Examine individual changes

'{{Short description|American program with college-level classes offered to high school students}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2018}} {{Use American English|date=January 2013}} {{Infobox examination | name = Advanced Placement exams | image_name = AP logo (2017).svg | image_size = 121px | image_alt = | caption = Logo since 2017 | acronym = AP | type = | test_admin = [[College Board]] | skills_tested = | purpose = | year_started = {{Start date|1952}} | year_terminated = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}} --> | duration = Mostly 2–3 hours<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/ap-exams-overview/exam-timing-structure|website=AP Students|publisher=[[College Board]]|title=Exam Timing and Structure|access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> | score_range = 1–5 ([[#Scoring|details]]) | score_validity = Scores archived after 4 years, but remain valid<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/faqs/i-took-ap-exams-over-four-years-ago-how-do-i-send-my-old-scores|website=AP Students|publisher=[[College Board]]|title=I took AP Exams over four years ago. How do I send my old scores?|access-date=2023-04-05}}</ref> | offered = Yearly | attempt_restriction = | regions = [[United States]] and [[Canada]] | language = | test_takers = | prerequisite = | fee = 2024 exams (USD):<ref name="fees"/> {{ublist | $98 (US, Canada, [[DoDEA]] schools) | $128 (elsewhere) | $146 (AP Capstone) }} | score_users = | qualification_rate = | free_label = | free = | website = {{URL|https://ap.collegeboard.org}} | footnotes = }} {{Advanced Placement}} {{Education in the U.S.}} '''Advanced Placement''' ('''AP''')<ref>{{cite web|title=AP Central|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/|access-date=January 29, 2022|archive-date=January 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129083430/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> is a program in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] created by the [[College Board]]. AP offers undergraduate university-level [[curriculum|curricula]] and examinations to [[high school]] students. Colleges and universities in the US and elsewhere may grant placement and [[course credit]] to students who obtain qualifying scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that [[academic discipline]]. For a high school course to have the designation as offering an AP course, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum as specified in the Board's Course and Examination Description (CED). If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger.<ref>{{cite web|title=AP Course Ledger|url=https://apcourseaudit.inflexion.org/ledger/|work=AP Course Audit|publisher=University of Oregon|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123713/https://apcourseaudit.inflexion.org/ledger/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== ===20th century=== After the end of [[World War II]], the [[Ford Foundation]] created a fund that supported committees studying education.<ref>{{cite web| title= A Brief History of the Advanced Placement Program| url= http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/ap/ap_history_english.pdf| access-date= January 29, 2009| publisher= [[College Board]]| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090205075824/http://www.collegeboard.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info/ap/ap_history_english.pdf| archive-date= February 5, 2009| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref> The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan",<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Markers: Kenyon College |url=https://lbis.kenyon.edu/sca/markers/college |access-date=May 29, 2011 |publisher=[[Kenyon College]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719231345/https://lbis.kenyon.edu/sca/markers/college |archive-date=July 19, 2011 }}</ref> was founded and pioneered at [[Kenyon College]] in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president [[Gordon Chalmers]]. The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the [[Lawrenceville School]], [[Phillips Academy]], [[Phillips Exeter Academy]], and [[St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire)|St. Paul's School]] —and three universities—[[Harvard University]], [[Princeton University]] and [[Yale University]]. In 1952 they issued the report ''General Education in School and College: A Committee Report'' which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Liberal Arts in School and College |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |author=Stanley N. Katz |url=http://chronicle.com/article/The-Liberal-Arts-in-School-and/10344 |date=March 10, 2006 |access-date=January 21, 2011 |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611225436/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Liberal-Arts-in-School-and/10344 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin. The [[College Board]], a non-profit organization<ref>[http://www.collegeboard.com/about/index.html About the College Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203085840/http://www.collegeboard.com/about/index.html |date=December 3, 2010 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/program/history/8019.html The History of the AP Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503202659/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/program/history/8019.html |date=May 3, 2007 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> From 1965 to 1989, [[Harlan Hanson]] was the director of the Advanced Placement Program.