Examine individual changes

'@@ -3,47 +3,47 @@ {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} {{speciesbox -| image = Catnip flowers.jpg -| image_caption = Catnip flowers -| genus = Nepeta -| species = cataria -| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN" /> +| image=Catnip flowers.jpg +| image_caption=Catnip flowers +| genus=Nepeta +| species=cataria +| authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN" /> }} -'''''Nepeta cataria''''', commonly known as '''catnip''', '''catswort''', '''catwort''', and '''catmint''', is a [[species]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Nepeta]]'' in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Lamiaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to southern and eastern [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]], and parts of [[China]]. It is widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in northern Europe, [[New Zealand]], and [[North America]].<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date=7 April 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=134509 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122138 Flora of China Vol. 17 p. 107 荆芥属 jing jie shu ''Nepeta'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 570. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Nepeta Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Nepeta''] includes photos plus range maps for Europe and North America</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip! {{!}} General Cat Articles|url = http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|website = www.cat-world.com.au|access-date = 6 October 2015|first = Julia|last = Wilson|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150206132508/http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|archive-date = 6 February 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> The common name [[catmint]] can also refer to the genus as a whole. +'''''Nepeta cataria''''', commonly known as '''catnip''', '''catswort''', '''catwort''', and '''catmint''', is a [[species]] of the [[genus]] ''[[Nepeta]]'' in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Lamiaceae]], [[native plant|native]] to southern and eastern [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]], and parts of [[China]]. It is widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in northern Europe, [[New Zealand]], and [[North America]].<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |access-date=7 April 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=134509 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122138 Flora of China Vol. 17 p. 107 荆芥属 jing jie shu ''Nepeta'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 570. 1753. ]</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Nepeta Altervista Flora Italiana, genere ''Nepeta''] includes photos plus range maps for Europe and North America</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip! {{!}} General Cat Articles|url= http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|website=www.cat-world.com.au|access-date=6 October 2015|first=Julia|last=Wilson|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150206132508/http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The common name [[catmint]] can also refer to the genus as a whole. -The names ''catnip'' and ''catmint'' are derived from the intense attraction about two-thirds of [[Felidae|cat]]s have toward it ([[#Felines not affected by catnip|alternative plants exist]]).<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal|last1=Bol|first1=Sebastiaan|title=Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (''Lonicera tatarica''), valerian (''Valeriana officinalis'') and catnip (''Nepeta cataria'')|journal=BMC Veterinary Research|date=16 March 2017|doi=10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6|pmid=28302120|volume=13|issue=1|pmc=5356310|page=70 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Cat World">{{Cite web|title=Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip!|url=http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|website=Cat-World.com.au|publisher=Cat World|year=2014|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206132508/http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to its uses with cats, catnip is an ingredient in some [[herbal tea]]s (or tisanes), and is valued for its [[sedative]] and [[relaxant]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grognet |first1=Jeff |title=Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=455–456 |pmc=1480656 |year=1990 |pmid=17423611 }}</ref> +The names ''catnip'' and ''catmint'' are derived from the intense attraction about two-thirds of [[Felidae|cat]]s have toward it ([[#Felines not affected by catnip|alternative plants exist]]).<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com">{{cite journal |last1=Bol |first1=Sebastiaan |title=Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (''Actinidia polygama''), Tatarian honeysuckle (''Lonicera tatarica''), valerian (''Valeriana officinalis'') and catnip (''Nepeta cataria'') |journal=BMC Veterinary Research |date=16 March 2017 |doi=10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6 |pmid=28302120 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pmc=5356310 |page=70 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Cat World">{{Cite web|title=Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip!