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+Around+the+World&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015008001532&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F347382&rft.aulast=Nowell&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974209-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974209_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1974">Cameron 1974</a>, p. 209.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003271-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003271_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 271.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFABS-CBN_News2019" class="citation news cs1">ABS-CBN News (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/01/19/its-lapulapu-govt-committee-weighs-in-on-correct-spelling-of-filipino-heros-name">"It's Lapulapu: Gov't committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero's name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation" title="ABS-CBN Corporation">ABS-CBN Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=It%27s+Lapulapu%3A+Gov%27t+committee+weighs+in+on+correct+spelling+of+Filipino+hero%27s+name&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.au=ABS-CBN+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fnews%2F05%2F01%2F19%2Fits-lapulapu-govt-committee-weighs-in-on-correct-spelling-of-filipino-heros-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1964" class="citation book cs1">David, Hawthorne (1964). <i>Ferdinand Magellan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_%26_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday & Company, Inc.">Doubleday & Company, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Magellan&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Hawthorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kumustanews.tripod.com/index_files/page0006.htm">"Battle of Mactan Marks Start of Organized Filipino Resistance Vs. Foreign Aggression"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Mactan+Marks+Start+of+Organized+Filipino+Resistance+Vs.+Foreign+Aggression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkumustanews.tripod.com%2Findex_files%2Fpage0006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (13 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/125201/lapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism">"Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Inquirer.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=Lapu-Lapu%2C+Magellan+and+blind+patriotism&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F125201%2Flapu-lapu-magellan-and-blind-patriotism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMojarro2019" class="citation news cs1">Mojarro, Jorge (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/views/imho/244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified">"[Opinion] The anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></i>. Rappler Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=%5BOpinion%5D+The+anger+toward+the+%27Elcano+%26+Magellan%27+film+is+unjustified&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Mojarro&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fviews%2Fimho%2F244538-anger-toward-elcano-magellan-film-unjustified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Robertson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1906" class="citation book cs1">Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magellansvoyagea01piga/page/n9"><i>Magellan's Voyage Around the World</i></a> (1906 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+Around+the+World&rft.edition=1906&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagellansvoyagea01piga%2Fpage%2Fn9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span> tr. James Alexander Robertson</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMonteclar2021" class="citation web cs1">Monteclar, Arthur Paul (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sugbo.ph/2021/weapons-battle-of-mactan/">"Cebuano Weapons Used During the Battle of Mactan"</a>. <i>Sugbo.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sugbo.ph&rft.atitle=Cebuano+Weapons+Used+During+the+Battle+of+Mactan&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Monteclar&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsugbo.ph%2F2021%2Fweapons-battle-of-mactan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1993" class="citation book cs1">Manchester, William (1993). <a href="/wiki/A_World_Lit_Only_by_Fire" title="A World Lit Only by Fire"><i>A World Lit Only by Fire</i></a>. Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54556-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54556-3"><bdi>978-0-316-54556-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Lit+Only+by+Fire&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-316-54556-3&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003406-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003406_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 406.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974210-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974210_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1974">Cameron 1974</a>, p. 210.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003299-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003299_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 299.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003305-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003305_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 305.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003399–402-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003399–402_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, pp. 399–402.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003403–405-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003403–405_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, pp. 403–405.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron1974215-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron1974215_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron1974">Cameron 1974</a>, p. 215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003414-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003414_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 414.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen20032-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen20032_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003412-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003412_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 412.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003413-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergreen2003413_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergreen2003">Bergreen 2003</a>, p. 413.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camino, Mercedes Maroto. <i>Producing the Pacific: Maps and Narratives of Spanish Exploration (1567–1606)</i>, p. 76. 2005.