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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Economic union of countries in Eurasia}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
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| data3 = {{lang|kk|Eurazialyq Ekonomikalyq Odaq}}
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| data4 = {{lang|ky|Евразиялык экономикалык биримдик}}
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| data5 = {{lang|ru|Евразийский экономический союз}}}}
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| common_name = Eurasian Economic Union
| linking_name = The Eurasian Union
| image_flag = Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union|Flag]]
| image_symbol = Emblem of the Eurasian Economic Union.svg
| image_map = File:Eurasian Economic Union (orthographic projection) - Crimea disputed.svg
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| map_caption = {{legend|#346733|Member states}}{{legend|#46C843|Territories occupied by Russia<ref>{{cite book|title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|author=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=2020|section=Republic of Crimea|section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xbUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161|isbn=978-1-003-00706-7|quote=Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognised as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.}}</ref>}}
| admin_center_type = Administrative centers
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| {{nowrap|[[Moscow]], [[Russia]]}}<br />{{small|([[Eurasian Economic Commission|Commission]])}}
| {{nowrap|[[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]}}<br />{{small|([[Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court]])}}
}}
| largest_city = [[Moscow]]<br />{{smaller|{{coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|display=inline}}}}
| languages_type = Working language
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| org_type = [[Economic union]]
| membership_type = Member states
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'''Member states:'''
*{{flag|Armenia}}
*{{flag|Belarus}}
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
*{{flag|Russia}}
'''Observers:'''
*{{flag|Cuba}}
*{{flag|Moldova}}
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
}}
| leader_title1 = Chairman of the [[Supreme Eurasian Economic Council]]
| leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Sadyr Japarov|Sadyr Zhaparov]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyrgyzstan has taken over the presidency in the EAEU|date=3 January 2022 |url=https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kyrgyzstan-takes-over-presidency-in-eaeu-146708-2022/}}</ref>
| established_event1 = {{nowrap|Original proposal<sup>a</sup>}}
| established_date1 = 1994
| established_event2 = [[Eurasian Economic Community|Economic Community]]
| established_date2 = {{nowrap|10 October 2000}}
| established_event3 = [[Eurasian Customs Union]]
| established_date3 = {{nowrap|1 January 2010}}
| established_event4 = Establishment agreed
| established_date4 = {{nowrap|18 November 2011}}
| established_event5 = [[Eurasian Economic Space]]
| established_date5 = {{nowrap|1 January 2012}}
| established_event6 = EAEU Treaty signed
| established_date6 = {{nowrap|29 May 2014}}
| established_event7 = EAEU established
| established_date7 = {{nowrap|1 January 2015}}
| official_website = {{URL|1=eaeunion.org/?lang=en|2=EAEUnion.org}}
| area_km2 = 20,229,248<ref name="nationsonline.org">{{cite news|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm|title=Countries by Area|access-date=26 August 2014|website=Nations Online Project}}</ref>
| area_sq_mi = 7,810,557<ref name="nationsonline.org"/>
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 182,131,000<ref name="IMFWEORU">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=911,913,916,917,922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,LP,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2023|website=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
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| population_density_km2 = 9.12
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} US$5.677 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $31,200
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} US$2.573 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $14,100
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*[[Armenian dram]]
*[[Belarusian ruble]]
*[[Kazakhstani tenge]]
*[[Kyrgyz som]]
*[[Russian ruble]]}}
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| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[+375]]
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| footnote_a = By [[President of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstani President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].
| government_type =
| demonym =
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| leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Mikhail Myasnikovich]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman of the Board of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]]
}}
The '''Eurasian Economic Union''' ('''EAEU''' or '''EEU''')<ref group="note">EAEU is the acronym used on the [http://eaeunion.org organisation's website]. However, many media outlets use the acronym EEU.</ref> is an [[economic union]] of five [[post-Soviet states]] located in [[Eurasia]]. The EAEU has an integrated [[single market]]. As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a [[gross domestic product]] of over $2.4 trillion.<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Russia]], and came into force on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |title=Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx |access-date=2016-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110445/https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |archive-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> Treaties aiming for [[Armenia]]'s and [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States of the EEU|url=http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en#about-countries|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.<ref name=FT>{{cite news|last1=Farchy|first1=Jack|title=Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MvV5Evn1|access-date=26 December 2014|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=23 December 2014|quote=Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed the Treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.}}</ref><ref name=TT>{{cite news|title=Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on 1 January|url=http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/12307.19.0.0/eurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1|access-date=26 December 2014|publisher=The Trumpet|date=24 December 2014|quote=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.}}</ref>
The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods and services, and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical regulation, competition, and antitrust regulation. Provisions for a [[single currency]] and greater integration are envisioned for the future.<ref name=WaPost/><ref name=currency/> The union operates through [[supranational union|supranational]] and [[Intergovernmental organisation|intergovernmental]] institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=What is the Eurasian Economic Union? |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-eurasian-economic-union |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union, consisting of the [[Head of State|Heads of the Member States]]. The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council (consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states). The day-to-day work of the EAEU is done through the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], the executive body of the Union. There is also a judicial body – the [[Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court of the EAEU]].<ref>Article 8 and 10, Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==History==
[[File:Timeline of EAEU Integration - WTO.png|thumb|Timeline of EAEU Integration from the [[World Trade Organization]] report.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://docsonline.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/REG/358-1.pdf&Open=True |title=Factual presentation
|website=wto.org|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> ]]
[[File:Russian Federation - Belarus - Kazakhstan 20-Jan-1995.png|thumb|Regional Trade Agreements Database of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx|title=WTO | Regional trade agreements|website=rtais.wto.org}}</ref>]]
[[File:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 29-May-2014.png|thumb|Regional Trade Agreements Database of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="auto"/>]]
===Proposal===
In the 1990s, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in [[GDP]] as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The member states of the union underwent economic reforms and [[privatisation]].<ref group=journal>{{cite web |title=Russian Federation|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf|access-date=7 July 2014|website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union. When the USSR [[August Coup|began to fall]] in 1991, the presidents of [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]]<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal>{{cite web |title=Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts |website=Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> of the founding republics signed the [[Belavezha Accords]] on 8 December 1991, declaring that the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union would cease to exist]] and proclaimed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in its place.
In 1994, during a speech at [[Moscow State University]], the first [[President of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" as a regional trade bloc in order to connect to and profit from the growing economies of [[European Union|Europe]] and [[East Asia]]. The vision would be to simplify the free flow of goods across Eurasia.<ref>Alexandrov, Mikhail. ''Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997.'' Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 229. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30965-6}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last1=Vladimir|first1=Radyuhin|title=Three-nation Eurasian union set up as bridge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/threenation-eurasian-union-set-up-as-bridge/article6063893.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan welcomes Putin's Eurasian Union concept|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 October 2011|access-date=8 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The idea was quickly seen as a way to bolster trade, boost investment in [[Central Asia]], [[Armenia]] and [[Belarus]], and serve as a complement to the [[Eastern Partnership]].<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Eurasian Economic Union to become a bridge between Europe and Pacific Rim|date=12 April 2012 |url=http://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/politics/55923.html|publisher=Vestnik Kavkaza|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
===Founding treaties (1990s)===
[[File:CIS meeting 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Meeting of the leaders of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) in [[Bishkek]], 2008. The CIS initiated the lengthy process of Eurasian integration.]]
During the 1990s, the Eurasian integration process was slow, possibly due to the economic crisis experienced after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and the size of the countries involved (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan cover an area of about 20 million km<sup>2</sup>). As a result, numerous treaties have been signed by member states to establish the regional trade bloc gradually.<ref group=journal>{{cite web |author1=Steven Blockmans|author2=Hrant Kostanyan| author3=Ievgen Vorobiov |title=Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity |url=http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf|date=December 2012 | pages=4–5 |website=Centre for European Policy Studies |quote=Given the distances between major economic centres, the transportation costs appear to be much higher in the case of trade within the CU than within the EEC. Besides, there is significant asymmetry in the distance between Russia's and Belarus' economic centres and those of Russia and Kazakhstan, which affects intra-bloc trade flows. This factor might significantly impede the envisaged positive effects of removing tariff barriers to trade and increasing labour mobility, and will therefore require greater efforts to ease cross-border trade, such as improving transport infrastructure.}}</ref><ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal />
In 1995, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and later acceding states Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] signed the first agreements on the establishment of a [[Customs Union]]. Its purpose was to gradually lead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between member states.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/118|title=AGREEMENT on the Customs union of 20 January 1995| publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
In 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields to begin economic integration between countries to allow for the creation of [[common markets]] for goods, services, capital, labour, and developing single transport, energy and information systems.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref name=":4">{{cite web| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/120|title=TREATY between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic on increased integration in economic and humanitarian fields of 29 March 1996|publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
In 1999, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space by clarifying the goals and policies the states would undertake in order to form the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] and the Single Economic Space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan are launching common economic space 1 Jan. |date=January 2012|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120101/170583110.html|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=TREATY on the Customs union and the Common economic space of 26 February 1999| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/128|publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
===Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014)===
{{main|Eurasian Economic Community}}
To promote further economic integration and more cooperation, in 2000 Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EurAsEC) which [[Uzbekistan]] joined in 2006.
The treaty established a common market for its member states. The Eurasian Economic Community was modelled on the [[European Economic Community]].<ref name="Boris N. Mamlyuk 2014">{{cite SSRN |ssrn=2412319|title=Regionalizing Multilateralism: The Effect of Russia's Accession to the WTO on Existing Regional Integration Schemes in the Former Soviet Space |date=2014|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}}</ref> The two had a comparable population size of 171 million and 169 million, respectively.
A Treaty on a Single Economic Space by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine was signed in 2003 and ratified in 2004, but the process was stalled after the [[Orange revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1052410.html|title=CIS: Russian, Ukrainian, Kazakh Parliaments Ratify Treaty on Single Economic Space|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=8 April 2008 |last1=Krushelnycky |first1=Askold }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-12-10-putin-ukraine_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com – Putin: No objection to Ukraine in EU|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com}}</ref>
In 2007, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a Customs Union between the three countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html|title=Eurasian Economic Union|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126085933/http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html}}</ref>
===Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014)===
{{main|Eurasian Customs Union|Eurasian Economic Space}}
[[File:Session of Supreme Eurasian Economic Council.jpg|thumb|left|A session of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council (composed of the union's heads of state) is held at least once every year.|270px]]
The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (now the [[Eurasian Customs Union]]) came into existence on 1 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html|title=Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Agree on Customs Union|work=Turkish Weekly|date=5 December 2009|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704085214/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html|archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> The Customs Union's priorities were the elimination of intra-bloc tariffs, establishing a common external tariff policy and the elimination of non-tariff barriers. It was launched as a first step towards forming a broader single market inspired by the [[European Union]], with the objective of forming an alliance between [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/soviet-union-to-be-restored-in-the-form-of-new-cus-55474.html|title= Soviet Union to be restored in the form of new customs union|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=18 December 2009|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> The member states planned to continue with economic integration and were set to remove all [[customs border]]s between each other after July 2011.
On 1 January 2012, the three states established the [[Eurasian Economic Space]] which ensures the effective functioning of a [[single market]] for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies.<ref name="Glazyev">[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/ukraines_association_with_eu_rules_out_participation_in_customs_union___putin_aide_305195 Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cistranfinance.com/news/belarus-eases-current-account-deficit-with-customs-union-common-economic-space/360/ |title=Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space |last1=Barron |first1=Lisa |publisher=Cistran Finance |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> The agreement included a [[plan|roadmap]] for future integration and established the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] (modelled on the [[European Commission]]).<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /><ref name="tut.by">{{cite news |script-title=ru:Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров |url=http://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html |newspaper=[[Tut.By]] |language=ru |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110040/https://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html }}</ref> The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="Glazyev" />
{{clear left}}
===Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union===
[[File:The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.webm|thumb|thumbtime=2:17|300px|The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]], on 29 May 2014)]]
In 2011, the then-[[Prime Minister of Russia]], [[Vladimir Putin]], announced his support for Nursultan Nazarbayev's idea for the creation of a Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Russia's Putin says wants to build "Eurasian Union" |first=Gleb |last=Bryanski |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-eurasian-idUSTRE7926ZD20111003 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Новый интеграционный проект для Евразии – будущее, которое рождается сегодня |url=http://www.izvestia.ru/news/502761 |newspaper=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.<ref name="bbc18Nov2011">{{cite news |title=Russia sees union with Belarus and Kazakhstan by 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15790452 |newspaper=BBC News|date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> The member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties.<ref name="Glazyev" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/11/19/Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan-sign-pact/UPI-15221321748054/?spt=hs&or=tn |title=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan sign pact |publisher=UPI |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>
On 29 May 2014, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia signed the treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into effect on 1 January 2015. The presidents of [[Armenia]] and Kyrgyzstan were also present at the signing ceremony. Russian president Vladimir Putin stated, "Today we have created a powerful, attractive centre of economic development, a big regional market that unites more than 170 million people."<ref name="NYTEEU1">{{cite news|title=Putin Signs Economic Alliance With Kazakhstan and Belarus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/europe/putin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times| date=29 May 2014 | last1=MacFarquhar | first1=Neil }}</ref> Kazakh politicians emphasized the Eurasian Economic Union was not intended to be a political bloc, but a purely economic union.<ref name="NYTEEU1" /> [[Bakytzhan Sagintayev]], the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan and lead negotiator, said, "We are not creating a political organisation; we are forming a purely economic union." He further stated "it is a pragmatic means to get benefits. We don't meddle into what Russia is doing politically, and they cannot tell us what foreign policy to pursue."<ref name="NYTEEU1" /> By October, the treaty had received parliamentary approval from all three states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/politics/20141009/193869886/Belarusian-President-Signs-Law-on-Eurasian-Economic-Union-Treaty.html|title=Belarusian President Signs Law on Eurasian Economic Union Treaty Ratification|date=2014-10-09|access-date=2014-10-10|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> On 9 October 2014, a Treaty to enlarge the EAEU to Armenia was signed.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url = http://en.ria.ru/world/20141010/193914853/Armenia-Joins-Eurasian-Economic-Union.html|title = Armenia Joins Eurasian Economic Union|last = Druzhinin|first = Aleksei|date = 10 October 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|quote = Leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union signed an agreement on Friday on Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty.|publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref><ref name=ratifysoon>{{cite web|url=http://arka.am/en/news/economy/eurasian_economic_union_countries_and_armenia_arrange_to_ratify_accession_agreement_soon_/|title=Eurasian Economic Union countries and Armenia arrange to ratify accession agreement soon|date=2014-10-10|access-date=2014-10-10}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on 23 December 2014 and became a member of the Eurasian Union on 6 August 2015.<ref name=kyrsign>{{cite web|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/12/23/finalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today/|title=Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia's accession to EEU to be declared in Moscow today|website=Public Radio of Armenia|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=kyrsign2/>
===Structural evolution===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Treaties and development stages of Eurasian Economic Union
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Signed Documents
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1995
| Treaty on the Customs Union between Belarus and Russia
|-
| Treaty on the Customs Union between Kazakhstan and Russia
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
| Agreement on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
| Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan <br /> (Agreement to complete the formation of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space)
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
| Treaty on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
| Treaty on forming the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2007
| Treaty on the Commission of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Treaty on the Establishment of the Integrated Customs Territory and Creation of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| Establishment of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2011
| Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| The decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the entry of international agreements into force forming the legal base of the Customs Union and Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2012
| Establishment of the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Eurasian Economic Commission started functioning
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2015
| Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union
|-
| The agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union
|}
===Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)===
{{Main|Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
As a result of Russia's [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], the US and EU placed sanctions upon Russia and Belarus.<ref name="TimurSuleimenov">{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/interview/kazakh-official-we-will-not-risk-being-placed-in-the-same-basket-as-russia/|title=Kazakh official: We will not risk being placed in the same basket as Russia|last=Gotev|first=Georgi|date=29 March 2022|website=[[Euractiv]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> On March 10, 2022, Russia suspended exports of wheat, meslin, rye, barley, and corn to the Eurasian Economic Union to secure the country's food supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-suspend-grain-exports-eurasian-economic-union-until-aug-31-2022-03-10/|title=Russia to suspend grain exports to Eurasian Economic Union until Aug 31|date=10 March 2022|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> The ban was reversed on April 1, 2022, although other restrictions on the trade of foods were simultaneously introduced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/russia-scraps-ban-of-cereals-to-eurasian-union|title=Russia scraps ban of cereals to Eurasian Union|last=Kumenov|first=Almaz|date=1 April 2022|website=[[Eurasianet]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> On March 29 a Kazakh government official stated that Kazakhstan would abide by US and EU sanctions and would not facilitate any circumvention, despite its membership of the EAEU. The official explained that Kazakhstan does not wish to be targeted by secondary sanctions, and instead will be seeking to expand its cooperation with the EU.<ref name="TimurSuleimenov"/>
On December 15, 2023, the EAEU signed a free trade agreement with Iran that will eliminate customs duties on almost 90% of goods. The agreement serves to replace a similar temporary agreement that has been in force since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/|title=Institute for the Study of War|website=Institute for the Study of War|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Membership==
{{Main|Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
[[File:Eurasian Economic Union.svg|thumb|400px|
{{legend|#307030|Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
{{legend|#a0d020|Observer states}}
{{legend|#0080ff|Candidate states}}]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country
! Accession date
! Date of signature
|-
| {{ARM}}
| {{dts|2015|01|2|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland>{{cite web|url=http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf|title=Russland – aktuelle Situation, zukünftige Entwicklung|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152331/http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
| {{dts|2014|10|10|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{BLR}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{KAZ}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{KGZ}}
| {{dts|2015|8|12|format=dmy}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/nae/news/Pages/12-08-2015-1.aspx|title=Кыргызстан присоединился к Евразийскому экономическому союзу|website=www.eurasiancommission.org}}</ref>
| {{dts|2014|12|23|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{RUS}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|}
The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union was formally signed by three states which were part of the former [[Soviet Union]]: [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/201515a4-ef4e-11e0-918b-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss Putin's Eurasian push challenges west] by Neil Buckley, Financial Times, 6 October 2011.</ref><ref name="euractiv">{{cite news |title=Moscow fleshes out 'Eurasian Union' plans |url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/moscow-fleshes-eurasian-union-pl-news-509042 |newspaper=EurActiv |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> Agreements to enlarge the EAEU to the other post-Soviet states of [[Armenia]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]] were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively.<ref name=ratifysoon/><ref name=kyrsign/><ref name=kyrsign2>{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/12/23/eurasian-economic-union-is-born-burdened-by-russian-crisis/|title=Eurasian Economic Union is born burdened by Russian crisis|website=Fox News Latino|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url = http://www.kazpravda.kz/en/news/view/27673|title = Kyrgyz government approved the roadmap for accession to the CES|date = 9 October 2014|access-date = 7 December 2014|publisher = Kazakhstan Pravda|quote = As reported the department of information support of the government apparatus of the country, on the eve Prime Minister Joomart Otorbaev held a meeting of the government, which discussed the action plan (roadmap) for accession of Kyrgyzstan to CES of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in view of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, informed BELTA.}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url = http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Agreement-on-Kyrgyzstans-accession-to-Customs-Union-to-be-signed-in-December-257392/|title = Agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession to Customs Union to be signed in December|date = 11 November 2014|access-date = 7 December 2014|publisher = Tengri News|quote = The agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession into the Customs Union [of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus] is expected to be signed 23 December, Russia's [[RIA Novosti]] reports, citing Sapar Issakov, Vice Head of the Kyrgyz President's Staff.}}</ref> For Kyrgyzstan, facilitation of labour migration regulations with Russia was seen as the main benefit of joining the Eurasian Economic Union. The population migration indicator had an inverse dependence with [[GDP per capita]], [[consumer price index]], [[minimum wage]], and [[unemployment rate]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Todorov|first1= G. N.|last2= Kalinina|first2= A. V.|last3=Rybakova|first3=A. I|url=https://jssidoi.org/jesi/article/197|title=Impact of labour migration on entrepreneurship ecosystem: case of Eurasian Economic Union|journal=Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues|volume=5 |issue=4|via=DOAJ|doi=10.9770/jesi.2018.5.4(20)|date=June 30, 2018|pages= 992–1007|s2cid= 56377046|issn= 2345-0282|oclc=7756911602|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Armenia announced its decision to join the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] in September 2013. [[President of Armenia|President]] [[Serj Sargsyan]] announced the decision after talks with his Russian counterpart President [[Vladimir Putin]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/eu-loses-armenia-russia-customs-news-530224|title=EU loses Armenia to Russia's Customs Union|website=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages|date=4 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The treaty enlarging the EAEU to Armenia was signed on 9 October 2014.<ref name=":14" /> By signing this contract, Armenia has accepted corresponding application, and thereby gained access to the EAEU single market with a population of 170 million citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armenia is now in the Eurasian Economic Union|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/02-01-2015-1.aspx|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.eurasiancommission.org|language=en-us}}</ref> Armenia is the only country of the EAEU that has no common border with the other member states of the union. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] guaranteed a free transit corridor for exporting its goods to the Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian deputy economic minister Emil Tarasyan stated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/129320/georgia-ready-to-provide-armenia-free-route-to-eeu/|title=Georgia Ready to Provide Armenia Free Route to EEU|website=asbarez.com|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>
[[Moldova]] was granted Observer Status in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/moldova-granted-observer-status-in-eurasian-union/|title=Moldova granted observer status in Eurasian Union|date=19 April 2017}}</ref>
[[Uzbekistan]] and [[Cuba]] became observer members on 11 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=Uzbekistan, Cuba granted observer status at Eurasian Economic Union|url=https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=eng.belta.by|language=en-EN|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123184012/https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/}}</ref> After the presidential elections in December 2021, Uzbekistan was expected to obtain full membership by 2022 or 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2020/09/03/uzbekistan-vstupit-v-eaes-alternativy-net|title = Узбекистан вступит в ЕАЭС: альтернативы нет| date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> In December 2022, Russian prime minister Mishustin mentioned the advantages of Uzbek full membership in EAEU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2022/12/03/mishustin-uzbekistans-full-membership-in-the-eaeu-will-give-a-powerful-impetus-to-the-development-of-direct-cooperation-ties|title=Mishustin: Uzbekistan's full membership in the EAEU will give a powerful impetus to the development of direct cooperation ties|first=Kun|last=uz|website=Kun.uz}}</ref> By February 2023, Uzbek prime minister Aripov announced the completion of the preparatory work to ensure harmonization of national technical regulations with the EAEU standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2023/02/03/aripov-uzbekistan-has-completed-work-to-simplify-access-to-the-eaeu-markets|title=Aripov: Uzbekistan has completed work to simplify access to the EAEU markets|first=Kun|last=uz|website=Kun.uz}}</ref>
=== Presidency ===
Each year, a Member State is elected chairman to head the Union. Chairmanship is passed from country to country in alphabetical order in the [[Russian language]]. [[Armenia]] currently holds the chairmanship.
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!#
!Country
!Head of state or government
!Major trade agreements
|-
|2015
|1st
|{{BLR}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/|title=БелаПАН. Беларусь получила право председательства в ЕАЭС в 2015 году|website=belapan.by|date=23 December 2014 |access-date=14 November 2016|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130032226/http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/}}</ref>
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|{{VIE}}
|-
|2016
|2nd
|{{KAZ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/ru/1-yanvarya-2016-goda-nachalos-predsedatel-stvo-kazahstana-v-eaes_a2855900|title=1 января 2016 года началось председательство Казахстана в ЕАЭС|date=January 2016}}</ref>
|[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |none
|-
| rowspan=2 |2017
| rowspan=2 |3rd
| rowspan=2 |{{KGZ}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu |title=Председательство в ЕАЭС в 2017 году переходит к Кыргызстану | Радио Мир |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132142/http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NW8ytIG9Xw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/6NW8ytIG9Xw |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Новый Таможенный кодекс ЕАЭС называют революционным|last=Телеканал Хабар 24|date=17 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|[[Almazbek Atambayev]] (until 1 December)
|-
|[[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]] (from 1 December)
|-
|2018
|4th
|{{RUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap9RYFw6vzU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141808/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap9RYFw6vzU&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2019-05-11 |title=Страны ЕАЭС договариваются о взаимном признании водительских прав|last=Россия 24|date=14 August 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|{{CHN}}, {{IRI}}
|-
|2019
|5th
|{{ARM}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2018/12/06/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2019-godu-perehodit-k-armenii|title=Председательство в ЕАЭС в 2019 году переходит к Армении|date=6 December 2018 }}</ref>
|[[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|{{SRB}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2019&mm=08&dd=29&nav_id=107181|title = European Commission: Serbia will have to terminate the agreement with Eurasian Union| date=29 August 2019 }}</ref> {{SIN}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/|title = Singapore to Sign Free Trade Agreement with Eurasian Economic Union on October 25th|date = 4 September 2019|access-date = 24 September 2019|archive-date = 24 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924181426/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|6th
|{{BLR}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus' EAEU Presidency Priorities {{!}} Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus |url=https://president.gov.by/en/belarus/economics/economic-integration/eaeu |website=president.gov.by}}</ref>
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|
|-
|2021
|7th
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
|
|-
|2022
|8th
|{{KGZ}}
|[[Sadyr Japarov]]
|
|-
|-
|2023
|9th
|{{RUS}}
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|
|-bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
|2024
|10th
|{{ARM}}
|[[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|
|-
|2025
|11th
|{{BLR}}
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|
|-
|}
=== Enlargement ===
{{main|Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
[[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] has stated that Russia's goal was to enlarge the Customs Union to all [[post-Soviet states]], excluding the three [[Baltic states|Baltic]] [[Member state of the European Union|EU member states]].<ref name=armenia>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/foreign/121304|title=EUobserver: Armenia to join Russia trade bloc, surprises EU|date=3 September 2013 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, Russia's plan is for the Eurasian Union to grow into a "powerful, supra-national union" of sovereign states like the European Union, uniting economies, [[legal systems]], customs services, and military capabilities to form a bridge between Europe and Asia to balance the EU and the U.S.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/feb/18/brief-primer-vladimir-putin-eurasian-union-trade A brief primer on Vladimir Putin's Eurasian dream], The Guardian, Jon Henley, 18 February 2014</ref>
In May 2015, an integration agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and South Ossetia. If South Ossetia were to join, it would be by acceding to the Russian Federation{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}.