<ref>{{cite web |last=DiYanni |first=Robert |title=The History of AP Program |url=http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/21502.html |year=2008 |publisher=CollegeBoard.com |access-date=July 23, 2009 |archive-date=July 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705050030/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/21502.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher-level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities.<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/program/index.html The Advanced Placement Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512151808/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/program/index.html |date=May 12, 2008 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams. ===21st century=== In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap06_prog_summary_rpt.pdf Program Summary Report 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025135600/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap06_prog_summary_rpt.pdf |date=October 25, 2007 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap05_apfactsheet_37491.pdf AP Fact Sheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175722/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap05_apfactsheet_37491.pdf |date=July 8, 2011 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course.<ref>[http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/about_faq.html#faq1 AP: Frequently Asked Questions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621225903/http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/about_faq.html#faq1 |date=June 21, 2007 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> Therefore, [[homeschooling|home-schooled]] students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams. As of the 2024 testing season, exams cost $98 each,<ref name="fees">{{Cite web |title=AP Exam Fees – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/exam-administration-ordering-scores/ordering-fees/exam-fees |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $36 per exam from College Board plus an additional $9 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/03/ST2008040303977.html | title=AP Language, Computer Courses Cut | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=April 4, 2008 | access-date=January 21, 2011 | first=Daniel | last=de Vise | archive-date=November 12, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112061039/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/04/03/ST2008040303977.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/195950.html Important Announcement about AP Italian Language and Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704221615/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/195950.html |date=July 4, 2008 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apscores |title=AP Online Scores |access-date=May 7, 2013 |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622013458/https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/apscores |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2022, the most taken AP exam was [[AP English Language and Composition|English Language and Composition]] with 520,771 students and the least taken AP exam was [[AP Italian Language and Culture|Italian Language and Culture]] with 2,194 students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2017/Student-Score-Distributions-2017.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 21, 2018 |archive-date=December 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103452/https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2017/Student-Score-Distributions-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2022-2023 school year, [[College Board]] launched a pilot [[AP African American Studies]] course. The course is currently acknowledged credit at about 75 colleges and universities, from [[Virginia Tech]] to [[Tuskegee University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=African-American History Finally Gets Its Own AP Class |url=https://time.com/6207652/ap-african-american-history-class/ |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref> AP exams begin on the first Monday in May and last ten school days. ==Scoring== AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apscore.collegeboard.org/scores/about-ap-scores|title=About AP Scores – The College Board|website=apscore.collegeboard.org|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=April 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427230339/https://apscore.collegeboard.org/scores/about-ap-scores|url-status=live}}</ref> *'''5''' – Extremely well qualified *'''4''' – Well qualified *'''3''' – Qualified *'''2''' – Possibly qualified *'''1''' – No recommendation The multiple-choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free-response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on the grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process, a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year.