|url= http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|website=Cat-World.com.au|publisher=Cat World |date=2014 |access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150206132508/http://www.cat-world.com.au/all-about-catnip|archive-date=6 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to its uses with cats, catnip is an ingredient in some [[herbal tea]]s (or tisanes), and is valued for its [[sedative]] and [[relaxant]] properties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grognet |first1=Jeff |title=Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=455–456 |pmc=1480656 |date=1990 |pmid=17423611}}</ref> ==Description== -''Nepeta cataria'' is a short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]], [[herbaceous plant]] that grows to be {{convert|50|-|100|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} tall and wide, and that blooms from late spring to autumn. In appearance, ''N. cataria'' resembles a typical member of the [[Mentha|mint]] family of plants, featuring brown-green foliage with the characteristic square stem of the plant family Lamiaceae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/familygenera.asp?Family=Lamiaceaestem |title=UW-Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium: Family Genera |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173214/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/familygenera.asp?Family=Lamiaceaestem |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coarse-toothed leaves are triangular to elliptical in shape.<ref name="mbot">[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/e433/nepeta-cataria.aspx Missouri Botanical Garden: ''Nepeta cataria'' (Catmint)] . Retrieved 1 October 2013</ref> The small, bilabiate [[flower]]s of ''N. cataria'' are fragrant and are either pink in colour or white with fine spots of pale purple.<ref name="mbot"/> +''Nepeta cataria'' is a short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]], [[herbaceous plant]] that grows to be {{convert|50|-|100|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} tall and wide, and that blooms from late spring to autumn. In appearance, ''N. cataria'' resembles a typical member of the [[Mentha|mint]] family of plants, featuring brown-green foliage with the characteristic square stem of the plant family Lamiaceae.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/familygenera.asp?Family=Lamiaceaestem |title=UW-Stevens Point Freckmann Herbarium: Family Genera |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173214/http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/familygenera.asp?Family=Lamiaceaestem |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The coarse-toothed leaves are triangular to elliptical in shape.<ref name="mbot">[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/e433/nepeta-cataria.aspx Missouri Botanical Garden: ''Nepeta cataria'' (Catmint)] . Retrieved 1 October 2013</ref> The small, bilabiate [[flower]]s of ''N. cataria'' are fragrant and are either pink in colour or white with fine spots of pale purple.<ref name="mbot"/> ==Taxonomy== -''Nepeta cataria'' was one of the many species [[species description|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753 in his landmark work ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Linnaeus C | title=Species Plantarum| publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm | year=1753|chapter= Tomus&nbsp;II | volume=2| chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358591 | page=570 |language=la}}</ref> He had previously described it in 1738 as ''{{lang|la|Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis}}'' (meaning "''Nepeta'' with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike"), before the commencement of [[Linnaean taxonomy]].<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |author=Roger Spencer, Rob Cross & Peter Lumley |year=2007 |title=Plant Names: a Guide to Botanical Nomenclature |edition=3rd |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=9780643099456 |chapter=Latin names, the binomial system and plant classification |pages=14–15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqTt-Oewk-8C&pg=PA14}}</ref> +''Nepeta cataria'' was one of the many species [[species description|described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753 in his landmark work ''[[Species Plantarum]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum| publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |date=1753 |chapter=Tomus&nbsp;II |volume=2 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358591 |page=570 |language=la}}</ref> He had previously described it in 1738 as ''{{lang|la|Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis}}'' (meaning '<nowiki />''Nepeta'' with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike'), before the commencement of [[Linnaean taxonomy]].