[[Tajikistan]] was formally invited to join the union and has expressed its interest in acceding.<ref name="Eurasian Economic Union Enlargement">{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/23/astana-gears-up-for-eurasian-economic-union/|title=Astana gears up for Eurasian Economic Union|date=2014-05-23|access-date=2014-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/russia-belarus-kazakhstan-agree-to-create-economic-union/1924941.html|title=Putin Kicks Off Eurasian Union, Without Ukraine|website=VOA|date=29 May 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url = http://www.rferl.org/content/lavrov-holds-talks-with-tajik-foreign-minister/25475253.html|title = Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov Says Tajikistan Welcome To Join Eurasian Economic Union|date = 30 July 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = RL's Tajik Service}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660|title = Tajikistan shows much interest in Customs Union, Eurasian Economic Union|date = 13 March 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = Kazinform International News Agency|location = Dushanbe|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092840/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660|url-status = dead}}</ref> It is recognized as a potential candidate and membership negotiations are underway.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203351/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm|archive-date = 12 August 2014|title = Kyrgyzstan to join Customs Union by year end|last = Xuequan|first = Mu|date = 2014-08-12}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Armenia to become full member of EEU in January: Armenian PM|date=24 July 2014|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Armenia-to-become-full-member-of-EEU-in-January-Armenian-PM-254979/|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> In 2015, further efforts were made to integrate Tajikistan into the EAEU.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia Offers to Support Tajikistan…But There's a Price|url = https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/russia-supports-tajikistanfor-a-price/|access-date = 2015-10-02|first = Samuel Ramani, The|last = Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tajikistan Paves the Way to Eurasian Union|url = http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/13113-tajikistan-paves-the-way-to-eurasian-union.html|website = The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst|access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref>
{{Quote box|align=left|width=350px|quote=It took Europe 40 years to move from the European Coal and Steel Community to the full European Union. The establishment of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space is proceeding at a much faster pace because we could draw on the experience of the EU and other regional associations. We see their strengths and weaknesses. And this is our obvious advantage since it means we are in a position to avoid mistakes and unnecessary bureaucratic superstructures.|source='''— Vladimir Putin, "A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making"''', Izvestia, 3 October 2011<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vladimir|first1=Putin|title=A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/d-ru/dv/dru_2013_0320_06_/dru_2013_0320_06_en.pdf|website=European Parliament website|access-date=17 March 2017|date=4 October 2011}}</ref> }}
[[Uzbekistan]] has been hesitant to join the Economic Union, with Uzbek officials making opposing claims on the prospect of integration.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html|title = Top Uzbek Officials Make Opposing Claims on Customs Union|date = 14 November 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|website = The Moscow Times|archive-date = 17 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110548/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://en.ria.ru/world/20131113/184685113/Uzbek-Official-Pours-Cold-Water-on-Customs-Union-Membership.html|title = Uzbek Official Pours Cold Water on Customs Union Membership|last = Babushkin|first = Alexey|date = 13 November 2013|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> Originally, the country preferred not to pursue economic and political integration.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/simon-schmidt/uzbekistan-prefers-regime-security-over-economic-integration|title = Uzbekistan prefers regime security over economic integration|last = Schmidt|first = Simon|date = 1 July 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = Open Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.armenianweekly.com/2014/08/21/armenia-eeu-social-economic-assessment-2/|title = Armenia and the EEU: A Social and Economic Assessment|last = Torikian|first = Aren|date = 21 August 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|newspaper = The Armenian Weekly|quote = Azerbaijan has also withdrawn any interest in the deal, as have Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html|title = Russia's Policy of Integration in Central Asia|last = B. Assanbayev|first = Mukhit|date = October 2013|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = The Washington Review of Turkish and Eurasian Affairs|quote = Since Uzbekistan has no interest in joining the integration projects with Russia, Tajikistan's participation in the Customs Union remains a question.|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085306/http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Russian officials have stated that integration with the country would be slow and analysts state that as Russian influence and trade increases in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan it may persuade Uzbekistan to join in the future.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry|title = Kyrgyzstan Gets Soft Terms for Customs Union Entry|last = Dyatlenko|first = Pavel|date = 6 June 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = Institute for War and Peace Reporting|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092324/http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry}}</ref> Uzbekistan began its integration process when Russia announced it would write off US$865 million off debt owed by the country. Uzbekistan joined the [[CIS Free Trade Area]] in 2014, meaning it has free trade with EAEU member states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post-Soviet integration processes to benefit Moscow–Tashkent relations – Putin|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/766223|access-date=30 December 2014|publisher=Tass|date=10 December 2014|quote=Russia will start talks with Uzbekistan on a free trade zone between the post-Soviet trade bloc and the Central Asian republic, Putin said on Wednesday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia Cozies Up to Uzbekistan With $865 Million Debt Write-Off|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html|access-date=30 December 2014|newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=10 December 2014|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228225231/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.azernews.az/region/65752.html Uzbekistan joins CIS free trade zone], azernews.az. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</ref> According to some sources, Uzbekistan does not intend to become a full member of the EAEU,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mirzieev svernul s dorogi v EAES|url=https://vesti.uz/mirzieev-svernul-s-dorogi-v-eaes/|access-date=25 January 2020|publisher=Vesti.uz|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> due to Uzbekistan's neutrality which is enshrined in the country's legislation. In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<ref name=UzbekistanMarch2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-observer-of-russia-led-trade-bloc/30474675.html|title=Uzbekistan Says It Will Be 'Observer' Of Russia-Led Trade Bloc|date=2020-03-07|access-date=2020-03-07|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> In September 2023, Uzbekistan estimated that it will join EAEU in 2–3 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=Sep 4, 2023 |title=Uzbekistan Moving Closer To Joining The Eurasian Economic Union |url=https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925221603/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/ |archive-date=Sep 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] have been offered by both the [[European Union]] and the Eurasian Economic Union to join their integration unions. All three countries signed Association Agreements with the EU on 21 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-430_en.htm|title = The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine|date = 23 June 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|website = Official website of the European Union}}</ref> However, break-away regions of Moldova ([[Transnistria]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Deputy Foreign Minister pleas for Transnistria's integration in Customs Union|url=http://actmedia.eu/daily/russian-deputy-foreign-minister-pleas-for-transnistria-s-integration-in-customs-union/52593|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Ukraine ([[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]){{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and Georgia ([[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]]){{citation needed|date=May 2023}} have expressed a desire to join the Eurasian Customs Union and integrate into the Eurasian Economic Union. Association Agreements with the EU are exclusionary to EAEU observer status, as in 2017 Moldova became the EAEU's first observer state and has attended EAEU forums in years since.
Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union as an observer in August 2013.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182869.html Ukraine seeking observer status in Eurasian Economic Union – Yanukovych], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013)</ref> [[Viktor Yanukovych]]'s decision to abandon an association agreement with the [[European Union]] and exclusively pursue integration with the EAEU was a key factor in the [[Euromaidan|Euromaidan protests]] that ended his term as [[president of Ukraine]] followed by [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea by Russia]]. The country's membership in the EAEU was seen by some analysts as the key to the success of the union as Ukraine has the second largest economy of any of the 15 former republics of the Soviet Union. With high tensions between Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the crisis, Ukraine decided to pursue integration with the EU.<ref name="Economist" />
[[Turkey]] was extended an invitation to join the EAEU by [[Kazakhstan]]'s President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on 6 June 2014 but the country prefers to join the EU.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html|title=Kazakh leader: Turkey should join Eurasian union|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=6 June 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630233732/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>
Georgia's Prime Minister [[Bidzina Ivanishvili]] said in September 2013 he was studying the possibility of acceding to the Union, although he later clarified that Georgia's main strategy was still to integrate into the European Union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Georgian Prime Minister leaves open possibility of joining Eurasian Union |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/863940.html |newspaper=[[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia]] |date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Georgian PM commented on his statement on Eurasian Union |url=http://en.trend.az/regions/scaucasus/georgia/2186772.html |newspaper=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Russia's Prime Minister [[Dmitri Medvedev]] included Georgia as a prospective member in statements made in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Medvedev wants Georgia to join Eurasian Union |url=http://dfwatch.net/medvedev-wants-georgia-to-join-eurasian-union-81032 |date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
==Politics and governance==
[[File:Decision making process of the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.jpg|thumb|250px|Current decision-making process of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] and the Single Economic Space<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision making process in the Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/16-05-2014-5.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=27 August 2014|language=ru|date=27 March 2014}}</ref>]]
The Eurasian Economic Union has sought to base its model on the [[European Union]]. All institutions carry out their work in compliance with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the international agreements that provide the legal and regulatory framework of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.
===Supreme Eurasian Economic Council===
{{main|Supreme Eurasian Economic Council}}
The Supreme Council, which is composed by the heads of state of the member states, makes important decisions for the union. It approves the budget and the distribution of the contribution of the Member States. The Supreme Council also determines the strategy, direction and prospects of integration and takes decisions aimed at achieving the goals of the union.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url = https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alta.ru%2Fshow_orders.php%3Faction%3Dview%26filename%3D14bn0044&sandbox=1|title = Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union|date = 29 May 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = Alta}}</ref><ref name=":0" >{{Cite journal|url = http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140816184013/http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571|archive-date = 16 August 2014|title = Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)|date = 29 May 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|website = yurclub.ru}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc |format=DOC |title=Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014) |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Zhambyl Humanitarian-Technical University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090533/http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url = http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31548839|title = Draft Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)|date = 29 May 2014|access-date =30 August 2014 |website =Zakon}}</ref>
===Eurasian Economic Commission===
{{main|Eurasian Economic Commission}}
The Eurasian Commission was established as the supranational governing body of the Eurasian Economic Space on 1 January 2012.<ref name=tut.by/> The commission was modelled on the [[European Commission]].<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /> Its headquarters are in [[Moscow]].<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /> The commission monitors subordinate branches and advisory bodies. Its departments were greatly expanded on 1 January 2015, and the number of international employees increased from 150 to 1,200.
The Eurasian Commission can take decisions on not only the customs policy of the union, but also on the macro-economy, the competition regulations, the energy policy and the fiscal policy of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has strict anti-corruption laws.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |script-title=ru:Встреча президентов России, Республики Беларусь и Казахстана |url=http://kremlin.ru/news/13581 |work=kremlin.ru |language=ru |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref>
The Eurasian Economic Commission consists of two bodies: the Council and the Collegium.
====Council====
The council is composed of the Vice Prime Ministers of the member states. The council of the Commission oversees the integration processes in the Union, and is responsible for the overall management of the Eurasian Commission. It monitors the commission by approving the draft budget of the union, the maximum number of personnel, and the qualification requirements for the commission's employees. The council convenes once every quarter.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
It also considers issues of customs cooperation, trade and development of Eurasian integration. The council regularly holds discussions on the important aspects of the EAEU and meets with business representatives of the member states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission|website=CustomsBeMoscow|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215331/http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
====Board====
The Board is composed of ten commissioners, one of which is the chairman of the board.<ref group=journal>{{cite book|title=Eurasian Union Brochure 2014 – English|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf|pages=26–27|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Each member state provides two commissioners to the Board of the Eurasian Commission who carry out the operational management and oversee the everyday work of the Eurasian Commission.<ref name=bbc18Nov2011/> All ten commissioners are appointed by the Supreme Eurasian Council for a four-year renewable term. The commissioners also receive the status of federal ministers in their respective countries.<ref name=tut.by/>
The Board of the commission is the executive body of the commission. It convenes once every week at least, and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has a wide range of activities, including monitoring the implementation of treaties, submitting annual progress reports and making recommendations. The Board also assists member states in the settlement of disputes, and carries out the draft of the union's budget. Part of its activities include being the intermediary between the departments of the commission and the heads of state of the member states.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
A number of departments are headed by the commissioners. The lower rank staff is composed of 84% Russian officials, 10% Kazakhs and 6% Belarusians, proportional to the populations of the member states.<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /> The departments enable the Board of the Eurasian Commission to make decisions not only with regard to customs policies, but in such areas as [[macroeconomics]], regulation of [[Competition (economics)|economic competition]], [[energy policy]] and [[financial policy]]. The Commission departments are also involved in [[government procurement]] and [[Human migration|labour migration]] control.<ref name="tut.by" />
{{clear left}}
===Parliament===
As of 2015, the EAEU has no directly or indirectly elected body. In 2012, the creation of a Eurasian parliament was under consideration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naryshkin Calls for Establishment of Eurasian Parliament|date=25 April 2012|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120425/173043817.html|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=D.|first1=Mukhtarov|title=Home ' Central Asia ' Kazakhstan Russian, Kazakh and Belarusian MPs to discuss Eurasian Parliament creation|url=http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/2061652.html|website=Trend|date=4 September 2012|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> However, it was considered too premature, and member states have instead begun harmonising national laws and legal codes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Steven Blockmans|author2=Hrant Kostanyan|author3=Ievgen Vorobiov|editor1-last=CEPS|title=Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity|url=http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf|date=December 2012|issue=75|page=3|access-date=9 July 2014|series=Special Report|publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies}}</ref>
Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] has upheld the idea of creating a parliament for the union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creation of Eurasian Union parliament deemed possible|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/708233|publisher=Itar-Tass|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
===Court of the Eurasian Economic Union===
The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union replaced the Court of the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EurAsEC Court) in 2015. It is in charge of dispute resolution and the interpretation of the legal order within the Eurasian Economic Union. Its headquarters is in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Edward Borovikov|author2=Igor Danilov|title=Notes on the Future Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/b2b-notes-on-the-future-court-of-the-eurasian-economic-union/499094.html|newspaper=The Moscow Times|access-date=10 July 2014|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The court is composed of two judges from each member state, appointed by the heads of government of the member states. Their term of office is nine years.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
===Budget===
The approved budget of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2015 exceeds 6.6 billion Russian roubles.<ref>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/EEU-budget-2015-to-exceed-RUB-66bn_i_77821.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=BelTA|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107232103/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/EEU-budget-2015-to-exceed-RUB-66bn_i_77821.html|archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=budget>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2724891|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Kazinform|date=8 December 2014|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231630/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2724891|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/176903/eeu-budget-2015-to-exceed-rub-6-6bn.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Turkish Weekly|date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231851/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/176903/eeu-budget-2015-to-exceed-rub-6-6bn.html|archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> The budget is formed from contributions by the union's member states. In 2015, 6 billion roubles will be allocated for the activity of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], 463 million roubles will be set aside for financing the operation and further development of the EAEU integrated information system designed to promote and inform consumers of the EAEU's activities, and over 290 millions roubles will finance the activities of the [[Court of the EEU|Court of the EAEU]].<ref group=note>These numbers only reflect the official budget (direct money) allocated for the functioning of the union. Vast amounts of additional funds come from national governments and other institutions to ease, promote or facilitate Eurasian integration.</ref><ref name=budget />
Extra expenses of infrastructure and accommodation of commission workers are financed by Russia.<ref name=tut.by/>
In addition, Russia allocated US$1 billion to accelerate Kyrgyzstan's entry into the union.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to allot $1.2 billion to help Kyrgyzstan in accession to Customs Union|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/734052|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Tass|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia To Allocate $1.2 Billion To Help Kyrgyzstan Join Customs Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-to-allocate-12-billion-to-help-kyrgyzstan-join-customs-union/25404113.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Another US$177 million was provided by Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bishkek Astana wants $177 million for the CU|url=http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=kursiv.kz|date=28 June 2014|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231702/http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/}}</ref>
===Languages===
According to Article 110 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014) the Russian language is the working language of the 'Bodies of the Union'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/pages/displaydocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&entityid=3610|title=Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx|website=docs.eaeunion.org}}</ref>
==Economy==
[[File:GDP PPP 2021 Selection.svg|270px|thumb|Selection of GDP PPP data (top 10 countries and [[Trade bloc|blocs]]) in no particular order]]
===Internal market overview===
[[File:Moscow-City (36211143494).jpg|250px|left|thumbnail|The [[Moscow International Business Center]] is a commercial district in [[Moscow]] that is currently under construction. The complex includes some of [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|Europe's tallest skyscrapers]].]]
The Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields signed in 1996 laid the first foundation for economic convergence. The treaty ensured the creation of a permanent executive organ to oversee integration of states that later would be part of the EAEU. It served as the blueprint for the future common market for goods, services, capital and labour.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Eurasian Economic Space|Single Economic Space]] established a [[single market]] across the territory of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. In 2015 with the entry into force of the EAEU Agreement, the single market was expanded to include [[Armenia]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The countries represent a market of some 180 million people and a combined [[GDP PPP]] of around $5 trillion.
Euroasian Economic Union has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|tenth-largest economy]] in the world by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fifth-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]].
Since the turn of the century, member states have experienced economic growth with GDP averaging 6% to 8% growth between 2000 and 2007, rising again in 2010 after the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08]].
Since the establishment of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] in 2010, trade between member states rose sharply. In 2011 mutual trade was $63 billion, 33.9% more than in 2010. In 2012, mutual trade was $68 billion and combined exports reached $594 billion, while imports were $341 billion.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /> The first integration stage primarily enhanced trade among member states, bolstered economies and created a legal and institutional foundation for the member states. The second stage includes the free movements of goods, people, services and capital.
The Eurasian Economic Union is designed to reach a number of macroeconomic objectives such as reducing commodity prices by reducing the cost of transportation of [[raw materials]], increasing return on new technologies and products due to the increased market volume, and promoting "healthy" competition in the [[common market]]. It is also designed to lower food prices, increase employment in industries and increase production capacity. EAEU members like Belarus and Kazakhstan (by its [[Nurly Zhol]] economic policy) seek to leverage the EAEU as a bridge between the European Union and the New Silk Road economic belt.<ref name="tvr">{{cite news |title=Alexander Lukashenko meets with new Chairman of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission |url=http://www.tvr.by/eng/news/prezident/aleksandr_lukashenko_vstretilsya_s_novym_predsedatelem_kollegii_evraziyskoy_ekonomicheskoy_komissii/ |agency=TVR}}</ref>
The Eurasian Union is considered as a major player in the world's energy sector, [[raw materials]], [[arms industry]] and [[agricultural production]]. In 2013 Russia was the 3rd most successful country in the world in attracting capital from abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/29/russia-is-no-3-in-attracting-foreign-direct-investment-a31566 |title = Russia is No. 3 in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment|date = 29 January 2014|work =TheMoscowTimes.com |access-date = 2020-03-08}}</ref>
<gallery heights="140px">
File:Spb 06-2017 img01 Spit of Vasilievsky Island.jpg|[[Saint Petersburg]], the second-largest city and cultural capital of [[Russia]]
File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline (June 2018).jpg|[[Yerevan]], the capital and financial hub of [[Armenia]]
File:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg|Business centre in central downtown [[Astana]]
File:Almaty, Kok-tobe exposition 3.jpg|[[Almaty]], the major commercial and cultural centre of [[Kazakhstan]]
File:Bischkek.jpg|[[Bishkek]], the capital and financial hub of [[Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Минск_немига.jpg|[[Minsk]], the capital of [[Belarus]]
</gallery>
===Customs Union and Four Economic Freedoms===
{{main|Eurasian Customs Union|Eurasian Economic Space}}
[[File:Знак EAC на креме для бритья.JPG|thumb|The [[Eurasian Conformity mark]] EAC.]]
The core objective of the Single Economic Space is the development of a [[single market]] and achieving the "four freedoms", namely the free movements of goods, capital, services and people within the single market. The four freedoms came into effect on 1 January 2015 (the day the Eurasian Economic Union was officially established). The free movement of people means that citizens can move freely among member states to live, work, study or retire.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Citizens of the member states of the union may travel to other member states on an [[internal passport]]. Although Russia also admits access to citizens of other [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] states without a passport, it is expected that after 2015 only citizens of the Customs Union will have this privilege.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://ria.ru/society/20121212/914456159.html Путин: въезд в РФ должен быть разрешен только по загранпаспортам] (Putin: passports will be required for entering Russia), 12 December 2012</ref>
Member states have a [[common external tariff]] on all goods entering the market and unified methods of valuing imported goods since the creation of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] on 1 January 2010.
Objectives include joint coordination in the area of energy, industry, agriculture and transport.
Roughly 75% of Belarusian goods are exported, about half of which go to other member states.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/belarus/|title = Trade – Belarus|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = European Commission}}</ref> Trade within the union primarily consists of Belarusian machinery and agricultural products which are exported to Russia. Low gas prices from Russian energy producers are guaranteed to member states or countries wishing to join the union.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html|title = EEU Treaty is beneficial for Belarus, Lukashenko says|date = 1 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Belarusian News|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140827030023/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html|archive-date = 27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade|title = Eurasian Union will redirect Belarussian trade|date = 13 June 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Monitor Global Outlook|location = Belarus, Minsk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826193449/http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade|archive-date = 26 August 2014}}</ref>
=== Coordinated, harmonized and single policy ===
Besides free movement of goods, services, capital and labour without a work permit ("four economic freedoms" as in the European Union), the EAEU pursues coordinated, harmonized and single policy in the sectors determined by the Treaty and international agreements within the Union.
===Competition===
The [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] operates a competition policy to ensure equal competitive conditions in the commodity markets of the Single Economic Space. It also aims at harmonisation and improvement of legislation of each of the three countries in regard to competition policy. The commission serves as the competition regulator for the single market and is also responsible for antitrust issues. Special regulations limit state intervention in the economy.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref>{{cite web|title=Competitiveness Policy|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/caa/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
===Monetary union===
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=350px|quote=The increased use of the national currencies of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and the creation of a single payment system can raise about a transition to a single currency for the union.|source='''— Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Director of Financial Policy Department of the Eurasian Economic Commission''', 3 August 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Media: Eurasian Economic Union may acquire a single currency|url=http://vz.ru/news/2014/8/3/698621.html|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=VZ.ru|language=ru|quote=В случае успешного расширения использования национальных валют России, Белоруссии и Казахстана, создания единой платежной системы может быть поднят вопрос о переходе к единой валюте, пишет «Российская газета».}}</ref> }}
Kazakhstani President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] had first proposed, in 2009, the creation of a common noncash currency called "yevraz" for the Eurasian Economic Community. It would have reportedly helped insulate the countries from the global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kazakhstan-suggests-a-new-currency/375212.html|title=Kazakhstan Suggests a New Currency – News|website=The Moscow Times|date=12 March 2009 |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> In 2012, the idea of the new joint currency found support from Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev and by 2014 proposals were drafted in Eurasian Commission documents for the establishment of a Eurasian Central Bank and a common currency to be called the [[altyn]] which is to be introduced by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus to have new joint currency|date=10 April 2014|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Altyn 1711.jpg|thumb|250px|A silver [[altyn]] minted in 1711 during the reign of [[Peter the Great]]]]
When discussing the Eurasian Economic Union, [[Vladimir Putin]] said the Eurasian Economic Union would include closer coordination of economic and monetary policy, including the use of a [[common currency]] in the future.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Although the creation of a [[monetary union]] was not envisaged in the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty, Russian Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] called for the introduction of a common currency for the Eurasian Economic Union. [[Leonid Slutsky (politician)|Leonid Slutsky]], head of the State Duma's CIS committee, backed Medvedev's proposal to start discussions on the creation of a monetary union. Slutsky said it could be introduced shortly after 2015, when the union's structure becomes clear.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Irina|first1=Filatova|title=What Euro Crisis? Russia Seeks Single Currency|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/what-euro-crisis-russia-seeks-single-currency/460456.html|newspaper=The Moscow Times|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Possible currency union within Eurasian Economic Union to be considered in future |date=10 April 2014|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/|publisher=Pravda|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
Belarusian president, [[Alexander Lukashenko]], circulated the idea of creating a "new [[euro]]" for the Eurasian economic bloc. In April 2014, discussions to introduce a single currency resumed.
Russia's First Deputy Prime Minister, [[Igor Shuvalov]], stated on 24 July 2014 that the Eurasian Economic Union will have a common currency unit in a span of five to ten years.<ref name=currency>{{cite web|title=Eurasian Economic Union to have common currency in 5–10 years|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/742323|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
===Energy===
The Eurasian Economic Union is seen as an energy superpower, producing about 20.7% of the world's natural gas, and 14.6% of the world's oil and [[gas condensate]] in 2012, making it the world's top producer in both domains.
It is worth mentioning that these figures are mainly due to Russian Membership of EAEU, with Kazakhstan contributing 1.9% and 0.6% in gas and oil production respectively. Considerably small oil and gas reserved were discovered in Belarus while there are no such resources in Armenia.<ref name="energycharter">{{Cite web |title=THE COMMON ENERGY MARKET OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: Implications for the European Union and the role of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) |url=https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/1The_common_energy_market_of_the_EAEU-implications_for_the__EU_and_the_role_of_the_ECT.pdf |website=International Energy Charter}}</ref>
It also produces 9% of the world's [[electrical energy]] and 5.9% of the world's coal, making it the third and fourth producer in the world, respectively.
In [[Kazakhstan]], energy is the leading economic sector. The country holds about 4 billion tons of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2,000|km3|mi3|sp=us}} of gas. Kazakhstan is the world's 17th largest [[oil exporter]] and the world's 23rd largest [[natural gas exporter]].