<ref>{{cite web| title= AP Central – Exam Scoring | url= http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/1994.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080113162234/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/1994.html| archive-date=January 13, 2008| publisher=[[College Board]] | date= 2017-03-14 }}</ref> Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit.<ref>[http://pathaspire.com/standardized/ap/ap/1/ Understanding AP Exams] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908231132/http://pathaspire.com/standardized/ap/ap/1/ |date=September 8, 2008 }} from PathAspire.com</ref> Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score.<ref>[http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/212187.html Multiple-Choice Scores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902033611/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/212187.html |date=September 2, 2010 }} from collegeboard.com</ref> Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed a specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there. In addition, completing AP courses helps students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://professionals.collegeboard.com/k-12/assessment/ap/ |title=AP Program |publisher=College Board |access-date=August 5, 2012 |date=2007-09-07 |archive-date=July 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706134300/http://professionals.collegeboard.com/k-12/assessment/ap |url-status=live }}, citing "Unpublished institutional research, Crux Research, Inc. March 2007."</ref> Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Guess What? Taking AP Exams Just Got Easier | publisher = ParentDish | year = 2010 | url = http://www.parentdish.com/2010/08/12/guess-what-taking-ap-exams-just-got-easier/ | access-date = March 6, 2011 | archive-date = March 14, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314044133/http://www.parentdish.com/2010/08/12/guess-what-taking-ap-exams-just-got-easier | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/11/ap-eliminates-guessing-pe_n_678757.html | work=HuffPost | first=Leah | last=Finnegan | title=AP Eliminates Guessing Penalty On Tests | date=August 11, 2010 | access-date=January 29, 2022 | archive-date=July 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719094842/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/11/ap-eliminates-guessing-pe_n_678757.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Total scores on the multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased. ==Score reporting== Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Score Reporting Services|url=http://www.apscore.org/schedule.html|publisher=[[College Board]]|access-date=July 4, 2013|pages=1|year=2013|archive-date=July 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706141409/http://www.apscore.org/schedule.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one was indicated) along with a College Board Account<ref>{{cite web|title=Create a CollegeBoard Account|url=https://account.collegeboard.org/iamweb/smartRegister|publisher=[[College Board]]|access-date=July 4, 2013|pages=1|year=2013|archive-date=July 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701172524/https://account.collegeboard.org/iamweb/smartRegister|url-status=live}}</ref> to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code<ref>{{cite web|title=List of 4-digit Institutional Codes, PDF|url=http://www.ets.org/s/gre/pdf/gre_aidi_fellowships.pdf|publisher=[[Educational Testing Service]]|access-date=July 4, 2013|pages=1|year=2013|archive-date=June 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625182636/http://www.ets.org/s/gre/pdf/gre_aidi_fellowships.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> is assigned. ==Exam subsidies== {{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}} Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the [[College Board]] have partially or fully subsidized the cost. The state of Florida reimburses school districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses.<ref>{{cite act |type=Title |index=XLVIII |date=2022 |article=1011.62(1)(n) |article-type=Section |legislature=[[Florida Senate|The Florida Senate]] |title=Florida Early Learning-20 Education Code |url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2022/1011.62 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Los Angeles Unified School District]], the [[Montebello Unified School District]], the [[Hawaii Department of Education]], [[New York City Department of Education]], and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/sites/default/files/assessment/ap-memo-2018-2019.