Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|Federal research university in London, England}} {{Redirect|London University|the institution known until 1836 as London University|University College London}} {{Use British English|date=May 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox university | name = University of London | image_name = University of London coat of arms.svg | image_size = 150 | caption = [[#Coat of arms|Coat of arms]] | type = [[Public university|Public]] | latin_name = Universitas Londiniensis | established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1836}} | chancellor = [[Anne, Princess Royal|The Princess Royal]] | vice_chancellor = [[Wendy Thomson]] {{post-nominals|CBE|country=GBR}}<ref name="UOL VC">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/our-people/vice-chancellor|title=Vice-Chancellor|publisher=University of London|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> | free_label = Deputy Vice Chancellor | free = [[Paul Layzell]]<ref name="UOL Professor Paul Layzell">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/central-university-governance/board-trustees/professor-paul-layzell|title=UOL – Professor Paul Layzell|publisher=University of London|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512144441/https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/central-university-governance/board-trustees/professor-paul-layzell|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="UOL Board Trustees">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/university-governance/board-trustees|title=UOL – Board of Trustees|publisher=University of London|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234937/https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/university-governance/board-trustees|url-status=dead}}</ref> | free_label2 = Chair of the Board of Trustees | free2 = Sir [[Richard Dearlove]]<ref name="UOL Sir Richard Dearlove">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/central-university-administration/board-trustees/sir-richard-dearlove|title=UOL – Sir Richard Dearlove KCMG OBE|publisher=University of London|access-date=8 September 2017|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225508/https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/central-university-administration/board-trustees/sir-richard-dearlove|url-status=dead}}</ref> | head_label = [[Visitor]] | head = [[Lord President of the Council|The Lord President of the Council]] ''[[ex officio]]''<!-- In place of the Queen --> | city = [[London]] | country = England, United Kingdom | academic_staff = 100 (central academic bodies; 2018/19)<ref name=HESAstaff>{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he#provider|publisher=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency]] |title=Who's working in HE |access-date=1 March 2020|at=Staff numbers by HE provider }}</ref> | administrative_staff = 895 (central academic bodies; 2018/19)<ref name=HESAstaff/> | students = 205,400 internal;<ref name="HESA citation">Combined total from {{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study|at=HE student enrolments by HE provider|title=Where do HE students study?|website=[[Higher Education Statistics Agency|HESA]]|access-date=5 November 2023}}. Included institutions are [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck]], [[City, University of London]], [[Courtauld Institute of Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University of London|Goldsmiths]], [[Institute of Cancer Research]], [[King's College London|King's College]], [[London Business School]], [[London School of Economics|LSE]], [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|LSHTM]], [[Queen Mary, University of London|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Academy of Music]], [[Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]], [[Royal Holloway, University of London|Royal Holloway]], [[Royal Veterinary College]], [[SOAS, University of London|SOAS]], [[St George's, University of London|St George's]], [[University College London|UCL]] and the [[#Listed bodies|central institutes & activities]].</ref> 37,395 in [[University of London Worldwide]]<ref name="HESA TNE">{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-from/transnational|title=Where do HE students come from?: Transnational education| publisher=HESA|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> (2021–22) | undergrad = 116,585 internal;<ref name="HESA citation"/> 30,350 University of London Worldwide<ref name="HESA TNE"/> (2021–22) | postgrad = 88,815 internal;<ref name="HESA citation"/> 7,045 University of London Worldwide<ref name="HESA TNE"/> (2021–22) | affiliations = {{plainlist| *[[Association of Commonwealth Universities]] *[[European University Association]] *[[Universities UK]]}} | colours = {{scarf|{{cell3|#010963}}{{cell|white}}{{cell3|#FF0000}}{{cell|white}}{{cell3|#010963}}}} | logo = University of London logo.svg | website = {{url|london.ac.uk}} }} The '''University of London''' ('''UoL'''; abbreviated as '''Lond''' or more rarely '''Londin''' in [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]]) is a [[collegiate university|federal]]{{efn|All students from all member institutions and central bodies and research institutes are members of their respective institutions and are also University of London students and alumni. The University of London has a collegiate council which advises the board of trustees on the strategic direction of the university, and is responsible for ensuring the proper discharge of its academic affairs. It is chaired by the vice-chancellor, and its membership comprises the deputy vice-chancellor (who is the deputy chair), all the heads of the member institutions, the dean and chief executive of the School of Advanced Study, and the chief executive of the University of London Worldwide.<ref name="Collegiate Council">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance/collegiate-council|title=Collegiate Council|publisher=University of London|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602223450/https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance/collegiate-council|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] located in [[London]], England, United Kingdom. The university was established by [[royal charter]] in 1836 as a degree-awarding [[examination board]] for students holding certificates from [[University College London]], [[King's College London]] and "other such institutions, corporate or unincorporated, as shall be established for the purpose of Education, whether within the Metropolis or elsewhere within our United Kingdom".<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue|author=University of London|date=1912|publisher=University of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA26|page=26|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of three institutions to have advertised themselves as the [[Third-oldest university in England debate|third-oldest university in England]].{{efn|Following the establishment of the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] (by 1167) and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] (1209); the title is also claimed by [[University College London|UCL]] (established 1826 but not recognised as a university) and [[Durham University|Durham]] (established as a university in 1832 but not incorporated by royal charter until 1837).}}<ref name=harte1986 /><ref name="England Old University">{{cite web|title=Is Durham Really England's Third Oldest University? Well, it's Complicated|url=https://durhammagazine.co.uk/durham-history/durham-really-englands-third-oldest-university-well-complicated/0527/|work=Durham Magazine|date=4 August 2016 |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> It moved to a federal structure with constituent colleges in 1900.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=University of London, the Historical Record: (1836-1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue|author=University of London|date=1912|publisher=University of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7|page=7|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> It is now incorporated by its fourth (1863) royal charter and governed by the University of London Act 2018 (c. iii).<ref name="UoL Governance">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance|title=Central University Governance|publisher=University of London|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425163451/https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance|url-status=dead}}</ref> The university consists of [[Member institutions of the University of London|17 member institutions]] and three central academic bodies.<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us|access-date=1 March 2020|publisher=University of London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How the University is run|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run|access-date=1 March 2020|publisher=University of London}}</ref> The university has around 48,000 [[University of London Worldwide|distance learning external students]]<ref name="External">{{cite web|title=Financial Statements 2018-19|url=https://london.ac.uk/sites/default/files/governance/university-of-london-financial-statement-2018-19.pdf|access-date=1 March 2020|publisher=University of London|page=8}}</ref> and around 219,410 {{HESA student population|INSTID=LON}} [[Member institutions of the University of London|campus-based internal students]], making it the [[List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment|largest university by number of students]] in the United Kingdom. For most practical purposes, ranging from admissions to funding, the member institutions operate on an independent basis, with many awarding their own degrees whilst remaining in the federal university. Under the 2018 act, member institutions ceased to be termed colleges and gained the right to seek university status without having to leave the federal university: Birkbeck, City, Goldsmiths', King's College London, the LSE, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, the Royal Veterinary College, Royal Holloway, SOAS, St George's and UCL have all indicated that they intend to do so.<ref name="Member institutions seeking university status">{{cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2019/02-Feb-19/University-status|date=2 February 2019|title=University status|access-date=2 June 2019|publisher=London School of Economics}}</ref> As of 2015, there are around 2 million [[List of University of London people|University of London alumni]] across the world,<ref name="UOL Alumni">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/alumni|title=UOL - Alumni and Friends|publisher=University of London|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref> including at least 14 monarchs or royalty, more than 60 presidents or prime ministers in the world (including 5 [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|prime ministers of the United Kingdom]]),{{efn|[[Ramsay MacDonald]] was a British statesman who was the first [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician to become [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]].}} 2 [[Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)|Cabinet Secretaries of UK]],{{efn|[[Jeremy Heywood]] and [[Simon Case]].}} 85 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureates]],{{efn|The total number of Nobel Prize winners is inclusive of all current member institutions, central bodies and research institutes. The total number excludes any member associated with and alumni of Imperial College London, as it is no longer a member institution.}} 5 [[Fields Medal]]lists, 4 Turing Award winners, 6 [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] winners, 2 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] winners, 3 [[List of multiple Olympic gold medalists|Olympic gold medalists]] and the "[[Father of the Nation]]" of several countries.{{efn|These include [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Lee Kuan Yew]], [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]] and [[Kwame Nkrumah]].}} The university owns [[University of London Press]]. ==History== ===19th century=== {{see also|London University (UK Parliament constituency)|General Examination for Women}} {{Rquote|right|All universities are different, but some are more different than others. The University of London is the most different of them all.|'''Negley Harte''', Historian<ref name="UOL Negley">{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Surja|title =A History of the Indian University System: Emerging from the Shadows of the Past|date=6 March 2017| publisher=Springer, 2017| isbn=9781137535719}}</ref>}} [[University College London]] (UCL) was founded under the name "London University" (but without recognition by the state) in 1826 as a secular alternative to the universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], which limited their degrees to members of the [[state religion|established]] [[Church of England]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/about-ucl-home/history-page |title=History |publisher=University College London |access-date=22 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117132404/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/about-ucl/about-ucl-home/history-page |archive-date=17 January 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As a result of the controversy surrounding UCL's establishment, [[King's College London]] was founded as an [[Church of England|Anglican]] college by royal charter in 1829.