[[Russia]] has the world's largest [[natural gas reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – proved reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234405/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html |date=7 March 2017 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> the 8th largest [[oil reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html Country Comparison :: Oil – proved reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184739/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html |date=15 June 2013 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> and the second largest [[coal reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-coal-section.pdf|title=BP Statistical review of world energy 2014|publisher=BP|date=2014|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – exports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020904/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html |date=26 December 2018 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> and the second largest [[natural gas producer]],<ref name=cia-gas>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315051210/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html |date=15 March 2016 }}", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> while also the largest oil exporter and the largest [[oil producer]]. While trade in oil and gas between resource-rich Russia and Kazakhstan is relatively low, the Belarus economy is heavily dependent on the access to the Russian hydrocarbons and – unlike the case with Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, Russia is Belarus's main trade partner accounting for 47% of all the trade. Belarus imports Russian crude oil (of which 45–50% were used for production of oil products to export) and natural gas (which were not directly re-exported) for the prices below the market ones, paying $173 for 1000 cubic meters of gas (for comparison – $250 for Armenia, $430 for Ukraine).<ref name="energycharter"/>
By 2019, Russia, Kazakhstan, [[Belarus]] and [[Armenia]] intend to create a common electricity market as well as a single [[hydrocarbons]] market by 2025. "With the creation of a single hydrocarbons market, we will have a deeper coordination that will allow us to be more competitive both in terms of pricing and in terms of getting high value added products in this very interesting and important market", stated Eurasian Commissioner [[Daniyal Akhmetov]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Plaschinsky|first1=George|title=Eurasian Integration: Does Lukashenka Have A Choice?|url=http://belarusdigest.com/story/eurasian-integration-does-lukashenka-have-choice-17740|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Belarus Digest|date=6 June 2014|quote=Integrators postponed creation of the single electrical energy market to 2019 and the single financial and oil and gas markets to 2025.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201918/http://belarusdigest.com/story/eurasian-integration-does-lukashenka-have-choice-17740|archive-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhtarov|first1=Daniyar|title=Single hydrocarbons market of Eurasian Economic Union to be created by 2025|url=http://en.trend.az/business/energy/2277110.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Trend|date=24 May 2014|quote=The single hydrocarbons market of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAU) will be created by 2025, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure of the Eurasian Economic Commission, Danial Akhmetov said.}}</ref>
===Infrastructure===
[[File:Trans-Siberia048.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is a vital link between the Russian Far East and the rest of Eurasia.]]
The major economic centres are [[Moscow]], [[Minsk]] and [[Astana]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The distance between Moscow and Minsk is 717 kilometers, and the distance between Moscow and Astana is 2700 kilometers, making infrastructure a key challenge for the integration of member states. Major infrastructure projects began during the 2000s in order to modernise and connect the regional bloc to other markets, facilitating both integration and trade in the region. In 2007 Moscow announced it will invest US$1 trillion by 2020 to modernise the country's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-investment-idUKL2121712020070921|work=Reuters|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: A Snapshot|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/capital-projects-infrastructure/assets/russia-snapshot.pdf|date=2013|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
[[Kazakhstan]] ranks favorably in terms of kilometres of road per inhabitant as other developed countries in the world have much less roadway per inhabitant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan – Infrastructure, power, and communications|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Kazakhstan-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html|website=Encyclopedia of the Nations|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/utility/printdocument.aspx?id=1G2:3410100141|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120093720/http://www.encyclopedia.com/utility/printdocument.aspx?id=1G2:3410100141|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
Railways have been the primary way of linking countries in the Eurasian Economic Union since the 19th century. It has always been the main way of transport in the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Soviet Union]] up until today. The union ranks 2nd in the world in terms of railway trackage (about 7.8% of the world's share). However it is still looking to improve cross-border trade within the union.
The [[Eurasian Development Bank]] has pledged to help in the construction of facilities to produce new generation freight cars and freight containers in [[Tikhvin]], [[Russia]] and in [[Osipovichi]], [[Belarus]] to respond to the increasing demand for rail transport. Projects have also been launched in Kazakhstan, as the landlocked country is highly dependent on railways for trade.
The most renowned railway in the union is the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] which links the [[Russian Far East]] to Moscow. The Southern route also travels via Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Investing in development and integration|url=http://eabr.org/general//upload/Presentations/Буклет%20о%20проектах%20банка%20новый_анг.pdf|publisher=Eurasian Development Bank|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130031629/http://eabr.org/general/upload/Presentations/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan – Infrastructure, power, and communications|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Kazakhstan-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html#ixzz37MpBsJ7j|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
The EAEU members cooperate with China's [[Belt and Road Initiative|Digital Silk Road]] and have incorporated Chinese technologies into their digital infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=187}}
[[File:Turk-Sib railway.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] connects the Central Asian republics to [[Siberia]].]]
====Single Eurasian Sky====
The Single Eurasian Sky programme, administered by the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], outlines the creation of a single market for air services and a single [[Control zone|air traffic zone]]. The single air traffic zone would make it easier for airlines to draw up new flight paths, thereby increasing the number of flights flying through the region. Eurasian Commissioner, [[Daniyal Akhmetov]], said that it would be created on a step-by-step basis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Akhmetov|first1=Daniyal|title="The CU railroad alliance to increase share of carriage from China to EU via the SES territory 10-folds," – Member of the EEC Board -Minister in charge of Energy and Infrastructure Daniyal Akhmetov|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/22-05-2014-1.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Economic Commission|access-date=4 September 2014|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> In June 2014, Belarusian Airline [[Belavia]] stated that it was ready to move towards the development of the Single Eurasian Sky. The terms and conditions of operation in the common aviation market have not yet been agreed on. However, the project is likely to be modelled on the European Union's [[Single European Sky]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Belavia: Belarus ready to move pretty fast towards single Eurasian sky|url=http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/Belavia-Belarus-ready-to-move-pretty-fast-towards-single-Eurasian-sky_i_74020.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Belarusian News: National Source of News|date=26 June 2014|location=Minsk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205222236/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/Belavia-Belarus-ready-to-move-pretty-fast-towards-single-Eurasian-sky_i_74020.html|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> The project will reportedly help turn the airspace of the Eurasian Union into a popular transit hub between Europe and Southeast Asia. "We should understand that currently, the aviation companies of Kazakhstan and Belarus are not able to compete with Russia's aviation companies. Therefore, the programme will envisage a phasing, creating a competitive environment and so on", Eurasian Commissioner Akhmetov said.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhtarov|first1=Daniyar|title=Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus developing Single Eurasian Sky programme|url=http://en.trend.az/casia/kazakhstan/2277034.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Trend|date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
===Agriculture===
[[File:Ivan Shishkin - Рожь - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Rye (Shishkin)|A Rye Field]]'' by [[Ivan Shishkin]]]]
The Eurasian Economic Union is the top producer of [[sugar beet]] and [[sunflower]], producing 18.6% of the world's sugar beet and 22.7% of the world's sunflowers in 2012, as well as a top producer of [[rye]], [[barley]], [[buckwheat]], [[oats]] and [[sunflower seed]]. It is also a large producer of [[potatoes]], [[wheat]] and [[grain]] (and grain legumes).<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal />
Part of the competences of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] are agriculture subsidies. It is responsible for the coordination of agricultural policy-making between member states and ensuring collective food security.
The [[Eurasian Development Bank]] finances projects to further integration and develop agriculture. It has disbursed approximately US$470 million for projects between 2008 and 2013.
===Projected economic impact===
[[File:EAEU GDP per capita.svg|thumb|650px|Past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita in EAEU countries.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}{{dubious|reason=What is the currency used?|date=March 2020}}]]
Member states remain optimistic of the union and key partners in the region, namely [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]] remain interested in it. A common belief is that the Eurasian Economic Union has significant potential over the next two decades, with experts predicting a 25 percent growth in the member states' GDP by 2030, which equates to over US$600 billion.<ref name=leb>{{cite web|title=Leaders of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus to meet in Astana to sign agreement establishing EEU|url=http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/27182/Leaders-of-Kazakhstan-Russia-and-Belarus-to-meet-in-Astana-to-sign-agreement-establishing-EEU|publisher=Lebanese government}}</ref> The agreement will give member state citizens access to employment and education across the union. It will also entail collaborative policies in many sectors, including agriculture, energy, technology and transportation.<ref name=WaPost /> These collaborative policies are particularly interesting for countries in [[Asia]] seeking access to energy, trade routes in Central Asia and Siberia, and agricultural goods.
Former president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] of Russia stated that both the positive and negative experiences of the [[European Union]] will be taken into account and argued that the Eurasian Union will avoid the problems of economic gaps and disparity between countries,<ref name=":3" /> such as those found in the [[eurozone]], since the member countries have a comparable level of economic development, as well as common history and values.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:Медведев: Евразийский экономический союз избежит проблем еврозоны |url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/7370197/ |work=[[Mail.ru|news.mail.ru]] |language=ru |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612165139/http://news.mail.ru/politics/7370197/ |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>
The [[European Union]] and the [[United States]] as well as other western countries remain critical of the Eurasian Economic Union, with analysts stating that without modernisation and real economic reforms, the union will have little impact.<ref name="WaPost" /> The popular magazine ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that the advantages of joining the union remain unclear<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|title=Where three is a crowd|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 May 2014|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/05/introducing-eurasian-economic-union|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> and further remarked "The agreement was vague, with technical details left unresolved, making it a political show rather than an economic one".<ref>{{cite news|title=Vladimir Putin's European adventures|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 June 2014|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21603483-russian-presidents-strategy-towards-ukraine-and-west-may-not-have-worked-well-he|access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Outlets have also stated that without [[Ukraine]], the Eurasian Economic Union has lost a key member state necessary to the success of the union. Bloomberg's business magazine, [[Businessweek]] has affirmed that joining Putin's Eurasian Union looks like a bad deal, including for Russia. The union "won't really register on the radar of the global economy," said an analyst at the EU's Institute for Security Studies in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-29/putins-eurasian-union-looks-like-a-bad-deal-even-for-russia|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140530060729/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-29/putins-eurasian-union-looks-like-a-bad-deal-even-for-russia|archive-date = 30 May 2014|title = Putin's Eurasian Union Looks Like a Bad Deal, Even for Russia|last = Carol|first = Matlack|date = 29 May 2014}}</ref> Moreover, one [https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2017.1360193#aHR0cHM6Ly9yc2EudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8xNTM4NzIxNi4yMDE3LjEzNjAxOTM/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA== research] states that so far EAEU was not able to contribute to economic growth in Armenia – quite the contrary, it significantly slowed the economic performance of the country.
===Pivot to Asia===
The union is actively seeking to increase trade with [[East Asia]]. It commenced talks for official trade cooperation with [[ASEAN]]. Officials of both unions discussed opportunities for developing cooperation between them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Customs Union could start official trade cooperation with ASEAN – EEC|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Interfax|date=1 September 2014|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115001416/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140}}</ref>
The South Korean president launched a "Eurasian Initiative", which seeks to connect transportation, electrical, gas and oil links from Western Europe to East Asia.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Kwon|first1=Yong|title=South Korea's Eurasia Ambitions|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/south-koreas-eurasia-ambitions/|access-date=8 January 2015|magazine=The Diplomat|date=20 August 2014}}</ref> The initiative echoes [[China]]'s long-standing "[[One Belt, One Road|New Silk Road]]" project.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iglauer|first1=Philip|title=Eastern interest in Eurasian economic deal|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-110614.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612004030/http://atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-110614.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=12 June 2014|access-date=8 January 2015|work=Asian Times|date=11 June 2014}}</ref>
The members of the union agreed to step up talks with [[Vietnam]] on creating a [[free trade zone]], to strengthen cooperation with China, including in information exchange on goods and services, and to set up expert groups to develop preferential trade regimes with [[Israel]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Samofalova|first1=Olga|title=Historic agreement makes Eurasian Union a reality|url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/06/02/historic_agreement_makes_eurasian_union_a_reality_37113.html|access-date=4 September 2014|newspaper=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=2 June 2014}}</ref>
====Russia====
[[File:Russia and China sign major gas deal.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|On 21 May 2014, [[Russia]] and [[China]] signed a $400 billion gas deal. Starting 2019, Russia plans to provide [[natural gas]] to China for the next 30 years.]]
The [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] and analysts suggest the Eurasian Union includes strategic interests as well as economic interests for its member states, especially Russia. In order to link both Europe and East Asia, Russia seeks to develop its eastern regions to increase its access to Asian markets. [[Russian Far East|Russia's Far East]] has gained even more importance due to its proximity to alternative markets since the [[European Union]] and [[United States]] imposed [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions on Russia following the crisis in Ukraine]].<ref name="Development Far East" group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Alexander Gabuev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East|date=May 2014|page=84|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=This Asian vector of Russian domestic and foreign policy is now becoming even more important as the European Union and the United States impose sanctions on Russia. The Russian Far East, with its proximity to Asia, could become the new backbone of the Russian economy}}</ref>
China's rise as a major trading partner has been cited as a potential reason for Russia's loss of control over Central Asian economies. The union is seen as a way to counterbalance China's growing trade in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Eastern Partnership|European Union's Eastern Partnership]].<ref name="Trames" group=journal />
As the trade bloc seeks to profit from the growing economies of East Asia, Russia has made steps to develop its eastern territories, [[Siberia]] and the Russian Far East.<ref name="Development Far East" group=journal /> However, the development of the Russian Far East may face difficulties due to Russia's traditional orientation towards Europe and the region's backward infrastructure and underdeveloped economy.<ref name="Eurasian Russia in 21st Century" group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Timofei Bordachev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: Eurasian Russia in the twenty-first century|date=May 2014|page=27|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=In the first months of 2014 the work of the recently created Ministry for the Development of the Far East was significantly reinvigorated. Some governmental agencies were relocated from Moscow to Vladivostok and some major companies have been advised to follow with their main offices. But Russia's "pivot" is still held back by its backward infrastructure, its corruption, its underdeveloped economy, its demographic problems, and above all its archaic Eurocentric economic thinking.}}</ref> In 2012 Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] called for Russia to "catch the Chinese wind in the sails of the Russian economy".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vladimir|first1=Putin|title=Russia and the changing world|url=http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/events/news/18252/|access-date=2 October 2016|publisher=Prime Minister of the Russian Federation|date=27 February 2012|quote=First of all, I am convinced that China's economic growth is by no means a threat, but a challenge that carries colossal potential for business cooperation – a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy. We should seek to more actively form new cooperative ties, combining the technological and productive capabilities of our two countries and tapping China's potential – judiciously, of course – in order to develop the economy of Siberia and the Russian Far East.}}</ref> During the same year, a Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was established and the country hosted a summit of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC) in its eastern city of [[Vladivostok]]. The country also began striking deals and undertook massive efforts to improve infrastructure in its eastern territories.<ref name="Eurasian Russia in 21st Century" group=journal />
Russia's pivot to Asia included the important task of creating a Eurasian trade bloc. The countries seek to increase their competitiveness by sustaining domestic development and defending their interests in the region.<ref group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Vladislav Inozemtsev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: Russia turns east: Eurasian integration, regional development, and the West as East|date=May 2014|page=62|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=He said the creation by 2015 of a Eurasian Economic Union was the most important task facing Russia in its "near abroad.}}</ref>
An estimated 76% of Russia's exports depend on resources extracted (or manufactured) in Siberia. In order to transport goods from East Asia to Europe, they must be transported through Siberia by rail. Hence, the region plays an important role in trade. However, it remains less developed than Russia's western regions and modernisation plans are ongoing.
In 2013 the Russian government announced it would spend 450 billion roubles (US$14 billion) for the modernisation of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway|Trans-Siberian]] and [[Baikal–Amur Mainline|Baikal-Amur]] railways. Russian President Vladimir Putin called the Trans-Siberian railway the country's "strategically vital transport artery". In July 2013 he stated "Rail freight traffic to our Far East ports has increased by 55 percent over the last 5 years and now comes to around 110 million tons a year". Projects to upgrade stations at the border with Mongolia, China and North Korea were also undertaken the same year.<ref group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Alexander Gabuev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East|date=May 2014|page=80|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit held in Vladivostok in September 2012 cost the state 680 billion roubles (over $22 billion) – one-third of which came from the federal budget, with the rest put up by state companies such as Gazprom. In 2012 the Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was created and in 2013 long-time Putin ally Yury Trutnev was appointed to oversee the development of the region in the joint role of deputy prime minister and presidential envoy to the region. In 2013 the government also allocated 300 billion roubles ($10 billion)[...]}}</ref>
In 2016, Putin calls on Eurasian Economic Union, China, India, Pakistan, Iran and the CIS to join "Greater Eurasian Partnership".<ref>{{cite news|title=Plenary session of St Petersburg International Economic Forum|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52178|access-date=2019-11-02|publisher=[[Kremlin]]|date=17 June 2016}}</ref>
Some experts also see the union as a way to curtail the loss of Russian influence in Central Asia.<ref name="Trames" group=journal>{{cite journal|last1=Yesdauletova|first1=Ardak|last2=Yesdauletov|first2=Aitmukhanbet|title=The Eurasian Union: Dynamics and Difficulties of the Post-Soviet Integration|journal=Trames|date=1 March 2014|issue=1|pages=12–13|url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/trames_pdf/2014/issue_1/Trames-2014-1-3-17.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|quote=The Single Economic Space, which in the near future will be transformed into the Eurasian Union, has strategic aims as well as economic ones. Marlene Laruelle and Sebastien Peyrouse, both share this opinion about the diminution of Russia's influence on Central Asian countries. However, the Kremlin continues to conduct an active policy aimed at maintaining effective tools to influence the Central Asia region.}}</ref> Russian politicians have voiced their concerns over Russia's long southern borders and the challenges it may pose. By creating a regional trade bloc to keep its neighbours in Central Asia stable, Russia hopes to find securing its own borders easier.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trenin|first1=Dmitri V.|last2=Malashenko|first2=Alesksei V.|last3=Lieven|first3=Anatol|title=Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia|date=29 February 2004|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|page=120|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcab0VXTqnQC&q=southern+borders&pg=PA120|access-date=4 September 2014|chapter=4|isbn=978-0-87003-294-3}}</ref>
====Kazakhstan====
Neighbouring Kazakhstan has replicated Russia's attempt to access East Asian markets. In September 2013, the presidents of China and Kazakhstan signed commercial deals and launched China's "New Silk Road". On 20 May 2014, both presidents announced they would link Kazakhstan's railways to the [[Pacific Ocean]] by opening a new terminal in the Chinese port city of [[Lianyungang]]. China also signed agreements to make further investments in Kazakhstan's energy sector. Both countries announced they would put aside US$1 billion to modernise an oil refinery in [[Shymkent]] and a further US$150 million to open a new oil and gas plant near [[Almaty]].
The president of Kazakhstan also held talks with the heads of Chinese corporations and agreed to cooperate in the areas of [[Aerospace manufacturer|aircraft production]], [[telecommunication]] and [[mining]].<ref group=journal>{{cite journal|last1=Ernesto|first1=Gallo|title=Kazakhstan's "Pivot to China"?|journal=Policy Brief|date=4 June 2014|issue=154|url=http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2014-gallo-kazakhstans-pivot-to-china.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
== Third-country economic relationships ==
The Union has signed a first free trade agreement<ref>{{cite news|url = http://rbth.com/business/2016/05/12/fta-bodes-well-for-vietnam-eurasian-union-economic-ties-experts_592315|title = FTA bodes well for Vietnam-Eurasian Union economic ties- experts|date = 12 May 2016|access-date = 2016-06-07|newspaper = [[Russia Beyond the Headlines]]}}</ref> with Vietnam, which is planned to enter into force in October 2016 following the ratification by all the parties.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Seminar discusses ways to optimise Vietnam-EAEU FTA|url = http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2015/08/seminar-discusses-ways-to-optimise-vietnam-eaeu-fta/|access-date = 2015-10-06|last = vovnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Vietnam FTA – Eurasian alliance: wide doors|url = http://www.baomoi.com/FTA-Viet-Nam-lien-minh-A-Au-Cua-rong-nhung-khong-de-vao/c/17004039.epi|access-date = 2015-10-06|last = baomoi.com}}</ref>
Having completed a free trade agreement (FTA) feasibility study for Vietnam in November 2012<ref name="english.thesaigontimes.vn">{{cite web|url=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/|title=Vietnam to start FTA talks with Customs Union in 2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233300/http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> the then Customs Union, which later became the EAEU, decided to proceed with negotiations. The negotiations over the FTA began in early 2013 and lasted approximately two years – on 29 May 2015 the agreement was signed by Prime Ministers of all the parties to be later ratified by the parties. Trade between Vietnam and the Customs Union in 2011 was US$2.24 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talkvietnam.com/2012/12/vietnam-and-customs-union-eye-stronger-trade-ties/|title=Vietnam and Customs Union eye stronger trade ties|author=qdnd|website=TalkVietnam|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
Russia's economic development minister stated that the Turkish economic minister, [[Nihat Zeybekci]], put forward an initiative for closer cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union, including the formation of a [[free trade zone]] between the union and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey May Create Free Trade Zone with Eurasian Customs Union – Development Minister|date=19 July 2014 |url=http://en.ria.ru/politics/20140719/191039085/Turkey-May-Create-Free-Trade-Zone-with-Eurasian-Customs-Union-.html|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
As announced by Russian Deputy Prime Minister [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] on 9 December 2013, [[Israel]] is considering starting free trade negotiations with the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422172257/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm|archive-date=22 April 2014|title=Moscow eyes common free trade zone between Customs Union, Israel|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The feasibility study was conducted between the two parties and the decision was made to proceed with free trade negotiations, which are expected to start before the end of 2016. Experts believe the negotiations will take around 2 to 3 years to finish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/economy/20160926/1477902729.html|title=Израиль начнет переговоры о Зоне свободной торговли с ЕАЭС до конца года|date=26 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
[[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] stated at a July 2014 meeting of ambassadors and permanent representatives of the [[Russian Federation]] that he was ready to discuss a free trade area between the [[European Union]] and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="Putin spoke of a free trade area between the European Union and the Eurasian Union">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2014/07/1/472475/ Putin spoke of a free trade area between the European Union and the Eurasian Union], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (1 July 2014)</ref>
In February 2015, [[Egypt]]ian president [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] announced his country would sign a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Union.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} The preliminary feasibility study has been conducted and the decision to launch negotiation process is expected to be made before the end of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/3076713|title=Решение по созданию зоны свободной торговли между ЕАЭС и Египтом будет принято до конца года|newspaper=Коммерсантъ|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
There have been discussions on free trade negotiations with over 30 countries, some of them resulting in the preliminary feasibility studies. Such feasibility studies have been conducted with India and the Republic of Korea.
In May 2015, the Union gave the initial go-ahead to signing a free trade agreement with [[Iran]]. Described as the EAEU's "key partner in the [[Middle East]]" by [[Andrey Slepnev]], Minister for trade on the Eurasian Economic Commission board in an expert-level EAEU meeting in [[Yerevan]],{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[Viktor Khristenko]] furthermore noted that Iran is an important partner for all the EAEU member states. He stated that "Cooperation between the EAEU and Iran is an important area of our work in strengthening the economic stability of the region".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/246117/Iran-Eurasian-Economic-Union-mull-over-free-trade|title=Iran, Eurasian Economic Union mull over free trade|date=14 April 2015|website=Tehran Times}}</ref> In December 2015 a "temporary Agreement" was signed between Iran and the EAEU, which Commissioner Andrey Slepnev characterized as the "first step toward the materialization of free trade between Iran and the Union".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
One of the key initiatives in the field of free trade and economic cooperation is the proposal on "linking" the Eurasian economic integration and China's strategic "[[One Belt, One Road|Silk Road Economic Belt]]" project. The relevant communique was signed by Russia's [[Vladimir Putin]] and China's [[Xi Jinping]] on 8 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/4971|title=Совместное заявление Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики о сотрудничестве по сопряжению строительства Евразийского экономического союза и Экономического пояса Шелкового пути|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref> While the "linking" mostly is understood as support for infrastructure investments, there are ongoing negotiations between the EAEU and China on a "trade and economic agreement" in order to build "an open economic architecture without a political component, oriented on business and reducing barriers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/24-08-2016-1.aspx|title=Tigran Sargsyan's visit to Beijing: new impetus to "conjugation" of the EAEU and the SREB|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
As of 2023, Negotiations are also well underway with Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates. Negotiations with Iran and Egypt are almost finalized. The EEC is also preparing to revise its current agreement with China. The current, non-preferential agreement entered into force in October 2019 and does not provide any reduction in duties.<ref name="01Z">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/the-eurasian-economic-union-free-trade-agreements-latest-progress.html/|title=The Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreements: Latest Progress|website=Russia Briefing|date=16 March 2023|access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>
=== Third-country EAEU Agreements ===
[[File:Eurasian-Union-FTA.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Free trade agreements of EEU. Red – EEU. Green – Countries that have FTA with EEU.]]
After January 1, 2015, the members of the EAEU do not have the right to independently conclude a free trade ''in goods'' agreements because they delegated their powers to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35).