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 29, 2022 |archive-date=February 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226050201/https://www.doe.in.gov/sites/default/files/assessment/ap-memo-2018-2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Edmonds School District]] in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in the free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as [[Fairfax County Public Schools]], will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts{{which|date=October 2022}} offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class. ==Courses== There are currently 39 courses and exams available through the AP Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/index.html|title=AP Central - Course Home Pages|website=apcentral.collegeboard.com|access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=May 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505000235/http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/teachers_corner/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{collist| '''''Arts''''' *[[AP 2-D Art and Design]] *[[AP Art and Design|AP 3-D Art and Design]] *[[AP Drawing]] *[[AP Art History]] *[[AP Music Theory]] '''''English''''' *[[AP English Language and Composition]] *[[AP English Literature and Composition]] '''''History and Social Sciences''''' *[[AP African American Studies]] *[[AP Comparative Government and Politics]] *[[AP European History]] *[[AP Human Geography]] *[[AP Macroeconomics]] *[[AP Microeconomics]] *[[AP Psychology]] *[[AP United States Government and Politics]] *[[AP United States History]] *[[AP World History: Modern]] '''''Math and Computer Science''''' *[[AP Precalculus]] *[[AP Computer Science Principles]] *[[AP Computer Science A]] *[[AP Calculus AB]] *[[AP Calculus BC]] *[[AP Statistics]] '''''Sciences''''' *[[AP Biology]] *[[AP Chemistry]] *[[AP Environmental Science]] *[[AP Physics 1|AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based]] *[[AP Physics 2|AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based]] *[[AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism]] *[[AP Physics C: Mechanics]] '''''World Languages and Cultures''''' *[[AP Chinese Language and Culture]] *[[AP French Language and Culture]] *[[AP German Language and Culture]] *[[AP Italian Language and Culture]] *[[AP Japanese Language and Culture]] *[[AP Latin]] *[[AP Spanish Language and Culture]] *[[AP Spanish Literature and Culture]] }} ==Recent and upcoming exam changes== === 2016–2017 === * AP World History ** This exam will also undergo the same basic changes to the 2014-2015 United States History and 2015-2016 European History exams.<ref>{{Cite web|title = AP World History Revisions - Advances in AP - The College Board {{!}} Advances in AP|url = https://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/english-history-and-social-science/world-history|website = advancesinap.collegeboard.org|access-date = June 3, 2015|archive-date = September 7, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150907180301/https://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/english-history-and-social-science/world-history|url-status = live}}</ref> *** Shortened multiple-choice section with 55 questions, accounting for 40% of the total exam score. These are reduced from 70 questions and 50% in previous years, respectively. *** Four short-answer questions, however students are only required to answer one of the final two short-answer questions, in place of one of the long essays, accounting for 20% of the total exam score. These questions are given a 40-minute writing period. *** Document-based question (DBQ) and the remaining long essay now account for 25% and 15% of the exam score respectively. New writing periods of 60 minutes and 40 minutes respectively are given instead of the combined 120-minute writing period for all three essays in previous exams. *AP Calculus AB **Time format changed **Addition of [[L'Hôpital's rule]] *AP Calculus BC **Addition of limit comparison tests, absolute and conditional convergence, and the alternating series. === 2018–2019 === * AP United States Government and Politics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/english-history-and-social-science/us-government-politics|title=AP U.S. Government and Politics - Advances in AP - The College Board|website=advancesinap.collegeboard.org|date=July 10, 2006 |access-date=May 9, 2017|archive-date=May 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506191806/https://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/english-history-and-social-science/us-government-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (MCQ) will be extended from 60 questions in 45 minutes to 55 questions in 80 minutes. It will still count towards 50% of the total exam score. *** The questions will feature greater use of scenarios and stimulus material. *** The number of answer choices for each question will be reduced from five to four. ** Section II (FRQ) will include four questions in 100 minutes (the same amount of questions and time as the previous exams). The section as a whole will be worth 50% of the total exam score. All four questions are weighted equally (each is worth 12.5% of the total exam score). *** One will be a concept application question involving a political scenario. *** One will be a quantitative analysis and interpretation question with a visual stimulus. ***One will be a [[Supreme Court of the United States|SCOTUS]] Comparison, a comparison between one case that is required knowledge outlined in the course and exam description, and the other not being of prior knowledge to the students. *** One will be an argumentation essay requiring supporting evidence and reasoning. === 2019–2020 === * As a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the College Board announced that AP exams may be taken from home. The exams are modified to only cover approximately the first 75% of the course. For most exams, the exam is 45 minutes long and consists of one or two free-response questions that can be submitted typed or handwritten. The exams are open note, open book, and open Internet.