<ref name="HIST">Cockburn, King, McDonnell (1969), pp. 345–359</ref><ref name="Foundation">{{cite web|url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/foundation.aspx | title=Foundation|publisher=King's College London|access-date=9 February 2013 }}</ref> In 1830, UCL applied for a royal charter as a university which would allow it to confer degrees. This was rejected, but renewed in 1834.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kS1cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|title=University of London. Address from the Senate to the Council in support of the application of the University for a charter|date=1834}}</ref> In response to this, opposition to "exclusive" rights grew among the London medical schools. The idea of a general degree awarding body for the schools was discussed in the medical press.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proposed University in London|journal=London Medical Gazette|volume=13|date=1834|pages=836–839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XLofAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA836}}</ref> and in evidence taken by the Select Committee on Medical Education.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Select Committee on Medical Education|publisher=HMSO|title=Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Part 2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0sSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA113|page=113|date=1834}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CFDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA111|chapter=Select Committee on Medical Education|page=111|title=Selection of Reports and Papers of the House of Commons: Medical ; [2], Volume 36|date=1836}}</ref> However, the blocking of a bill to open up [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] degrees to dissenters led to renewed pressure on the Government to grant degree awarding powers to an institution that would not apply religious tests,<ref name="millbanksystems">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1834/aug/01/admission-to-the-universities#S3V0025P0_18340801_HOL_5|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=1 August 1834|title=Admission to the Universities (Hansard, 1 August 1834)|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="millbanksystems2">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1835/mar/26/london-university#S3V0027P0_18350326_HOC_68|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=26 March 1835|title=London University (Hansard, 26 March 1835)|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|jstor=3119682|title=The Oxford and Cambridge Admissions Controversy of 1834|last1=Twaddle|first1=Michael|journal=British Journal of Educational Studies|year=1966|volume=14|issue=3|pages=45–58|doi=10.1080/00071005.1966.9973166}}</ref> particularly as the degrees of the new [[University of Durham]] were also to be closed to non-Anglicans.<ref name="millbanksystems3">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1832/jun/27/durham-university#S3V0013P0_18320627_HOC_9|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=27 June 1832|title=Durham University (Hansard, 27 June 1832)|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In 1835, the government announced the response to UCL's petition for a charter. Two charters would be issued, one to UCL incorporating it as a college rather than a university, without degree awarding powers, and a second "establishing a Metropolitan University, with power to grant academical degrees to those who should study at the London University College, or at any similar institution which his Majesty might please hereafter to name".<ref name="millbanksystems4">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1835/jul/30/london-university#S3V0029P0_18350730_HOC_24|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=30 July 1835|title=London University (Hansard, 30 July 1835)|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Following the issuing of its charter on 28 November 1836, the new University of London started drawing up regulations for degrees in March 1837. The death of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] in June, however, resulted in a problem&nbsp;– the charter had been granted "during our Royal will and pleasure", meaning it was annulled by the king's death.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The English Universities: From the German|author1=Huber, V.A.|author2=Newman, F.W.|date=1843|volume=3|publisher=William Pickering|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZtRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA565|page=565|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Queen Victoria issued a second charter on 5 December 1837, reincorporating the university. The university awarded its first degrees in 1839, all to students from UCL and King's College. The university established by the charters of 1836 and 1837 was essentially an examining board with the right to award degrees in arts, laws and medicine. However, the university did not have the authority to grant degrees in theology, considered the senior faculty in the other three English universities. In medicine, the university was given the right to determine which medical schools provided sufficient medical training. In arts and law, by contrast, it would examine students from UCL, King's College, or any other institution granted a royal warrant, effectively giving the government control of which institutions could submit students for examination by the university. Beyond this right to submit students for examination, there was no other connection between the colleges and the university. In 1849 the university held its first graduation ceremony at [[Somerset House]] following a petition to the senate from the graduates, who had previously received their degrees without any ceremony. About 250 students graduated at this ceremony. The [[Academic dress of the University of London|London academic robes]] of this period were distinguished by their "rich velvet facings".<ref>{{cite news |title=University of London |work=Morning Chronicle |date=11 May 1849 |access-date=14 December 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000082/18490511/017/0007| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The list of institutions whose students could enter University of London examinations grew rapidly by 1858, including all other British universities as well as over 30 other schools and colleges outside of London. In that year, a new charter opened up the examinations to everyone, effectively abolishing the weak link between the university and the colleges.<ref>{{cite book|work=An Account of the Reconstruction of the University of London, Part 1|title= The Abolition of the Collegiate System|pages= 8–16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Du4lNR4izwC&pg=PA8|author=William Henry Allchin|publisher=H. K. Lewis|date=1905}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOd3N6291CQC&q=%22universities%20of%20the%20united%20kingdom%20to%20over%20thirty%20provincial%20colleges%22|title=The University of London, 1858-1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation|page=1|author=Francis Michael Glenn Willson|publisher=Boydell Press|date= 2004|isbn=9781843830658 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/london-university-graduates/v-xvii|work=University of London: the Historical Record (1836-1926)|title=Historical introduction|pages=v–xvii|publisher=University of London|date=1926|via=British History Online|quote=Just twenty-two years after its foundation a very important change was made in the policy of the University. The University, which was intended "to perform all the functions of the Examiners in the Senate House of Cambridge" although limited to the duty of examination, admitted to its examinations only those students who had gone through a course of study at University or King's College or some other "approved institution." The list of these "approved institutions" rapidly expanded. In 1850 a supplemental Charter admitted the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and their several Colleges, but a number of institutions of varying character and status had also been added by the Crown from time to time}}</ref> This led the [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley|Earl of Kimberley]], a member of the university's senate, to tell the House of Lords in 1888 "that there were no Colleges affiliated to the University of London, though there were some many years ago".<ref name="millbanksystems5">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1888/aug/11/consideration-of-commons-amendments#S3V0330P0_18880811_HOL_23|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=11 August 1888|title=Consideration of Commons' Amendments (Hansard, 11 August 1888)|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> The reforms of 1858 also incorporated the graduates of the university into a [[Convocation ceremony|convocation]], similar to those of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham, and authorised the granting of degrees in science, the first BSc being awarded in 1860.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOd3N6291CQC&pg=PA5|title=The University of London, 1858–1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation|author=Francis Michael Glenn Willson|date=2004|publisher=Boydell Press|page=5|isbn=9781843830658}}</ref> The expanded role meant the university needed more space, particularly with the growing number of students at the provincial [[university college#United Kingdom|university colleges]]. Between 1867 and 1870 a new headquarters was built at [[6 Burlington Gardens]], providing the university with exam halls and offices. In 1863, via a fourth charter, the university gained the right to grant degrees in surgery.<ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=University of London, the Historical Record: (1836-1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue|author=University of London|date=1912|publisher=University of London Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12|page=12|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> This 1863 charter remains the authority under which the university is incorporated, although all its other provisions were abolished under the University of London Act 1898 ([[61 & 62 Vict.]] c. 62). [[File:Alice Mary Marsh University of London General Examination for Women certificate 1878.jpg|right|thumb|[[General Examination for Women]] certificate from 1878. These were issued 1869–1878, before women were admitted to degrees of the university.]] In 1878, the university set another first when it became the first university in the UK to admit women to degrees, via the grant of a supplemental charter. Four female students obtained Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1880 and two obtained Bachelor of Science degrees in 1881, again the first in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/history-university-london |title=University of London: Brief history |newspaper=University of London |publisher=London.ac.uk |access-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> {{anchor|University of London Act 1898}} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = University of London Act 1898 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to make further provision with respect to the University of London. | year = 1898 | citation = [[61 & 62 Vict.]] c. 62 | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 12 August 1898 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} In the late 19th century, the university came under criticism for merely serving as a centre for the administration of tests, and there were calls for a "teaching university" for London. UCL and KCL considered separating from the university to form a separate university, variously known as the Albert University, Gresham University and Westminster University. Following two [[royal commission]]s the University of London Act 1898 ([[61 & 62 Vict.]] c. 62) was passed, reforming the university and giving it a federal structure with responsibility for monitoring course content and academic standards within its institutions. This was implemented in 1900 with the approval of new statutes for the university.<ref name="UoL Future">{{citation|last=Grant|first=Malcolm|author-link=Malcolm Grant|title=The future of the University of London: a discussion paper from the Provost of UCL|pages=3–6| date=March 2005 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/images/Uni-Lon.pdf}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="175"> File:SomersetHousebyAnonpublAckermann&Co1836.jpg|[[Somerset House]] in 1836. The university had its offices here from 1837 to 1870. File:William IV in 1833 by Shee cropped.jpg|[[King William IV]], who granted the University of London its original royal charter in 1836 File:University of London illustration 1867.jpg|An illustration of [[6 Burlington Gardens]], home to the university administration from 1870 to 1900 </gallery> ===20th century=== {{see also|First Universal Races Congress}} {{Rquote|right|The London University should stand to the British empire as the great technological institution in Berlin, the Charlottenburg, stood to the German empire.