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMinder2019" class="citation news cs1">Minder, Raphael (20 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/spain-portugal-magellan.html">"Who First Circled the Globe? Not Magellan, Spain Wants You to Know"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+First+Circled+the+Globe%3F+Not+Magellan%2C+Spain+Wants+You+to+Know&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Minder&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspain-portugal-magellan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Moncloa-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moncloa_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2019/20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx">"King and Queen of Spain open commemorative exhibition on first circumnavigation by Magellan and Elcano"</a>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+and+Queen+of+Spain+open+commemorative+exhibition+on+first+circumnavigation+by+Magellan+and+Elcano&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamoncloa.gob.es%2Flang%2Fen%2Fgobierno%2Fnews%2FPaginas%2F2019%2F20190912exhibition-vcent.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aecid.es/EN/Paginas/Sala%20de%20Prensa/Agenda/2019/2019_05/31_magallanes.aspx">"Pigafetta: cronista de la primera vuelta al mundo Magallanes Elcano"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pigafetta%3A+cronista+de+la+primera+vuelta+al+mundo+Magallanes+Elcano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aecid.es%2FEN%2FPaginas%2FSala%2520de%2520Prensa%2FAgenda%2F2019%2F2019_05%2F31_magallanes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeaglehole1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaglehole" title="John Beaglehole">Beaglehole, J.C.</a> (1966), <i>The Exploration of the Pacific</i>, London: Adam & Charles Black, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253002380">253002380</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exploration+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+%26+Charles+Black&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253002380&rft.aulast=Beaglehole&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBentley,_Wiesner-Hanks_&_Subrahmanyam2015" class="citation cs2">Bentley, Jerry H.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E.; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, eds. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZtrCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ferdinand+Magellan%22+&pg=PT33">"Introduction (Debates and differences)"</a>, <i>The Cambridge World History: The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1: Foundations</i>, vol. 6, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316297919" title="Special:BookSources/9781316297919"><bdi>9781316297919</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%28Debates+and+differences%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+The+Construction+of+a+Global+World%2C+1400%E2%80%931800+CE%2C+Part+1%3A+Foundations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781316297919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZtrCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Ferdinand%2BMagellan%2522%2B%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCastro,_Xavier_deHamon,_JocelynnThomaz,_Luis_Filipe_de_Castro2007" class="citation cs1">Castro, Xavier de; Hamon, Jocelynn; Thomaz, Luis Filipe de Castro (2007). <i>Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta & autres témoignages</i>. Paris: Chandeigne, coll. "Magellane". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-32-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-32-1"><bdi>978-2-915540-32-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+voyage+de+Magellan+%281519%E2%80%931522%29.+La+relation+d%27Antonio+Pigafetta+%26+autres+t%C3%A9moignages&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Chandeigne%2C+coll.+%22Magellane%22&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-915540-32-1&rft.au=Castro%2C+Xavier+de&rft.au=Hamon%2C+Jocelynn&rft.au=Thomaz%2C+Luis+Filipe+de+Castro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCliffe1885" class="citation cs1">Cliffe, Edward (1885). Hakluyt, Richard (ed.). "The voyage of M. John Winter into the South sea by the Streight of Magellan, in consort with M. Francis Drake, begun in the yeere 1577". <i>The principal navigations, voyages, traffiques and discoveries of the English nation</i>. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+principal+navigations%2C+voyages%2C+traffiques+and+discoveries+of+the+English+nation&rft.atitle=The+voyage+of+M.+John+Winter+into+the+South+sea+by+the+Streight+of+Magellan%2C+in+consort+with+M.+Francis+Drake%2C+begun+in+the+yeere+1577&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Cliffe&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1628" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Drake, Francis</a> (1628), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKoWqdtWZE8C&pg=PP1"><i>The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake: being his next voyage to that to Nombre de Dios Elibron, Classics series, Issue 16 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society</i></a>, Adamant Media Corporation, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9567-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9567-9"><bdi>978-1-4021-9567-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+encompassed+by+Sir+Francis+Drake%3A+being+his+next+voyage+to+that+to+Nombre+de+Dios+Elibron%2C+Classics+series%2C+Issue+16+of+Works+issued+by+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=1628&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-9567-9&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKoWqdtWZE8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2008" class="citation cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2008). N. Stromberg (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823061128/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232"><i>Magellanic Penguin</i></a>. GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=232">the original</a> on 23 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellanic+Penguin&rft.pub=GlobalTwitcher.com&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaltwitcher.com%2Fartspec_information.asp%3Fthingid%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNoronha1921" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noronha, Dom José Manoel de (1921). Imprensa da Universidade (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020324/http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php"><i>Algumas Observações sobre a Naturalidade e a Família de Fernão de Magalhães</i></a> (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Biblioteca Genealogica de Lisboa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgl.org.pt/livro.php?&id=1383&">the original</a> on 7 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algumas+Observa%C3%A7%C3%B5es+sobre+a+Naturalidade+e+a+Fam%C3%ADlia+de+Fern%C3%A3o+de+Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.place=Coimbra&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Genealogica+de+Lisboa&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Noronha&rft.aufirst=Dom+Jos%C3%A9+Manoel+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgl.org.pt%2Flivro.php%3F%26id%3D1383%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStefoff1990" class="citation cs2">Stefoff, Rebecca (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEzOHAAACAAJ"><i>Ferdinand Magellan and the Discovery of the World Ocean</i></a>, Chelsea House Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1291-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1291-8"><bdi>978-0-7910-1291-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Magellan+and+the+Discovery+of+the+World+Ocean&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-1291-8&rft.aulast=Stefoff&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYEzOHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSuárez1999" class="citation cs1">Suárez, Thomas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC"><i>Early mapping of Southeast Asia</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-470-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-470-9"><bdi>978-962-593-470-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+mapping+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-593-470-9&rft.aulast=Su%C3%A1rez&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZG7ZMAbv_jAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