<ref name="Spencer">{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Spencer |first2=Rob |last2=Cross |first3=Peter |last3=Lumley |date=2007 |title=Plant Names: a Guide to Botanical Nomenclature |edition=3rd |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=9780643099456 |chapter=Latin names, the binomial system and plant classification |pages=14–15 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqTt-Oewk-8C&pg=PA14}}</ref> ==Uses== {{multiple image -| align = right -| direction = horizontal -| image1 = Nepeta cataria Sturm24.jpg -| width1 = 175 -| image2 = Starr 070906-8819 Nepeta cataria.jpg -| width2 = 192 +| align=right +| direction=horizontal +| image1=Nepeta cataria Sturm24.jpg +| width1=175 +| image2=Starr 070906-8819 Nepeta cataria.jpg +| width2=192 }} -The plant [[terpenoid]] [[nepetalactone]] is the main chemical constituent of the essential oil of ''Nepeta cataria''. Nepetalactone can be extracted from catnip by [[steam distillation]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.instructables.com/id/EMDCESQF2DSDRAG/ | title = DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent catnip extract | work = [[Instructables]] | date = 3 June 2007 | access-date = 14 February 2009 | archive-date = 12 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070712035206/http://www.instructables.com/id/EMDCESQF2DSDRAG/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> +The plant [[terpenoid]] [[nepetalactone]] is the main chemical constituent of the essential oil of ''Nepeta cataria''. Nepetalactone can be extracted from catnip by [[steam distillation]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.instructables.com/id/EMDCESQF2DSDRAG/ |title=DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent catnip extract |work=[[Instructables]] |date=3 June 2007 |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=12 July 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070712035206/http://www.instructables.com/id/EMDCESQF2DSDRAG/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Cultivation=== ''Nepeta cataria'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] for use in gardens. It is also grown for its attractant qualities to [[house cat]]s and [[butterfly|butterflies]].<ref name="mbot" /> -The plant is [[Xerophyte|drought-tolerant]] and [[deer]]-resistant. It can be a repellent for certain insects, including [[aphid]]s and [[squash bug]]s.<ref name="mbot" /> Catnip is best grown in full sunlight and grows as a loosely branching, low perennial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bonnieplants.com/growing/growing-catnip/|title=Growing Catnip – Bonnie Plants|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-27}}</ref> +The plant is [[Xerophyte|drought-tolerant]] and [[deer]]-resistant. It can be a repellent for certain insects, including [[aphid]]s and [[squash bug]]s.<ref name="mbot" /> Catnip is best grown in full sunlight and grows as a loosely branching, low perennial.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://bonnieplants.com/growing/growing-catnip/|title=Growing Catnip – Bonnie Plants |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> -Varieties include ''Nepeta cataria'' var. ''citriodora'' (or ''N. cataria'' subsp. ''citriodora''), or "lemon catnip",<ref>{{cite book |title= The Aromatherapy Garden: Growing Fragrant Plants for Happiness and Well-Being |author= Kathi Keville |edition= illustrated |publisher= Timber Press |year= 2016 |isbn= 978-1604695496 |page= 133}}</ref> named after its lemon-scented leaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepeta cataria var. citriodora {{!}} lemon catmint Herbaceous Perennial|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/221236/nepeta-cataria-var-citriodora/details |website=RHS Gardening |language=en-gb}}</ref> +Varieties include ''Nepeta cataria'' var. ''citriodora'' (or ''N. cataria'' subsp. ''citriodora''), or "lemon catnip",<ref>{{cite book |title=The Aromatherapy Garden: Growing Fragrant Plants for Happiness and Well-Being |first=Kathi |last=Keville |edition=illustrated |publisher=Timber Press |date=2016 |isbn=9781604695496 |page=133}}</ref> named after its lemon-scented leaves.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepeta cataria var. citriodora {{!}} lemon catmint Herbaceous Perennial |url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/221236/nepeta-cataria-var-citriodora/details |website=RHS Gardening}}</ref> ===Biological control=== -The [[iridoid]] that is deposited on cats who have rubbed themselves against the plants and scratched the surfaces of catnip and silver vine (''Actinidia polygama'') leaves repels mosquitoes.<ref>Reiko Uenoyama, Tamako Miyazaki, Masaatsu Adachi, Toshio Nishikawa, Jane L. Hurst, Masao Miyazaki, ''[https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)00726-X Domestic cat damage to plant leaves containing iridoids enhances chemical repellency to pests]'', Iscience, Cell.com, June 14, 2022 {{doi|10.1016/j.isci.2022.104455}} </ref> The compound [[iridodial]], an iridoid extracted from catnip oil, has been found to attract [[lacewings]] that eat aphids and mites.<ref>Agricultural Research. May/Jun2007, vol. 55 Issue 5, p. 7-7. 1p.