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Watanabe|first=Teresa|date=2020-03-18|title=How will students take AP tests with schools closed? At home, College Board proposes|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-17/coronavirus-ap-tests-college-board|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-date=December 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203210345/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-17/coronavirus-ap-tests-college-board|url-status=live}}</ref> * AP Computer Science A<ref>{{Cite web|title=AP Computer Science A: Updates for 2019-20|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-computer-science-a-updates-2019-20.pdf|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|archive-date=October 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023022005/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-computer-science-a-updates-2019-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Topics such as abstract classes and interfaces have been removed. * AP World History<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-04|title=AP World History: Updates for 2019-20 {{!}} AP Central — The College Board|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-world-history/course/updates-2019-20?course=ap-world-history|access-date=2019-05-10|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=May 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509172154/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-world-history/course/updates-2019-20?course=ap-world-history|url-status=live}}</ref> ** The course will now be split up into two different exams: *** AP World History: Modern - It will cover world history from the year 1200 CE to the present. *** AP World History: Ancient - This course will be released at a later, unspecified date. ** The Exam format will remain the same. === 2020–2021 === * AP Comparative Government and Politics<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-04|title=AP Comparative Government and Politics: Updates for 2019-20 {{!}} AP Central — The College Board|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-comparative-government-and-politics/course/updates-2019-20?course=ap-comparative-government-and-politics|access-date=2019-05-10|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=January 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129214255/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-comparative-government-and-politics?course=ap-comparative-government-and-politics|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will remain the same at 55 questions, but time for the section will increase from 45 minutes to 60 minutes. It will continue to be worth 50% of the total exam score. *** Each question will now have 4 possible options instead of 5. *** There will be 2 text-based sources followed by a few questions. *** There will be 3 quantitative sources followed by a few questions. ** Section II (Free Response): The number of questions will decrease from 8 questions to 4 questions. The time will also decrease from 100 minutes to 90 minutes. It will continue to be worth 50% of the total exam score. *** Question 1: Conceptual Analysis *** Question 2: Quantitative Analysis *** Question 3: Comparative Analysis *** Question 4: Argument Essay * AP Biology<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-10|title=AP Biology Exam|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-biology/exam?course=ap-biology|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414100442/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-biology/exam?course=ap-biology|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 69 to 60 questions. Grid-in questions will no longer be on the exam. ** Section II (Free Response): The number of questions will be reduced from 8 to 6, but the time allocation for the section stays the same. *** The two long questions will both focus on "interpreting and evaluating experimental results". *** The section will have four short-answer questions. * AP English Language and Composition<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-10|title=AP English Language|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-english-language-and-composition/exam?course=ap-english-language-and-composition|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120011400/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-english-language-and-composition/exam?course=ap-english-language-and-composition|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 52–55 to 45. ** Section II (Free Response): The questions will now be scored with analytic rubrics. * AP Human Geography<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-10|title=AP Human Geography Exam|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-human-geography/exam?course=ap-human-geography|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414103012/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-human-geography/exam?course=ap-human-geography|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (Multiple Choice): The number of questions will be reduced from 75 to 60, with increased emphasis on analyzing quantitative and qualitative sources. The time allocation for the section remains the same. ** Section II (Free Response): Each question will now be worth 7 points. * AP Computer Science Principles<ref>{{Cite web|title=AP Computer Science Principles Curriculum Framework 2020-2021|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-computer-science-principles-conceptual-framework-2020-21.pdf|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|archive-date=October 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023054223/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/pdf/ap-computer-science-principles-conceptual-framework-2020-21.