</div>
<p><b>Online sources</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFugas2022" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024">"Sabrosa inaugura percurso pedestre dedicado a Fernão de Magalhães"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Portugal)" title="Público (Portugal)">Público</a></i>, Fugas, 19 December 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221170024/https://www.publico.pt/2022/12/19/fugas/noticia/sabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024">archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=Sabrosa+inaugura+percurso+pedestre+dedicado+a+Fern%C3%A3o+de+Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.pt%2F2022%2F12%2F19%2Ffugas%2Fnoticia%2Fsabrosa-inaugura-percurso-pedestre-dedicado-fernao-magalhaes-2032024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2019" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ocampo, Ambeth</a> (5 July 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/122391/magellans-last-will-and-testament">"Magellan's last will and testament"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">INQUIRER.net</a></i>, INQUIRER.net<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=INQUIRER.net&rft.atitle=Magellan%27s+last+will+and+testament&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F122391%2Fmagellans-last-will-and-testament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSimões2019" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simões, Pedro Olavo (20 September 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/">"Fernão de Magalhães: Acasos e desgraças da primeira volta ao mundo"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jornal_de_Not%C3%ADcias" title="Jornal de Notícias">Jornal de Notícias</a></i> (in European Portuguese), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331023131/https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/">archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jornal+de+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=Fern%C3%A3o+de+Magalh%C3%A3es%3A+Acasos+e+desgra%C3%A7as+da+primeira+volta+ao+mundo&rft.date=2019-09-20&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Olavo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jn.pt%2Fnacional%2Finfografias%2Ffernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSwenson2005" class="citation cs1">Swenson, Tait M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/WestEurope/Magellan.html">"First Circumnavigation of the Globe by Magellan 1519–1522"</a>. <i>The Web Chronology project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Web+Chronology+project&rft.atitle=First+Circumnavigation+of+the+Globe+by+Magellan+1519%E2%80%931522&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=Tait+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenagain.info%2FWebChron%2FWestEurope%2FMagellan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFArquivo_Nacional_Torre_do_Tombo2019" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antt.dglab.gov.pt/exposicoes-virtuais-2/a-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes/">"A viagem de circum-navegação de Fernão de Magalhães"</a>, <i>Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo</i> (in European Portuguese), 4 September 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630195342/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/infografias/fernao-magalhaes-acasos-e-desgracas-da-primeira-volta-ao-mundo-11318571.html/">archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arquivo+Nacional+Torre+do+Tombo&rft.atitle=A+viagem+de+circum-navega%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Fern%C3%A3o+de+Magalh%C3%A3es&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantt.dglab.gov.pt%2Fexposicoes-virtuais-2%2Fa-viagem-de-circum-navegacao-de-fernao-de-magalhaes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<p><b>Primary sources</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPigafetta1906" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Pigafetta, Antonio</a> (1906), <i>Magellan's Voyage around the World</i>, Arthur A. Clark</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+around+the+World&rft.pub=Arthur+A.+Clark&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Pigafetta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span> (orig. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primerviajeentor00piga">Primer viaje en torno del globo</a></i> Retrieved on 2009-04-08)</li>
<li>Magellan (Francis Guillemard, Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gaspar Correa) [2008] Viartis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906421-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906421-00-7">978-1-906421-00-7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximilianus_Transylvanus" title="Maximilianus Transylvanus">Maximilianus Transylvanus</a>, <i>De Moluccis insulis</i>, 1523, 1542</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNowell1962" class="citation cs2">Nowell, Charles E., ed. (1962), <i>Magellan's Voyage around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts</i>, Evanston: NU Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+around+the+World%3A+Three+Contemporary+Accounts&rft.place=Evanston&rft.pub=NU+Press&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFStanley1874"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/2012.07.09-201107/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=424383ff2ffa1020e1afb760b0fe4109;idno=sea061;view=toc">The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan</a></i>, full text, English translation by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanley,_3rd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Henry Stanley, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Lord Stanley of Alderley</a>, London: Hakluyt, [1874] – six contemporary accounts of his voyage</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<p><b>Secondary sources</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Raymond_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Raymond Beazley">Beazley, Charles Raymond</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magellan, Ferdinand"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magellan,_Ferdinand">"Magellan, Ferdinand" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 302–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magellan%2C+Ferdinand&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=302-304&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Charles+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBergreen2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Bergreen" title="Laurence