<ref name="consultant.ru">{{cite web | url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/9fa1f4a7aeac9e996f0cd388105974c1b849933a/#dst100334 | title=Статья 35. Режим свободной торговли \ КонсультантПлюс }}</ref>
According to the website of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the EAEU has signed bilateral (one of the parties is the "Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States") agreements with<ref name="The EAEU Trade Agreements">{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/ | title=The EAEU Trade Agreements }}</ref>
* [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VN–EEU FTA to come into force since 5 October|date=19 August 2016 |url=http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/VNEEU-FTA-to-come-into-force-since-October-5/20168/28157.vgp|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content|title=Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA (full content) | WTO and International trade Policies|date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042130/http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content |accessdate=25 February 2024|archive-date=6 October 2015 }}</ref> (signed on May 29, 2015, entered into force on October 5, 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/vietnam.php | title=Socialist Republic of Vietnam }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services<ref name="rtais.wto.org">{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=973 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref><ref name="economy.gov.ru">{{Cite web |title=Вьетнам |url=https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121153/https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/ |archive-date=Aug 4, 2020}}</ref>)
* [[Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/OTQ4OTMyMTAx|title=HKTDC Research|website=research.hktdc.com}}</ref> (the Interim Agreement was signed on May 17, 2018, and came into force on October 27, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/iran.php | title=Islamic Republic of Iran }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1028 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref>) Full FTA signed on 25 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-backed-union-signs-free-trade-pact-with-iran-2023-12-25/|title=Russian-backed union signs free trade pact with Iran|website=[[Reuters]] }}</ref>
* [[China]] (signed on May 17, 2018, entered into force on October 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/china.php | title=People's Republic of China }}</ref> and this Agreement is not a free trade agreement at all since it does not provide any reduction in duties,<ref name="01Z"/> but it creates a legal framework for trade and economic cooperation between the Union as a whole and China and on issues of customs cooperation, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade protection measures, issues of electronic commerce, intellectual property, competition and public procurement, as well as sectoral cooperation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Обзор ключевых положений Соглашения о торгово-экономическом сотрудничестве между Евразийским экономическим союзом и его государствами-членами, с одной стороны, и Китайской Народной Республикой, с другой стороны |url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/8c7/Broshyura-KNR.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/18/c_137187365.htm|title=La Chine et l'Union économique eurasiatique signent un accord sur la coopération commerciale et économique_French.news.cn|website=french.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>)
* [[Serbia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/svet.php?yyyy=2019&mm=06&dd=06&nav_id=1551457 | title=Sporazum 1. Oktobra: Za Srbiju se otvara tržište od 180 miliona ljudi | date=6 June 2019 }}</ref> (signed on October 25, 2019, and entered into force on July 10, 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/serbia.php | title=Republic of Serbia }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1149 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref>)
* [[Singapore]] (the EAEU-Singapore Framework Agreement and the EAEU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement were signed On October 1, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/singapore.php | title=Republic of Singapore }}</ref>)
Officially, agreements with Egypt, India,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 2019|title=Russia hopeful of India's free trade pact with EAEU|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-hopeful-of-indias-free-trade-pact-with-eaeu/article30384075.ece|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref>[https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf India EAEU FTA Survey Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072416/https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf |date=26 January 2022 }} [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI). Accessed on 9 July 2021.</ref> Indonesia, Iran, Israel<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 2019|title=Israel And EAEU Edge Closer To A Free Trade Agreement|language=en|work=russia-briefing|url=https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/israel-and-eaeu-edge-closer-to-a-free-trade-agreement.html/|access-date=2023-05-27}}</ref> and the UAE are under development and the possibility of starting negotiations with Mongolia is being studied.<ref name="The EAEU Trade Agreements"/>
===Pre-2015 free trade in goods agreements===
{{main|List of bilateral free trade agreements|Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area}}
[[File:CIS_Countries.PNG|thumb|The [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|1994 CIS FTA Agreement]] signatories (all 12 countries). As of 2023, multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine while Russia and Turkmenistan refused to participate.<ref name="cis.minsk.by">{{cite web | url=https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/884#documentCard | title=Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств }}</ref>]]
[[File:CISFTA (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|The 2011 [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area]] among [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Moldova]], [[Armenia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].]]
Although the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union have delegated their powers to conclude free trade ''in goods'' agreements to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35),<ref name="consultant.ru"/> the previous agreements with third countries concluded before 1 January 2015 continue to be in force (Article 102).<ref name="Статья 102. Переходные положения в">{{cite web | url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/5612d6c0484a8192696030fd3f4c32dd293c3bb8/#dst101124 | title=Статья 102. Переходные положения в отношении раздела IX \ КонсультантПлюс }}</ref> According to the Article 102: "Member States have the right to unilaterally grant preferences in trade with a third party on the basis of an international agreement concluded by January 1, 2015 of this Member State with such a third party or an international agreement to which all Member States are parties."<ref name="Статья 102. Переходные положения в"/> Thus, agreements such as those within the Commonwealth of Independent States (the terms of the CIS FTA allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aleksashenko |first=Sergei |date=March 7, 2014 |title=For Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia Free Trade with Europe and Russia Is Possible |url=https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/56074 |access-date= |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>) and bilateral agreements that do not regulate relations with third countries remain in force for their parties.
The [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|1994 CIS FTA Agreement]], 1999 CIS FTA Protocol (multilateral free trade is in force among 10 countries) and [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area|2011 CIS FTA Treaty]] (multilateral free trade is in force among 9 countries) have signed by all members of the EAEU. The multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol is not applied by Russia at all. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine and 1 reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and 2 specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.<ref name="cis.minsk.by"/>
2011 [[CISFTA]] was negotiated before the establishment of the EEU on 1 January 2015. The CISFTA treaty came into force at different dates for every state. The treaty came into force in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia at different dates between September and December 2012. Meanwhile, Kyrgyzstan applied the treaty starting 13 December 2013. In force since 2012, the 2011 multilateral CIS Free Trade Zone Treaty establishes [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area|a free trade area]] between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (now all EAEU member states), as well as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Moldova and Tajikistan. Russia has suspended the Agreement with respect to Ukraine from 1 January 2016, following the provisional application of the [[DCFTA]] between the [[Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement|European Union and Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianbusinessbriefing.com/russia-suspends-fta-with-ukraine/|website=Eurasian Business Briefing|title=Russia suspends FTA with Ukraine as EU agreement looms|date=17 December 2015|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225080953/http://www.eurasianbusinessbriefing.com/russia-suspends-fta-with-ukraine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ukraine did the same thing on January 2 with regard to Russia.
Thus, in addition to all previous multilateral agreements, the following agreements apply on a bilateral basis according to the article 102. Bilateral free trade agreements with Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Serbia and Montenegro are in force in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Belarus.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Armenia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref>
=== Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements ===
The members of the EAEU may conclude an agreement on ''investment and trade in services'' without the consent of EAEU supranational bodies, since these powers have not been transferred to a supranational level, however according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35), an international treaty of the EAEU with a third party establishing a free trade regime may include other provisions related to foreign trade activities<ref name="consultant.ru"/> (i.e. Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment). All Members of the Union retains autonomy (i.e., national competence) in matters of concluding agreements on free trade in services and investments. The process of concluding such agreements with third countries is carried out independently of the partners in the Union. The only condition prescribed in the Treaty on the EAEU is the obligation to provide to the Member States of the EAEU the same concessions, which are granted to the partner (partners) under that agreement (Article 38 of the Treaty and section 6 of Annex No. 16 to the Treaty).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreements on free trade in goods |url=https://economy.gov.by/en/aftingoods-en/ |website=Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus}}</ref>
The 2015 EAEU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services.<ref name="rtais.wto.org"/><ref name="economy.gov.ru"/>
The [[Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement]] was signed by Armenia and all [[EU member states]] on 24 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2017024|title=Agreement - Consilium|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>
Russia has concluded 82 agreements on mutual protection of investments and investment promotion, including agreements with Cambodia, Iran, Morocco and the State of Palestine, which were signed after January 1, 2015. 65 agreements have entered into force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Перечень соглашений между Правительством Российской Федерации и правительствами иностранных государств о поощрении и взаимной защите капиталовложений |url=https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192630/https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/ |archive-date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>
On 8 June 2023, in Sochi, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment]] to partly integrate Uzbekistan and Tajikistan on the common standards of the WTO ([[General Agreement on Trade in Services]]) and the EAEU even without their membership in the WTO (Uzbekistan) or the EAEU (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/6738#documentCard | title=Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств }}</ref> Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have not decided to join the EAEU, but bringing country's legislation to the EAEU common standards can be considered as the first step.
The Ambassador of the United Arab Emirates in Moscow said that the UAE is striving for a free trade agreement by the end of 2023 with the EAEU to include provisions on trade in services and investment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ru/world/oae-rasschityvayut-do-konca-goda-dogovoritsya-o-svobodnoj-torgovle-s-eaes/|title=ОАЭ рассчитывают до конца года договориться о свободной торговле с ЕАЭС - NEWS.ru — 13.06.23|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>
=== Unilateral preferences for economic assistance ===
The EAEU has the Common System of Tariff Preferences for approved goods from 29 developing and 48 [[least-developed countries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/tariff_preferences.php | title=Regulatory and legal framework }}</ref> As of March 5, 2021, they are [[Algeria]], [[Bolivia]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ghana]], [[Honduras]], [[Egypt]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Iran]], [[Cabo Verde]], [[Cameroon]], [[Kenya]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic People’s Republic of Korea]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Cuba]], [[Morocco]], [[the Marshall Islands]], [[Federal States of Micronesia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Tunisia]], [[the Philippines]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[El Salvador]], [[Eswatini]] on the 1 list and [[Angola]], [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Bhutan]], [[Haiti]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Djibouti]], [[Zambia]], [[Yemen]], [[Cambodia]], [[Kiribati]], [[Union of the Comoros]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Lao People’s Democratic Republic]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberia]], [[Mauritania]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mali]], [[Mozambique]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Republic of the Niger]], [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]](according to the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43/177]]), [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe]], [[Senegal]], [[Syrian Arab Republic]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Federal Republic of Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tanzania]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Togolese Republic]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Uganda]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[South Sudan]] on the 2nd list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 5, 2011 |title=DEVELOPING BENEFICIARY COUNTRIES of the Eurasian Economic Union's Common System of Tariff Preferences |url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/780/List-of-Developing-Countries-and-Least_developed-beneficiary-countries-_-_GSP_.pdf}}</ref>
The system of tariff preferences is aimed at promoting the economic growth of countries that objectively need economic assistance from the Union. In 2021, a decision was published to exclude 75 developing countries and 2 least developed countries from the lists, but at the same time, the status of the beneficiary country of the common system of tariff preferences of the EAEU is preserved for states in need of economic assistance from the EAEU.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/eaes-sovershenstvuet-edinuyu-sistemu-tarifnyh-preferentsij/ | title=ЕАЭС совершенствует единую систему тарифных преференций }}</ref> The first list of countries was approved in 2009 and did not change dramatically until 2021. As of May 2020, there were 153 countries in it, including Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, China and South Korea. The list was revised in 2021 so that there would be no injustice when lower-income countries provide tariff preferences to high-income countries. A country can obtain for tariff preferences if its income level is [[World Bank high-income economy|determined]] by the [[World Bank]] as "low-income" or "lower-middle-income", that is, the gross national income per capita in such a country is less than $4,045.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/03/2021/603e0f409a7947421ef8242b | title=ЕАЭС отказался от тарифных преференций для 76 стран | date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> The import duties applicable to products eligible for tariff preferences and originating from developing countries were at the level of 75% of the [[Most favoured nation]] duty rates and from least-developed countries at the level of 0%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news11_e/acc_rus_10nov11_e.htm | title=WTO | 2011 News items – Working Party seals the deal on Russia's membership negotiations }}</ref>
At the same time, the members of the Union themselves are recipients of tariff preferences. Kyrgyzstan was granted preferences from Canada, the United Kingdom, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=417&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Armenia was granted preferences from Canada, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Belarus was granted preferences from Japan, Norway and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Kazakhstan was granted preferences from Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=398&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> In 2013, the [[World Bank]] announced that Russia had graduated to a [[high-income economy]] based on the results of 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications | title=New Country Classifications | date=2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name=WB2013>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131322/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups|archive-date=2014-07-02|title=Country and Lending Groups|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iep.ru/en/world-bank-updates-its-country-classification-by-gni-per-capita.html | title=World Bank updates its country classification by GNI per capita }}</ref> but in 2016 it was reclassified as an [[upper-middle income economy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-2016 | title=New country classifications by income level: 2016–2017 | date=July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups | title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk }}</ref> due to changes in the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, which is a [[floating currency]]. Thus, Russia does not have these preferences.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref>
==International cooperation and interaction==
International cooperation and interaction with third countries, other integration associations and international organizations<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/ | title=International cooperation }}</ref> can happen under legal framework for international cooperation, including the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, Procedure for the EAEU International Cooperation, Main Directions of the EAEU International Activities, Regulation on the Procedure for Admission of New Members to the EAEU and Termination of Membership in the EAEU, Regulation on the Observer State Status at the EAEU and Strategic Directions for Developing the Eurasian Economic Integration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/npa.php | title=Regulatory legal framework for international cooperation }}</ref>
According to the commission's website, over the years memoranda, events and statements have been adopted with third countries and international organizations, including the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]], Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Foreign Trade of the Republic of Ecuador, International Trade Center, [[MERCOSUR]], and [[OECD]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/memorandymi/default.php | title=Memoranda with third countries and international organizations }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/memorandumy.php | title=Меморандумы с третьими странами и международными организациями }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/mezhdunarodnye-organizatsii.php | title=Взаимодействие с международными организациями }}</ref>
The commission's website has published information and news on international cooperation (documents, memoranda, visits, summits, events, conferences, negotiations with officials, representatives and ambassadors, etc.) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/ | title=Directions of international cooperation }}</ref> with dozens states (namely Austria, Angola, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Iran, Spain, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, China, Colombia, Cuba, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Morocco, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nicaragua, New Zealand, UAE, Peru, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, USA, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, Faroe Islands, Philippines, France, Czechia, Chile, Ethiopia<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/gosudarstva/index.php | title=Государства }}</ref>) and dozens regional associations and international organizations (Andean Community, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, BRICS, African Union, East African Community, Dialogue on Cooperation in Asia, European Union, Latin American Economic System (SELA), MERCOSUR, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Subsystem for economic integration in Central America, CICA, CIS, Union State of Russia and Belarus, Pacific Alliance, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Economic Community of Central African States (ESCA), ECOSOC, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNCTAD<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/org/index.php | title=Региональные объединения и международные организации }}</ref>). According to the commission's website, for the purpose of forming favorable conditions for the development of interaction with the EAEU and as the first step to institutionalize cooperation, it has become a practice in the EEC to conclude memoranda of cooperation (third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations). Broad cooperation in the format of memoranda of cooperation is established with the governments of Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Cuba, Morocco, Moldova, Mongolia, Peru, Singapore, Thailand, the Faroe Islands and Chile, as well as with the Andean Community, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the African Union, the Pacific Alliance, the Latin American Economic System (SELA) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). The EEC interacts with the Government of Greece in the format of a joint declaration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/memorandumy.php | title=Memoranda of cooperation (Third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations) }}</ref>
There are various formats of interaction between third states and the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the simplest formats is obtaining the observer status at the Union. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, the highest supranational body of the Eurasian Economic Union, granted observer state status to the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/o-statuse-gosudarstva-nablyudatelya.php | title=Observer state status at the EAEU }}</ref>
===Foreign affairs===
The Eurasian Economic Union mainly uses its [[arms industry]],<ref name="SIPRI">[http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI]. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-09.</ref> [[raw materials]],<ref name=usgs>Richard M. Levine and Glenn J. Wallace. [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/myb3-2005-am-aj-bo-gg-kz-kg-md-rs-ti-tx-up-uz.pdf "The Mineral Industries of the Commonwealth of Independent States"]. ''2005 Minerals Yearbook''. [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (December 2007). This article incorporates text from this U.S. government source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Countries and regions: Russia|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/|publisher=European Commission|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> gas and oil reserves,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and railways<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan plans to become a logistics hub between Asia and Europe|url=http://www.railwaypro.com/wp/?p=14076|publisher=Railway Pro|access-date=27 August 2014|date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Strategy of Russian Railways|url=http://eng.rzd.ru/statice/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=7|publisher=Russian Railways|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> as its key assets for trade with foreign countries.
Although Russia is the only member of the Eurasian Economic Union under sanctions from the West, other members of the Eurasian Economic Union have repeatedly used the bloc as a platform to articulate their opposition to sanctions and trade wars.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Korolev |first=Alexander S. |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}}
===Economic partners===
The Eurasian Economic Union must negotiate as a whole to sign free trade agreements with other countries. Key players for the Eurasian Economic Union are the [[European Union]], [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[China]] and the [[Korean peninsula]]. The EAEU has sought to increase its trade with partners in the [[Middle East]] and [[East Asia]] in order to profit from the growing trade between Europe and Asia.
Because of disagreements with the Eurasian Economic Union's largest member, Russia, the European Union does not officially recognize the Eurasian Eocnomic Union.<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=19}} Tensions with the European Union in 2014 have led both unions to pressure [[post-Soviet states]] to join their integration unions. Both sides have accused each other of carving spheres of influence.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.cfr.org/europe/european-unions-eastern-partnership/p32577|title = The European Union's Eastern Partnership|last = Jeanne|first = Park|date = 14 March 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|publisher = Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/lavrov-has-harsh-words-for-eu/494681.html|title = Lavrov Has Harsh Words for EU|last = Bodner|first = Matthew|date = 17 February 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|newspaper = The Moscow Times}}</ref> Members of the union, especially Russia have tried to diversify their trade by signing economic agreements with China,<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.cnbc.com/2014/05/27/what-russia-china-relations-mean-for-the-dollar.html|title = What Russia-China relations mean for the dollar|last = Clinch|first = Matt|date = 27 May 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014}}</ref> Iran<ref>{{cite news|url = http://qz.com/166851/why-russia-would-buy-500000-barrels-of-iranian-oil-a-day-and-undermine-the-nuclear-negotiations/|title = Why Russia might be crazy enough to buy Iranian oil and undermine nuclear talks|last = LeVine|first = Steve|date = 14 January 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|work = QUARTZ}}</ref> and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/eu-looks-alternatives-russian-gas-turkey-vacillates-between-east-west-1584836|title = As EU Looks For Alternatives To Russian Gas, Turkey Vacillates Between East And West|last = Kotsev|first = Victor|date = 19 May 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|publisher = IBTIMES|newspaper = International Business Times}}</ref> Trade with North and South Korea has also risen.<ref>{{cite web|title=President of Russian Railways attends opening of transshipment terminal in North Korean port Rajin|date=23 July 2014 |url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/184086/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kirk|first1=Donald|title=S. Korean Dream Line: Rail Link Via N. Korean Eco Zone To Russia|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2014/03/06/s-koreas-dream-line-rail-link-through-russia-via-n-korea-zone/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310204145/http://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2014/03/06/s-koreas-dream-line-rail-link-through-russia-via-n-korea-zone/|archive-date=10 March 2014|website=Forbes|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia–Korean Visa Exemption Program to Stimulate Bilateral Trade by 40%|date=30 July 2014 |url=http://koreabizwire.com/russia-korean-visa-exemption-program-to-stimulate-bilateral-trade-by-40-study/15773|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
A rising China has been increasingly interested in Central Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/how-significant-is-the-eurasian-economic-union/|title = How Significant Is the Eurasian Economic Union?|date = 4 June 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|magazine = The Diplomat|last = Casey|first = Michel}}</ref> Analysts see the union as a potential way China could facilitate its investments in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why China is unfazed by Russia's creation of a Eurasian Union|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/why-china-unfazed-russia-s-creation-eurasian-union|publisher=World Review|access-date=27 August 2014|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Historically, China held close economic ties with many countries throughout [[Eurasia]]. Under the [[Han Dynasty]], its trade routes extended to the [[Roman Empire]]. The [[Economy of the Han Dynasty]] and other subsequent dynasties exchanged numerous goods with countries throughout Europe and Asia. Both China and the union have stated they would benefit from recreating trade routes modelled on the historic [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China's 'New Silk Road' Vision Revealed|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/chinas-new-silk-road-vision-revealed/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
Railways transport goods from China to the European Union through Kazakhstan and Russia. The country has pushed for the construction of more railway lines to connect [[Berlin]] to east China to reduce shipping time. It proposed major high-speed railway lines going towards Europe via Russia and Kazakhstan and another through the Middle East via [[Tajikistan]], a potential future member for the union.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Establishing New Silk Roads|date=8 July 2014 |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/china-establishing-new-silk-roads/1953455.html|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China considers high-speed 'silk railroad' to Europe|date=7 August 2014|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/china-considers-high-speed-silk-railroad-to-europe/8667079.article|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> China has signed numerous energy deals with Russia and Kazakhstan, as it tries to move from [[coal]] to less pollutant alternatives.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/central-asias-energy-rush/|title = Central Asia's Energy Rush: The region's major powers are in a tussle to control its rich energy sources|last = Romanowski|first = Michał|date = 3 July 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|magazine = The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-kazakhstan-china-deals-idUKBRE98608520130907|title = China, Kazakhstan to ink deals worth $30 billion on Saturday|last = Zhumatov|first = Shamil|date = 7 September 2013|access-date = 30 August 2014|work = Reuters|location = Astana, Kazakhstan}}</ref>
Iran has sought to diversify its economy as well, seeing the EAEU and China as key economic partners. Relations between Russia and Iran have increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and are seeking new trade partners. in 2014 the two countries signed a historic US$20 billion energy deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vladimir Putin signs historic $20bn oil deal with Iran to bypass Western sanctions|date=6 August 2014 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11014604/Vladimir-Putin-signs-historic-20bn-oil-deal-with-Iran-to-bypass-Western-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11014604/Vladimir-Putin-signs-historic-20bn-oil-deal-with-Iran-to-bypass-Western-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia and Iran strike oil agreement|website=[[CNBC]]|date=6 August 2014|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101899870#.|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> A free trade agreement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union came into force on 27 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/441768/Trade-agreement-with-EAEU-officially-declared-to-Iranian-customs|title=Trade agreement with EAEU officially declared to Iranian customs|date=2019-11-08|website=Tehran Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>
Kazakhstan seeks to enhance its ties with Turkey, a key player in the region. In July 2014, Turkey announced closer economic ties with the EAEU, including a possible free trade agreement in the near future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey Proposes Free Trade Zone with Eurasian Union|url=http://asbarez.com/125154/turkey-proposes-free-trade-zone-with-eurasian-union/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
===Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh===
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 2 November 2008-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]], Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] hold peace talks in [[Moscow]] on 2 November 2008.]]