|'''[[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]] in 1903'''<ref name="UOL Rosebery">{{cite book|last=Rothblatt|first=Sheldon|title =The Modern University and Its Discontents: The Fate of Newman's Legacies in Britain and America|date=16 March 2006| publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006| isbn=9780521025010}}</ref>}} The reforms initiated by the 1898 act came into force with the approval of the new federal statutes in 1900. Many of the colleges in London became schools of the university, including UCL, King's College, [[Bedford College, London|Bedford College]], [[Royal Holloway, University of London|Royal Holloway]] and the [[London School of Economics]]. [[Regent's Park College]], which had affiliated in 1841, became an official divinity school of the university in 1901 (the new statutes having given London the right to award degrees in theology) and [[Richmond Theological College|Richmond (Theological) College]] followed as a divinity school of the university in 1902; [[Goldsmiths College, University of London|Goldsmiths College]] joined in 1904; [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]] was founded in 1907; [[Queen Mary, University of London|Queen Mary College]] joined in 1915; the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] was founded in 1916; and [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]], which was founded in 1823, joined in 1920. The previous provision for colleges outside London was not abandoned on federation, instead London offered two routes to degrees: "internal" degrees offered by schools of the university and "external" degrees offered at other colleges (now the [[University of London (Worldwide)|University of London flexible and distance learning programmes]]). UCL and King's College, whose campaign for a teaching university in London had resulted in the university's reconstitution as a federal institution, went even further than becoming schools of the university and were actually merged into it. UCL's merger, under the [[University College London (Transfer) Act 1905]] ([[5 Edw. 7]]. c. xci), happened in 1907. The charter of 1836 was surrendered and all of UCL's property became the University of London's. King's College followed in 1910 under the [[King's College London (Transfer) Act 1908]] ([[8 Edw. 7]]. c. xxxix). This was a slightly more complicated case, as the theological department of the college (founded in 1846) did not merge into the university but maintained a separate legal existence under King's College's 1829 charter.<ref>{{cite book|title=University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912)|publisher=University of London|date=1912|pages=7–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyPiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7}}</ref> {{anchor|University of London Act 1926}} The expansion of the university's role meant that the Burlington Garden premises were insufficient, and in March 1900 it moved to the Imperial Institute in South Kensington.<ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=The University of London, 1858-1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation|author=Willson, F.M.G.|date=2004|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=9781843830658|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOd3N6291CQC&pg=PA8|page=8|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> However, its continued rapid expansion meant that it had outgrown its new premises by the 1920s, requiring yet another move. A large parcel of land in [[Bloomsbury]] near the [[British Museum]] was acquired from [[Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford|the Duke of Bedford]] and [[Charles Holden]] was appointed architect with the instruction to create a building "not to suggest a passing fashion inappropriate to buildings which will house an institution of so permanent a character as a University." This unusual remit may have been inspired by the fact that [[William Beveridge]], having just become director of LSE, upon asking a taxi driver to take him to the University of London was met with the response "Oh, you mean the place near the [[Royal School of Needlework]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2003/11/senate_house_un.html |title=City of Sound |publisher=City of Sound |date=22 November 2003 |access-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> Holden responded by designing [[Senate House (University of London)|Senate House]], the current headquarters of the university, and at the time of completion the second largest building in London.<ref>{{cite web|author=Emporis GmbH |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110747 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070511042615/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=110747 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2007 |title=Emporis Buildings |publisher=Emporis.com |access-date=13 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:Yeomanry House, Handel St, London.jpg|thumb|Yeomanry House in Handel Street is the home of London UOTC. The flag seen flying is the coat of arms of the University of London.]] The University of London contingent of the [[Officers' Training Corps]] (OTC) was formed in 1908 and had enrolled 950 students by autumn 1914.<ref name="spiers13">{{cite web|author=Spiers, Edward|url=http://www.comec.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/occasional_paper_no_4_no_crop.pdf |title= University Officers' Training Corps and the First World War |publisher= Council of Military Education Committees of the United Kingdom|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> During the First World War, the OTC supplied 500 officers to the [[British Army]] between August 1914 and March 1915.<ref name="beckett60">{{cite book|author=Beckett, Ian; Bowman, Timothy; Connelly, Mark (2017)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnKuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |title= The British Army and the First World War |date = 25 May 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn = 9781107005778|access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref> Some 665 officers associated with the university died during the First World War<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/resources/rollofwarservice.pdf|title=Roll of War Service 1914 to 1919|page=351|publisher=University of London|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826112009/http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/resources/rollofwarservice.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and 245 officers in the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/resources/OTCROLLOFTHEFALLENoptimised-OCR.pdf|title=Roll of the Fallen 1939 to 1945|publisher=University of London|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=28 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828071357/http://www.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/resources/OTCROLLOFTHEFALLENoptimised-OCR.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{as of|2004}} the London University Officers' Training Corps (UOTC), drawn from 52 universities and colleges in the London area (not just the University of London), was the largest UOTC in the country, with about 400 officer cadets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3324816/Room-for-manoeuvres.html|title=Room for manoeuvres|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=10 January 2004|access-date=13 May 2017}}</ref> It has been based at [[Yeomanry House, Bloomsbury|Yeomanry House]] in Handel Street, London since 1992. In 2011, Canterbury Company was founded to recruit officer cadets from universities in Kent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/UOTC/30763.aspx|title=London UOTC|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508195018/http://www.army.mod.uk/UOTC/30763.aspx|archive-date=8 May 2017}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the colleges of the university (with the exception of Birkbeck) and their students left London for safer parts of the UK, while Senate House was used by the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]], with its roof becoming an observation point for the [[Royal Observer Corps]]. Though the building was hit by bombs several times, it emerged from the war largely unscathed; rumour at the time had it that the reason the building had fared so well was that [[Adolf Hitler]] had planned to use it as his headquarters in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c20society.org.uk/botm/senate-house-bloomsbury-wc1|title=Senate House, Bloomsbury, WC1&nbsp;— The Twentieth Century Society|work=c20society.org.uk}}</ref> The latter half of the last century was less eventful. In 1948, Athlone Press was founded as the publishing house for the university, and sold to the Bemrose Corporation in 1979,<ref name="AIM25">{{Citation |author=Archives in London & the M25 area (AIM25) |chapter=Athlone Press: 1945–1979 |title=holdings at Senate House Library, University of London |date=29 November 2006 |chapter-url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/14/1671.htm |access-date=21 December 2009 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606132612/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cats/14/1671.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> subsequent to which it was acquired by [[Continuum International Publishing Group|Continuum publishing]].<ref name="allbusines.com2006">{{Citation | author = | chapter = Sturrock departs Continuum | title= Article citing companies encompassed by Continuum | date = 29 November 2006 | chapter-url = http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-miscellaneous/4663699-1.html | access-date= 21 December 2009}}</ref> However, the post-WWII period was mostly characterised by expansion and consolidation within the university, such as the acquisition as a constituent body of the Jesuit theological institution Heythrop College on its move from Oxfordshire in 1969. {{anchor|University of London Act 1978}} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = University of London Act 1978 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to make new provision for the University of London and to repeal the University of London Act 1926. | year = 1978 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1978|1978]] c. ii | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 23 March 1978 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = | amendments = | repealing_legislation = University of London Act 1994 | related_legislation = | status = repealed | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} The University of London Act 1978 (c. ii) saw the university defined as a federation of self-governing colleges, starting the process of decentralisation that would lead to a marked transference of academic and financial power in this period from the central authorities in Senate House to the individual colleges. In the same period, UCL and King's College regained their legal independence via acts of parliament and the issuing of new royal charters. UCL was reincorporated in 1977, while King's College's new charter in 1980 reunited the main body of the college with the corporation formed in 1829. In 1992 centralised graduation ceremonies at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] were replaced by individual ceremonies at the colleges.<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of UCL|page=275|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press/browse-books/the-world-of-ucl/|author1=Negley Harte|author2= John North |author3 =Georgina Brewis | date=June 2018|publisher=UCL Press}}</ref> One of the largest shifts in power of this period came in 1993, when [[HEFCE]] (now the Office for Students, OfS<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/|title=Home - Office for Students|last=Students|first=Office for|date=2018-01-12|website=www.officeforstudents.org.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-09-11}}</ref>) switched from funding the University of London, which then allocated money to the colleges, to funding the colleges directly and them paying a contribution to the university.<ref name="UoL Future" /> There was also a tendency in the late 20th century for smaller colleges to be amalgamated into larger "super-colleges". Some of the larger colleges (most notably UCL, King's College, LSE and Imperial) periodically put forward the possibility of their departure from the university, although no steps were taken to actually putting this into action until the early 21st century. [[File:Imperial Institute.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Commonwealth Institute|Imperial Institute]] Building in South Kensington, home to the university from 1900 to 1937]] ===21st century=== {{see also|London Student}} In 2002, [[Imperial College]] and [[University College London|UCL]] mooted the possibility of a merger, raising the question of the future of the University of London and the smaller colleges within it. Subsequently, considerable opposition from academic staff of both UCL and Imperial led to a rejection of the merger.<ref>The Guardian. 18 November 2002 [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/nov/18/highereducation.universitymergers Opposition ends Imperial and UCL merger dream]</ref> Despite this failure, the trend of decentralising power continued. A significant development in this process was the closing down of the [[Convocation]] of all the university's alumni in October 2003; this recognised that individual college alumni associations were now increasingly the centre of focus for alumni.