Bergreen">Bergreen, Laurence</a> (2003), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/overedgeofworl00berg"><i>Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe</i></a></span>, William Morrow, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093638-9"><bdi>978-0-06-093638-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+Edge+of+the+World%3A+Magellan%27s+Terrifying+Circumnavigation+of+the+Globe&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093638-9&rft.aulast=Bergreen&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foveredgeofworl00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1974" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Ian (1974). <i>Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/029776568X" title="Special:BookSources/029776568X"><bdi>029776568X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842695">842695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan+and+the+first+circumnavigation+of+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842695&rft.isbn=029776568X&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGuillemard1890" class="citation cs2">Guillemard, Francis Henry Hill (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofferdinandm00guil"><i>The life of Ferdinand Magellan, and the first circumnavigation of the globe, 1480–1521</i></a>, G. Philip<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Ferdinand+Magellan%2C+and+the+first+circumnavigation+of+the+globe%2C+1480%E2%80%931521&rft.pub=G.+Philip&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Guillemard&rft.aufirst=Francis+Henry+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofferdinandm00guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHildebrand1924" class="citation cs2">Hildebrand, Arthur Sturges (1924), <i>Magellan</i>, New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-1413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-1413-5"><bdi>978-1-4179-1413-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+Co&rft.date=1924&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-1413-5&rft.aulast=Hildebrand&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Sturges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner1992" class="citation cs2">Joyner, Tim (1992), <i>Magellan</i>, Camden, Me.: International Marine Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-033128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-033128-0"><bdi>978-0-07-033128-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan&rft.place=Camden%2C+Me.&rft.pub=International+Marine+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-07-033128-0&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNunn1932" class="citation cs2">Nunn, George E. (1932), <i>The Columbus and Magellan Concepts of South American Geography</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbus+and+Magellan+Concepts+of+South+American+Geography&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParr1953" class="citation cs2">Parr, Charles M. (1953), <i>So Noble a Captain: The Life and Times of Ferdinand Magellan</i>, New York: Crowell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8521-7"><bdi>978-0-8371-8521-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Noble+a+Captain%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Ferdinand+Magellan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8521-7&rft.aulast=Parr&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParry1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._H._Parry" title="J. H. Parry">Parry, J.H.</a> (1979), <i>The Discovery of South America</i>, New York: Taplinger</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+South+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taplinger&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParry1981" class="citation cs2">Parry, J.H. (1981), <i>The Discovery of the Sea</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04236-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04236-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Sea&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04236-0&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParry1970" class="citation cs2">Parry, J.H. (1970), <i>The Spanish Seaborne Empire</i>, New York: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07140-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07140-7"><bdi>978-0-520-07140-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Seaborne+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07140-7&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-Mallaína1998" class="citation cs2">Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo E. (1998), <i>Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century</i>, translated by Carla Rahn Phillips, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5746-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5746-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5746-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Men+of+the+Sea%3A+Daily+Life+on+the+Indies+Fleets+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5746-1&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Malla%C3%ADna&rft.aufirst=Pablo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRoditi1972" class="citation cs2">Roditi, Edouard (1972), <i>Magellan of the Pacific</i>, London: Faber & Faber, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-08945-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-08945-1"><bdi>978-0-571-08945-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magellan+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-571-08945-1&rft.aulast=Roditi&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchurz1922" class="citation cs2">Schurz, William L. (May 1922), "The Spanish Lake", <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, <b>5</b> (2): 181–194, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2506024">10.2307/2506024</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506024">2506024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Lake&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-194&rft.date=1922-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2506024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2506024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schurz&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSalonia2022" class="citation cs2">Salonia, Matteo (2022), "Encompassing the Earth: Magellan's Voyage from Its Political Context to Its Expansion of Knowledge", <i>International Journal of Maritime History</i>, <b>34</b> (4): 543–560, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08438714221123468">10.1177/08438714221123468</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252451072">252451072</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Maritime+History&rft.atitle=Encompassing+the+Earth%3A+Magellan%27s+Voyage+from+Its+Political+Context+to+Its+Expansion+of+Knowledge&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=543-560&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F08438714221123468&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252451072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salonia&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFThatcher1907" class="citation cs2">Thatcher, Oliver J., ed. (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433067371306?urlappend=%3Bseq=57">"Magellan's Voyage Round the World"</a>, <i>The Library of Original Sources</i>, vol. V, University Research Extension, pp. 41–57, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433067371306">2027/nyp.33433067371306</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magellan%27s+Voyage+Round+the+World&rft.btitle=The+Library+of+Original+Sources&rft.pages=41-57&rft.pub=University+Research+Extension&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433067371306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433067371306%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Wilford" title="John Noble Wilford">Wilford, John Noble</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/2012.12.09-013847/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm"><i>The Mapmakers</i></a>, New York: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70850-3"><bdi>978-0-375-70850-3</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo33/history_cartography_mapmakers.