In September 2013, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. At the time of joining the Union, the Republic of Armenia already had preferential treatment within the framework of the CIS as a party to the Free Trade Zone Agreement of 18 October 2011, and therefore enjoyed significant tariff benefits. According to an IMF representative in Armenia, Armenia's membership to the Eurasian Economic Union resulted in about $250 million a year in customs revenue. Armenia also benefited in the form of secured privileges for 752 products until 2020, which implies no EAEU tariffs due to Union membership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greater-europe.org/archives/5454 |title=Why Armenia Chose the Eurasian Economic Union |website=greater-europe|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Joining the Union allowed the country to get even more tangible economic effects due to the functioning of the Common Economic Space, the use of common technical regulation, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, non-tariff regulation. Such results confirm that for the implementation of full-scale freedom of movement of goods, liberalization of tariff regulation alone is not enough.<ref name=ack>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67852 |title=Giorgi Lomsadze: Will Karabakh "Join" Russia's Customs Union? |website=EurasiaNet.org |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> The region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], however, is disputed between [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. Tensions rose further in the [[Caucasus]] region on 30 July 2014 due to clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armenia Blames Azerbaijan for Deadly Incident|url=http://www.radiofree.org/us/armenia-blames-azerbaijan-for-deadly-incident/|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024065455/http://www.radiofree.org/us/armenia-blames-azerbaijan-for-deadly-incident/|archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
Experts estimate that with the accession of Armenia, the internationally unrecognised [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] would not be integrated into the Eurasian Union.<ref name=ack /> Armenia is a permanent political, military and economic ally of Russia, whereas Azerbaijan holds close ties with Armenia's long-standing enemy Turkey. The Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] expressed concern in 2013 that no reliable customs border between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh could be drawn. However, Nazarbayev expressed that he holds all the existing disagreements preventing Armenia's integration into Eurasian Economic Union are surmountable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kazakhstan-views-disagreements-on-eurasian-economic-union-as-resolvable-3675-2014/|title=Kazakhstan views disagreements on Eurasian Economic Union as resolvable |website=BelTA |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> The Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee in the Armenian Parliament, [[Artak Zakarian]], announced on 14 May 2014 that Armenia will not build any customs borders, including with the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asbarez.com/123001/armenia-rules-out-tariffs-on-karabakh |title=Armenia Rules Out Tariffs on Karabakh |website=Asbarez |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>
According to Eurasian Economic Commission statistics, Eurasian Economic Union countries experienced a 1.9% GDP increase between January–June 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Armenia had the greatest GDP growth index throughout the reporting period – 8.3%. The EEU's industrial output increased by 3.3%, with reprocessing industry increasing by 62.7% and mining increasing by 27.9%. Again, Armenia had the largest growth in industrial production – 9.6% – despite a 12.7% fall in mining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia leads EEU countries on level of economic growth – official EEC data |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/956452.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref>
===Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan===
Previously, [[Tajikistan]] was on track to become a potential member of the union, having signed the treaty on the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. However, due to border disputes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the integration process in Tajikistan has stalled.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6">{{cite news|url = https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21608806-plan-export-electricity-looks-cursed-mi-casa-no-es-tu-casa|title = A plan to export electricity looks cursed|date = 26 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|newspaper = The Economist}}</ref> Both countries exchanged fire in December 2013 and August 2014, which resulted in casualties.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://en.itar-tass.com/world/746643|title = Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan border guards engage in shootout again|date = 26 August 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Itar Tass}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.yahoo.com/two-killed-border-skirmish-between-tajikistan-kyrgyzstan-113727690.html|title = Two killed in border skirmish between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan|access-date = 26 August 2014|agency = Reuters}}</ref> Both countries have since announced they would resolve conflicts and improve border cooperation. Officials hope to make significant progress by the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan improve border co-operation "Central Asia Online"|url=http://www.eng.24.kg/bigtiraj/173808-news24.html|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=24.kg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115338/http://www.eng.24.kg/bigtiraj/173808-news24.html|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Turn To Soviet Archives in Border Talks|url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/229157427|access-date=8 January 2015|work=India Gazette|date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114501/http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/229157427|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<ref name=UzbekistanMarch2020/>
===International response===
Former President of the European Commission [[José Manuel Barroso]] stated at the [[World Economic Forum]] that the EU supports the regional integration, including the Eurasian Union. He also praised Kazakhstan for joining the bloc. He criticized the post-Soviet space, saying "the integration in the region is not sufficient". However, he warned that the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] is a major obstacle to good cooperation between the EU and the Eurasian Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2015|url=http://www.weforum.org/sessions/summary/regions-transformation-eurasia|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=25 January 2015|date=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Davos 2015 – Regions in Transformation: Euroasia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wb409Nlhlw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/9Wb409Nlhlw |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|website=youtube.com|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=25 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Tensions between the EAEU and the [[European Union]] (EU) occurred as both have sought to deepen their ties with several [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]]. The EU has signed free trade agreements with [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. However, separatists in all three countries back closer ties with [[Russia]]. Ukraine planned to sign an [[European Union Association Agreement|EU association agreement]] in 2013, but abruptly cancelled the signing under Russian pressure to join the EAEU. This led to [[Euromaidan|mass protests]] against Ukraine's president,<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/war-in-ukraine-a-result-of-misunderstandings-between-europe-and-russia-a-1004706.html Summit of Failure: How the EU Lost Russia over Ukraine]. ''Der Spiegel''. 2014-11-24.</ref> with the EU supporting a [[Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine|failed political settlement]] before president Yanukovych fled to Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/viktor-yanukovych-russia-ukraine-coup|title=Viktor Yanukovych urges Russia to act over Ukrainian 'bandit coup'|author=Shaun Walker|website=the Guardian|date=28 February 2014|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> and Russia then [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexing]] the [[Crimea|Crimean peninsula]] (following a [[2014 Crimean status referendum|disputed referendum]]) and supporting separatists in Eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guide to the EU deals with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28038725|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania ratifies Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova agreements with EU|date=9 July 2014|url=http://dfwatch.net/lithuania-ratifies-ukraine-georgia-moldova-agreements-with-eu-61065|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> In response, some member states of the European Union have sought to find alternatives to Russian gas, while others have voiced their support for the construction of the [[South Stream]] pipeline which circumvents Ukraine. Later the already started construction of the pipeline, under US sanctions on Russia and pressure on EU, the project was abandoned. Analysts believe Russia backs the Eurasian Economic Union in order to limit western influence in the region.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url = https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21608807-not-all-goes-smoothly-russia-its-backyard-power-failure|title = Power failure – Not all goes smoothly for Russia in its backyard|date = 26 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|newspaper = The Economist}}</ref>
Western analysts generally see the Eurasian Economic Union as a way to reunite many of the former Soviet republics. For example, ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' author Abigail Hauslohner wrote the treaty was intended "to further bolster [Russia]'s ties to former Soviet republics."<ref name=WaPost>{{cite news|title=Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 May 2014|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> The United States expressed its opposition to the Eurasian Union, claiming it is "an attempt" to re-establish a [[Soviet Union|USSR]]-type union among the former Soviet republics.<ref name=Hillary/> In December 2012, former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] claimed "It's not going to be called that [Soviet Union]. It's going to be called customs union, it will be called the Eurasian Union and all of that, but let's make no mistake about it. We know what the goal is and we are trying to figure out effective ways to slow down or prevent it".<ref name=Hillary>[http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe Clinton fears efforts to 're-Sovietize' in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307132319/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe |date=7 March 2014 }} – Associated Press, 6 December 2012</ref>
Kazakhstan's president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] called it "a hard-won achievement" and "a blessing for our people."<ref name=WaPost /> Public support in Kazakhstan for the country's accession to the EAEU stood at 68% in June 2014, with 5.5% opposed.<ref>[http://www.demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28 Большинство казахстанцев поддерживают вступление Казахстана в Евразийский экономический союз, но 33% считают, что это не принесет им никакой выгоды] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211730/http://demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28 |date=10 March 2016 }}. ''Demoscope''. 2014-06-14.</ref>
[[Thailand]], [[Iran]], [[New Zealand]], [[Tunisia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/771189|title=Tunisia hopes to set up free trade zone with Customs Union, EEU|publisher=ITAR-TASS|date=14 January 2015|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> [[Turkey]], and [[Vietnam]] are among the countries that expressed a desire to conclude trade agreements with the new Eurasian Economic Union after the treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Putin's answer to EU – Eurasian Union|author=Vladimir Radyuhin|work=The Hindu|date=29 May 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/putins-answer-to-eu-eurasian-union/article6062067.ece|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Faroe Islands]] signed a new memorandum of understanding with the EEU. The MoU is designed to boost trade and cooperation between the two sides.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian fish money keeping Faroes out of EU sanctions|author=Martin Breum|work=euobserver|date=14 September 2018|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/142847|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
===Existing integration projects===
{{Supranational PostSoviet Bodies|size=400px|align=right}}
The [[Eurasian Customs Union]] has already brought partial economic integration between the three states, and the Eurasian Economic Union is said to be a continuation of this customs union.<ref name="Boris N. Mamlyuk 2014"/> However, the impact or legacy of that agreement is unclear<ref>{{cite SSRN |ssrn=2414597|title=Russia and Regional Trade Integration in a Historical Perspective: A Response to William E. Butler|date=2015|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}}</ref> – trade between the three states actually fell 13% during the agreement's first year.<ref name=Economist />
A number of other regional organisations also provide the basis for further integration: the [[Union State]] of Russia and Belarus; the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]], consisting of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan; and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] comprising most of the post-Soviet countries.<ref group=journal>{{cite web |last1=Brusis|first1=Martin|title=A Eurasian European Union? Relaunching Post-Soviet Economic Integration |website=European Consortium for Political Research |url=http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/1f692ccb-986b-4c38-92c0-c0a0aa55edad.pdf |url-access=subscription |pages=8, 13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia–Belarus Union State most advanced post-Soviet integration bloc – Lukashenko|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/russia/754950|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=Tass}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CSTO states plan to set up collective air force|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/768382|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=Tass}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{multiple image |align=right |image1=Strusta Lake - Panorama.jpg |width1=300 |caption1=[[Strusta Lake]] in the [[Vitebsk Region]], [[Belarus]], is the sixteenth largest lake in Belarus and the third largest among the [[Braslau Lakes]]. |width2=190 |caption2=The [[Khan Tengri]] Peak above North [[Engilchek Glacier]], [[Kazakhstan]] |image2=Vue globale du versant N du khan Tengri.jpg}}
The Eurasian Economic Union is located at the eastern end of [[Europe]], bounded by the [[Arctic]] in the north, the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east and [[East Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and part of [[Central Asia]] to the south. It lies between latitudes [[39th parallel north|39°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82°N]] and longitudes [[19°E]] and [[169th meridian west|169°W]]. The union extends across much of northern [[Eurasia]]. Its member states cover an area of over 20,000,000 square kilometers, which is approximately 15% of the world's land surface.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://eaeunion.org/#about-info|publisher=Eurasian Economic Union|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
The [[Eastern European Plain]] encompasses [[Belarus]] and most of [[European Russia]]. The plain is mostly mountain-free and comprises several [[plateaus]]. [[Russia]]'s northernmost regions are [[tundra]]. The Russian Tundra is located on the coastline with the [[Arctic]] and is known for its total darkness in the winter. [[Taiga]] reaches Russia's southern borders in [[Siberia]] and accounts for 60% of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geography of Russia|url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his241/notes/geography/geography.html|publisher=Northern Virginia Community College|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Towards the [[Ural Mountains]] and in northern [[Kazakhstan]], the climate is mostly temperate. Southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan are mostly [[steppe]]. The [[Kazakh steppe]] covers one-third of Kazakhstan and is the world's largest dry steppe region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan " City Info " Geography|url=http://www.kazakhstan.com/v/geography/|website=kazakhstan.com|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> [[Armenia]] is mostly mountainous and its climate is continental. The landlocked country shares no direct border with other members states. It is located in the southwestern part of Asia, occupying the northeastern part of the [[Armenian Plateau]], and is located between the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Near East]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Armenia|website=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|publisher=National Statistical Service of The Republic of Armenia|access-date=15 January 2016|page=6|date=2007|quote="Republic of Armenia is situated in south-western part of Asia. The country occupies the north-eastern part of Armenian plateau – between Caucasus and Nearest Asia"}}</ref>
A large number of lakes and rivers are found in the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=Belarus – Geography|access-date=7 November 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2007|website=The World Factbook}}</ref> Major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. The largest and most prominent of the union's bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies|publisher=United States Geological Survey|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/baikal/}}</ref> The Baikal lake alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. Of the union's numerous rivers,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Angara River|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24432/Angara-River|access-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europe|longest in Europe]], but also because of its major role in history. In Siberia the [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[longest rivers in the world]].
The Eurasian Economic Union's highest peak is the [[Khan Tengri]] in the [[Tian Shan]] mountains, Kazakhstan, 7,010 m above sea level. The lowest point in the Eurasian Economic Union is the [[Karagiye Depression]] in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's Caspian shore includes some of the lowest elevations on Earth. According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, forests cover 40% of [[Belarus]]. 11,000 lakes and many water streams are found in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Belarus|url=http://fatbirder.com/links_geo/europe/belarus.html|website=Fatbirder|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Russia is known for its extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world, making it the world's largest producer of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf|website=BP Global|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609095748/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf}}</ref>
According to estimates, the Eurasian Economic Union's population of 176 million people is mostly urbanized, with Russia and Belarus having over 70% of their population living in urban areas. In Armenia over 64% of the population lives in urban areas. Kazakhstan's urban population comprises 54% of the country's total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Belarus|url=http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017223223/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population/|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref>
<gallery heights="140px">
File:Эльбрус с перевала Гумбаши.JPG|[[Mount Elbrus]] – [[Russia]]
File:The Armenian plateau near Mount Masis.jpg|Mountain range – [[Armenia]]
File:Lama River, Moscow region, Russia – 1.jpg|[[Lama River]] – in the [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow region of Russia]]
File:Charin.jpg|[[Sharyn Canyon]] – [[Kazakhstan]]
File:Bringing the sheep home, on the southern shore of Issyk-Kul (3968109583).jpg|On the southern shore of [[Issyk-Kul]] lake, [[Issyk-Kul Region]] – [[Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Фото путешествия по Беларуси 353.jpg| Winter – [[Belarus]]
File:Aragats mountain, Aragatsotn, Armenia.jpg|A view of [[Mount Aragats]] from [[Aragatsotn (village)|Aragatsotn]] – [[Armenia]]
File:Munku-Sardyk.jpg|A view of Mount [[Mönkh Saridag]] – [[Okinsky District]], [[Russia]]
File:Ayghr lake.jpg|[[Lake Ayger]] – [[Armenia]]
File:Lake Servech.jpg|Lake Servech – [[Belarus]]
File:Касмалинский ленточный бор 2005 год. (Алтайский край. Россия).jpg| Winter in the [[Altai Krai]] – [[Russia]]
File:Karakol Valley.jpg|[[Tian Shan]] mountain range – [[Kyrgyzstan]]
</gallery>
==Demographics==
The combined population of all member states is 183,319,693 as of 2015.
{{Largest urban centers of the Eurasian Union}}
[[File:Countries with population larger than Eurasian Economic Union.jpg|right|thumb|Countries with population larger than Eurasian Economic Union in 2018|250px]]
The Eurasian Economic Union has 17 cities with more than 1 million inhabitants, the largest being [[Moscow]]. The most densely populated areas are the capital cities of member states and [[European Russia]]. [[Siberia]] is the region with the least inhabitants. In [[Russia]] about 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the country's borders.<ref name=ethnicgroups>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php Ethnic groups in Russia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |date=22 June 2011 }}, 2002 census, ''Demoscope Weekly''. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</ref> [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Belarus]] are home to sizable ethnic Russian minorities.
Though the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union's populations are comparatively large, [[list of countries by population density|its density is low]] because of the enormous size of Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Eurasian Economic Union's average birth rate in 2010 was roughly 12.5 births per 1000 people, higher than the [[European Union]], which has an average of 9.90 births per 1000 people.
==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[ASEAN]]
*[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]
*[[Comecon]]
*[[Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations]]
*[[Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union]]
*[[Eurasian Economic Community]]
*[[Eurasian Patent Convention]]
*[[Eurasian Patent Organisation]]
*[[Eurasianism]]
*[[Soviet Union]]
*[[Union of Sovereign States]]
*[[Union State]]
*[[Warsaw Pact]]
*[[List of multilateral free-trade agreements]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes and references==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Journal articles and studies===
{{reflist|group=journal}}
===Online sources===
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)]
*[http://eec.eaeunion.org/en/ Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC)]
*[https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/ Legal portal of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)]
{{Eurasian Economic Union}}
{{Eurasian Integration}}
{{Europe topics (small)|state=collapsed}}
{{International power|state=collapsed}}
{{Trade|state=collapsed}}
{{Regional organisations|state=collapsed}}
{{portal bar|Asia|Europe|Russia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Eurasian Economic Union| ]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Eurasianism|Economic Union]]
[[Category:Continental unions]]
[[Category:Economy of Armenia]]
[[Category:Economy of Belarus]]
[[Category:Economy of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Economy of Russia]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Russia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Post-Soviet states]]
[[Category:Trade blocs]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Economic union of countries in Eurasia}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| name = {{collapsible list
|title = {{resize|10.5pt|Eurasian Economic Union}}
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:90%;
|liststyle = text-align:center;<!--font-weight:normal;-->
|{{Infobox
| subbox = yes
| bodystyle = font-size:9pt;
| rowclass1 = mergedrow
| label1 = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]:
| data1 = {{lang|hy|Եվրասիական տնտեսական միություն}}
| fontsize = 68%
| rowclass2 = mergedrow
| label2 = [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]:
| data2 = {{lang|be|Еўразійскі эканамічны саюз}}
| rowclass3 = mergedrow
| label3 = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]:
| data3 = {{lang|kk|Eurazialyq Ekonomikalyq Odaq}}
| rowclass4 = mergedrow
| label4 = [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]:
| data4 = {{lang|ky|Евразиялык экономикалык биримдик}}
| rowclass5 = mergedrow
| label5 = [[Russian language|Russian]]:
| data5 = {{lang|ru|Евразийский экономический союз}}}}
}}
| common_name = Eurasian Economic Union
| linking_name = The Eurasian Union
| image_flag = Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union.svg
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union|Flag]]
| image_symbol = Emblem of the Eurasian Economic Union.svg
| image_map = File:Eurasian Economic Union (orthographic projection) - Crimea disputed.svg
| map_width = 200px
| map_caption = {{legend|#346733|Member states}}{{legend|#46C843|Territories occupied by Russia<ref>{{cite book|title=The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020|publisher=[[Routledge]]|author=[[Taylor & Francis]]|date=2020|section=Republic of Crimea|section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3xbUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161|isbn=978-1-003-00706-7|quote=Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognised as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.}}</ref>}}
| admin_center_type = Administrative centers
| admin_center = {{unbulleted list
| {{nowrap|[[Moscow]], [[Russia]]}}<br />{{small|([[Eurasian Economic Commission|Commission]])}}
| {{nowrap|[[Minsk]], [[Belarus]]}}<br />{{small|([[Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court]])}}
}}
| largest_city = [[Moscow]]<br />{{smaller|{{coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|display=inline}}}}
| languages_type = Working language
| languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| org_type = [[Economic union]]
| membership_type = Member states
| membership = {{plainlist|
'''Member states:'''
*{{flag|Armenia}}
*{{flag|Belarus}}
*{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
*{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
*{{flag|Russia}}
'''Observers:'''
*{{flag|Cuba}}
*{{flag|Moldova}}
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
}}
| leader_title1 = Chairman of the [[Supreme Eurasian Economic Council]]
| leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Sadyr Japarov|Sadyr Zhaparov]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kyrgyzstan has taken over the presidency in the EAEU|date=3 January 2022 |url=https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kyrgyzstan-takes-over-presidency-in-eaeu-146708-2022/}}</ref>
| established_event1 = {{nowrap|Original proposal<sup>a</sup>}}
| established_date1 = 1994
| established_event2 = [[Eurasian Economic Community|Economic Community]]
| established_date2 = {{nowrap|10 October 2000}}
| established_event3 = [[Eurasian Customs Union]]
| established_date3 = {{nowrap|1 January 2010}}
| established_event4 = Establishment agreed
| established_date4 = {{nowrap|18 November 2011}}
| established_event5 = [[Eurasian Economic Space]]
| established_date5 = {{nowrap|1 January 2012}}
| established_event6 = EAEU Treaty signed
| established_date6 = {{nowrap|29 May 2014}}
| established_event7 = EAEU established
| established_date7 = {{nowrap|1 January 2015}}
| official_website = {{URL|1=eaeunion.org/?lang=en|2=EAEUnion.org}}
| area_km2 = 20,229,248<ref name="nationsonline.org">{{cite news|url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm|title=Countries by Area|access-date=26 August 2014|website=Nations Online Project}}</ref>
| area_sq_mi = 7,810,557<ref name="nationsonline.org"/>
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 182,131,000<ref name="IMFWEORU">{{cite web|url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=911,913,916,917,922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,LP,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1 |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2023|website=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_density_km2 = 9.12
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} US$5.677 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
| GDP_PPP_year = 2022
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $31,200
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} US$2.573 trillion<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2022
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $14,100
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini = <!--number only-->
| Gini_ref =
| HDI_year =
| HDI_change =
| HDI =
| currency = {{plainlist|
*[[Armenian dram]]
*[[Belarusian ruble]]
*[[Kazakhstani tenge]]
*[[Kyrgyz som]]
*[[Russian ruble]]}}
| time_zone =
| utc_offset = +2 to +12
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| drives_on = right
| date_format =
| calling_code = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = 4 codes
| {{flagicon|Russia}}{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[+7]]
| {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[+374]]
| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[+375]]
| {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[+996]]
}}
| iso3166code = omit
| cctld = {{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = 5 [[Country code top-level domain|TLDs]]
|{{flagicon|Armenia}} [[.am]] |{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[.by]] |{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[.kg]] |{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[.kz]] |{{flagicon|Russia}} [[.ru]]
}}
| footnote_a = By [[President of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstani President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].
| government_type =
| demonym =
| area_rank =
| today =
| leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Mikhail Myasnikovich]]
| leader_title2 = Chairman of the Board of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]]
}}
The '''Eurasian Economic Union''' ('''EAEU''' or '''EEU''')<ref group="note">EAEU is the acronym used on the [http://eaeunion.org organisation's website]. However, many media outlets use the acronym EEU.</ref> is an [[economic union]] of five [[post-Soviet states]] located in [[Eurasia]]. The EAEU has an integrated [[single market]]. As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a [[gross domestic product]] of over $2.4 trillion.<ref name="IMFWEORU" />
The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Russia]], and came into force on 1 January 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |title=Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx |access-date=2016-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110445/https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610 |archive-date=17 April 2016}}</ref> Treaties aiming for [[Armenia]]'s and [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Member States of the EEU|url=http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en#about-countries|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.<ref name=FT>{{cite news|last1=Farchy|first1=Jack|title=Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MvV5Evn1|access-date=26 December 2014|newspaper=The Financial Times|date=23 December 2014|quote=Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed the Treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.}}</ref><ref name=TT>{{cite news|title=Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on 1 January|url=http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/12307.19.0.0/eurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1|access-date=26 December 2014|publisher=The Trumpet|date=24 December 2014|quote=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.}}</ref>
The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods and services, and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical regulation, competition, and antitrust regulation. Provisions for a [[single currency]] and greater integration are envisioned for the future.<ref name=WaPost/><ref name=currency/> The union operates through [[supranational union|supranational]] and [[Intergovernmental organisation|intergovernmental]] institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=What is the Eurasian Economic Union? |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-eurasian-economic-union |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union, consisting of the [[Head of State|Heads of the Member States]]. The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council (consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states). The day-to-day work of the EAEU is done through the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], the executive body of the Union. There is also a judicial body – the [[Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|Court of the EAEU]].<ref>Article 8 and 10, Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}
==History==
[[File:Timeline of EAEU Integration - WTO.png|thumb|Timeline of EAEU Integration from the [[World Trade Organization]] report.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://docsonline.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/REG/358-1.pdf&Open=True |title=Factual presentation
|website=wto.org|access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref> ]]
[[File:Russian Federation - Belarus - Kazakhstan 20-Jan-1995.png|thumb|Regional Trade Agreements Database of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx|title=WTO | Regional trade agreements|website=rtais.wto.org}}</ref>]]
[[File:Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) 29-May-2014.png|thumb|Regional Trade Agreements Database of the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name="auto"/>]]
===Proposal===
In the 1990s, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in [[GDP]] as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The member states of the union underwent economic reforms and [[privatisation]].<ref group=journal>{{cite web |title=Russian Federation|url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf|access-date=7 July 2014|website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union. When the USSR [[August Coup|began to fall]] in 1991, the presidents of [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]]<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal>{{cite web |title=Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts |website=Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref> of the founding republics signed the [[Belavezha Accords]] on 8 December 1991, declaring that the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union would cease to exist]] and proclaimed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] in its place.
In 1994, during a speech at [[Moscow State University]], the first [[President of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" as a regional trade bloc in order to connect to and profit from the growing economies of [[European Union|Europe]] and [[East Asia]]. The vision would be to simplify the free flow of goods across Eurasia.<ref>Alexandrov, Mikhail. ''Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997.'' Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 229. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30965-6}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|last1=Vladimir|first1=Radyuhin|title=Three-nation Eurasian union set up as bridge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/threenation-eurasian-union-set-up-as-bridge/article6063893.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan welcomes Putin's Eurasian Union concept|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 October 2011|access-date=8 October 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The idea was quickly seen as a way to bolster trade, boost investment in [[Central Asia]], [[Armenia]] and [[Belarus]], and serve as a complement to the [[Eastern Partnership]].<ref name="The Hindu"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Eurasian Economic Union to become a bridge between Europe and Pacific Rim|date=12 April 2012 |url=http://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/politics/55923.html|publisher=Vestnik Kavkaza|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>
===Founding treaties (1990s)===
[[File:CIS meeting 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Meeting of the leaders of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) in [[Bishkek]], 2008. The CIS initiated the lengthy process of Eurasian integration.]]
During the 1990s, the Eurasian integration process was slow, possibly due to the economic crisis experienced after the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]] and the size of the countries involved (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan cover an area of about 20 million km<sup>2</sup>). As a result, numerous treaties have been signed by member states to establish the regional trade bloc gradually.<ref group=journal>{{cite web |author1=Steven Blockmans|author2=Hrant Kostanyan| author3=Ievgen Vorobiov |title=Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity |url=http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf|date=December 2012 | pages=4–5 |website=Centre for European Policy Studies |quote=Given the distances between major economic centres, the transportation costs appear to be much higher in the case of trade within the CU than within the EEC. Besides, there is significant asymmetry in the distance between Russia's and Belarus' economic centres and those of Russia and Kazakhstan, which affects intra-bloc trade flows. This factor might significantly impede the envisaged positive effects of removing tariff barriers to trade and increasing labour mobility, and will therefore require greater efforts to ease cross-border trade, such as improving transport infrastructure.}}</ref><ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal />
In 1995, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and later acceding states Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] signed the first agreements on the establishment of a [[Customs Union]]. Its purpose was to gradually lead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between member states.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/118|title=AGREEMENT on the Customs union of 20 January 1995| publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
In 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields to begin economic integration between countries to allow for the creation of [[common markets]] for goods, services, capital, labour, and developing single transport, energy and information systems.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref name=":4">{{cite web| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/120|title=TREATY between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic on increased integration in economic and humanitarian fields of 29 March 1996|publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
In 1999, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space by clarifying the goals and policies the states would undertake in order to form the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] and the Single Economic Space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan are launching common economic space 1 Jan. |date=January 2012|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120101/170583110.html|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=TREATY on the Customs union and the Common economic space of 26 February 1999| url=http://evrazes.com/docs/view/128|publisher=Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC)}}</ref>
===Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014)===
{{main|Eurasian Economic Community}}
To promote further economic integration and more cooperation, in 2000 Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EurAsEC) which [[Uzbekistan]] joined in 2006.
The treaty established a common market for its member states. The Eurasian Economic Community was modelled on the [[European Economic Community]].<ref name="Boris N. Mamlyuk 2014">{{cite SSRN |ssrn=2412319|title=Regionalizing Multilateralism: The Effect of Russia's Accession to the WTO on Existing Regional Integration Schemes in the Former Soviet Space |date=2014|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}}</ref> The two had a comparable population size of 171 million and 169 million, respectively.
A Treaty on a Single Economic Space by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine was signed in 2003 and ratified in 2004, but the process was stalled after the [[Orange revolution]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1052410.html|title=CIS: Russian, Ukrainian, Kazakh Parliaments Ratify Treaty on Single Economic Space|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=8 April 2008 |last1=Krushelnycky |first1=Askold }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-12-10-putin-ukraine_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com – Putin: No objection to Ukraine in EU|website=usatoday30.usatoday.com}}</ref>
In 2007, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a Customs Union between the three countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html|title=Eurasian Economic Union|access-date=10 October 2015|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126085933/http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html}}</ref>
===Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014)===
{{main|Eurasian Customs Union|Eurasian Economic Space}}
[[File:Session of Supreme Eurasian Economic Council.jpg|thumb|left|A session of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council (composed of the union's heads of state) is held at least once every year.|270px]]
The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (now the [[Eurasian Customs Union]]) came into existence on 1 January 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html|title=Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Agree on Customs Union|work=Turkish Weekly|date=5 December 2009|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704085214/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html|archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> The Customs Union's priorities were the elimination of intra-bloc tariffs, establishing a common external tariff policy and the elimination of non-tariff barriers. It was launched as a first step towards forming a broader single market inspired by the [[European Union]], with the objective of forming an alliance between [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/soviet-union-to-be-restored-in-the-form-of-new-cus-55474.html|title= Soviet Union to be restored in the form of new customs union|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=18 December 2009|access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> The member states planned to continue with economic integration and were set to remove all [[customs border]]s between each other after July 2011.