<ref name="london">{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/52.html|publisher=london.ac.uk|title=University of London: Convocation|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> However, the university continued to grow even as it moved to a looser federation, and, in 2005, admitted the [[Central School of Speech and Drama]]. On 9 December 2005, Imperial College became the second constituent body (after Regent's Park College) to make a formal decision to leave the university. Its council announced that it was beginning negotiations to withdraw from the university in time for its own centenary celebrations, and in order to be able to award its own degrees. On 5 October 2006, the University of London accepted Imperial's formal request to withdraw from it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/newssummary/news_5-10-2006-13-17-17?newsid=2736|title=News_5-10-2006-13-17-17|author=CBLAIR|work=imperial.ac.uk|date=5 October 2006 }}</ref> Imperial became fully independent on 9 July 2007, as part of the celebrations of the college's centenary. The ''[[Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' announced in February 2007 that the London School of Economics, University College London and King's College London all planned to start awarding their own degrees, rather than degrees from the federal University of London as they had done previously, from the start of the academic year starting in Autumn 2007. Although this plan to award their own degrees did not amount to a decision to leave the University of London, the ''THES'' suggested that this "rais[ed] new doubts about the future of the federal University of London".<ref name="THES">{{cite web|last1=Attwood|first1=Rebecca|title=London trio to award their own degrees|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/london-trio-to-award-their-own-degrees/207945.article|website=Times Higher Education Magazine|date=23 February 2007 |access-date=March 11, 2018}}</ref> The [[School of Pharmacy, University of London]], merged with UCL on 1 January 2012, becoming the UCL School of Pharmacy within the Faculty of Life Sciences.<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1112/111223-school-of-pharmacy-merged School of Pharmacy merges with UCL]. Ucl.ac.uk (1 January 2012). Retrieved 17 July 2013.</ref> This was followed on 2 December 2014 by the [[Institute of Education]] also merging with UCL, becoming the UCL Institute of Education.<ref name="ucl">{{cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/1114/251114-ucl-ioe-confirm-merger|publisher=ucl.ac.uk|title=UCL and the Institute of Education confirm merger|date=25 November 2014 |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> Since 2010, the university has been outsourcing support services such as cleaning and portering. This has prompted industrial action by the largely [[Latin American]] workforce under the "3Cosas" campaign (the 3Cosas – ''3 things'' – being [[sick pay]], [[holiday pay]], and pensions for outsourced workers on parity with staff employed directly by the university). The 3Cosas campaigners were members of the [[UNISON]] trade union. However, documents leaked in 2014 revealed that UNISON representatives tried to counter the 3Cosas campaign in meetings with university management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/mar/24/cost-private-contracts-universities-documents-services-workers|title=The true cost of private contracts in universities|first=Aditya|last=Chakrabortty|date=24 March 2014|work=The Guardian}}</ref> The 3Cosas workers subsequently transferred to the Independent Workers Union of Great Britain. Following good results in the [[Research Excellence Framework]] in December 2014, [[City University London]] said that they were exploring the possibility of joining the University of London.<ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/jan/20/universities-research-excellence-framework-modern-languages|work=The Guardian|title=Universities worry about fallout from research ranking |date=20 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref> It was subsequently announced in July 2015 that City would join the University of London in August 2016.<ref name="Grove">{{cite web |last=Grove |first=Jack |date=16 July 2015 |title=City University London to join University of London |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/city-university-london-join-university-london |access-date=16 July 2015 |website=Times Higher Education}}</ref> It will cease to be an independent university and become a college as "City, University of London".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/documents/s53556/150723%2520City%2520University%2520London.pdf |title=Committee Report |website=democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk |date=2015 |access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> {{anchor|University of London Act 2018}} {{Infobox UK legislation | short_title = University of London Act 2018 | type = Act | parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom | long_title = An Act to make new provision for the making of statutes for the University of London; and for related purposes. | year = 2018 | citation = [[List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2018|2018]] c. iii | introduced_commons = | introduced_lords = | territorial_extent = | royal_assent = 20 December 2018 | commencement = | expiry_date = | repeal_date = | amends = | replaces = {{ubli|University of London Act 1994}} | amendments = | repealing_legislation = | related_legislation = | status = | legislation_history = | theyworkforyou = | millbankhansard = | original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/2018/3/contents/enacted | revised_text = | use_new_UK-LEG = | UK-LEG_title = | collapsed = yes }} In 2016 reforms were proposed that would see the colleges become member institutions and be allowed to legally become universities in their own right. A bill to amend the university's statutes was introduced into the House of Lords in late 2016. The bill was held up by procedural matters in the House of Commons, with MP [[Christopher Chope]] objecting to it receiving a second [[Reading (legislature)|reading]] without debate and no time having been scheduled for such debate. Twelve of the colleges, including UCL and King's, said that they would seek university status once the bill was passed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/bill-paves-way-london-colleges-gain-university-status|title=Bill paves way for London colleges to gain university status|date=18 April 2018|author=John Morgan|work=[[Times Higher Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wonkhe.com/blogs/the-strange-tale-of-the-university-of-london-bill/|title=The strange tale of the University of London Bill|author=David Kernohan|date=26 July 2018|publisher=WONKHE|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref> The bill was debated and passed its second reading on 16 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2018-10-16/debates/2F554391-4F2E-4550-8D4F-359E08169031/UniversityOfLondonBill(Lords)|date=16 October 2018|work=[[Hansard]]|access-date=17 November 2018|title=University of London Bill [Lords]}}</ref> It received royal assent on 20 December 2018, becoming the University of London Act 2018 (c. iii)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://services.parliament.uk/Bills/2017-19/universityoflondon/stages.html|title=Bill stages — University of London Act 2018|website=parliament.uk|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref> The twelve colleges (namely, all except The Courtauld, ICR, LBS, RAM and RCSSD) subsequently applied for university status, although stating they did not intend to change their names, with notice being given in the [[London Gazette]] on 4 February 2019.<ref>{{cite periodical|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3202025|title=Other Notices|date=4 February 2019|magazine=London Gazette|page=1900|issue=62551}}</ref> In 2018, [[Heythrop College]] became the first major British higher education institution to close since the medieval [[University of Northampton (13th century)|University of Northampton]] in 1265.<ref name="Heythrop">{{cite news |author=Jack Grove |date=3 September 2018 |title=Heythrop College: innovation can't save first victim of £9K fees |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/heythrop-college-innovation-cant-save-first-victim-ps9k-fees}}</ref> Its library of over 250,000 volumes was moved to the [[Senate House Library]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heythrop.ac.uk/news/heythrop-library-relocating-senate-house|publisher=Heythrop College|title=Heythrop Library Relocating to Senate House|date=2 July 2018|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154518/http://heythrop.ac.uk/news/heythrop-library-relocating-senate-house|archive-date=30 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the [[University of London Press]], founded in 1910, was relaunched as a fully [[open access|open-access]] publisher specializing in "distinctive scholarship at the forefront of the [[Humanities]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/press|title=University of London Press|website=University of London}}</ref> ==Campuses== [[File:Senate House, University of London.jpg|right|thumb|[[Senate House, London|Senate House]], constructed 1932–1937: the headquarters of the University of London]] The university owns a considerable [[central London]] estate of 12 hectares of freehold land in [[Bloomsbury]], near [[Russell Square tube station]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.london.ac.uk/138.html| title=The Central University's Estate| publisher=University of London| access-date=22 June 2016| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213000715/http://www.london.ac.uk/138.html| archive-date=13 February 2006| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some of the university's colleges have their main buildings on the estate. The Bloomsbury Campus also contains eight Halls of Residence and [[Senate House (University of London)|Senate House]], which houses [[Senate House Library]], the chancellor's official residence and previously housed the [[School of Slavonic and East European Studies]], now part of [[University College London]] (UCL) and housed in its own new building. Almost all of the [[School of Advanced Study]] is housed in Senate House and neighbouring Stewart House.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://w01.sascms.wf.ulcc.ac.uk/348.html| title=Redevelopment Project of Senate House and Stewart House| publisher=University of London School of Advanced Study| access-date=2 March 2007| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031207/http://w01.sascms.wf.ulcc.ac.uk/348.html| archive-date=28 September 2007| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The university also owns many of the squares that formed part of the Bedford Estate, including [[Gordon Square]], [[Tavistock Square]], [[Torrington Square]] and [[Woburn Square]], as well as several properties outside Bloomsbury, with many of the university's colleges and institutes occupying their own estates across London: * [[Clare Market]], * The [[Aldwych]], where the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] and part of [[King's College London]] are based * The North and East Wings of [[Somerset House]], the location for the [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] and [[King's College London]], respectively * [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]], * the [[University of London Boat Club]] in [[Chiswick]], and * The campus of [[Royal Holloway and Bedford New College]] including the historic [[Founder's Building]]. The university also has several properties outside London, including a number of residential and catering units further afield and the premises of the [[University of London Institute in Paris]], which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French and historical studies. ==Organisation and administration== {{see also|List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London}} The university's board of trustees, the governing and executive body of the university, comprises eleven appointed independent persons – all of whom are non-executive; the vice-chancellor, the deputy vice chancellor and four heads of member institutions, appointed by the Collegiate Council. The board of trustees is supported by the Collegiate Council, which comprises the heads of the member institutions of the university, the deputy vice-chancellor, the dean and chief executive of the School of Advanced Study, the chief executive of the University of London Worldwide and the Collegiate Council's chair, the vice-chancellor. ===Chancellors=== {{multiple image | width = 110 | footer = | image1 = William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire by Barraud, c1880s.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire]], first Chancellor of the University of London | image2 = Princess Anne Feb 2023.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = [[The Princess Royal]], current Chancellor of the University of London }} The chancellors of the University of London since its founding are as follows: * [[William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire|William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington]], 1836–1856 * [[Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville]], 1856–1891 * [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby]], 1891–1893 * [[Farrer Herschell, 1st Baron Herschell]], 1893–1899 * [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]], 1899–1902 * [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]], 1902–1929 * [[William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp]], 1929–1931 * [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone]], 1932–1955 * [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]], 1955–1981 * [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]] ([[Princess Royal|The Princess Royal]] from 1987), [[University of London Chancellor election, 1981|1981]]–present ==Member institutions== {{main|Member institutions of the University of London}} For most practical purposes, ranging from admission of students to negotiating funding from the government, the 17 member institutions are treated as individual universities. Legally speaking they are known as ''Recognised Bodies'', with the authority to examine students and award them degrees of the university. Some member institutions also have the power to award their own degrees instead of those of the university; those which exercise that power include: * [[City, University of London]] * [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] * [[King's College London]] * [[London Business School]] * [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] * [[Queen Mary University of London]] * [[Royal Holloway, University of London]] * [[SOAS, University of London]] * [[St George's, University of London]] * [[University College London]] Most decisions affecting the member institutions and institutes of the University of London are made at the level of the member institutions or institutes themselves. The University of London does retain its own decision-making structure, however, with the Collegiate Council and board of trustees, responsible for matters of academic policy. The Collegiate Council is made up of the heads of member institutions of the university.