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ** The Explore Performance Task will be replaced with some multiple-choice questions, and the College Board will be releasing a new Create Task. * AP Italian Language and Culture<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-10|title=AP Italian Language and Culture Exam|url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-italian-language-and-culture/exam?course=ap-italian-language-and-culture|access-date=2020-10-14|website=AP Central|language=en|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204123445/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-italian-language-and-culture/exam?course=ap-italian-language-and-culture|url-status=live}}</ref> ** Section I (Multiple Choice): The 65 questions will now be split into two parts with nine sets total: *** Part A will have 30 questions and be 40 minutes long. *** Part B will have 35 questions and be 55 minutes long. === 2021–2022 === *AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based **Units 8-10 have been removed from the AP Physics 1 curriculum as they are covered in AP Physics 2. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1-algebra-based | title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based – AP Students &#124; College Board }}</ref> ***Kinematics, dynamics, circular motion and gravitation, energy, momentum, simple harmonic motion, and torque and rotational motion are still covered. However: electric charge and electric force, DC circuits, and mechanical waves and sound have been removed. === 2022–2023 === *AP Chemistry **Section I (Multiple Choice): Questions will now permit the use of a calculator. The number and type of questions, as well as the section's time allocation remains the same. === 2023–2024 === *AP Precalculus **New course added with first testing term being May 2024. The exam has two sections: 40 multiple-choice questions on the first and four free-response questions on the second.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Precalculus Exam – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-precalculus/exam |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> *AP World History: Modern **Scoring criteria for the DBQ and LEQ have changed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP World History: Modern Exam – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-world-history/exam |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> ==Recent exam information== [[File:AP Exams Taken by Subject 2019.png|thumb|AP Exam Taken by Subject 2019]] Below are statistics from the 2022 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the [[mean]] score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+2022 scoring results ! Exam name ! Number of students ! Scored ≥3 (%) ! Mean score |- | [[AP Studio Art#AP Studio Art 2D|2-D Art and Design]] | 37,045 | 86.6 | 3.43 |- | [[AP Studio Art#AP Studio Art 3D|3-D Art and Design]] | 5,377 | 73.6 | 3.12 |- | [[AP Art History|Art History]] | 20,970 | 61.5 | 2.99 |- | [[AP Biology|Biology]] | 237,338 | 67.9 | 3.11 |- | [[AP Calculus#AP Calculus AB|Calculus AB]] | 268,352 | 55.7 | 2.91 |- | [[AP Calculus#AP Calculus BC|Calculus BC]] | 120,238 | 76.9 | 3.68 |- | [[AP Chemistry|Chemistry]] | 124,780 | 54.0 | 2.73 |- | [[AP Chinese Language and Culture|Chinese Language and Culture]] | 15,277 | 86.9 | 3.97 |- | [[AP Comparative Government and Politics|Comparative Government and Politics]] | 20,949 | 70.5 | 3.14 |- | [[AP Computer Science A|Computer Science A]] | 77,753 | 67.5 | 3.20 |- | [[AP Computer Science Principles|Computer Science Principles]] | 134,651 | 63.5 | 2.91 |- | [[AP Studio Art#AP Studio Art Drawing|Drawing]] | 19,210 | 88.3 | 3.54 |- | [[AP English Language and Composition|English Language and Composition]] | 520,771 | 55.7 | 2.83 |- | [[AP English Literature and Composition|English Literature and Composition]] | 339,401 | 77.9 | 3.31 |- | [[AP Environmental Science|Environmental Science]] | 179,957 | 53.8 | 2.79 |- | [[AP European History|European History]] | 80,152 | 58.9 | 2.95 |- | [[AP French Language and Culture|French Language and Culture]] | 19,554 | 71.6 | 3.16 |- | [[AP German Language and Culture|German Language and Culture]] | 4,450 | 65.5 | 3.13 |- | [[AP Human Geography|Human Geography]] | 221,815 | 53.2 | 2.70 |- | [[AP Italian Language and Culture|Italian Language and Culture]] | 2,194 | 70.5 | 3.26 |- | [[AP Japanese Language and Culture|Japanese Language and Culture]] | 2,765 | 75.5 | 3.65 |- | [[AP Latin|Latin]] | 4,832 | 57.0 | 2.77 |- | [[AP Macroeconomics|Macroeconomics]] | 134,413 | 51.8 | 2.71 |- | [[AP Microeconomics|Microeconomics]] | 84,386 | 59.0 | 2.93 |- | [[AP Music Theory|Music Theory]] | 15,594 | 61.9 | 3.03 |- | [[AP Physics 1|Physics 1: Algebra-Based]] | 144,526 | 43.3 | 2.47 |- | [[AP Physics 2|Physics 2: Algebra-Based]] | 17,842 | 69.7 | 3.14 |- | [[AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism|Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism]] | 19,978 | 69.4 | 3.44 |- | [[AP Physics C: Mechanics|Physics C: Mechanics]] | 46,301 | 73.4 | 3.41 |- | [[AP Psychology|Psychology]] | 292,501 | 58.3 | 2.86 |- | [[AP Capstone#AP Research|Research]] | 26,947 | 82.7 | 3.30 |- | [[AP Capstone#AP Seminar|Seminar]] | 56,766 | 82.6 | 3.19 |- | [[AP Spanish Language and Culture|Spanish Language and Culture]] | 155,931 | 81.7 | 3.54 |- | [[AP Spanish Literature and Culture|Spanish Literature and Culture]] | 23,009 | 64.2 | 2.91 |- | [[AP Statistics|Statistics]] | 216,968 | 60.5 | 2.89 |- | [[AP United States History|United States History]] | 456,520 | 53.7 | 2.71 |- | [[AP United States Government and Politics|United States Government and Politics]] | 298,118 | 48.2 | 2.57 |- | [[AP World History|World History]] | 314,716 | 62.1 | 2.96 |- !style="text-align: left;"|'''Total''' !style="text-align: left;"|'''4,762,347''' !style="text-align: left;"|'''*''' !style="text-align: left;"|'''*''' |} The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test.<ref name="College Board, 2001">{{cite book|last1=College Board|title=Access to excellence: A report of the commission on the future of the Advanced Placement Program|url=http://research.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/2012/7/misc2001-2-future-advanced-placement.pdf|publisher=Author|access-date=January 12, 2017|date=2000-11-30|archive-date=August 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817071458/https://research.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/publications/2012/7/misc2001-2-future-advanced-placement.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam.<ref name="Geiser & Santelices, 2004">{{cite web|last1=Geiser|first1=Saul|last2=Santelices|first2=Veronica|title=The role of Advanced Placement and honors courses in college admissions|url=http://www.cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/role-advanced-placement-and-honors-courses-college-admissions|publisher=Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-date=January 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116144116/http://www.cshe.berkeley.edu/publications/role-advanced-placement-and-honors-courses-college-admissions|url-status=live}}</ref> One 2014 study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sadler|first1=P. M.|last2=Sonnert|first2=G.|last3=Hazari|first3=Z.|last4=Tai|first4=R.|title=The role of advanced high school coursework in increasing STEM career interest|journal=Science Educator|year=2014|volume=23|page=6}}</ref> A 2017 study found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams were found to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either the AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{cite journal|last1=Warne|first1=R. T.|title=Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement Program: Taking stock and looking forward |journal=SAGE Open|year=2017|volume=7|issue=1|page=9|doi=10.1177/2158244016682996|doi-access=free}}</ref> In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved a 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003. ==Criticism== ===Decreasing quality=== {{Expand section|date=July 2021}} Researchers{{Who|date=May 2021}} have begun to question{{POV check inline|date=November 2021}} whether AP can maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth.<ref name="Lichten, 2000">{{cite journal|last1=Lichten|first1=William|title=Whither Advanced Placement|journal=Education Policy Analysis Archives|year=2000|volume=8|issue=29|page=29|doi=10.14507/epaa.v8n29.2000|url=http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/420|access-date=January 12, 2017|doi-access=free|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113171857/http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/420|url-status=live}}</ref> Research{{Which|date=July 2021}} has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes.<ref name="Warne, 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Warne|first1=R. T.|title=Research on the academic benefits of the Advanced Placement program: Taking stock and looking forward |journal=SAGE Open|year=2017|volume=7|issue=1|pages=215824401668299|doi=10.1177/2158244016682996|doi-access=free}}</ref> Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor is a matter of debate within the education field.<ref name="Lichten, 2000" /><ref name="Lichten, 2010">{{cite book|last1=Lichten|first1=William|editor1-last=Sadler|editor1-first=P. M.|editor2-last=Sonnert|editor2-first=G.|editor3-last=Tai|editor3-first=R. H.|editor4-last=Klopfenstein|editor4-first=K.|title=AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program|date=2010|publisher=Harvard Education Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=233–243|chapter=Whither Advanced Placement--now?