On 1 January 2012, the three states established the [[Eurasian Economic Space]] which ensures the effective functioning of a [[single market]] for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies.<ref name="Glazyev">[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/ukraines_association_with_eu_rules_out_participation_in_customs_union___putin_aide_305195 Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (14 June 2013)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cistranfinance.com/news/belarus-eases-current-account-deficit-with-customs-union-common-economic-space/360/ |title=Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space |last1=Barron |first1=Lisa |publisher=Cistran Finance |date=1 October 2013 |access-date=25 October 2013}}</ref> The agreement included a [[plan|roadmap]] for future integration and established the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] (modelled on the [[European Commission]]).<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /><ref name="tut.by">{{cite news |script-title=ru:Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров |url=http://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html |newspaper=[[Tut.By]] |language=ru |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |archive-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110040/https://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html }}</ref> The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="Glazyev" />
{{clear left}}
===Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union===
[[File:The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union.webm|thumb|thumbtime=2:17|300px|The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]], on 29 May 2014)]]
In 2011, the then-[[Prime Minister of Russia]], [[Vladimir Putin]], announced his support for Nursultan Nazarbayev's idea for the creation of a Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Russia's Putin says wants to build "Eurasian Union" |first=Gleb |last=Bryanski |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-eurasian-idUSTRE7926ZD20111003 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Новый интеграционный проект для Евразии – будущее, которое рождается сегодня |url=http://www.izvestia.ru/news/502761 |newspaper=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.<ref name="bbc18Nov2011">{{cite news |title=Russia sees union with Belarus and Kazakhstan by 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15790452 |newspaper=BBC News|date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> The member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties.<ref name="Glazyev" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/11/19/Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan-sign-pact/UPI-15221321748054/?spt=hs&or=tn |title=Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan sign pact |publisher=UPI |date=19 November 2011 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>
On 29 May 2014, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia signed the treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into effect on 1 January 2015. The presidents of [[Armenia]] and Kyrgyzstan were also present at the signing ceremony. Russian president Vladimir Putin stated, "Today we have created a powerful, attractive centre of economic development, a big regional market that unites more than 170 million people."<ref name="NYTEEU1">{{cite news|title=Putin Signs Economic Alliance With Kazakhstan and Belarus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/europe/putin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times| date=29 May 2014 | last1=MacFarquhar | first1=Neil }}</ref> Kazakh politicians emphasized the Eurasian Economic Union was not intended to be a political bloc, but a purely economic union.<ref name="NYTEEU1" /> [[Bakytzhan Sagintayev]], the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan and lead negotiator, said, "We are not creating a political organisation; we are forming a purely economic union." He further stated "it is a pragmatic means to get benefits. We don't meddle into what Russia is doing politically, and they cannot tell us what foreign policy to pursue."<ref name="NYTEEU1" /> By October, the treaty had received parliamentary approval from all three states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ria.ru/politics/20141009/193869886/Belarusian-President-Signs-Law-on-Eurasian-Economic-Union-Treaty.html|title=Belarusian President Signs Law on Eurasian Economic Union Treaty Ratification|date=2014-10-09|access-date=2014-10-10|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> On 9 October 2014, a Treaty to enlarge the EAEU to Armenia was signed.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url = http://en.ria.ru/world/20141010/193914853/Armenia-Joins-Eurasian-Economic-Union.html|title = Armenia Joins Eurasian Economic Union|last = Druzhinin|first = Aleksei|date = 10 October 2014|access-date = 10 October 2014|quote = Leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union signed an agreement on Friday on Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty.|publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref><ref name=ratifysoon>{{cite web|url=http://arka.am/en/news/economy/eurasian_economic_union_countries_and_armenia_arrange_to_ratify_accession_agreement_soon_/|title=Eurasian Economic Union countries and Armenia arrange to ratify accession agreement soon|date=2014-10-10|access-date=2014-10-10}}</ref> Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on 23 December 2014 and became a member of the Eurasian Union on 6 August 2015.<ref name=kyrsign>{{cite web|url=http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/12/23/finalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today/|title=Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia's accession to EEU to be declared in Moscow today|website=Public Radio of Armenia|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=kyrsign2/>
===Structural evolution===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Treaties and development stages of Eurasian Economic Union
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Signed Documents
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 1995
| Treaty on the Customs Union between Belarus and Russia
|-
| Treaty on the Customs Union between Kazakhstan and Russia
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
| Agreement on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan
|-
! scope="row" | 1999
| Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan <br /> (Agreement to complete the formation of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space)
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
| Treaty on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
| Treaty on forming the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2007
| Treaty on the Commission of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Treaty on the Establishment of the Integrated Customs Territory and Creation of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| Establishment of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2011
| Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| The decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the entry of international agreements into force forming the legal base of the Customs Union and Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2012
| Establishment of the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
|-
| Eurasian Economic Commission started functioning
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2015
| Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union
|-
| The agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union
|}
===Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)===
{{Main|Russian invasion of Ukraine}}
As a result of Russia's [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]], the US and EU placed sanctions upon Russia and Belarus.<ref name="TimurSuleimenov">{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/interview/kazakh-official-we-will-not-risk-being-placed-in-the-same-basket-as-russia/|title=Kazakh official: We will not risk being placed in the same basket as Russia|last=Gotev|first=Georgi|date=29 March 2022|website=[[Euractiv]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> On March 10, 2022, Russia suspended exports of wheat, meslin, rye, barley, and corn to the Eurasian Economic Union to secure the country's food supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-suspend-grain-exports-eurasian-economic-union-until-aug-31-2022-03-10/|title=Russia to suspend grain exports to Eurasian Economic Union until Aug 31|date=10 March 2022|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> The ban was reversed on April 1, 2022, although other restrictions on the trade of foods were simultaneously introduced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/russia-scraps-ban-of-cereals-to-eurasian-union|title=Russia scraps ban of cereals to Eurasian Union|last=Kumenov|first=Almaz|date=1 April 2022|website=[[Eurasianet]]|access-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> On March 29 a Kazakh government official stated that Kazakhstan would abide by US and EU sanctions and would not facilitate any circumvention, despite its membership of the EAEU. The official explained that Kazakhstan does not wish to be targeted by secondary sanctions, and instead will be seeking to expand its cooperation with the EU.<ref name="TimurSuleimenov"/>
On December 15, 2023, the EAEU signed a free trade agreement with Iran that will eliminate customs duties on almost 90% of goods. The agreement serves to replace a similar temporary agreement that has been in force since 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/|title=Institute for the Study of War|website=Institute for the Study of War|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Membership==
{{Main|Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
[[File:Eurasian Economic Union.svg|thumb|400px|
{{legend|#307030|Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
{{legend|#a0d020|Observer states}}
{{legend|#0080ff|Candidate states}}]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country
! Accession date
! Date of signature
|-
| {{ARM}}
| {{dts|2015|01|2|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland>{{cite web|url=http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf|title=Russland – aktuelle Situation, zukünftige Entwicklung|access-date=13 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152331/http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
| {{dts|2014|10|10|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{BLR}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{KAZ}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{KGZ}}
| {{dts|2015|8|12|format=dmy}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/nae/news/Pages/12-08-2015-1.aspx|title=Кыргызстан присоединился к Евразийскому экономическому союзу|website=www.eurasiancommission.org}}</ref>
| {{dts|2014|12|23|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|-
| {{RUS}}
| {{dts|2015|01|1|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
| {{dts|2014|5|29|format=dmy}}<ref name=Russland/>
|}
The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union was formally signed by three states which were part of the former [[Soviet Union]]: [[Belarus]], [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/201515a4-ef4e-11e0-918b-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss Putin's Eurasian push challenges west] by Neil Buckley, Financial Times, 6 October 2011.</ref><ref name="euractiv">{{cite news |title=Moscow fleshes out 'Eurasian Union' plans |url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/moscow-fleshes-eurasian-union-pl-news-509042 |newspaper=EurActiv |date=17 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> Agreements to enlarge the EAEU to the other post-Soviet states of [[Armenia]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]] were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively.<ref name=ratifysoon/><ref name=kyrsign/><ref name=kyrsign2>{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/12/23/eurasian-economic-union-is-born-burdened-by-russian-crisis/|title=Eurasian Economic Union is born burdened by Russian crisis|website=Fox News Latino|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url = http://www.kazpravda.kz/en/news/view/27673|title = Kyrgyz government approved the roadmap for accession to the CES|date = 9 October 2014|access-date = 7 December 2014|publisher = Kazakhstan Pravda|quote = As reported the department of information support of the government apparatus of the country, on the eve Prime Minister Joomart Otorbaev held a meeting of the government, which discussed the action plan (roadmap) for accession of Kyrgyzstan to CES of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in view of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, informed BELTA.}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url = http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Agreement-on-Kyrgyzstans-accession-to-Customs-Union-to-be-signed-in-December-257392/|title = Agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession to Customs Union to be signed in December|date = 11 November 2014|access-date = 7 December 2014|publisher = Tengri News|quote = The agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession into the Customs Union [of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus] is expected to be signed 23 December, Russia's [[RIA Novosti]] reports, citing Sapar Issakov, Vice Head of the Kyrgyz President's Staff.}}</ref> For Kyrgyzstan, facilitation of labour migration regulations with Russia was seen as the main benefit of joining the Eurasian Economic Union. The population migration indicator had an inverse dependence with [[GDP per capita]], [[consumer price index]], [[minimum wage]], and [[unemployment rate]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Todorov|first1= G. N.|last2= Kalinina|first2= A. V.|last3=Rybakova|first3=A. I|url=https://jssidoi.org/jesi/article/197|title=Impact of labour migration on entrepreneurship ecosystem: case of Eurasian Economic Union|journal=Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues|volume=5 |issue=4|via=DOAJ|doi=10.9770/jesi.2018.5.4(20)|date=June 30, 2018|pages= 992–1007|s2cid= 56377046|issn= 2345-0282|oclc=7756911602|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Armenia announced its decision to join the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] in September 2013. [[President of Armenia|President]] [[Serj Sargsyan]] announced the decision after talks with his Russian counterpart President [[Vladimir Putin]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/eu-loses-armenia-russia-customs-news-530224|title=EU loses Armenia to Russia's Customs Union|website=EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages|date=4 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The treaty enlarging the EAEU to Armenia was signed on 9 October 2014.<ref name=":14" /> By signing this contract, Armenia has accepted corresponding application, and thereby gained access to the EAEU single market with a population of 170 million citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Armenia is now in the Eurasian Economic Union|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/02-01-2015-1.aspx|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.eurasiancommission.org|language=en-us}}</ref> Armenia is the only country of the EAEU that has no common border with the other member states of the union. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] guaranteed a free transit corridor for exporting its goods to the Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian deputy economic minister Emil Tarasyan stated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/129320/georgia-ready-to-provide-armenia-free-route-to-eeu/|title=Georgia Ready to Provide Armenia Free Route to EEU|website=asbarez.com|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>
[[Moldova]] was granted Observer Status in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/moldova-granted-observer-status-in-eurasian-union/|title=Moldova granted observer status in Eurasian Union|date=19 April 2017}}</ref>
[[Uzbekistan]] and [[Cuba]] became observer members on 11 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-11|title=Uzbekistan, Cuba granted observer status at Eurasian Economic Union|url=https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=eng.belta.by|language=en-EN|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123184012/https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/}}</ref> After the presidential elections in December 2021, Uzbekistan was expected to obtain full membership by 2022 or 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2020/09/03/uzbekistan-vstupit-v-eaes-alternativy-net|title = Узбекистан вступит в ЕАЭС: альтернативы нет| date=3 September 2020 }}</ref> In December 2022, Russian prime minister Mishustin mentioned the advantages of Uzbek full membership in EAEU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2022/12/03/mishustin-uzbekistans-full-membership-in-the-eaeu-will-give-a-powerful-impetus-to-the-development-of-direct-cooperation-ties|title=Mishustin: Uzbekistan's full membership in the EAEU will give a powerful impetus to the development of direct cooperation ties|first=Kun|last=uz|website=Kun.uz}}</ref> By February 2023, Uzbek prime minister Aripov announced the completion of the preparatory work to ensure harmonization of national technical regulations with the EAEU standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kun.uz/en/news/2023/02/03/aripov-uzbekistan-has-completed-work-to-simplify-access-to-the-eaeu-markets|title=Aripov: Uzbekistan has completed work to simplify access to the EAEU markets|first=Kun|last=uz|website=Kun.uz}}</ref>
=== Presidency ===
Each year, a Member State is elected chairman to head the Union. Chairmanship is passed from country to country in alphabetical order in the [[Russian language]]. [[Armenia]] currently holds the chairmanship.
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!#
!Country
!Head of state or government
!Major trade agreements
|-
|2015
|1st
|{{BLR}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/|title=БелаПАН. Беларусь получила право председательства в ЕАЭС в 2015 году|website=belapan.by|date=23 December 2014 |access-date=14 November 2016|archive-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130032226/http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/}}</ref>
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|{{VIE}}
|-
|2016
|2nd
|{{KAZ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/ru/1-yanvarya-2016-goda-nachalos-predsedatel-stvo-kazahstana-v-eaes_a2855900|title=1 января 2016 года началось председательство Казахстана в ЕАЭС|date=January 2016}}</ref>
|[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:center;" |none
|-
| rowspan=2 |2017
| rowspan=2 |3rd
| rowspan=2 |{{KGZ}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu |title=Председательство в ЕАЭС в 2017 году переходит к Кыргызстану | Радио Мир |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132142/http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu |archive-date=15 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NW8ytIG9Xw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/6NW8ytIG9Xw |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Новый Таможенный кодекс ЕАЭС называют революционным|last=Телеканал Хабар 24|date=17 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|[[Almazbek Atambayev]] (until 1 December)
|-
|[[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]] (from 1 December)
|-
|2018
|4th
|{{RUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap9RYFw6vzU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511141808/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ap9RYFw6vzU&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2019-05-11 |title=Страны ЕАЭС договариваются о взаимном признании водительских прав|last=Россия 24|date=14 August 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|{{CHN}}, {{IRI}}
|-
|2019
|5th
|{{ARM}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2018/12/06/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2019-godu-perehodit-k-armenii|title=Председательство в ЕАЭС в 2019 году переходит к Армении|date=6 December 2018 }}</ref>
|[[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|{{SRB}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?yyyy=2019&mm=08&dd=29&nav_id=107181|title = European Commission: Serbia will have to terminate the agreement with Eurasian Union| date=29 August 2019 }}</ref> {{SIN}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/|title = Singapore to Sign Free Trade Agreement with Eurasian Economic Union on October 25th|date = 4 September 2019|access-date = 24 September 2019|archive-date = 24 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924181426/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|6th
|{{BLR}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus' EAEU Presidency Priorities {{!}} Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus |url=https://president.gov.by/en/belarus/economics/economic-integration/eaeu |website=president.gov.by}}</ref>
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|
|-
|2021
|7th
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
|
|-
|2022
|8th
|{{KGZ}}
|[[Sadyr Japarov]]
|
|-
|-
|2023
|9th
|{{RUS}}
|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|
|-bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
|2024
|10th
|{{ARM}}
|[[Nikol Pashinyan]]
|
|-
|2025
|11th
|{{BLR}}
|[[Alexander Lukashenko]]
|
|-
|}
=== Enlargement ===
{{main|Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union}}
[[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] has stated that Russia's goal was to enlarge the Customs Union to all [[post-Soviet states]], excluding the three [[Baltic states|Baltic]] [[Member state of the European Union|EU member states]].<ref name=armenia>{{cite web|url=http://euobserver.com/foreign/121304|title=EUobserver: Armenia to join Russia trade bloc, surprises EU|date=3 September 2013 |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper, Russia's plan is for the Eurasian Union to grow into a "powerful, supra-national union" of sovereign states like the European Union, uniting economies, [[legal systems]], customs services, and military capabilities to form a bridge between Europe and Asia to balance the EU and the U.S.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/feb/18/brief-primer-vladimir-putin-eurasian-union-trade A brief primer on Vladimir Putin's Eurasian dream], The Guardian, Jon Henley, 18 February 2014</ref>
In May 2015, an integration agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and South Ossetia. If South Ossetia were to join, it would be by acceding to the Russian Federation{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}.
[[Tajikistan]] was formally invited to join the union and has expressed its interest in acceding.<ref name="Eurasian Economic Union Enlargement">{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/23/astana-gears-up-for-eurasian-economic-union/|title=Astana gears up for Eurasian Economic Union|date=2014-05-23|access-date=2014-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/russia-belarus-kazakhstan-agree-to-create-economic-union/1924941.html|title=Putin Kicks Off Eurasian Union, Without Ukraine|website=VOA|date=29 May 2014 |access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url = http://www.rferl.org/content/lavrov-holds-talks-with-tajik-foreign-minister/25475253.html|title = Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov Says Tajikistan Welcome To Join Eurasian Economic Union|date = 30 July 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = RL's Tajik Service}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660|title = Tajikistan shows much interest in Customs Union, Eurasian Economic Union|date = 13 March 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = Kazinform International News Agency|location = Dushanbe|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092840/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660|url-status = dead}}</ref> It is recognized as a potential candidate and membership negotiations are underway.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203351/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm|archive-date = 12 August 2014|title = Kyrgyzstan to join Customs Union by year end|last = Xuequan|first = Mu|date = 2014-08-12}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web|title=Armenia to become full member of EEU in January: Armenian PM|date=24 July 2014|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Armenia-to-become-full-member-of-EEU-in-January-Armenian-PM-254979/|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref> In 2015, further efforts were made to integrate Tajikistan into the EAEU.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia Offers to Support Tajikistan…But There's a Price|url = https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/russia-supports-tajikistanfor-a-price/|access-date = 2015-10-02|first = Samuel Ramani, The|last = Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tajikistan Paves the Way to Eurasian Union|url = http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/13113-tajikistan-paves-the-way-to-eurasian-union.html|website = The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst|access-date = 2 October 2015}}</ref>
{{Quote box|align=left|width=350px|quote=It took Europe 40 years to move from the European Coal and Steel Community to the full European Union. The establishment of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space is proceeding at a much faster pace because we could draw on the experience of the EU and other regional associations. We see their strengths and weaknesses. And this is our obvious advantage since it means we are in a position to avoid mistakes and unnecessary bureaucratic superstructures.|source='''— Vladimir Putin, "A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making"''', Izvestia, 3 October 2011<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vladimir|first1=Putin|title=A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/d-ru/dv/dru_2013_0320_06_/dru_2013_0320_06_en.pdf|website=European Parliament website|access-date=17 March 2017|date=4 October 2011}}</ref> }}
[[Uzbekistan]] has been hesitant to join the Economic Union, with Uzbek officials making opposing claims on the prospect of integration.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html|title = Top Uzbek Officials Make Opposing Claims on Customs Union|date = 14 November 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|website = The Moscow Times|archive-date = 17 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110548/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://en.ria.ru/world/20131113/184685113/Uzbek-Official-Pours-Cold-Water-on-Customs-Union-Membership.html|title = Uzbek Official Pours Cold Water on Customs Union Membership|last = Babushkin|first = Alexey|date = 13 November 2013|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = [[RIA Novosti]]}}</ref> Originally, the country preferred not to pursue economic and political integration.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/simon-schmidt/uzbekistan-prefers-regime-security-over-economic-integration|title = Uzbekistan prefers regime security over economic integration|last = Schmidt|first = Simon|date = 1 July 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = Open Democracy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.armenianweekly.com/2014/08/21/armenia-eeu-social-economic-assessment-2/|title = Armenia and the EEU: A Social and Economic Assessment|last = Torikian|first = Aren|date = 21 August 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|newspaper = The Armenian Weekly|quote = Azerbaijan has also withdrawn any interest in the deal, as have Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html|title = Russia's Policy of Integration in Central Asia|last = B. Assanbayev|first = Mukhit|date = October 2013|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = The Washington Review of Turkish and Eurasian Affairs|quote = Since Uzbekistan has no interest in joining the integration projects with Russia, Tajikistan's participation in the Customs Union remains a question.|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085306/http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Russian officials have stated that integration with the country would be slow and analysts state that as Russian influence and trade increases in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan it may persuade Uzbekistan to join in the future.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry|title = Kyrgyzstan Gets Soft Terms for Customs Union Entry|last = Dyatlenko|first = Pavel|date = 6 June 2014|access-date = 31 August 2014|publisher = Institute for War and Peace Reporting|archive-date = 3 September 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092324/http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry}}</ref> Uzbekistan began its integration process when Russia announced it would write off US$865 million off debt owed by the country. Uzbekistan joined the [[CIS Free Trade Area]] in 2014, meaning it has free trade with EAEU member states.<ref>{{cite news|title=Post-Soviet integration processes to benefit Moscow–Tashkent relations – Putin|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/766223|access-date=30 December 2014|publisher=Tass|date=10 December 2014|quote=Russia will start talks with Uzbekistan on a free trade zone between the post-Soviet trade bloc and the Central Asian republic, Putin said on Wednesday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia Cozies Up to Uzbekistan With $865 Million Debt Write-Off|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html|access-date=30 December 2014|newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=10 December 2014|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228225231/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.azernews.az/region/65752.html Uzbekistan joins CIS free trade zone], azernews.az. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</ref> According to some sources, Uzbekistan does not intend to become a full member of the EAEU,<ref>{{cite news|title=Mirzieev svernul s dorogi v EAES|url=https://vesti.uz/mirzieev-svernul-s-dorogi-v-eaes/|access-date=25 January 2020|publisher=Vesti.uz|date=27 January 2020}}</ref> due to Uzbekistan's neutrality which is enshrined in the country's legislation. In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<ref name=UzbekistanMarch2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-observer-of-russia-led-trade-bloc/30474675.html|title=Uzbekistan Says It Will Be 'Observer' Of Russia-Led Trade Bloc|date=2020-03-07|access-date=2020-03-07|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> In September 2023, Uzbekistan estimated that it will join EAEU in 2–3 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=Sep 4, 2023 |title=Uzbekistan Moving Closer To Joining The Eurasian Economic Union |url=https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925221603/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/ |archive-date=Sep 25, 2023}}</ref>
[[Moldova]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] have been offered by both the [[European Union]] and the Eurasian Economic Union to join their integration unions. All three countries signed Association Agreements with the EU on 21 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-430_en.htm|title = The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine|date = 23 June 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|website = Official website of the European Union}}</ref> However, break-away regions of Moldova ([[Transnistria]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian Deputy Foreign Minister pleas for Transnistria's integration in Customs Union|url=http://actmedia.eu/daily/russian-deputy-foreign-minister-pleas-for-transnistria-s-integration-in-customs-union/52593|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Ukraine ([[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]] and [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]){{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and Georgia ([[South Ossetia]] and [[Abkhazia]]){{citation needed|date=May 2023}} have expressed a desire to join the Eurasian Customs Union and integrate into the Eurasian Economic Union. Association Agreements with the EU are exclusionary to EAEU observer status, as in 2017 Moldova became the EAEU's first observer state and has attended EAEU forums in years since.
Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union as an observer in August 2013.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182869.html Ukraine seeking observer status in Eurasian Economic Union – Yanukovych], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (19 December 2013)</ref> [[Viktor Yanukovych]]'s decision to abandon an association agreement with the [[European Union]] and exclusively pursue integration with the EAEU was a key factor in the [[Euromaidan|Euromaidan protests]] that ended his term as [[president of Ukraine]] followed by [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation of Crimea by Russia]]. The country's membership in the EAEU was seen by some analysts as the key to the success of the union as Ukraine has the second largest economy of any of the 15 former republics of the Soviet Union. With high tensions between Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the crisis, Ukraine decided to pursue integration with the EU.<ref name="Economist" />
[[Turkey]] was extended an invitation to join the EAEU by [[Kazakhstan]]'s President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on 6 June 2014 but the country prefers to join the EU.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html|title=Kazakh leader: Turkey should join Eurasian union|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=6 June 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630233732/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html|archive-date=30 June 2014}}</ref>
Georgia's Prime Minister [[Bidzina Ivanishvili]] said in September 2013 he was studying the possibility of acceding to the Union, although he later clarified that Georgia's main strategy was still to integrate into the European Union.<ref>{{cite news |title=Georgian Prime Minister leaves open possibility of joining Eurasian Union |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/863940.html |newspaper=[[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia]] |date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Georgian PM commented on his statement on Eurasian Union |url=http://en.trend.az/regions/scaucasus/georgia/2186772.html |newspaper=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Russia's Prime Minister [[Dmitri Medvedev]] included Georgia as a prospective member in statements made in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Medvedev wants Georgia to join Eurasian Union |url=http://dfwatch.net/medvedev-wants-georgia-to-join-eurasian-union-81032 |date=7 August 2013}}</ref>
==Politics and governance==
[[File:Decision making process of the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.jpg|thumb|250px|Current decision-making process of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] and the Single Economic Space<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision making process in the Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/16-05-2014-5.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=27 August 2014|language=ru|date=27 March 2014}}</ref>]]
The Eurasian Economic Union has sought to base its model on the [[European Union]]. All institutions carry out their work in compliance with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the international agreements that provide the legal and regulatory framework of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.
===Supreme Eurasian Economic Council===
{{main|Supreme Eurasian Economic Council}}
The Supreme Council, which is composed by the heads of state of the member states, makes important decisions for the union. It approves the budget and the distribution of the contribution of the Member States. The Supreme Council also determines the strategy, direction and prospects of integration and takes decisions aimed at achieving the goals of the union.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url = https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alta.ru%2Fshow_orders.php%3Faction%3Dview%26filename%3D14bn0044&sandbox=1|title = Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union|date = 29 May 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|publisher = Alta}}</ref><ref name=":0" >{{Cite journal|url = http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140816184013/http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571|archive-date = 16 August 2014|title = Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)|date = 29 May 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|website = yurclub.ru}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc |format=DOC |title=Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014) |date=29 May 2014 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=Zhambyl Humanitarian-Technical University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090533/http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc |archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url = http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=31548839|title = Draft Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)|date = 29 May 2014|access-date =30 August 2014 |website =Zakon}}</ref>
===Eurasian Economic Commission===
{{main|Eurasian Economic Commission}}
The Eurasian Commission was established as the supranational governing body of the Eurasian Economic Space on 1 January 2012.<ref name=tut.by/> The commission was modelled on the [[European Commission]].<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /> Its headquarters are in [[Moscow]].<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /> The commission monitors subordinate branches and advisory bodies. Its departments were greatly expanded on 1 January 2015, and the number of international employees increased from 150 to 1,200.
The Eurasian Commission can take decisions on not only the customs policy of the union, but also on the macro-economy, the competition regulations, the energy policy and the fiscal policy of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has strict anti-corruption laws.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |script-title=ru:Встреча президентов России, Республики Беларусь и Казахстана |url=http://kremlin.ru/news/13581 |work=kremlin.ru |language=ru |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref>
The Eurasian Economic Commission consists of two bodies: the Council and the Collegium.