</ref> +The [[iridoid]] that is deposited on cats who have rubbed themselves against the plants and scratched the surfaces of catnip and silver vine (''Actinidia polygama'') leaves repels mosquitoes.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Reiko |last1=Uenoyama |first2=Tamako |last2=Miyazaki |first3=Masaatsu |last3=Adachi |first4=Toshio |last4=Nishikawa |first5=Jane L. |last5=Hurst |first6=Masao |last6=Miyazaki |url= https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)00726-X |title=Domestic cat damage to plant leaves containing iridoids enhances chemical repellency to pests |journal=IScience |via=Cell.com |date=14 June 2022 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.104455}}</ref> The compound [[iridodial]], an iridoid extracted from catnip oil, has been found to attract [[lacewings]] that eat aphids and mites.<ref>Agricultural Research. May/Jun2007, vol. 55 Issue 5, p. 7-7. 1p.</ref> ===As an insect repellent=== -Nepetalactone is a mosquito and [[fly repellent]].<ref name="Kingsley">{{cite web | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_355524.htm | title = Catnip sends mozzies flying | first = Danny | last = Kingsley | work = ABC Science Online | date = 3 September 2001 | access-date = 14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>Junwei J. Zhu, Christopher A. Dunlap, Robert W. Behle, Dennis R. Berkebile, Brian Wienhold. (2010). Repellency of a wax-based catnip-oil formulation against stable flies. ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'', ''58''&nbsp;(23): 12320–12326 (8 Nov 2010, {{doi|10.1021/jf102811k}}).</ref> Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches, and termites.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url = http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schultz001.pdf | title = Natural Products for Pest Management | publisher = [[American Chemical Society]] | chapter = Natural Insect Repellents: Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches | first1 = Gretchen | last1 = Schultz | first2 = Chris | last2 = Peterson | first3 = Joel | last3 = Coats | editor1-first = Agnes M. | editor1-last = Rimando | editor2-first = Stephen O. | editor2-last = Duke | year=2006 | series = ACS Symposium Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/news/110 | title = Termites Repelled by Catnip Oil | date = 26 March 2003 | publisher = Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service}}</ref> Research suggests that, while a more effective spatial repellant than [[DEET]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/08/010828075659.htm|title=Catnip Repels Mosquitoes More Effectively Than DEET|website=www.sciencedaily.com|access-date=2016-07-16}}</ref> when compared with [[SS220]] or DEET, it is not so effective as a repellent as it is when used on the skin of humans.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Chauhan, K.R. | year = 2005 | title = Feeding Deterrent Effects of Catnip Oil Components Compared with Two Synthetic Amides Against Aedes aegypti | journal = [[Journal of Medical Entomology]] | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 643–646 | doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0643:FDEOCO]2.0.CO;2 | last2 = Klun | first2 = Jerome A. | last3 = Debboun | first3 = Mustapha | last4 = Kramer | first4 = Matthew | pmid=16119554| s2cid = 13711455 | url = https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3045&content=PDF }}</ref> +Nepetalactone is a mosquito and [[fly repellent]].<ref name="Kingsley">{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/health/HealthRepublish_355524.htm |title=Catnip sends mozzies flying |first=Danny |last=Kingsley |work=ABC Science Online |date=3 September 2001 |access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>Junwei J. Zhu, Christopher A. Dunlap, Robert W. Behle, Dennis R. Berkebile, Brian Wienhold. (2010). Repellency of a wax-based catnip-oil formulation against stable flies. ''Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry'', ''58''&nbsp;(23): 12320–12326 (8 Nov 2010, {{doi|10.1021/jf102811k}}).</ref> Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches, and termites.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schultz001.pdf |title=Natural Products for Pest Management |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |chapter=Natural Insect Repellents: Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches |first1=Gretchen |last1=Schultz |first2=Chris |last2=Peterson |first3=Joel |last3=Coats |editor1-first=Agnes M. |editor1-last=Rimando |editor2-first=Stephen O. |editor2-last=Duke |date=2006 |series=ACS Symposium Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/news/110 |title=Termites Repelled by Catnip Oil |date=26 March 2003 |publisher=Southern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture – Forest Service}}</ref> Research suggests that, while a more effective spatial repellant than [[DEET]],<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/08/010828075659.htm |title=Catnip Repels Mosquitoes More Effectively Than DEE |website=ScienceDaily.com |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> when compared with [[SS220]] or DEET, it is not so effective as a repellent as it