<ref name="Collegiate Council">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance/collegiate-council|title=Collegiate Council|publisher=University of London|access-date=2 June 2019|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602223450/https://london.ac.uk/5436.html/central-university-governance/collegiate-council|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 12 institutes, or ''Listed Bodies'', within the University of London offer courses leading to degrees that are both examined and awarded by the University of London. Additionally, twelve universities in England, several in Canada and many in other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries (notably in East Africa) began life as associate colleges of the university offering such degrees. By the 1970s, almost all of these colleges had achieved independence from the University of London. An increasing number of overseas and UK-based academic institutes offer courses to support students registered for the [[University of London International Programmes|University of London]] flexible and distance learning diplomas and degrees and the Teaching Institutions Recognition Framework enables the recognition of these institutions. ===Member Institutions=== {{see also|List of heads of member institutions of the University of London}} Under the University of London Act 2018 (c. iii), a member institution is defined as "an educational, academic or research institution which is a constituent member of the University and has for the time being―(a) the status of a college under the statutes; or (b) the status of a university". As of February 2019, 12 of the colleges of the university have said they are seeking university status. This does not affect their status as member institution of the university or the degrees they award.<ref name="Member institutions seeking university status"/> The member institutions of the University of London (as of September 2018) are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/ways-study/study-campus-london/member-institutions|title=Member institutions|publisher=University of London|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001181959/https://london.ac.uk/ways-study/study-campus-london/member-institutions|archive-date=1 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! College name ! Year entered ! class="unsortable" | Photograph ! Students |- | [[Birkbeck, University of London]] (BBK) | 1920 | [[File:Birkbeck College, University of London.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0127}} |- | [[City, University of London]] (CUL)<ref name="Grove"/> | 2016 | [[File:CollegeBuilding.jpg|150px|The Grade II listed College Building]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0115}} |- | [[Courtauld Institute of Art]] (CIA) | 1932 | [[File:Somerset House, Strand.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0201}} |- | [[Goldsmiths, University of London]] (GUL) | 1904 | [[File:Goldsmiths Main Building.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0131}} |- | [[Institute of Cancer Research]] (ICR) | 2003 | [[File:Institute of Cancer Research.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0188}} |- | [[King's College London]] (KCL) | 1836 (Founding college) | [[File:Maughan Chancery Lane.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px|The Maughan Library]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0134}} |- | [[London Business School]] (LBS) | 1964 | [[File:Back of the Sammy Ofer Centre in the afternoon, London Business School.jpg|center|150x150px|Sammy Ofer Centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0135}} |- | [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] (LSE) | 1900 | [[File:LSE main entrance.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0137}} |- | [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] (LSHTM) | 1924 | [[File:London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine building.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0138}} |- | [[Queen Mary University of London]] (QMUL) | 1915 | [[File:Queens' Building (2899476115).jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0139}} |- | [[Royal Academy of Music]] (RAM) | 2003 | [[File:Royal Academy of Music London.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0033}} |- | [[Central School of Speech and Drama|Royal Central School of Speech and Drama]] (RCSSD) | 2005 | [[File:Embassy Theatre London.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0010}} |- | [[Royal Holloway, University of London]] (RHUL) | 1900 | [[File:Founder's Building, Royal Holloway, University of London - Diliff.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0141}} |- | [[Royal Veterinary College]] (RVC) | 1915 | [[File:Royalvetcoll.jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0143}} |- | [[SOAS, University of London]] (SOAS) | 1916 |[[File:School of Oriental & African Studies, London 03.JPG|center|150x150px]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0146}} |- | [[St George's, University of London]] (SGUL) | 1838 | | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0145}} |- | [[University College London]] (UCL) | 1836 (Founding college) | [[File:University College London -quadrant-11Sept2006 (1).jpg|150px|centre]] | {{HESA student population|INSTID=0149}} |- class="sortbottom" | '''University of London''' | '''1836 (University founded)''' | [[File:Senate House UoL.jpg|150px|centre]] | '''{{HESA student population|INSTID=0151}}<br>(in addition to all component college students)''' |} ===Central academic bodies=== {{multiple image | width = 220 | image1 = Stewart House, University of London (front entrance).jpg | alt1 = University of London Worldwide Administrative Building, Stewart House, University of London | image2 = University of London Paris.JPG | alt2 = The University of London Institute in Paris, located on the [[Esplanade des Invalides]] in central Paris | footer = University of London Worldwide Administrative Building, Stewart House, University of London. Also seen here is the University of London Institute in Paris, located on the [[Esplanade des Invalides]] in central Paris. }} * [[University of London (Worldwide)]] * [[University of London Institute in Paris]], formerly known as the British Institute in Paris * [[School of Advanced Study]] comprising the following institutes: ** the [[Institute of Advanced Legal Studies]] ** the [[Institute of Classical Studies]] ** the [[Institute of Commonwealth Studies]] ** the [[Institute of English Studies]] ** the [[Institute of Historical Research]] ** the [[Institute of Latin American Studies]] ** the [[Institute of Modern Languages Research]] ** the [[Institute of Philosophy, University of London|Institute of Philosophy]] ** the [[Warburg Institute]] ===Former colleges and schools=== Some colleges and schools of the University of London have been amalgamated into larger colleges, closed or left the University of London. Those amalgamated with larger colleges include (listed by current parent institution): ;King's College London * [[Chelsea College of Science and Technology|Chelsea College]]&nbsp;– [[Manresa Road]], [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] * [[Queen Elizabeth College]]&nbsp;– [[Campden Hill Road]], [[Kensington]] * [[Institute of Psychiatry]] – split from [[Maudsley Hospital]], merged with King's College London in 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/support/providers/mergers-changes|title=Provider mergers and changes {{!}} HESA|website=www.hesa.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref> * [[United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals]] – merged with King's College London in 1998, now part of [[King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry]] ;Queen Mary, University of London * [[Westfield College]]&nbsp;– Kidderpore Avenue, [[Hampstead]]; now part of Queen Mary and Westfield College (the registered royal charter title of Queen Mary, University of London) * [[St Bartholomew's Hospital|St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College]] - Merged 1995 * [[Royal London Hospital|London Hospital Medical College]] - Merged 1995 ;Royal Holloway, University of London * [[Bedford College (London)|Bedford College]]&nbsp;– Inner Circle [[Regent's Park]]; now part of Royal Holloway and Bedford New College (the legal title of Royal Holloway, University of London, under its establishing act of parliament) * [[Institute of Musical Research]] – moved from [[School of Advanced Study]] in 2015 ;UCL * [[The School of Pharmacy, University of London]]; merged with UCL on 1 January 2012 * [[School of Slavonic and East European Studies]] * [[Institute of Education]]; merged with UCL on 2 December 2014 * [[Middlesex Hospital|Middlesex Hospital Medical School]]; merged with UCL in 1987 * [[Royal Free Hospital|Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine]]: merged with UCL in 1998 Institutions that have closed or left the university include: * [[Heythrop College]] – closed 2018 * [[University Marine Biological Station, Millport]], closed in 2013, now run by [[Field Studies Council]] * [[Imperial College London]] – became independent in July 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/653.html|title=University of London News: Imperial College Leaves University of London|access-date=4 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522161522/http://www.london.ac.uk/653.html|archive-date=22 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This had previously absorbed: ** [[Wye College]] in [[Wye, Kent]]; now closed ** [[Royal Postgraduate Medical School]]; now part of the [[Imperial College School of Medicine]] ** [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St. Mary's Hospital Medical School]]; merged 1998 ** [[Charing Cross Hospital|Charing Cross Hospital Medical School]]: merged 1997 ** [[Westminster Hospital|Westminster Hospital Medical School]]: merged 1997 * [[New College London]], closed in 1980. * [[The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine]], [[Chelsea, London]], founded 1891. In 1978 became a [[Funding of science|science funding body]] * [[Richmond Theological College|Richmond (Theological) College]] was closed as a theological college in 1972 with the campus being transferred to [[Richmond, The American International University in London|The American International University in London]] * [[Regent's Park College]] moved to Oxford in 1927, becoming a [[permanent private hall]] of the [[University of Oxford]] from 1957 ===University colleges in the external degree programme=== {{main|University of London (Worldwide)}} A number of major universities originated as university colleges teaching external degrees of the University of London. These include: * [[Mason Science College|Mason College, Birmingham]], awarded a royal charter in 1900 as the [[University of Birmingham]]. * Owen's College Manchester, became part of the [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]] in 1880, awarded a royal charter in 1903 as the [[Victoria University of Manchester]]. * University College Liverpool, became part of the [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]] in 1884, awarded a royal charter in 1903 as the [[University of Liverpool]]. * Yorkshire College, Leeds, became part of the [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]] in 1887, awarded a royal charter in 1904 as the [[University of Leeds]]. * Firth College, Sheffield, awarded a royal charter in 1905 as the [[University of Sheffield]]. * Bristol University College, awarded a royal charter in 1909 as the [[University of Bristol]]. * University College Reading, awarded a royal charter in 1926 as the [[University of Reading]]. * [[Ceylon University College]], established by the ''Ceylon University Ordinance Act'' in 1942 as the [[University of Ceylon]]. * University College Nottingham, awarded a royal charter in 1948 as the [[University of Nottingham]]. * Hartley University College, Southampton, awarded a royal charter in 1952 as the [[University of Southampton]]. * University College Hull, awarded a royal charter in 1954 as the [[University of Hull]].