====Council====
The council is composed of the Vice Prime Ministers of the member states. The council of the Commission oversees the integration processes in the Union, and is responsible for the overall management of the Eurasian Commission. It monitors the commission by approving the draft budget of the union, the maximum number of personnel, and the qualification requirements for the commission's employees. The council convenes once every quarter.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
It also considers issues of customs cooperation, trade and development of Eurasian integration. The council regularly holds discussions on the important aspects of the EAEU and meets with business representatives of the member states.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission|url=http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission|website=CustomsBeMoscow|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215331/http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
====Board====
The Board is composed of ten commissioners, one of which is the chairman of the board.<ref group=journal>{{cite book|title=Eurasian Union Brochure 2014 – English|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf|pages=26–27|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> Each member state provides two commissioners to the Board of the Eurasian Commission who carry out the operational management and oversee the everyday work of the Eurasian Commission.<ref name=bbc18Nov2011/> All ten commissioners are appointed by the Supreme Eurasian Council for a four-year renewable term. The commissioners also receive the status of federal ministers in their respective countries.<ref name=tut.by/>
The Board of the commission is the executive body of the commission. It convenes once every week at least, and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has a wide range of activities, including monitoring the implementation of treaties, submitting annual progress reports and making recommendations. The Board also assists member states in the settlement of disputes, and carries out the draft of the union's budget. Part of its activities include being the intermediary between the departments of the commission and the heads of state of the member states.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
A number of departments are headed by the commissioners. The lower rank staff is composed of 84% Russian officials, 10% Kazakhs and 6% Belarusians, proportional to the populations of the member states.<ref name="bbc18Nov2011" /> The departments enable the Board of the Eurasian Commission to make decisions not only with regard to customs policies, but in such areas as [[macroeconomics]], regulation of [[Competition (economics)|economic competition]], [[energy policy]] and [[financial policy]]. The Commission departments are also involved in [[government procurement]] and [[Human migration|labour migration]] control.<ref name="tut.by" />
{{clear left}}
===Parliament===
As of 2015, the EAEU has no directly or indirectly elected body. In 2012, the creation of a Eurasian parliament was under consideration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naryshkin Calls for Establishment of Eurasian Parliament|date=25 April 2012|url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120425/173043817.html|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=D.|first1=Mukhtarov|title=Home ' Central Asia ' Kazakhstan Russian, Kazakh and Belarusian MPs to discuss Eurasian Parliament creation|url=http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/2061652.html|website=Trend|date=4 September 2012|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref> However, it was considered too premature, and member states have instead begun harmonising national laws and legal codes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Steven Blockmans|author2=Hrant Kostanyan|author3=Ievgen Vorobiov|editor1-last=CEPS|title=Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity|url=http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf|date=December 2012|issue=75|page=3|access-date=9 July 2014|series=Special Report|publisher=Centre for European Policy Studies}}</ref>
Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] has upheld the idea of creating a parliament for the union.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creation of Eurasian Union parliament deemed possible|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/708233|publisher=Itar-Tass|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
===Court of the Eurasian Economic Union===
The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union replaced the Court of the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] (EurAsEC Court) in 2015. It is in charge of dispute resolution and the interpretation of the legal order within the Eurasian Economic Union. Its headquarters is in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Edward Borovikov|author2=Igor Danilov|title=Notes on the Future Court of the Eurasian Economic Union|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/b2b-notes-on-the-future-court-of-the-eurasian-economic-union/499094.html|newspaper=The Moscow Times|access-date=10 July 2014|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The court is composed of two judges from each member state, appointed by the heads of government of the member states. Their term of office is nine years.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
===Budget===
The approved budget of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2015 exceeds 6.6 billion Russian roubles.<ref>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/EEU-budget-2015-to-exceed-RUB-66bn_i_77821.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=BelTA|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107232103/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/EEU-budget-2015-to-exceed-RUB-66bn_i_77821.html|archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=budget>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2724891|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Kazinform|date=8 December 2014|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231630/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2724891|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EEU budget 2015 to exceed RUB 6.6bn|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/176903/eeu-budget-2015-to-exceed-rub-6-6bn.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Turkish Weekly|date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231851/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/176903/eeu-budget-2015-to-exceed-rub-6-6bn.html|archive-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> The budget is formed from contributions by the union's member states. In 2015, 6 billion roubles will be allocated for the activity of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], 463 million roubles will be set aside for financing the operation and further development of the EAEU integrated information system designed to promote and inform consumers of the EAEU's activities, and over 290 millions roubles will finance the activities of the [[Court of the EEU|Court of the EAEU]].<ref group=note>These numbers only reflect the official budget (direct money) allocated for the functioning of the union. Vast amounts of additional funds come from national governments and other institutions to ease, promote or facilitate Eurasian integration.</ref><ref name=budget />
Extra expenses of infrastructure and accommodation of commission workers are financed by Russia.<ref name=tut.by/>
In addition, Russia allocated US$1 billion to accelerate Kyrgyzstan's entry into the union.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to allot $1.2 billion to help Kyrgyzstan in accession to Customs Union|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/734052|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Tass|date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia To Allocate $1.2 Billion To Help Kyrgyzstan Join Customs Union|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-to-allocate-12-billion-to-help-kyrgyzstan-join-customs-union/25404113.html|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=Radio Free Europe – Radio Liberty|date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Another US$177 million was provided by Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bishkek Astana wants $177 million for the CU|url=http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/|access-date=7 January 2015|publisher=kursiv.kz|date=28 June 2014|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231702/http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/}}</ref>
===Languages===
According to Article 110 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014) the Russian language is the working language of the 'Bodies of the Union'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/pages/displaydocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&entityid=3610|title=Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx|website=docs.eaeunion.org}}</ref>
==Economy==
[[File:GDP PPP 2021 Selection.svg|270px|thumb|Selection of GDP PPP data (top 10 countries and [[Trade bloc|blocs]]) in no particular order]]
===Internal market overview===
[[File:Moscow-City (36211143494).jpg|250px|left|thumbnail|The [[Moscow International Business Center]] is a commercial district in [[Moscow]] that is currently under construction. The complex includes some of [[List of tallest buildings in Europe|Europe's tallest skyscrapers]].]]
The Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields signed in 1996 laid the first foundation for economic convergence. The treaty ensured the creation of a permanent executive organ to oversee integration of states that later would be part of the EAEU. It served as the blueprint for the future common market for goods, services, capital and labour.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Eurasian Economic Space|Single Economic Space]] established a [[single market]] across the territory of [[Belarus]], [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]]. In 2015 with the entry into force of the EAEU Agreement, the single market was expanded to include [[Armenia]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The countries represent a market of some 180 million people and a combined [[GDP PPP]] of around $5 trillion.
Euroasian Economic Union has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|tenth-largest economy]] in the world by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fifth-largest]] by [[purchasing power parity]].
Since the turn of the century, member states have experienced economic growth with GDP averaging 6% to 8% growth between 2000 and 2007, rising again in 2010 after the [[Financial crisis of 2007–08]].
Since the establishment of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] in 2010, trade between member states rose sharply. In 2011 mutual trade was $63 billion, 33.9% more than in 2010. In 2012, mutual trade was $68 billion and combined exports reached $594 billion, while imports were $341 billion.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /> The first integration stage primarily enhanced trade among member states, bolstered economies and created a legal and institutional foundation for the member states. The second stage includes the free movements of goods, people, services and capital.
The Eurasian Economic Union is designed to reach a number of macroeconomic objectives such as reducing commodity prices by reducing the cost of transportation of [[raw materials]], increasing return on new technologies and products due to the increased market volume, and promoting "healthy" competition in the [[common market]]. It is also designed to lower food prices, increase employment in industries and increase production capacity. EAEU members like Belarus and Kazakhstan (by its [[Nurly Zhol]] economic policy) seek to leverage the EAEU as a bridge between the European Union and the New Silk Road economic belt.<ref name="tvr">{{cite news |title=Alexander Lukashenko meets with new Chairman of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission |url=http://www.tvr.by/eng/news/prezident/aleksandr_lukashenko_vstretilsya_s_novym_predsedatelem_kollegii_evraziyskoy_ekonomicheskoy_komissii/ |agency=TVR}}</ref>
The Eurasian Union is considered as a major player in the world's energy sector, [[raw materials]], [[arms industry]] and [[agricultural production]]. In 2013 Russia was the 3rd most successful country in the world in attracting capital from abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/29/russia-is-no-3-in-attracting-foreign-direct-investment-a31566 |title = Russia is No. 3 in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment|date = 29 January 2014|work =TheMoscowTimes.com |access-date = 2020-03-08}}</ref>
<gallery heights="140px">
File:Spb 06-2017 img01 Spit of Vasilievsky Island.jpg|[[Saint Petersburg]], the second-largest city and cultural capital of [[Russia]]
File:Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline (June 2018).jpg|[[Yerevan]], the capital and financial hub of [[Armenia]]
File:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg|Business centre in central downtown [[Astana]]
File:Almaty, Kok-tobe exposition 3.jpg|[[Almaty]], the major commercial and cultural centre of [[Kazakhstan]]
File:Bischkek.jpg|[[Bishkek]], the capital and financial hub of [[Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Минск_немига.jpg|[[Minsk]], the capital of [[Belarus]]
</gallery>
===Customs Union and Four Economic Freedoms===
{{main|Eurasian Customs Union|Eurasian Economic Space}}
[[File:Знак EAC на креме для бритья.JPG|thumb|The [[Eurasian Conformity mark]] EAC.]]
The core objective of the Single Economic Space is the development of a [[single market]] and achieving the "four freedoms", namely the free movements of goods, capital, services and people within the single market. The four freedoms came into effect on 1 January 2015 (the day the Eurasian Economic Union was officially established). The free movement of people means that citizens can move freely among member states to live, work, study or retire.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Citizens of the member states of the union may travel to other member states on an [[internal passport]]. Although Russia also admits access to citizens of other [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] states without a passport, it is expected that after 2015 only citizens of the Customs Union will have this privilege.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [http://ria.ru/society/20121212/914456159.html Путин: въезд в РФ должен быть разрешен только по загранпаспортам] (Putin: passports will be required for entering Russia), 12 December 2012</ref>
Member states have a [[common external tariff]] on all goods entering the market and unified methods of valuing imported goods since the creation of the [[Eurasian Customs Union]] on 1 January 2010.
Objectives include joint coordination in the area of energy, industry, agriculture and transport.
Roughly 75% of Belarusian goods are exported, about half of which go to other member states.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/belarus/|title = Trade – Belarus|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = European Commission}}</ref> Trade within the union primarily consists of Belarusian machinery and agricultural products which are exported to Russia. Low gas prices from Russian energy producers are guaranteed to member states or countries wishing to join the union.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html|title = EEU Treaty is beneficial for Belarus, Lukashenko says|date = 1 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Belarusian News|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140827030023/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html|archive-date = 27 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade|title = Eurasian Union will redirect Belarussian trade|date = 13 June 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Monitor Global Outlook|location = Belarus, Minsk|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826193449/http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade|archive-date = 26 August 2014}}</ref>
=== Coordinated, harmonized and single policy ===
Besides free movement of goods, services, capital and labour without a work permit ("four economic freedoms" as in the European Union), the EAEU pursues coordinated, harmonized and single policy in the sectors determined by the Treaty and international agreements within the Union.
===Competition===
The [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] operates a competition policy to ensure equal competitive conditions in the commodity markets of the Single Economic Space. It also aims at harmonisation and improvement of legislation of each of the three countries in regard to competition policy. The commission serves as the competition regulator for the single market and is also responsible for antitrust issues. Special regulations limit state intervention in the economy.<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal /><ref>{{cite web|title=Competitiveness Policy|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/caa/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Commission|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
===Monetary union===
{{Quote box|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|width=350px|quote=The increased use of the national currencies of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and the creation of a single payment system can raise about a transition to a single currency for the union.|source='''— Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Director of Financial Policy Department of the Eurasian Economic Commission''', 3 August 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Media: Eurasian Economic Union may acquire a single currency|url=http://vz.ru/news/2014/8/3/698621.html|access-date=8 December 2014|publisher=VZ.ru|language=ru|quote=В случае успешного расширения использования национальных валют России, Белоруссии и Казахстана, создания единой платежной системы может быть поднят вопрос о переходе к единой валюте, пишет «Российская газета».}}</ref> }}
Kazakhstani President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] had first proposed, in 2009, the creation of a common noncash currency called "yevraz" for the Eurasian Economic Community. It would have reportedly helped insulate the countries from the global economic crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kazakhstan-suggests-a-new-currency/375212.html|title=Kazakhstan Suggests a New Currency – News|website=The Moscow Times|date=12 March 2009 |access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> In 2012, the idea of the new joint currency found support from Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev and by 2014 proposals were drafted in Eurasian Commission documents for the establishment of a Eurasian Central Bank and a common currency to be called the [[altyn]] which is to be introduced by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus to have new joint currency|date=10 April 2014|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Altyn 1711.jpg|thumb|250px|A silver [[altyn]] minted in 1711 during the reign of [[Peter the Great]]]]
When discussing the Eurasian Economic Union, [[Vladimir Putin]] said the Eurasian Economic Union would include closer coordination of economic and monetary policy, including the use of a [[common currency]] in the future.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Although the creation of a [[monetary union]] was not envisaged in the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty, Russian Prime Minister [[Dmitry Medvedev]] called for the introduction of a common currency for the Eurasian Economic Union. [[Leonid Slutsky (politician)|Leonid Slutsky]], head of the State Duma's CIS committee, backed Medvedev's proposal to start discussions on the creation of a monetary union. Slutsky said it could be introduced shortly after 2015, when the union's structure becomes clear.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Irina|first1=Filatova|title=What Euro Crisis? Russia Seeks Single Currency|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/what-euro-crisis-russia-seeks-single-currency/460456.html|newspaper=The Moscow Times|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Possible currency union within Eurasian Economic Union to be considered in future |date=10 April 2014|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/|publisher=Pravda|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
Belarusian president, [[Alexander Lukashenko]], circulated the idea of creating a "new [[euro]]" for the Eurasian economic bloc. In April 2014, discussions to introduce a single currency resumed.
Russia's First Deputy Prime Minister, [[Igor Shuvalov]], stated on 24 July 2014 that the Eurasian Economic Union will have a common currency unit in a span of five to ten years.<ref name=currency>{{cite web|title=Eurasian Economic Union to have common currency in 5–10 years|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/742323|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
===Energy===
The Eurasian Economic Union is seen as an energy superpower, producing about 20.7% of the world's natural gas, and 14.6% of the world's oil and [[gas condensate]] in 2012, making it the world's top producer in both domains.
It is worth mentioning that these figures are mainly due to Russian Membership of EAEU, with Kazakhstan contributing 1.9% and 0.6% in gas and oil production respectively. Considerably small oil and gas reserved were discovered in Belarus while there are no such resources in Armenia.<ref name="energycharter">{{Cite web |title=THE COMMON ENERGY MARKET OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: Implications for the European Union and the role of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) |url=https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/1The_common_energy_market_of_the_EAEU-implications_for_the__EU_and_the_role_of_the_ECT.pdf |website=International Energy Charter}}</ref>
It also produces 9% of the world's [[electrical energy]] and 5.9% of the world's coal, making it the third and fourth producer in the world, respectively.
In [[Kazakhstan]], energy is the leading economic sector. The country holds about 4 billion tons of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2,000|km3|mi3|sp=us}} of gas. Kazakhstan is the world's 17th largest [[oil exporter]] and the world's 23rd largest [[natural gas exporter]].
[[Russia]] has the world's largest [[natural gas reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – proved reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234405/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html |date=7 March 2017 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> the 8th largest [[oil reserves]],<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html Country Comparison :: Oil – proved reserves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184739/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html |date=15 June 2013 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> and the second largest [[coal reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-coal-section.pdf|title=BP Statistical review of world energy 2014|publisher=BP|date=2014|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – exports] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020904/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html |date=26 December 2018 }}. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> and the second largest [[natural gas producer]],<ref name=cia-gas>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315051210/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2249rank.html |date=15 March 2016 }}", CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> while also the largest oil exporter and the largest [[oil producer]]. While trade in oil and gas between resource-rich Russia and Kazakhstan is relatively low, the Belarus economy is heavily dependent on the access to the Russian hydrocarbons and – unlike the case with Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, Russia is Belarus's main trade partner accounting for 47% of all the trade. Belarus imports Russian crude oil (of which 45–50% were used for production of oil products to export) and natural gas (which were not directly re-exported) for the prices below the market ones, paying $173 for 1000 cubic meters of gas (for comparison – $250 for Armenia, $430 for Ukraine).<ref name="energycharter"/>
By 2019, Russia, Kazakhstan, [[Belarus]] and [[Armenia]] intend to create a common electricity market as well as a single [[hydrocarbons]] market by 2025. "With the creation of a single hydrocarbons market, we will have a deeper coordination that will allow us to be more competitive both in terms of pricing and in terms of getting high value added products in this very interesting and important market", stated Eurasian Commissioner [[Daniyal Akhmetov]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Plaschinsky|first1=George|title=Eurasian Integration: Does Lukashenka Have A Choice?|url=http://belarusdigest.com/story/eurasian-integration-does-lukashenka-have-choice-17740|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Belarus Digest|date=6 June 2014|quote=Integrators postponed creation of the single electrical energy market to 2019 and the single financial and oil and gas markets to 2025.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908201918/http://belarusdigest.com/story/eurasian-integration-does-lukashenka-have-choice-17740|archive-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhtarov|first1=Daniyar|title=Single hydrocarbons market of Eurasian Economic Union to be created by 2025|url=http://en.trend.az/business/energy/2277110.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Trend|date=24 May 2014|quote=The single hydrocarbons market of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAU) will be created by 2025, Minister of Energy and Infrastructure of the Eurasian Economic Commission, Danial Akhmetov said.}}</ref>
===Infrastructure===
[[File:Trans-Siberia048.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is a vital link between the Russian Far East and the rest of Eurasia.]]
The major economic centres are [[Moscow]], [[Minsk]] and [[Astana]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The distance between Moscow and Minsk is 717 kilometers, and the distance between Moscow and Astana is 2700 kilometers, making infrastructure a key challenge for the integration of member states. Major infrastructure projects began during the 2000s in order to modernise and connect the regional bloc to other markets, facilitating both integration and trade in the region. In 2007 Moscow announced it will invest US$1 trillion by 2020 to modernise the country's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia to spend $1 trillion on infrastructure|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/russia-investment-idUKL2121712020070921|work=Reuters|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia: A Snapshot|url=http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/capital-projects-infrastructure/assets/russia-snapshot.pdf|date=2013|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
[[Kazakhstan]] ranks favorably in terms of kilometres of road per inhabitant as other developed countries in the world have much less roadway per inhabitant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan – Infrastructure, power, and communications|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Kazakhstan-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html|website=Encyclopedia of the Nations|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/utility/printdocument.aspx?id=1G2:3410100141|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120093720/http://www.encyclopedia.com/utility/printdocument.aspx?id=1G2:3410100141|archive-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
Railways have been the primary way of linking countries in the Eurasian Economic Union since the 19th century. It has always been the main way of transport in the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Soviet Union]] up until today. The union ranks 2nd in the world in terms of railway trackage (about 7.8% of the world's share). However it is still looking to improve cross-border trade within the union.
The [[Eurasian Development Bank]] has pledged to help in the construction of facilities to produce new generation freight cars and freight containers in [[Tikhvin]], [[Russia]] and in [[Osipovichi]], [[Belarus]] to respond to the increasing demand for rail transport. Projects have also been launched in Kazakhstan, as the landlocked country is highly dependent on railways for trade.
The most renowned railway in the union is the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] which links the [[Russian Far East]] to Moscow. The Southern route also travels via Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Investing in development and integration|url=http://eabr.org/general//upload/Presentations/Буклет%20о%20проектах%20банка%20новый_анг.pdf|publisher=Eurasian Development Bank|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130031629/http://eabr.org/general/upload/Presentations/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%BE%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3.pdf|archive-date=30 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan – Infrastructure, power, and communications|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Kazakhstan-INFRASTRUCTURE-POWER-AND-COMMUNICATIONS.html#ixzz37MpBsJ7j|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>
The EAEU members cooperate with China's [[Belt and Road Initiative|Digital Silk Road]] and have incorporated Chinese technologies into their digital infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parzyan |first=Anahit |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=187}}
[[File:Turk-Sib railway.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] connects the Central Asian republics to [[Siberia]].]]
====Single Eurasian Sky====
The Single Eurasian Sky programme, administered by the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]], outlines the creation of a single market for air services and a single [[Control zone|air traffic zone]]. The single air traffic zone would make it easier for airlines to draw up new flight paths, thereby increasing the number of flights flying through the region. Eurasian Commissioner, [[Daniyal Akhmetov]], said that it would be created on a step-by-step basis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Akhmetov|first1=Daniyal|title="The CU railroad alliance to increase share of carriage from China to EU via the SES territory 10-folds," – Member of the EEC Board -Minister in charge of Energy and Infrastructure Daniyal Akhmetov|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/22-05-2014-1.aspx|publisher=Eurasian Economic Commission|access-date=4 September 2014|date=22 May 2014}}</ref> In June 2014, Belarusian Airline [[Belavia]] stated that it was ready to move towards the development of the Single Eurasian Sky. The terms and conditions of operation in the common aviation market have not yet been agreed on. However, the project is likely to be modelled on the European Union's [[Single European Sky]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Belavia: Belarus ready to move pretty fast towards single Eurasian sky|url=http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/Belavia-Belarus-ready-to-move-pretty-fast-towards-single-Eurasian-sky_i_74020.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Belarusian News: National Source of News|date=26 June 2014|location=Minsk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205222236/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/economics/Belavia-Belarus-ready-to-move-pretty-fast-towards-single-Eurasian-sky_i_74020.html|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> The project will reportedly help turn the airspace of the Eurasian Union into a popular transit hub between Europe and Southeast Asia. "We should understand that currently, the aviation companies of Kazakhstan and Belarus are not able to compete with Russia's aviation companies. Therefore, the programme will envisage a phasing, creating a competitive environment and so on", Eurasian Commissioner Akhmetov said.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhtarov|first1=Daniyar|title=Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus developing Single Eurasian Sky programme|url=http://en.trend.az/casia/kazakhstan/2277034.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=Trend|date=22 May 2014}}</ref>
===Agriculture===
[[File:Ivan Shishkin - Рожь - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Rye (Shishkin)|A Rye Field]]'' by [[Ivan Shishkin]]]]
The Eurasian Economic Union is the top producer of [[sugar beet]] and [[sunflower]], producing 18.6% of the world's sugar beet and 22.7% of the world's sunflowers in 2012, as well as a top producer of [[rye]], [[barley]], [[buckwheat]], [[oats]] and [[sunflower seed]]. It is also a large producer of [[potatoes]], [[wheat]] and [[grain]] (and grain legumes).<ref name="eurasiancommission.org" group=journal />
Part of the competences of the [[Eurasian Economic Commission]] are agriculture subsidies. It is responsible for the coordination of agricultural policy-making between member states and ensuring collective food security.
The [[Eurasian Development Bank]] finances projects to further integration and develop agriculture. It has disbursed approximately US$470 million for projects between 2008 and 2013.
===Projected economic impact===
[[File:EAEU GDP per capita.svg|thumb|650px|Past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita in EAEU countries.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}{{dubious|reason=What is the currency used?|date=March 2020}}]]
Member states remain optimistic of the union and key partners in the region, namely [[China]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]] remain interested in it. A common belief is that the Eurasian Economic Union has significant potential over the next two decades, with experts predicting a 25 percent growth in the member states' GDP by 2030, which equates to over US$600 billion.<ref name=leb>{{cite web|title=Leaders of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus to meet in Astana to sign agreement establishing EEU|url=http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/show-news/27182/Leaders-of-Kazakhstan-Russia-and-Belarus-to-meet-in-Astana-to-sign-agreement-establishing-EEU|publisher=Lebanese government}}</ref> The agreement will give member state citizens access to employment and education across the union. It will also entail collaborative policies in many sectors, including agriculture, energy, technology and transportation.<ref name=WaPost /> These collaborative policies are particularly interesting for countries in [[Asia]] seeking access to energy, trade routes in Central Asia and Siberia, and agricultural goods.
Former president [[Dmitry Medvedev]] of Russia stated that both the positive and negative experiences of the [[European Union]] will be taken into account and argued that the Eurasian Union will avoid the problems of economic gaps and disparity between countries,<ref name=":3" /> such as those found in the [[eurozone]], since the member countries have a comparable level of economic development, as well as common history and values.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ru:Медведев: Евразийский экономический союз избежит проблем еврозоны |url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/7370197/ |work=[[Mail.ru|news.mail.ru]] |language=ru |date=18 November 2011 |access-date=19 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612165139/http://news.mail.ru/politics/7370197/ |archive-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref>
The [[European Union]] and the [[United States]] as well as other western countries remain critical of the Eurasian Economic Union, with analysts stating that without modernisation and real economic reforms, the union will have little impact.<ref name="WaPost" /> The popular magazine ''[[The Economist]]'' stated that the advantages of joining the union remain unclear<ref name="Economist">{{cite news|title=Where three is a crowd|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 May 2014|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/05/introducing-eurasian-economic-union|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> and further remarked "The agreement was vague, with technical details left unresolved, making it a political show rather than an economic one".<ref>{{cite news|title=Vladimir Putin's European adventures|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 June 2014|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21603483-russian-presidents-strategy-towards-ukraine-and-west-may-not-have-worked-well-he|access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Outlets have also stated that without [[Ukraine]], the Eurasian Economic Union has lost a key member state necessary to the success of the union. Bloomberg's business magazine, [[Businessweek]] has affirmed that joining Putin's Eurasian Union looks like a bad deal, including for Russia. The union "won't really register on the radar of the global economy," said an analyst at the EU's Institute for Security Studies in Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-29/putins-eurasian-union-looks-like-a-bad-deal-even-for-russia|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140530060729/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-29/putins-eurasian-union-looks-like-a-bad-deal-even-for-russia|archive-date = 30 May 2014|title = Putin's Eurasian Union Looks Like a Bad Deal, Even for Russia|last = Carol|first = Matlack|date = 29 May 2014}}</ref> Moreover, one [https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2017.1360193#aHR0cHM6Ly9yc2EudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8xNTM4NzIxNi4yMDE3LjEzNjAxOTM/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA== research] states that so far EAEU was not able to contribute to economic growth in Armenia – quite the contrary, it significantly slowed the economic performance of the country.