is when used on the skin of humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chauhan |first=K. R. |date=2005 |title=Feeding Deterrent Effects of Catnip Oil Components Compared with Two Synthetic Amides Against Aedes aegypti |journal=[[Journal of Medical Entomology]] |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=643–646 |doi=10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0643:FDEOCO]2.0.CO;2 |last2=Klun |first2=Jerome A. |last3=Debboun |first3=Mustapha |last4=Kramer |first4=Matthew |pmid=16119554| s2cid=13711455 |url= https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=3045&content=PDF}}</ref> ===Effect of ingestion on humans=== -Catnip has a history of use in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments such as stomach cramps, indigestion, fevers, hives, and nervous conditions.<ref name="Grognet">{{cite journal |author=Grognet J |title=Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=455–456 |date=June 1990 |pmid=17423611 |pmc=1480656}}</ref> The plant has been consumed as a tisane, juice, [[tincture]], infusion, or poultice, and has also been smoked.<ref name="Grognet" /> However, its medicinal use has fallen out of favor with the development of modern medicine.<ref name="Grognet" /> +Catnip has a history of use in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments such as stomach cramps, indigestion, fevers, hives, and nervous conditions.<ref name="Grognet">{{cite journal |last=Grognet |first=J. |title=Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present|journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=455–456 |date=June 1990 |pmid=17423611 |pmc=1480656}}</ref> The plant has been consumed as a tisane, juice, [[tincture]], infusion, or poultice, and has also been smoked.<ref name="Grognet" /> However, its medicinal use has fallen out of favor with the development of modern medicine.<ref name="Grognet" /> ===Effect on felines=== @@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ [[File:Catnip-effects.jpg|thumb|300px|Effects of catnip on most domestic cats include rolling, pawing, and frisking. For cats not biologically affected by catnip, there may be several alternatives, including valerian root and leaves, silver vine, and [[Lonicera tatarica|Tatarian honeysuckle]] wood.]] -Catnip contains the feline attractant [[nepetalactone]]. ''N. cataria'' (and some other species within the genus ''Nepeta'') are known for their [[Recreational drug use in animals|behavioral effects]] on the cat family, not only on [[domestic cat]]s, but also other species.<ref name="Grognet"/> Several tests showed that [[leopard]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[serval]]s, and [[lynx]]es often reacted strongly to catnip in a manner similar to domestic cats. [[Lion]]s and [[tigers]] may react strongly as well, but they do not react consistently in the same fashion.<ref>Reader's Digest: [http://www.readersdigest.ca/pets/fun-facts/does-catnip-work-big-cats-lions-and-tigers/ Does Catnip "Work" On Big Cats Like Lions And Tigers?] Accessed 22 May 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]]|title=Q: Do Tigers Like Catnip?|date=2 Aug 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tklx3j7kgJY| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/tklx3j7kgJY| archive-date=2021-11-03 | url-status=live|people=Chris Poole|access-date=2 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]]|title=Q: Do Tigers Like Catnip? Part 2|date=19 Mar 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OPA1bZwOWc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/_OPA1bZwOWc| archive-date=2021-11-03 | url-status=live|people=Chris Poole|access-date=22 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Durand">{{cite web | url = http://www.catsplay.com/thedailycat/2003-04-14/mind_happycat/heavenly_catnip/heavenly_catnip.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130515082417/http://www.catsplay.com/thedailycat/2003-04-14/mind_happycat/heavenly_catnip/heavenly_catnip.html | title = Heavenly Catnip | first = Marcella | last = Durand | date = 4 March 2003 | work = CatsPlay.com | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 15 May 2013}}</ref> +Catnip contains the feline attractant [[nepetalactone]]. ''N. cataria'' (and some other species within the genus ''Nepeta'') are known for their [[Recreational drug use in animals|behavioral effects]] on the cat family, not only on [[domestic cat]]s, but also other species.<ref name="Grognet"/> Several tests showed that [[leopard]]s, [[cougar]]s, [[serval]]s, and [[lynx]]es often reacted strongly to catnip in a manner similar to domestic cats. [[Lion]]s and [[tigers]] may react strongly as well, but they do not react consistently in the same fashion.