<ref>{{cite web|title=University History|url=http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/history.aspx|website=University of Hull|access-date=17 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107013059/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/history.aspx|archive-date=7 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * University College of the South West of England, Exeter, awarded a royal charter in 1955 as the [[University of Exeter]]. * University College Leicester, awarded a royal charter in 1957 as the [[University of Leicester]]. * University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire, Cardiff, joined the [[University of Wales]] in 1893 and became [[Cardiff University]] in 2005. * University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, joined the [[University of Wales]] in 1893 and became [[Aberystwyth University]] in 2007. * University College of North Wales, Bangor, joined the [[University of Wales]] in 1893 and became [[Bangor University]] in 2007. A number of other colleges had degrees validated and awarded by the University of London.<ref>N. B. Harte, ''The University of London, 1836–1986''</ref> * [[St. Patrick's, Carlow College]], Ireland&nbsp;– from 1840 to 1892 students studied for primary degrees in Arts (BA) and Law (BLL).<ref>[http://www.hetac.ie/docs/AC9%20Carlow%20College%20Report.pdf Carlow College Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723231853/http://www.hetac.ie/docs/AC9%20Carlow%20College%20Report.pdf |date=23 July 2011 }} HETAC</ref> * [[St. Patrick's College, Thurles]], Ireland&nbsp;– from 1849 the University of London, allowed Thurles to offer degrees.<ref>[http://www.londonancestor.com/iln/london-university.htm University of London]&nbsp;– The Illustrated London News, 11 May 1850</ref> * [[Huddersfield College]] * [[Queen's College, Birmingham]]<ref>''A History of Birmingham'', Chris Upton, 1993, {{ISBN|0-85033-870-0}}</ref> * [[Stonyhurst College]], a Catholic college in Lancashire. * [[Queen's College, Taunton|Wesleyan Collegiate Institution, Taunton]], which became Queen's College, Taunton. * [[Ceylon Technical College]], 1933&nbsp;– 1950 students studied for engineering degrees in BSc in engineering. * [[University College Lahore]] * [[Singapore Institute of Management]] * [[Northwest College for Advanced Learning]], India ===Colleges in special relation=== {{main|University of London International Programmes}} Between 1946 and 1970, the university entered into 'schemes of special relation' with university colleges in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. These schemes encouraged the development of independent universities by offering a relationship with the University of London. University colleges in these countries were granted a [[royal charter]]. An academic board of the university college negotiated with the University of London over the entrance requirements for the admission of students, syllabuses, examination procedures and other academic matters. During the period of the special relationship, graduates of the colleges were awarded University of London degrees. Some of the colleges which were in special relation are listed below, along with the year in which their special relation was established. * 1946&nbsp;– The University College of the West Indies, until 1961. (Now the [[University of the West Indies]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwi.edu/aboutuwi/briefhistory.aspx |title=University of the West Indies |publisher=Uwi.edu |date=24 June 1986 |access-date=13 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093104/http://www.uwi.edu/aboutuwi/briefhistory.aspx |archive-date=27 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * 1948&nbsp;– University College of the Gold Coast, (now [[University of Ghana]]) * 1948&nbsp;– University College, Ibadan, until 1967. (Now the [[University of Ibadan]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm |title=Department Home |access-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061009145219/http://www.ui.edu.ng/deptmedicine.htm |archive-date=9 October 2006 }}</ref> * 1956&nbsp;– University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now the [[University of Zimbabwe]]). * 1961&nbsp;– Royal College Nairobi (now the [[University of Nairobi]]). * 1963&nbsp;– [[University of East Africa]] (In 1970, it was split into three independent universities, which are now: [[University of Nairobi]], [[Makerere University]], and [[University of Dar es Salaam]]) In 1970, the 'Schemes of Special Relation' were phased out. ==Coat of arms== [[File:University of London arms.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.7|Coat of arms of the University of London]] The University of London received a grant of arms in April 1838.<ref name=harte1986>{{cite book|last=Harte|first=N. B.|title=The University of London, 1836–1986: An Illustrated History| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iE0JVcUDogC&pg=PA90 |access-date=4 August 2015|year=1986|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-0-485-12052-3|page=90}}</ref> The arms depict a [[Saint George's Cross|cross of St George]] upon which there is a [[Tudor rose]] surrounded by detailing and surmounted by a crown. Above all of this there is a blue field with an open book upon it. The arms are described in the grant as: :''Argent, the Cross of St George, thereon the Union Rose irradiated and ensigned with the Imperial Crown proper, a Chief Azure, thereon an open Book also proper, Clasps gold''<ref name=harte1986 /> ==Academic dress== {{Main|Academic dress of the University of London}} The University of London had established a rudimentary code for [[academic dress]] by 1844. The university was the first to devise a system of academic dress based on faculty colours, an innovation that was subsequently followed by many other universities. Colleges that award their own degrees have their own academic dress for those degrees. ==Student life== [[File:University of London Union, Malet Street, London-22April2008.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[University of London Union]] (now rebranded as 'Student Central, London')]] In {{HESA year}}, {{HESA student population|INSTID=LON}}approximately 5% of all UK students attended one of the University of London's [[federated school|affiliated schools]].<ref name="HESA citation"/> Additionally, over 50,000 students are part of [[University of London Worldwide]].<ref name="External"/> The ULU building on [[Malet Street]] (close to Senate House) was home to the [[University of London Union]], which acted as the [[Students' union|student union]] for all University of London students alongside the individual college and institution unions. The building is now rebranded as "Student Central, London", offering full membership to current University of London students, and associate membership to students at other universities, and other groups. The union previously owned ''[[London Student]],'' the largest student newspaper in Europe, which now runs as a digital news organisation<ref>{{cite web |author=BAM Agency Ltd |url=http://www.ulu.co.uk/content/index.php?page=9 |title=London Student |publisher=Ulu.co.uk |access-date=13 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527183333/http://www.ulu.co.uk/content/index.php?page=9 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About London Student: A workers' co-operative student media startup|url=http://www.lsnews.co.uk/team/|website=[[London Student]]|access-date=15 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716014001/http://www.lsnews.co.uk/team/|archive-date=16 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Sports, clubs and traditions=== Though most sports teams are organised at the college level, [[ULU]] ran several sports clubs of its own, some of which (for example the rowing team) compete in [[British Universities & Colleges Sport|BUCS]] leagues. The union also organised leagues for college teams to participate in. These leagues and sports clubs are supported by Friends of University of London Sport which aims to promote them. In addition to these, ULU catered for sports not covered by the individual colleges through clubs such as the [[University of London Union Lifesaving Club]], which helps students gain awards and learn new skills in [[lifesaving]] as well as sending teams to compete throughout the country in the [[BULSCA]] league. ULU also organised several societies, ranging from Ballroom and Latin American Dance to [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], and from the [[University of London Big Band]] to the [[Breakdancing]] Society. Affiliated to the university is the [[University of London Society of Change Ringers]], a society for bellringers at all London universities. The university runs the [[University of London Boat Club]]. ===Student housing=== [[File:Connaught-Hall-24.jpg|thumb|[[Connaught Hall, London|Connaught Hall]], located in [[Tavistock Square]]]] The university operates eight intercollegiate [[halls of residence]], which accommodate students from most of its colleges and member institutions:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls |title= Intercollegiate Halls |publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * Bonham Carter and Warwickshire House, Gower Street, WC1E<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/bonham-carter-and-warwickshire-house |title=Bonham Carter and Warwickshire House|publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * [[College Hall, London|College Hall]], [[Malet Street]], WC1E<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/college-hall |title=College Hall |publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * [[Connaught Hall, London|Connaught Hall]], [[Tavistock Square]], WC1H<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/connaught-hall |title=Connaught Hall|publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * Eleanor Rosa House, Lett Road, E15<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/eleanor-rosa-house |title=Eleanor Rosa House|publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * Garden Halls, [[Cartwright Gardens]], WC1H<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/garden-halls |title=Garden Halls|publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * Handel Mansions, Handel Street, WC1N<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/handel-mansions |title=Handel Mansions|publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * [[International Hall, London|International Hall]], Lansdown Terrace, WC1N<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/international-hall |title= International Hall |publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> * [[Nutford House, London|Nutford House]], Brown Street, W1H<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.london.ac.uk/halls/nutford-house |title= Nutford House |publisher=University of London |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref> ==Notable people== {{main list|List of University of London people|Category:Alumni of the University of London}} ===Alumni=== <gallery class="center" caption="Notable University of London alumni include:"> File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|[[Mahatma Gandhi]],{{efn|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] passed the University of London matriculation examination in June 1890.}} [[Father of the Nation]] for India File:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|[[Nelson Mandela]] (LLB; Hon. DSc Econ), [[Father of the Nation]] for South Africa File:John Snow.jpg|[[John Snow]] (MB, MD), founder of epidemiology File:Tom Wolf governor portrait 2019.jpg|[[Tom Wolf]] (MPhil 1978), 47th [[List of governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]] File:Achim Steiner Oxford Martin School.jpg|[[Achim Steiner]] (MA 1985), Administrator of the [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] File:Mukhisa Kituyi, Houlin Zhao, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus with Sophia - AI for Good Global Summit 2018 (41223188035) (cropped).jpg|[[Tedros Adhanom]] (MSc 1992), 8th Director-General of the [[World Health Organization]] File:Shri Shankar Dayal Sharma.jpg|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma|Shankar Sharma]] (DPA){{efn|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] earned Diploma in Public Administration (DPA) from [[University of London]].}}, 9th [[President of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bio-data of Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1977%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20DEC/CAB-1973-02-01_128.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="eparlib.nic.in">{{cite journal |title=DR. SHANKER DAYAL SHARMA: A PROFILE |journal=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=September 1992 |volume=XXXVIII |issue=3 |page=339 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764749/1/jpi_september_1992.pdf |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref> File:Sir Jeremy Heywood, Cabinet Secretary, January 2015 (cropped).jpg|[[Jeremy Heywood]] (MSc 1986), 11th [[Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)|Cabinet Secretary]] File:Drottning Margrethe av Danmark.jpg|[[Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II]] (Hon. LLD), [[Queen of Denmark]] File:Remise du Prix Sakharov à Aung San Suu Kyi Strasbourg 22 octobre 2013-18.jpg|[[Aung San Suu Kyi]] (MPhil 1988), 1st [[State Counsellor of Myanmar]] File:Jharding.jpg|[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton|John Harding]], [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] File:Fred Mulley.PNG|[[Fred Mulley]] (BSc), former British [[Secretary of State for Defence]] File:Leszek Borysiewicz.jpg|[[Leszek Borysiewicz]] (PhD 1986),{{efn|[[Imperial College London]] was a constituent college of University of London from years 1908 to 2007. All degrees during this time was solely issued by the federal university. Imperial College left UoL in 2007 and after which is now issuing its own degree in its name.