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mapmakers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70850-3&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmopolis.ch%2Fenglish%2Fcosmo33%2Fhistory_cartography_mapmakers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFZweig1938" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Zweig, Stefan</a> (1938), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLoWg9mMh04C&q=cannanore%201506&pg=PA1"><i>Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan</i></a> (2007 reprint ed.), Read Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-6006-4"><bdi>978-1-4067-6006-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conqueror+of+the+Seas+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+Magellan&rft.edition=2007+reprint&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-6006-4&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLoWg9mMh04C%26q%3Dcannanore%25201506%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Magellan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> on history.com</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/video/magellans-crossing-kvkexi/">PBS Secrets of the Dead: Magellan's Crossing</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyhouse.com/in_history/magellan/">Magellan's untimely demise on Cebu in the Philippines</a> from History House</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armada15001900.net/tripulantesmagallanes.htm">Expedición Magallanes – Juan Sebastian Elcano</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9049979/Ferdinand-Magellan">Encyclopædia Britannica Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/italica/Cronologia/secolo16/Magellan/mag_intr.html">Ferdinand Magellan (Bibliotheca Augustana)</a></li></ul>
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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magellan_expedition" title="Template talk:Magellan expedition"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Magellan_expedition&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magellan_expedition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">Magellan expedition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Magellan_expedition" title="Timeline of the Magellan expedition">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crew</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Ayamonte" title="Martín de Ayamonte">Martín de Ayamonte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Cartagena" title="Juan de Cartagena">Juan de Cartagena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Quesada" title="Gaspar de Quesada">Gaspar de Quesada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Andrés de San Martín">Andrés de San Martín</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">João Serrão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Mendoza_(explorer)" title="Luis de Mendoza (explorer)">Luis de Mendoza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">Enrique of Malacca</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_(carrack)" title="Concepción (carrack)">Concepción</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_(ship)" title="Trinidad (ship)">Trinidad</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)">Victoria</a></i></li>
<li><i>Santiago</i></li>
<li><i>San Antonio</i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-expedition people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rui_Faleiro" title="Rui Faleiro">Rui Faleiro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Haro" title="Christopher de Haro">Christopher de Haro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Reinel" title="Jorge Reinel">Jorge Reinel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro_(cartographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)">Diogo Ribeiro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximilianus_Transylvanus" title="Maximilianus Transylvanus">Maximilianus Transylvanus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapulapu" title="Lapulapu">Lapulapu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Matanda" title="Rajah Matanda">Rajah Ache</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Humabon" title="Rajah Humabon">Rajah Humabon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Battle of Mactan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Mass_in_the_Philippines" title="First Mass in the Philippines">First Mass in the Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan Shrine">Magellan Shrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magellan%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan's Cross">Magellan's Cross</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/Patagon" title="Patagon">Patagonian giants</a>"</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_San_Juli%C3%A1n" title="Puerto San Julián">Puerto San Julián</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o_de_Ceb%C3%BA" title="Santo Niño de Cebú">Santo Niño de Cebú</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2021_Quincentennial_Commemorations_in_the_Philippines" title="2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines">2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Edge_of_the_World" title="Over the Edge of the World">Over the Edge of the World</a></i> <small>(2003 book)</small></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Elcano_%26_Magellan:_The_First_Voyage_Around_the_World" title="Elcano & Magellan: The First Voyage Around the World">Elcano & Magellan: The First Voyage Around the World</a></i> <small>(2019 film)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Gon%C3%A7alves_Baldaia" title="Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia">Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Antão Gonçalves">Antão Gonçalves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antoniotto_Usodimare" title="Antoniotto Usodimare">Antoniotto Usodimare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeu Perestrelo">Bartolomeu Perestrelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Afonso" title="Diogo Afonso">Diogo Afonso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Melo_Coutinho_(15th_century)" title="Diogo de Melo Coutinho (15th century)">Diogo de Melo Coutinho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Silves" title="Diogo de Silves">Diogo de Silves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive" title="Diogo de Teive">Diogo de Teive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Castro" title="Fernando