}}</ref> ===Passing scores and university credit=== University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tireny|first1=John|title=AP Classes Are a Scam|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/ap-classes-are-a-scam/263456/|website=The Atlantic|access-date=November 1, 2017|date=2012-10-13|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022320/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/10/ap-classes-are-a-scam/263456/|url-status=live}}</ref> Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities.{{When|date=June 2016}} Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zimar |first1=Heather |year=2005 |title=Universities Raise Standards for Earning Advanced Placement Credit |journal=SEM Source: An Update on State of the Art Student Services |issue=January 2005 |url=http://www2.aacrao.org/sem/index.cfm?fa=view&id=2439 |access-date=November 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729064348/http://www2.aacrao.org/sem/index.cfm?fa=view&id=2439 |archive-date=July 29, 2012 }}</ref> === Website performance === Several users and developers have criticized the poor performance of AP classroom's website for being unresponsive and slow.<ref>{{Cite web |last=marcreif |date=2022-06-22 |title=Pros and Cons of AP Classroom |url=https://fysicsfool.wordpress.com/2022/06/22/pros-and-cons-of-ap-classroom/ |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=fysicsfool |language=en}}</ref> ===Academic achievement=== Researchers have since 2010 studied the impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in ''AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program'' found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam, the head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them."<ref name="hood">{{cite journal |last1=Hood |first1=Lucy |last2=Sadler |first2=Philip M. |year=2010 |title=Putting AP to the Test: New research assesses the Advanced Placement program |journal=Harvard Education Letter |volume=26 |issue=May/June 2010 |url=http://www.hepg.org/hel/article/466#home |access-date=November 7, 2012 |archive-date=March 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330054044/http://hepg.org/hel/article/466#home |url-status=live }}</ref> Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ackerman|first1=Phillip|last2=Kanfer|first2=Ruth|last3=Calderwood|first3=Charles|title=High school Advanced Placement and student performance in college: STEM majors, non-STEM majors, and gender differences|journal=Teachers College Record|year=2013|volume=115|issue=10|pages=1–43|doi=10.1177/016146811311501003 |s2cid=141871464 |ref=Ackerman et al. (2013)}}</ref> The largest study of this sort, with a sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables.<ref name="Warne et al. (2015)">{{cite journal|last1=Warne|first1=Russell T.|last2=Larsen|first2=Ross|last3=Anderson|first3=Braydon|last4=Odasso|first4=Alyce J.|title=The impact of participation in the Advanced Placement program on students' college admissions test scores|journal=The Journal of Educational Research|year=2015|volume=108|issue=5|pages=400–416|doi=10.1080/00220671.2014.917253|hdl=10.1080/00220671.2014.917253|s2cid=146577291|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This led the authors to state that AP participation "is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses..."<ref name="Warne et al. (2015)" />{{rp|414}} Some researchers have questioned the validity of Advanced Placement scores or Advanced Placement as an effective form of [[positive reinforcement]]. It is argued that the pursuit of extrinsic reward is not an accurate reflection of intrinsic interest in course material. Many other criteria should also be employed to judge a student including standardized test scores, research experience, breadth and the level of courses taken, and academic-related extracurriculars performance. Writing honors thesis or semi-independent research in a subject may be more signal of interest or academic potential than achieving the label of "Advance Placement" student. There are also questions on the effectiveness of separating high-achieving students from their peers, in the form of Advanced Placement courses.{{CN|date=May 2023}} == See also == {{Portal|Education|Canada|United States}} *[[Advanced Placement Awards]] *[[GCE Advanced Level]] *[[Education in Canada]] *[[Education in the United States]] *[[International Baccalaureate]] *[[2020 AP exams controversy]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *McCauley, David. 2007. The Impact of Advanced Placement and Dual Enrollment Program on College Graduation. *Applied Research Project. Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/206/ *Schneider, Jack. 2008. ''[http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0528/p09s01-coop.html Schools' Unrest Over the AP Test]'' ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/ AP Student website] * [https://apscore.collegeboard.org/scores/about-ap-scores/score-distributions Score Distributions (most recent exam)] {{College Board}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Advanced Placement| ]] [[Category:1955 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1955 introductions]] [[Category:Canadian educational programs]] [[Category:United States educational programs]] [[Category:School qualifications]] [[Category:Gifted education]] [[Category:High school course levels]] [[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy]] [[Category:Phillips Academy]] [[Category:Princeton University]] [[Category:Yale University]] [[Category:Harvard University]]'