}} 345th [[List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge|Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Cambridge]] File:Tim Killeen and Tom Vilsack.jpg|[[Timothy L. Killeen]] (BSc, MSc, PhD), 20th [[List of presidents of the University of Illinois System|President of the University of Illinois System]] File:Peter Mathieson 2019.jpg|[[Peter Mathieson (nephrologist)|Peter Mathieson]] (MBBS), [[List of Principals of the University of Edinburgh|Vice-Chancellor and Principal]] of the [[University of Edinburgh]] File:Mick Jagger Deauville 2014.jpg|[[Mick Jagger]], English singer and composer. File:George Soros - Festival Economia 2018 1.jpg|[[George Soros]] (BSc 1951, MSc 1954), billionaire investor and philanthropist. File:CHOGM Commonwealth Big Lunch on April 17, 2018 - 007 (cropped).jpg|[[Queen Camilla|Camilla]], [[List of British royal consorts|Queen of the United Kingdom]]<br />and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s.{{efn|Attended the [[University of London Institute in Paris]] (central academic body of UOL); did not graduate.}} File:Meir Shamgar 1987 Dan Hadani Archive III.jpg|[[Meir Shamgar]] (LLB), 7th Chief Justice of [[Supreme Court of Israel]]. File:Emmerson Mnangagwa Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] (LLB 1972), 3rd [[President of Zimbabwe]]. </gallery> A large number of famous individuals have passed through the University of London, either as staff or students, including at least 12 monarchs or royalty, 52 presidents or prime ministers, 84 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureates]], 6 [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] winners, 2 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] winners, 1 [[Ekushey Padak]] winner and 3 [[List of multiple Olympic gold medalists|Olympic gold medalists]]. The [[collegiate university|collegiate]] [[research university]] has also produced [[Father of the Nation]] for several countries, including several members of [[Colonial Service]] and [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Civil Service]] during the [[British Raj]] and the [[British Empire]]. Staff and students of the university, past and present, have contributed to a number of important scientific advances, including the discovery of [[vaccine]]s by [[Edward Jenner]] and [[Henry Gray]] (author of ''[[Gray's Anatomy]]''). Additional vital progress was made by University of London people in the following fields: the discovery of the structure of [[DNA]] ([[Francis Crick]], [[Maurice Wilkins]] and [[Rosalind Franklin]]); the invention of modern electronic computers ([[Tommy Flowers]]); the discovery of [[penicillin]] ([[Alexander Fleming]] and [[Ernest Chain]]); the development of [[X-ray]] technology ([[William Henry Bragg]] and [[Charles Glover Barkla]]); discoveries on the mechanism of action of [[Interleukin 10]] ([[Anne O'Garra]]); the formulation of the theory of [[electromagnetism]] ([[James Clerk Maxwell]]); the determination of the [[speed of light]] ([[Louis Essen]]); the development of [[antiseptics]] ([[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]]); the development of [[fibre optics]] ([[Charles K. Kao]]); and the invention of the telephone ([[Alexander Graham Bell]]). Notable political figures who have passed through the university include [[Billy Strachan]], [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]], [[Romano Prodi]], [[Junichiro Koizumi]], [[Aung San Suu Kyi]], [[Ramsay MacDonald]], [[Desmond Tutu]], [[Basdeo Panday]], [[Taro Aso]], [[Walter Rodney]], [[Nelson Mandela]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. [[List of Presidents of the United States|35th President of the United States]] [[John F. Kennedy]] filed an application and paid fees<ref name="JFK UOL LSE">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2015/11/25/the-almost-alumnus-john-fitzgerald-kennedy-1917-1963/|title=LSE alumnus – John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963)|work=[[London School of Economics]]|date=25 November 2015 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> for a year's study at the LSE, but later fell ill and left the university without taking a single class.<ref name="JFK UOL LSE"/> ===Academic staff=== {{main|Category:Academics of the University of London}} <gallery class="center" caption="Notable University of London academic staff include:"> File:Victoria Coleman.jpg|[[Victoria Coleman]], 37th [[Chief Scientist of the United States Air Force|Chief Scientist of the U.S. Air Force]] File:Thomas Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|[[T. S. Eliot]], poet and editor File:Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|[[Alexander Fleming]], physician and microbiologist File:Professor John Kay Policy Exchange 2012.jpg|[[John Kay (economist)|John Kay]], 1st Dean of [[Saïd Business School]] </gallery> In the arts, culture and literature the university has produced many notable figures. Writers include novelists [[Malcolm Bradbury]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Thomas Hardy]], [[Arthur C. Clarke]] and [[J. G. Ballard]]. [[Futurologist]] [[Donald Prell]]. Artists associated with the university include [[Jonathan Myles-Lea]], and several of the leading figures in the [[Young British Artists]] movement (including [[Ian Davenport (artist)|Ian Davenport]], [[Tracey Emin]] and [[Damien Hirst]]). Outstanding musicians across a wide range include the conductor [[Simon Rattle|Sir Simon Rattle]], the soprano [[Felicity Lott]] and both members of [[Gilbert and Sullivan]], to [[Mick Jagger]], [[Elton John]], [[Dido (singer)|Dido]], Pakistani singer [[Nazia Hassan]] (known in South Asia as the "[[Queen of Pop]]"), and Hong Kong singer [[Karen Mok]], composer [[Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer]], and members of the bands [[Coldplay]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[Suede (band)|Suede]], [[the Velvet Underground]], [[Blur (band)|Blur]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], [[the Libertines]], and [[Queen (band)|Queen]]. The university has also played host to film directors ([[Christopher Nolan]], [[Derek Jarman]]), philosophers ([[Karl Popper]], [[Roger Scruton]]), explorers ([[David Livingstone]]), international academics ([[Sam Karunaratne]]), Riccarton High School Head of Commerce, Tom Neumann and leading businessmen ([[Michael Cowpland]], [[George Soros]]). ===Honorary alumni=== The University of London [[List of University of London people#Honorary degrees|presented its first honorary degrees]] in June 1903.<ref name="Negley Harte">{{cite book|last1=Negley Harte|first1=University of London|title=University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836-1986|date=1968|publisher=Athlone Press Ltd.|isbn=9780567564498|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmqvAwAAQBAJ&q=University+of+London+%2Ffirst+honorary+degrees%2F1903&pg=PA176|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Foundation Day UoL">{{cite web|title=Foundation Day - University of London|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/foundation-day|work=University of London|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> This accolade has been bestowed on several [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarchs of the United Kingdom]], many members of [[British royal family]] and a wide range of distinguished individuals from both the academic and non-academic worlds.<ref name="Foundation Day UoL"/> Honorary degrees are approved by the Collegiate Council, part of the university's governance structure.<ref name="Foundation Day UoL"/> <gallery class="center"> File:King George 1923 LCCN2014715558 (cropped).jpg|[[George V]] (LLD 1903), [[King of the United Kingdom]] and the [[British Dominions]] and [[Emperor of India]]<ref name=harte1986 /><ref name="Foundation UOL">{{cite web|url=https://london.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-run/foundation-day|title=Foundation Day of University of London}}</ref> File:HRH The Prince of Wales No 4 (HS85-10-36416).jpg|[[Edward VIII]] (MCom 1921, DSc 1921), [[King of the United Kingdom]] and the [[British Dominions]] and [[Emperor of India]]<ref name=harte1986 /> File:Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother portrait.jpg|[[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] (DLitt 1937), [[Queen consort of the United Kingdom]]<br />and the [[Dominion|British Dominions]]{{efn|See [[List of titles and honours of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]]}} File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg|[[Queen Elizabeth II]] (BMus 1946, LLD 1951), [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]] and<br />the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s<ref name="Queen HD">{{cite web|url=http://www.classicfm.com/music-news/latest-news/queen-elizabeth-classical-music/queen-university-london/|title=1946: An honorary degree in music}}</ref>{{efn|See [[List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II]]}} File:Prinses Margaret , Lord Snowdon en Prins Bernhard in de Hoovercraft, Prinses Mar, Bestanddeelnr 917-7816 (cropped).jpg|[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret]] (DMus 1957),<ref name="Queen Mother Official Biography">{{cite book|last=Shawcross|first=William|title =Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: The Official Biography|date=2 October 2009| publisher=Pan Macmillan, 2009| isbn=9780230748101}}</ref> Member of [[British royal family]] File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|[[Winston Churchill]] (LLD 1948), [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]{{efn|The University of London awarded honorary doctorate degree to Winston Churchill at the Foundation Day ceremony on 18 November 1948.}} File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|[[Albert Einstein]] (1936), [[Theoretical physicist]] and Recipient of [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1921 File:René Cassin nobel.jpg|[[René Cassin]] (1969), Recipient of [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1968 File:Amartya Sen 2012.jpg|[[Amartya Sen]] (DSc Econ 2000), Recipient of [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Economics]] 1998 File:Lars Ahlfors - MFO.jpg|[[Lars Ahlfors]] (1978), [[Finland|Finnish]] [[mathematician]] Recipient of [[Fields Medal]] in 1936.<ref name="Lars Ahlfors UoL">{{cite web|title=Lars Ahlfors (1907-1996)|url=http://www.math.harvard.edu/history/ahlfors/|work=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Lars Ahlfors UoL2">{{cite web|title=Lars Valerian Ahlfors|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Ahlfors.html|work=[[University of St Andrews]]|access-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> File:FDR 1944 Color Portrait.jpg|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1941), [[List of Presidents of the United States|32nd President of the United States]] File:Official portrait of The Lord Archbishop of York crop 2.jpg|[[John Sentamu]] (2010), [[Archbishop of York]] and [[Canterbury–York dispute|Primate of England]] </gallery> ==Controversy== In recent years the University of London has seen much controversy surrounding its treatment of staff and students. In 2012, outsourced cleaning staff ran the "3 Cosas" campaign, fighting for improvements in three areas – sick pay, holiday and pensions. After over a year of high-profile strikes, protests and occupations, concessions were made by the university in terms of sick pay and holidays, however these improvements were nowhere near to the extent of what was being demanded by the campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://3cosascampaign.wordpress.com/about/|title=About|date=24 March 2013}}</ref> In 2013, after a student occupation in favour of ten demands, including fair pay for workers, a halt to privatisation of the university and an end to plans to shut down the university's student union [[ULU]], police were called, resulting in the violent eviction and arrests of over 60 students, as well as police violence towards students outside supporting the occupation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/dec/05/three-arrests-student-protest-university-of-london|title=Police officer accused of punching student at University of London protest|first=Kevin|last=Rawlinson|newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 December 2013|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> After these events, a high-profile "Cops Off Campus" demonstration was held against the university's security policies, with thousands in attendance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/student/news/thousands-of-students-attend-cops-off-campus-demo-with-police-so-far-nowhere-to-be-seen-8998440.html|title=Thousands of students attend 'cops off campus' demo - with police so|date=11 December 2013|website=The Independent}}</ref> In 2018, an article was published by [[Vice Media|Vice]] that reported on concerns over the university's security arrangements at Senate House, where over 25 extra private security staff had been brought in. Students who had been involved in an occupation of Senate House were barred from using university facilities, and there were numerous allegations of students being verbally, physically and sexually assaulted by the temporary security staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wjbn5n/the-university-of-londons-theatre-of-security-is-clamping-down-on-student-dissent|title=The University of London's 'Theatre of Security' Is Clamping Down on Student Dissent|first=Simon|last=Childs|date=23 May 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[Independent Workers' Union of Great Britain]] called for a boycott of events at the university's central administration buildings, including Senate House, with the aim of putting pressure on the University of London to bring outsourced cleaning, catering and security staff in-house by targeting a revenue stream worth around £40 million per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Largest university in UK hit by boycott over outsourced staff|url=https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/largest-university-in-uk-hit-by-boycott-over-outsourced-staff/|website=Personnel Today|date=10 December 2018 |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Academics, politicians and trade unionists join boycott of UofL's use of outsourced workers|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/academics-politicians-and-trade-unionists-join-boycott-of-uol%27s-use-of-outsourced-workers|website=Morning Star|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Boycott Over Outsourcing Could Cost University £Millions|url=https://www.twinfm.com/article/boycott-over-outsourcing-could-cost-university-millions|website=Twin FM|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> In May 2019, the congress of the [[University and College Union]], voted to boycott the University of London's central administration buildings including Senate House, raising the pressure on the University of London.