de Castro">Fernando de Castro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_de_Sintra" title="Gonçalo de Sintra">Gonçalo de Sintra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Velho_Cabral" title="Gonçalo Velho Cabral">Gonçalo Velho Cabral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Trasto" title="João de Trasto">João de Trasto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_(explorer)" title="João Fernandes (explorer)">João Fernandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7arote_de_Freitas" title="Lançarote de Freitas">Lançarote de Freitas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sintra" title="Pedro de Sintra">Pedro de Sintra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_Vaz_Teixeira" title="Tristão Vaz Teixeira">Tristão Vaz Teixeira</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Martins" title="Álvaro Martins">Álvaro Martins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gon%C3%A7alves_(explorer)" title="André Gonçalves (explorer)">André Gonçalves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Saldanha" title="António de Saldanha">António de Saldanha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Galv%C3%A3o" title="António Galvão">António Galvão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Jacques" title="Cristóvão Jacques">Cristóvão Jacques</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_da_Rocha" title="Diogo da Rocha">Diogo da Rocha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dias" title="Diogo Dias">Diogo Dias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Fernandes_Pereira" title="Diogo Fernandes Pereira">Diogo Fernandes Pereira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Rodrigues" title="Diogo Rodrigues">Diogo Rodrigues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Soares" title="Diogo Soares">Diogo Soares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Loronha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3" title="Fernão do Pó">Fernão do Pó</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Lemos" title="Gaspar de Lemos">Gaspar de Lemos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gomes_de_Sequeira" title="Gomes de Sequeira">Gomes de Sequeira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_%C3%81lvares" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_do_Estreito" title="João Afonso do Estreito">João Afonso do Estreito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="João da Gama">João da Gama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Santar%C3%A9m" title="João de Santarém">João de Santarém</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grego" title="João Grego">João Grego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Infante" title="João Infante">João Infante</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">João Serrão</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Lopes Gonçalves">Lopes Gonçalves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Dias" title="Pero Dias">Pero Dias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Escobar" title="Pero Escobar">Pero Escobar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Alexandre de Serpa Pinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_de_Almada" title="André Álvares de Almada">André Álvares de Almada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lacerda" title="Francisco de Lacerda">Francisco de Lacerda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_da_Silveira" title="Gonçalo da Silveira">Gonçalo da Silveira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_de_Oliveira_Anchieta" title="José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta">José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sapateiro" title="José Sapateiro">José Sapateiro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Porto_(explorer)" title="Silva Porto (explorer)">Silva Porto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_Ferreira" title="Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira">Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Fernandes" title="Baltasar Fernandes">Baltasar Fernandes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Borba_Gato" title="Borba Gato">Borba Gato</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_Cubas" title="Brás Cubas">Brás Cubas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Diogo Álvares Correia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Soares_Moreno" title="Martim Soares Moreno">Martim Soares Moreno</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Madalena" title="António da Madalena">António da Madalena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Veloso" title="Diogo Veloso">Diogo Veloso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In foreign service</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_del_Canto" title="Alberto del Canto">Alberto del Canto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Ura" title="George Ura">George Ura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alfonse" title="Jean Alfonse">Jean Alfonse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Mederos" title="Manuel de Mederos">Manuel de Mederos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1o_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Lobo" title="Ñuño Fernández Lobo">Ñuño Fernández Lobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_Soromenho" title="Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho">Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1832186/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121361727">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62790350">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90596614">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037902">Chile</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1011893">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935241t">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935241t">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518452406706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117518530">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264839905171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000145242">Finland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039489">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhlmwm0rwtplr">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621047">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701114&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35321625">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record304343">Greece</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record81156">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201619801">Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06893730X">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586389705606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/20208">Portugal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/12866">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05607365?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/39579">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117518530.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/911000">Trove</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xp7429">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027274764">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1694698019' |