<ref>Reader's Digest: [http://www.readersdigest.ca/pets/fun-facts/does-catnip-work-big-cats-lions-and-tigers/ Does Catnip "Work" On Big Cats Like Lions And Tigers?] Accessed 22 May 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]] |title=Q: Do Tigers Like Catnip? |date=2 August 2010 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tklx3j7kgJY |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/tklx3j7kgJY |archive-date=3 November 2021 |url-status=live |people=Poole, Chris |access-date=2 January 2015 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |publisher=[[Big Cat Rescue]] |title=Q: Do Tigers Like Catnip? Part 2 |date=19 March 2013 |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OPA1bZwOWc |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/_OPA1bZwOWc |archive-date=3 November 2021 |url-status=live |people=Poole, Chris |access-date=22 March 2015 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Durand">{{cite web |url= http://www.catsplay.com/thedailycat/2003-04-14/mind_happycat/heavenly_catnip/heavenly_catnip.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130515082417/http://www.catsplay.com/thedailycat/2003-04-14/mind_happycat/heavenly_catnip/heavenly_catnip.html |title=Heavenly Catnip |first=Marcella |last=Durand |date=4 March 2003 |work=CatsPlay.com |access-date=2 January 2015 |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> -With domestic cats, ''N. cataria'' is used as a recreational substance for the enjoyment of pet cats, and catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers. Common behaviors cats display when they sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip are rubbing on the plant, rolling on the ground, pawing at it, licking it, and chewing it. Consuming much of the plant is followed by drooling, sleepiness, anxiety, leaping about, and [[purr]]ing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=Catnip Overdose or Something More Serious? - TheCatSpace |url=https://thecatspace.com/how-to-identify-catnip-overdose/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Some growl, [[meow]], scratch, or bite at the hand holding it.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Becker |first1= Marty |last2= Spadafori |first2= Gina |title= Why Do Cats Always Land on Their Feet?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Feline Unfathomables, Medical Mysteries and Befuddling Behaviors |location= Deerfield Beach, Florida |publisher= Health Communications, Inc. |year= 2006 |isbn= 0757305733 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/whydocatsalwaysl00mart }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=PRINT&A=2396 |author= Spadafori, Gina |date= 2006 |title= Here, Boy! |publisher= Universal Press Syndicate |access-date= 3 May 2014}}</ref> The main response period after exposure is generally between 5 and 15 minutes, after which [[olfactory fatigue]] usually sets in;<ref name="Moore2007">{{cite book|author=Arden Moore|title=The Cat Behavior Answer Book: Solutions to Every Problem You'll Ever Face; Answers to Every Question You'll Ever Ask |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nqq6ZgBCtn8C&pg=PT107 |access-date=18 July 2013|year=2007|publisher=Storey|isbn=978-1603421799}}</ref>{{rp|p.107}} however, about one-third of cats are not affected by catnip.<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com"/><ref name="Cat World"/><ref name="Grognet" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats | title = How does catnip work its magic on cats? | first = Ramona | last = Turner | work = [[Scientific American]] | date = 29 May 2007 | access-date = 14 February 2009}}</ref> The behavior is [[hereditary]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stromberg|first=Joseph|date=2014-09-12|title=How catnip gets your cat high|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/9/12/6136451/catnip-cats-science|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> +With domestic cats, ''N. cataria'' is used as a recreational substance for the enjoyment of pet cats, and catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers. Common behaviors cats display when they sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip are rubbing on the plant, rolling on the ground, pawing at it, licking it, and chewing it. Consuming much of the plant is followed by drooling, sleepiness, anxiety, leaping about, and [[purr]]ing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Catnip Overdose or Something More Serious? - TheCatSpace |url= https://thecatspace.com/how-to-identify-catnip-overdose/ |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref> Some growl, [[meow]], scratch, or bite at the hand holding it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Becker |first1=Marty |last2=Spadafori |first2= Gina |title=Why Do Cats Always Land on Their Feet? 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Feline Unfathomables, Medical Mysteries and Befuddling Behaviors |location=Deerfield Beach, Florida |publisher= Health Communications |date=2006 |isbn=0757305733 |url-access=registration |url= https://archive.org/details/whydocatsalwaysl00mart}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=PRINT&A=2396 |last=Spadafori |first=Gina |date=2006 |title=Here, Boy! |publisher=Universal Press Syndicate |access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> The main response period after exposure is generally between 5 and 15 minutes, after which [[olfactory fatigue]] usually sets in;<ref name="Moore2007">{{cite book |first=Arden |last=Moore |title=The Cat Behavior Answer Book: Solutions to Every Problem You'll Ever Face; Answers to Every Question You'll Ever Ask |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Nqq6ZgBCtn8C&pg=PT107 |access-date=18 July 2013 |date=2007 |publisher=Storey |isbn=9781603421799}}</ref>{{rp|p.107}} however, about one-third of cats are not affected by catnip.