<ref>{{cite web|title=University of London faces boycott over treatment of staff|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/education/2019/may/26/university-of-london-admin-centre-senate-house-boycotted-over-treatment-of-staff|website=The Guardian|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> Dion Georgiou, an academic supporting the boycott and a member of UCU, wrote a comment piece for ''The Guardian'' shortly before the vote, urging the congress to approve the motion and claiming that "[outsourced workers] face an intransigent university management, whose response has frequently blended short-termism with heavy-handedness".<ref>{{cite web|title=I'm proud to back a University of London boycott – the outsourcing has to end|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/24/university-of-london-boycott-academics-outsourcing-cleaners|website=The Guardian|access-date=6 June 2019}}</ref> The motion was passed two days later. ==The federal model elsewhere== In 1850, [[Queen's University of Ireland]]<ref name=harte1986 /> was created as a federal university to provide degrees for students from the colleges established at Belfast, Cork and Galway. This was succeeded in 1879 by the [[Royal University of Ireland]], an examining university along the model of the University of London, which was in turn succeeded by the federal [[National University of Ireland]] in 1908. When the [[University of New Zealand]] was constituted in 1874,<ref name="University Global">{{cite book|last=Schreuder|first=Deryck M.|title =Universities for a New World: Making a Global Network in International Higher Education, 1913-2013|date=3 October 2013| publisher=SAGE Publications India, 2013| isbn=9788132117780}}</ref> it was a federal university modelled on the University of London, functioning principally as an examining body.<ref name="University Global"/> [[University of the Cape of Good Hope]], when it was constituted in 1875 and authorised to be responsible for examinations throughout [[South Africa]].<ref name="University Global"/> In [[Canada]], similar structures were adopted, but on a regional basis.<ref name="University Global"/> The [[University of Toronto]] acted as an examining and degree awarding body for the province of [[Ontario]] from 1853 to 1887, by utilising an operating model based on that of University of London.<ref name="University Global"/> In [[India]], to satisfy the urge for higher education and learning,<ref name="UOL South Asia">{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=K. R.|title=Accounting Education In South Asia|year=2004| publisher=Concept Publishing Company, 2004| isbn=9788180690426}}</ref> three universities were set up at three presidency towns in 1857 on the model of University of London<ref name="UOL South Asia"/> as affiliating universities, viz., [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Mumbai]] and [[University of Madras]].<ref name="UOL South Asia"/><ref name="UOL South Asia2">{{cite book|last1=Altbach|first1=P.G.|last2=Selvaratnam|first2=V.|title=From Dependence to Autonomy: The Development of Asian Universities|date=6 December 2012| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media, 2012| isbn=9789400925632}}</ref> The [[University of Wales]] was established in 1893 on a federal model incorporating (originally) colleges in Aberystwyth, Bangor and Cardiff.<ref name="Collegial Higher Education">{{cite book|last1=Tapper|first1=Ted|last2=Palfreyman|first2=David|title=The Collegial Tradition in the Age of Mass Higher Education|date=20 July 2010| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media, 2010| isbn=9789048191543}}</ref> A decision to dissolve the University of Wales was made in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wales.ac.uk/en/AboutUs/About-Us-2018.aspx|title=About Us|publisher=University of Wales}}</ref> ==Literature and popular culture== {{See also|Category:University of London in fiction}} ===Literature=== [[Dr. Watson]], a fictional character in the [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories by [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]], received his medical degree<ref name="WP Life">{{cite book|last=Peschel|first=Bill|title=The Illustrated Life and Career of William Palmer: Volume 1 of Rugeley Poisoner| publisher=Peschel Press, 2016}}</ref><ref name="MX SH">{{cite book|last=Marcum|first=David|title=The MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories Part V: Christmas Adventures - Volume 5 of The MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories|date=4 February 2020| publisher=Andrews UK Limited, 2016|isbn=9781780929989}}</ref><ref name="Mystery Millions">{{cite book|last=Furneaux|first=Rupert|title=The World's Strangest Mysteries: Happenings that Have Intrigued and Baffled Millions| publisher=Odhams Press, 1961}}</ref> from [[Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry]] (now part of QMUL) and met Sherlock Holmes in the chemical laboratory there.<ref name="WP Life"/><ref name="London Holmes">{{cite book|last=Christopher|first=John|title=The London of Sherlock Holmes|date=15 July 2012| publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited, 2012|isbn=9781445615684}}</ref> [[Jim Hacker]], a fictional character in the 1980s [[British sitcom]] ''[[Yes Minister]]'' and its sequel ''[[Yes, Prime Minister]]'', received his degree, a third, from the university (LSE).<ref name="UOL LSE Films">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2016/02/22/lse-on-screen/|title=LSE on the big and the small screen|date=22 February 2016 |access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the [[Senate House, London]] use by the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]] inspired two noted English writers: [[Graham Greene]]'s novel ''[[The Ministry of Fear]]'' (1943) and its film adaptation ''[[Ministry of Fear]]'' by [[Fritz Lang]] (1944) set in Bloomsbury.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXyiBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Senate+House%22+%22Ministry+of+Fear%22&pg=PA285|title=The Intelligible Metropolis: Urban Mentality in Contemporary London Novels|date=2014|page=285|publisher=Transcript Verlag|last=Pleßke|first=Nora|isbn=9783839426722|access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> [[George Orwell]]'s wife Eileen worked in Senate House for the Censorship Department of the Ministry of Information,<ref name="Hill">{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2003/11/senate_house_un.html|title=Senate House, University of London|date=22 November 2003|publisher=City of Sound|last=Hill|first=Dan|access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> and her experiences inspired the description of the [[Ministry of Truth]] in Orwell's 1949 novel ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]''. ===Films and others=== A lecturer at the university (SOAS) named [[William Montgomery McGovern|William McGovern]] was one of the [[Indiana Jones (character)#Historical models|real-life inspirations]] of the film character [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]].<ref name="SOAS Indiana Jones">{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/news/newsitem104621.html|publisher=[[SOAS, University of London]]|title=SOAS' incognito academic inspires world's most famous fictional archaeologist|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> Senate House and the constituent colleges of the University of London have been featured in Hollywood and British films.<ref name="films">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukonscreen.com/nearby.php?530000,181900,kccebdb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717150009/http://www.ukonscreen.com/nearby.php?530000,181900,kccebdb|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|title=UK Onscreen|access-date=16 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="film_london">{{cite web|url=http://filmlondon.org.uk/news/2007/september/open_house_london|title=Open House London|date=12 September 2007|work=Film London|access-date=29 May 2011|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820071406/http://filmlondon.org.uk/news/2007/september/open_house_london/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Iain Stasukevich|title=Batman to the Max|journal=[[American Cinematographer]]|publisher=[[American Society of Cinematographers]]|volume=93|issue=8|page=34|location=Los Angeles, United States|date=1 August 2012|issn=0002-7928}}</ref><ref name="british-film-locations">{{cite web|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/Fast-And-Furious-6-2013|title=british film locations|date=26 November 2014|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309125249/http://www.british-film-locations.com/Fast-And-Furious-6-2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In year 1916, [[Alfred Hitchcock]] enrolled at the University of London<ref name="Gene Hitchcock">{{cite book|last=Adair|first=Gene|title =Alfred Hitchcock: Filming Our Fears|date=2002| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=9780195119671}}</ref><ref name="Mark Hitchcock">{{cite book|last=William Padilla|first=Mark|title =Classical Myth in Four Films of Alfred Hitchcock|date=2016| publisher=Lexington Books| isbn=9781498529167}}</ref><ref name="Charlotte Hitchcock">{{cite book|last= Chandler|first= Charlotte|title =It's Only a Movie - Alfred Hitchcock: A Personal Biography|date=March 2006| publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books| isbn=9781476849409}}</ref><ref name="10 films Alfred">{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-films-influenced-alfred-hitchcock|title=10 great films that influenced Alfred Hitchcock|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> and took evening courses and drawing and design classes, and later in 1920 helped land him a spot designing title cards. ==See also== * [[Armorial of UK universities]] * [[Golden triangle (universities)]] * [[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]] * [[List of universities in the UK]] * [[Third-oldest university in England debate]] * [[United Hospitals]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *{{cite book | last=Harte | first=Negley | year=2000 | title=University of London: An Illustrated History: 1836–1986 | location=London | publisher=A&C Black | isbn=9780567564498}} *{{cite book | last=Thompson| first=F. M. L. |author-link=Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson | year=1990 | title=The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836–1986 | location=London | publisher=A&C Black | isbn=9781852850326}} *{{cite book | last=Willson | first=F. M. G. | year=1995 | title=Our Minerva: The Men and Politics of the University of London, 1836–58 | location=London | publisher=Athlone Press | isbn=9780485114799 }} *{{cite book | last=Willson | first=F. M. G. | year=2004 | title=The University of London, 1858–1900: The Politics of Senate and Convocation | location=London | publisher=Boydell Press | isbn=9781843830658}} *{{cite book | last=Rothblatt| first=Sheldon| year=2006 | title=The Modern University and Its Discontents: The Fate of Newman's Legacies in Britain and America| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=9780521025010}} == External links == {{Commons category}} * {{Official website}} * [http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=IN=UoL University of London Archives] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105055/http://www.shl.lon.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/studentrecords.shtml University of London student lists] * [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/locact94/Ukla_19940016_en_1.htm The University of London Act 1994] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130510143909/http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/historic-collections/archives-manuscripts/university-of-london-military-service-1914-1945/ University of London military service,1914–1945] {{University of London|state=expanded}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{Universities in the United Kingdom}} {{Universities and colleges in London}} }} {{Portal bar|London}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:London, University Of}} [[Category:University of London| ]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1836]] [[Category:Exempt charities]] [[Category:1836 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1836 establishments in England]] [[Category:1836 in London]] [[Category:Universities in London]]'