<ref name="bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com"/><ref name="Cat World"/><ref name="Grognet" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=experts-how-does-catnip-work-on-cats |title=How does catnip work its magic on cats? |first=Ramona |last=Turner |work=[[Scientific American]] |date=29 May 2007 |access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> The behavior is [[hereditary]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stromberg |first=Joseph |date=12 September 2014 |title=How catnip gets your cat high |url= https://www.vox.com/2014/9/12/6136451/catnip-cats-science |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=Vox}}</ref> -Cats detect nepetalactone through their [[olfactory epithelium]], not through their [[vomeronasal organ]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Analysis of the catnip reaction: mediation by olfactory system, not vomeronasal organ | pmid = 3834921 | doi = 10.1016/S0163-1047(85)91151-3 | last1 = Hart | first1 = Benjamin L. | last2 = Leedy | first2 = Mitzi G. | journal = Behavioral and Neural Biology |date=July 1985 | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–46}}</ref> At the olfactory epithelium, the nepetalactone binds to one or more [[olfactory receptor]]s. +Cats detect nepetalactone through their [[olfactory epithelium]], not through their [[vomeronasal organ]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Analysis of the catnip reaction: mediation by olfactory system, not vomeronasal organ |pmid=3834921 |doi=10.1016/S0163-1047(85)91151-3 |last1=Hart |first1=Benjamin L. |last2=Leedy |first2=Mitzi G. |journal=Behavioral and Neural Biology |date=July 1985 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=38–46}}</ref> At the olfactory epithelium, the nepetalactone binds to one or more [[olfactory receptor]]s. A 1962 [[Pedigree chart|pedigree]] analysis of 26 cats in a Siamese breeding colony suggested that the catnip response was caused by a Mendelian-[[Dominance (genetics)|dominant]] gene. A 2011 pedigree analysis of 210 cats in two breeding colonies (taking into account [[measurement error]] by repeated testing) showed no evidence for [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian patterns of inheritance]] but demonstrated [[heritability|heritabilities]] of {{nowrap|''h''² {{=}} 0.51–0.89}} for catnip response behavior, indicating a [[polygenic]] [[liability threshold model]].<ref name="Grognet" /><ref>Todd 1962, [https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/1962-todd.pdf "Inheritance of the catnip response in domestic cats"]</ref><ref>Villani 2011, [https://www.gwern.net/docs/catnip/2011-villani.pdf "Heritability and Characteristics of Catnip Response in Two Domestic Cat Populations"]</ref> -A study published in January 2021 suggests that felines are specifically attracted to the [[iridoids]] nepetalactone and [[nepetalactol]], present in catnip and [[Actinidia polygama|silver vine]], respectively.<ref name=sciencemag>{{Cite news |last1=Moutinho |first1=Sofia |date=2021-01-20 |title=Why cats are crazy for catnip |language=en |work=Science |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/why-cats-are-crazy-catnip |access-date=2021-01-28}}</ref> +A study published in January 2021 suggests that felines are specifically attracted to the [[iridoids]] nepetalactone and [[nepetalactol]], present in catnip and [[Actinidia polygama|silver vine]], respectively.<ref name=sciencemag>{{Cite news |last1=Moutinho |first1=Sofia |date=20 January 2021 |title=Why cats are crazy for catnip |work=Science |url= https://www.science.org/content/article/why-cats-are-crazy-catnip |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> ==== Felines not affected by catnip ==== @@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ ==Further reading== -* {{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=M.A.|last2=Cameron|first2=M.M.|author-link2=Mary Cameron (entomologist)|last3=Loza-Reyes|first3=E.|title=Interference in foraging behaviour of European and American house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) by catmint, Nepeta cataria (Lamiaceae)|journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology|date=May 2012|volume=57|issue=1|pages=65–74|doi=10.1007/s10493-012-9532-2|pmid=22382713|s2cid=17494631}} +* {{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=M. A. |last2=Cameron |first2=Mary M. |author2-link=Mary Cameron (entomologist) |last3=Loza-Reyes |first3=E. |title=Interference in foraging behaviour of European and American house dust mites ''Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus'' and ''Dermatophagoides farinae'' (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) by catmint, ''Nepeta cataria'' (Lamiaceae) |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |date=May 2012 |volume=57|issue=1 |pages=65–74 |doi=10.1007/s10493-012-9532-2 |pmid=22382713 |s2cid=17494631}} ==External links== '