===Pivot to Asia===
The union is actively seeking to increase trade with [[East Asia]]. It commenced talks for official trade cooperation with [[ASEAN]]. Officials of both unions discussed opportunities for developing cooperation between them.<ref>{{cite news|title=Customs Union could start official trade cooperation with ASEAN – EEC|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=Interfax|date=1 September 2014|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115001416/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140}}</ref>
The South Korean president launched a "Eurasian Initiative", which seeks to connect transportation, electrical, gas and oil links from Western Europe to East Asia.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Kwon|first1=Yong|title=South Korea's Eurasia Ambitions|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/south-koreas-eurasia-ambitions/|access-date=8 January 2015|magazine=The Diplomat|date=20 August 2014}}</ref> The initiative echoes [[China]]'s long-standing "[[One Belt, One Road|New Silk Road]]" project.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Iglauer|first1=Philip|title=Eastern interest in Eurasian economic deal|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-110614.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612004030/http://atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-110614.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=12 June 2014|access-date=8 January 2015|work=Asian Times|date=11 June 2014}}</ref>
The members of the union agreed to step up talks with [[Vietnam]] on creating a [[free trade zone]], to strengthen cooperation with China, including in information exchange on goods and services, and to set up expert groups to develop preferential trade regimes with [[Israel]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Samofalova|first1=Olga|title=Historic agreement makes Eurasian Union a reality|url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/06/02/historic_agreement_makes_eurasian_union_a_reality_37113.html|access-date=4 September 2014|newspaper=Russia Beyond the Headlines|date=2 June 2014}}</ref>
====Russia====
[[File:Russia and China sign major gas deal.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|On 21 May 2014, [[Russia]] and [[China]] signed a $400 billion gas deal. Starting 2019, Russia plans to provide [[natural gas]] to China for the next 30 years.]]
The [[European Council on Foreign Relations]] and analysts suggest the Eurasian Union includes strategic interests as well as economic interests for its member states, especially Russia. In order to link both Europe and East Asia, Russia seeks to develop its eastern regions to increase its access to Asian markets. [[Russian Far East|Russia's Far East]] has gained even more importance due to its proximity to alternative markets since the [[European Union]] and [[United States]] imposed [[International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|sanctions on Russia following the crisis in Ukraine]].<ref name="Development Far East" group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Alexander Gabuev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East|date=May 2014|page=84|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=This Asian vector of Russian domestic and foreign policy is now becoming even more important as the European Union and the United States impose sanctions on Russia. The Russian Far East, with its proximity to Asia, could become the new backbone of the Russian economy}}</ref>
China's rise as a major trading partner has been cited as a potential reason for Russia's loss of control over Central Asian economies. The union is seen as a way to counterbalance China's growing trade in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Eastern Partnership|European Union's Eastern Partnership]].<ref name="Trames" group=journal />
As the trade bloc seeks to profit from the growing economies of East Asia, Russia has made steps to develop its eastern territories, [[Siberia]] and the Russian Far East.<ref name="Development Far East" group=journal /> However, the development of the Russian Far East may face difficulties due to Russia's traditional orientation towards Europe and the region's backward infrastructure and underdeveloped economy.<ref name="Eurasian Russia in 21st Century" group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Timofei Bordachev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: Eurasian Russia in the twenty-first century|date=May 2014|page=27|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=In the first months of 2014 the work of the recently created Ministry for the Development of the Far East was significantly reinvigorated. Some governmental agencies were relocated from Moscow to Vladivostok and some major companies have been advised to follow with their main offices. But Russia's "pivot" is still held back by its backward infrastructure, its corruption, its underdeveloped economy, its demographic problems, and above all its archaic Eurocentric economic thinking.}}</ref> In 2012 Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] called for Russia to "catch the Chinese wind in the sails of the Russian economy".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vladimir|first1=Putin|title=Russia and the changing world|url=http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/events/news/18252/|access-date=2 October 2016|publisher=Prime Minister of the Russian Federation|date=27 February 2012|quote=First of all, I am convinced that China's economic growth is by no means a threat, but a challenge that carries colossal potential for business cooperation – a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy. We should seek to more actively form new cooperative ties, combining the technological and productive capabilities of our two countries and tapping China's potential – judiciously, of course – in order to develop the economy of Siberia and the Russian Far East.}}</ref> During the same year, a Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was established and the country hosted a summit of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC) in its eastern city of [[Vladivostok]]. The country also began striking deals and undertook massive efforts to improve infrastructure in its eastern territories.<ref name="Eurasian Russia in 21st Century" group=journal />
Russia's pivot to Asia included the important task of creating a Eurasian trade bloc. The countries seek to increase their competitiveness by sustaining domestic development and defending their interests in the region.<ref group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Vladislav Inozemtsev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: Russia turns east: Eurasian integration, regional development, and the West as East|date=May 2014|page=62|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=He said the creation by 2015 of a Eurasian Economic Union was the most important task facing Russia in its "near abroad.}}</ref>
An estimated 76% of Russia's exports depend on resources extracted (or manufactured) in Siberia. In order to transport goods from East Asia to Europe, they must be transported through Siberia by rail. Hence, the region plays an important role in trade. However, it remains less developed than Russia's western regions and modernisation plans are ongoing.
In 2013 the Russian government announced it would spend 450 billion roubles (US$14 billion) for the modernisation of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway|Trans-Siberian]] and [[Baikal–Amur Mainline|Baikal-Amur]] railways. Russian President Vladimir Putin called the Trans-Siberian railway the country's "strategically vital transport artery". In July 2013 he stated "Rail freight traffic to our Far East ports has increased by 55 percent over the last 5 years and now comes to around 110 million tons a year". Projects to upgrade stations at the border with Mongolia, China and North Korea were also undertaken the same year.<ref group=journal>{{Cite book|isbn= 978-1-910118-03-0|author1=Alexander Gabuev|editor1-last=Liik|editor1-first=Kadri|title=Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East|date=May 2014|page=80|url=http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|location=London |quote=The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit held in Vladivostok in September 2012 cost the state 680 billion roubles (over $22 billion) – one-third of which came from the federal budget, with the rest put up by state companies such as Gazprom. In 2012 the Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was created and in 2013 long-time Putin ally Yury Trutnev was appointed to oversee the development of the region in the joint role of deputy prime minister and presidential envoy to the region. In 2013 the government also allocated 300 billion roubles ($10 billion)[...]}}</ref>
In 2016, Putin calls on Eurasian Economic Union, China, India, Pakistan, Iran and the CIS to join "Greater Eurasian Partnership".<ref>{{cite news|title=Plenary session of St Petersburg International Economic Forum|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52178|access-date=2019-11-02|publisher=[[Kremlin]]|date=17 June 2016}}</ref>
Some experts also see the union as a way to curtail the loss of Russian influence in Central Asia.<ref name="Trames" group=journal>{{cite journal|last1=Yesdauletova|first1=Ardak|last2=Yesdauletov|first2=Aitmukhanbet|title=The Eurasian Union: Dynamics and Difficulties of the Post-Soviet Integration|journal=Trames|date=1 March 2014|issue=1|pages=12–13|url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/trames_pdf/2014/issue_1/Trames-2014-1-3-17.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014|quote=The Single Economic Space, which in the near future will be transformed into the Eurasian Union, has strategic aims as well as economic ones. Marlene Laruelle and Sebastien Peyrouse, both share this opinion about the diminution of Russia's influence on Central Asian countries. However, the Kremlin continues to conduct an active policy aimed at maintaining effective tools to influence the Central Asia region.}}</ref> Russian politicians have voiced their concerns over Russia's long southern borders and the challenges it may pose. By creating a regional trade bloc to keep its neighbours in Central Asia stable, Russia hopes to find securing its own borders easier.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Trenin|first1=Dmitri V.|last2=Malashenko|first2=Alesksei V.|last3=Lieven|first3=Anatol|title=Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia|date=29 February 2004|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|page=120|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcab0VXTqnQC&q=southern+borders&pg=PA120|access-date=4 September 2014|chapter=4|isbn=978-0-87003-294-3}}</ref>
====Kazakhstan====
Neighbouring Kazakhstan has replicated Russia's attempt to access East Asian markets. In September 2013, the presidents of China and Kazakhstan signed commercial deals and launched China's "New Silk Road". On 20 May 2014, both presidents announced they would link Kazakhstan's railways to the [[Pacific Ocean]] by opening a new terminal in the Chinese port city of [[Lianyungang]]. China also signed agreements to make further investments in Kazakhstan's energy sector. Both countries announced they would put aside US$1 billion to modernise an oil refinery in [[Shymkent]] and a further US$150 million to open a new oil and gas plant near [[Almaty]].
The president of Kazakhstan also held talks with the heads of Chinese corporations and agreed to cooperate in the areas of [[Aerospace manufacturer|aircraft production]], [[telecommunication]] and [[mining]].<ref group=journal>{{cite journal|last1=Ernesto|first1=Gallo|title=Kazakhstan's "Pivot to China"?|journal=Policy Brief|date=4 June 2014|issue=154|url=http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2014-gallo-kazakhstans-pivot-to-china.pdf|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>
{{clear left}}
== Third-country economic relationships ==
The Union has signed a first free trade agreement<ref>{{cite news|url = http://rbth.com/business/2016/05/12/fta-bodes-well-for-vietnam-eurasian-union-economic-ties-experts_592315|title = FTA bodes well for Vietnam-Eurasian Union economic ties- experts|date = 12 May 2016|access-date = 2016-06-07|newspaper = [[Russia Beyond the Headlines]]}}</ref> with Vietnam, which is planned to enter into force in October 2016 following the ratification by all the parties.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Seminar discusses ways to optimise Vietnam-EAEU FTA|url = http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2015/08/seminar-discusses-ways-to-optimise-vietnam-eaeu-fta/|access-date = 2015-10-06|last = vovnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Vietnam FTA – Eurasian alliance: wide doors|url = http://www.baomoi.com/FTA-Viet-Nam-lien-minh-A-Au-Cua-rong-nhung-khong-de-vao/c/17004039.epi|access-date = 2015-10-06|last = baomoi.com}}</ref>
Having completed a free trade agreement (FTA) feasibility study for Vietnam in November 2012<ref name="english.thesaigontimes.vn">{{cite web|url=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/|title=Vietnam to start FTA talks with Customs Union in 2013|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233300/http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> the then Customs Union, which later became the EAEU, decided to proceed with negotiations. The negotiations over the FTA began in early 2013 and lasted approximately two years – on 29 May 2015 the agreement was signed by Prime Ministers of all the parties to be later ratified by the parties. Trade between Vietnam and the Customs Union in 2011 was US$2.24 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://talkvietnam.com/2012/12/vietnam-and-customs-union-eye-stronger-trade-ties/|title=Vietnam and Customs Union eye stronger trade ties|author=qdnd|website=TalkVietnam|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
Russia's economic development minister stated that the Turkish economic minister, [[Nihat Zeybekci]], put forward an initiative for closer cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union, including the formation of a [[free trade zone]] between the union and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey May Create Free Trade Zone with Eurasian Customs Union – Development Minister|date=19 July 2014 |url=http://en.ria.ru/politics/20140719/191039085/Turkey-May-Create-Free-Trade-Zone-with-Eurasian-Customs-Union-.html|access-date=26 July 2014}}</ref>
As announced by Russian Deputy Prime Minister [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] on 9 December 2013, [[Israel]] is considering starting free trade negotiations with the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422172257/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm|archive-date=22 April 2014|title=Moscow eyes common free trade zone between Customs Union, Israel|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> The feasibility study was conducted between the two parties and the decision was made to proceed with free trade negotiations, which are expected to start before the end of 2016. Experts believe the negotiations will take around 2 to 3 years to finish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ria.ru/economy/20160926/1477902729.html|title=Израиль начнет переговоры о Зоне свободной торговли с ЕАЭС до конца года|date=26 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
[[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] stated at a July 2014 meeting of ambassadors and permanent representatives of the [[Russian Federation]] that he was ready to discuss a free trade area between the [[European Union]] and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref name="Putin spoke of a free trade area between the European Union and the Eurasian Union">{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2014/07/1/472475/ Putin spoke of a free trade area between the European Union and the Eurasian Union], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (1 July 2014)</ref>
In February 2015, [[Egypt]]ian president [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] announced his country would sign a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Union.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} The preliminary feasibility study has been conducted and the decision to launch negotiation process is expected to be made before the end of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kommersant.ru/doc/3076713|title=Решение по созданию зоны свободной торговли между ЕАЭС и Египтом будет принято до конца года|newspaper=Коммерсантъ|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
There have been discussions on free trade negotiations with over 30 countries, some of them resulting in the preliminary feasibility studies. Such feasibility studies have been conducted with India and the Republic of Korea.
In May 2015, the Union gave the initial go-ahead to signing a free trade agreement with [[Iran]]. Described as the EAEU's "key partner in the [[Middle East]]" by [[Andrey Slepnev]], Minister for trade on the Eurasian Economic Commission board in an expert-level EAEU meeting in [[Yerevan]],{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[Viktor Khristenko]] furthermore noted that Iran is an important partner for all the EAEU member states. He stated that "Cooperation between the EAEU and Iran is an important area of our work in strengthening the economic stability of the region".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/246117/Iran-Eurasian-Economic-Union-mull-over-free-trade|title=Iran, Eurasian Economic Union mull over free trade|date=14 April 2015|website=Tehran Times}}</ref> In December 2015 a "temporary Agreement" was signed between Iran and the EAEU, which Commissioner Andrey Slepnev characterized as the "first step toward the materialization of free trade between Iran and the Union".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}
One of the key initiatives in the field of free trade and economic cooperation is the proposal on "linking" the Eurasian economic integration and China's strategic "[[One Belt, One Road|Silk Road Economic Belt]]" project. The relevant communique was signed by Russia's [[Vladimir Putin]] and China's [[Xi Jinping]] on 8 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kremlin.ru/supplement/4971|title=Совместное заявление Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики о сотрудничестве по сопряжению строительства Евразийского экономического союза и Экономического пояса Шелкового пути|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref> While the "linking" mostly is understood as support for infrastructure investments, there are ongoing negotiations between the EAEU and China on a "trade and economic agreement" in order to build "an open economic architecture without a political component, oriented on business and reducing barriers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/24-08-2016-1.aspx|title=Tigran Sargsyan's visit to Beijing: new impetus to "conjugation" of the EAEU and the SREB|access-date=2016-09-29}}</ref>
As of 2023, Negotiations are also well underway with Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates. Negotiations with Iran and Egypt are almost finalized. The EEC is also preparing to revise its current agreement with China. The current, non-preferential agreement entered into force in October 2019 and does not provide any reduction in duties.<ref name="01Z">{{Cite web|url=https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/the-eurasian-economic-union-free-trade-agreements-latest-progress.html/|title=The Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreements: Latest Progress|website=Russia Briefing|date=16 March 2023|access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>
=== Third-country EAEU Agreements ===
[[File:Eurasian-Union-FTA.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Free trade agreements of EEU. Red – EEU. Green – Countries that have FTA with EEU.]]
After January 1, 2015, the members of the EAEU do not have the right to independently conclude a free trade ''in goods'' agreements because they delegated their powers to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35).
<ref name="consultant.ru">{{cite web | url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/9fa1f4a7aeac9e996f0cd388105974c1b849933a/#dst100334 | title=Статья 35. Режим свободной торговли \ КонсультантПлюс }}</ref>
According to the website of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the EAEU has signed bilateral (one of the parties is the "Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States") agreements with<ref name="The EAEU Trade Agreements">{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/ | title=The EAEU Trade Agreements }}</ref>
* [[Vietnam]]<ref>{{cite web|title=VN–EEU FTA to come into force since 5 October|date=19 August 2016 |url=http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/VNEEU-FTA-to-come-into-force-since-October-5/20168/28157.vgp|access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content|title=Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA (full content) | WTO and International trade Policies|date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042130/http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content |accessdate=25 February 2024|archive-date=6 October 2015 }}</ref> (signed on May 29, 2015, entered into force on October 5, 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/vietnam.php | title=Socialist Republic of Vietnam }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services<ref name="rtais.wto.org">{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=973 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref><ref name="economy.gov.ru">{{Cite web |title=Вьетнам |url=https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121153/https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/ |archive-date=Aug 4, 2020}}</ref>)
* [[Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/OTQ4OTMyMTAx|title=HKTDC Research|website=research.hktdc.com}}</ref> (the Interim Agreement was signed on May 17, 2018, and came into force on October 27, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/iran.php | title=Islamic Republic of Iran }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1028 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref>) Full FTA signed on 25 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-backed-union-signs-free-trade-pact-with-iran-2023-12-25/|title=Russian-backed union signs free trade pact with Iran|website=[[Reuters]] }}</ref>
* [[China]] (signed on May 17, 2018, entered into force on October 25, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/china.php | title=People's Republic of China }}</ref> and this Agreement is not a free trade agreement at all since it does not provide any reduction in duties,<ref name="01Z"/> but it creates a legal framework for trade and economic cooperation between the Union as a whole and China and on issues of customs cooperation, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade protection measures, issues of electronic commerce, intellectual property, competition and public procurement, as well as sectoral cooperation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Обзор ключевых положений Соглашения о торгово-экономическом сотрудничестве между Евразийским экономическим союзом и его государствами-членами, с одной стороны, и Китайской Народной Республикой, с другой стороны |url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/8c7/Broshyura-KNR.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://french.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/18/c_137187365.htm|title=La Chine et l'Union économique eurasiatique signent un accord sur la coopération commerciale et économique_French.news.cn|website=french.xinhuanet.com}}</ref>)
* [[Serbia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/svet.php?yyyy=2019&mm=06&dd=06&nav_id=1551457 | title=Sporazum 1. Oktobra: Za Srbiju se otvara tržište od 180 miliona ljudi | date=6 June 2019 }}</ref> (signed on October 25, 2019, and entered into force on July 10, 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/serbia.php | title=Republic of Serbia }}</ref> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1149 | title=WTO | Regional trade agreements }}</ref>)
* [[Singapore]] (the EAEU-Singapore Framework Agreement and the EAEU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement were signed On October 1, 2019<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/singapore.php | title=Republic of Singapore }}</ref>)
Officially, agreements with Egypt, India,<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 2019|title=Russia hopeful of India's free trade pact with EAEU|language=en|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-hopeful-of-indias-free-trade-pact-with-eaeu/article30384075.ece|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref><ref>[https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf India EAEU FTA Survey Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072416/https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf |date=26 January 2022 }} [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI). Accessed on 9 July 2021.</ref> Indonesia, Iran, Israel<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 December 2019|title=Israel And EAEU Edge Closer To A Free Trade Agreement|language=en|work=russia-briefing|url=https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/israel-and-eaeu-edge-closer-to-a-free-trade-agreement.html/|access-date=2023-05-27}}</ref> and the UAE are under development and the possibility of starting negotiations with Mongolia is being studied.<ref name="The EAEU Trade Agreements"/>
===Pre-2015 free trade in goods agreements===
{{main|List of bilateral free trade agreements|Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area}}
[[File:CIS_Countries.PNG|thumb|The [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|1994 CIS FTA Agreement]] signatories (all 12 countries). As of 2023, multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine while Russia and Turkmenistan refused to participate.<ref name="cis.minsk.by">{{cite web | url=https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/884#documentCard | title=Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств }}</ref>]]
[[File:CISFTA (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|The 2011 [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area]] among [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Moldova]], [[Armenia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Tajikistan]].]]
Although the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union have delegated their powers to conclude free trade ''in goods'' agreements to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35),<ref name="consultant.ru"/> the previous agreements with third countries concluded before 1 January 2015 continue to be in force (Article 102).<ref name="Статья 102. Переходные положения в">{{cite web | url=https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/5612d6c0484a8192696030fd3f4c32dd293c3bb8/#dst101124 | title=Статья 102. Переходные положения в отношении раздела IX \ КонсультантПлюс }}</ref> According to the Article 102: "Member States have the right to unilaterally grant preferences in trade with a third party on the basis of an international agreement concluded by January 1, 2015 of this Member State with such a third party or an international agreement to which all Member States are parties."<ref name="Статья 102. Переходные положения в"/> Thus, agreements such as those within the Commonwealth of Independent States (the terms of the CIS FTA allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aleksashenko |first=Sergei |date=March 7, 2014 |title=For Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia Free Trade with Europe and Russia Is Possible |url=https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/56074 |access-date= |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref>) and bilateral agreements that do not regulate relations with third countries remain in force for their parties.
The [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)|1994 CIS FTA Agreement]], 1999 CIS FTA Protocol (multilateral free trade is in force among 10 countries) and [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area|2011 CIS FTA Treaty]] (multilateral free trade is in force among 9 countries) have signed by all members of the EAEU. The multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol is not applied by Russia at all. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine and 1 reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and 2 specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.<ref name="cis.minsk.by"/>
2011 [[CISFTA]] was negotiated before the establishment of the EEU on 1 January 2015. The CISFTA treaty came into force at different dates for every state. The treaty came into force in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia at different dates between September and December 2012. Meanwhile, Kyrgyzstan applied the treaty starting 13 December 2013. In force since 2012, the 2011 multilateral CIS Free Trade Zone Treaty establishes [[Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area|a free trade area]] between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (now all EAEU member states), as well as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Moldova and Tajikistan. Russia has suspended the Agreement with respect to Ukraine from 1 January 2016, following the provisional application of the [[DCFTA]] between the [[Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement|European Union and Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianbusinessbriefing.com/russia-suspends-fta-with-ukraine/|website=Eurasian Business Briefing|title=Russia suspends FTA with Ukraine as EU agreement looms|date=17 December 2015|access-date=24 December 2015|archive-date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225080953/http://www.eurasianbusinessbriefing.com/russia-suspends-fta-with-ukraine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ukraine did the same thing on January 2 with regard to Russia.
Thus, in addition to all previous multilateral agreements, the following agreements apply on a bilateral basis according to the article 102. Bilateral free trade agreements with Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Serbia and Montenegro are in force in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Belarus.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Armenia.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=I&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref>
=== Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements ===
[[File:Russia stamp 2019 № 2526.jpg|thumb|Eurasian Economic Union stamp]]
The members of the EAEU may conclude an agreement on ''investment and trade in services'' without the consent of EAEU supranational bodies, since these powers have not been transferred to a supranational level, however according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35), an international treaty of the EAEU with a third party establishing a free trade regime may include other provisions related to foreign trade activities<ref name="consultant.ru"/> (i.e. Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment). All Members of the Union retains autonomy (i.e., national competence) in matters of concluding agreements on free trade in services and investments. The process of concluding such agreements with third countries is carried out independently of the partners in the Union. The only condition prescribed in the Treaty on the EAEU is the obligation to provide to the Member States of the EAEU the same concessions, which are granted to the partner (partners) under that agreement (Article 38 of the Treaty and section 6 of Annex No. 16 to the Treaty).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreements on free trade in goods |url=https://economy.gov.by/en/aftingoods-en/ |website=Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus}}</ref>
The 2015 EAEU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services.<ref name="rtais.wto.org"/><ref name="economy.gov.ru"/>
The [[Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement]] was signed by Armenia and all [[EU member states]] on 24 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2017024|title=Agreement - Consilium|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>
Russia has concluded 82 agreements on mutual protection of investments and investment promotion, including agreements with Cambodia, Iran, Morocco and the State of Palestine, which were signed after January 1, 2015. 65 agreements have entered into force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Перечень соглашений между Правительством Российской Федерации и правительствами иностранных государств о поощрении и взаимной защите капиталовложений |url=https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192630/https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/ |archive-date=26 May 2021 }}</ref>
On 8 June 2023, in Sochi, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed the [[Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment]] to partly integrate Uzbekistan and Tajikistan on the common standards of the WTO ([[General Agreement on Trade in Services]]) and the EAEU even without their membership in the WTO (Uzbekistan) or the EAEU (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/6738#documentCard | title=Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств }}</ref> Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have not decided to join the EAEU, but bringing country's legislation to the EAEU common standards can be considered as the first step.
The Ambassador of the United Arab Emirates in Moscow said that the UAE is striving for a free trade agreement by the end of 2023 with the EAEU to include provisions on trade in services and investment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ru/world/oae-rasschityvayut-do-konca-goda-dogovoritsya-o-svobodnoj-torgovle-s-eaes/|title=ОАЭ рассчитывают до конца года договориться о свободной торговле с ЕАЭС - NEWS.ru — 13.06.23|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>
=== Unilateral preferences for economic assistance ===
The EAEU has the Common System of Tariff Preferences for approved goods from 29 developing and 48 [[least-developed countries]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/tariff_preferences.php | title=Regulatory and legal framework }}</ref> As of March 5, 2021, they are [[Algeria]], [[Bolivia]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ghana]], [[Honduras]], [[Egypt]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Iran]], [[Cabo Verde]], [[Cameroon]], [[Kenya]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Democratic People’s Republic of Korea]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Cuba]], [[Morocco]], [[the Marshall Islands]], [[Federal States of Micronesia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Nigeria]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Pakistan]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Tunisia]], [[the Philippines]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[El Salvador]], [[Eswatini]] on the 1 list and [[Angola]], [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Bhutan]], [[Haiti]], [[Gambia]], [[Guinea]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Djibouti]], [[Zambia]], [[Yemen]], [[Cambodia]], [[Kiribati]], [[Union of the Comoros]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Lao People’s Democratic Republic]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liberia]], [[Mauritania]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malawi]], [[Mali]], [[Mozambique]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Republic of the Niger]], [[Palestinian territories|Palestine]](according to the [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43/177]]), [[Rwanda]], [[Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe]], [[Senegal]], [[Syrian Arab Republic]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Federal Republic of Somalia]], [[Sudan]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Tanzania]], [[Timor-Leste]], [[Togolese Republic]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Uganda]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Chad]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[South Sudan]] on the 2nd list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 5, 2011 |title=DEVELOPING BENEFICIARY COUNTRIES of the Eurasian Economic Union's Common System of Tariff Preferences |url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/780/List-of-Developing-Countries-and-Least_developed-beneficiary-countries-_-_GSP_.pdf}}</ref>
The system of tariff preferences is aimed at promoting the economic growth of countries that objectively need economic assistance from the Union. In 2021, a decision was published to exclude 75 developing countries and 2 least developed countries from the lists, but at the same time, the status of the beneficiary country of the common system of tariff preferences of the EAEU is preserved for states in need of economic assistance from the EAEU.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/eaes-sovershenstvuet-edinuyu-sistemu-tarifnyh-preferentsij/ | title=ЕАЭС совершенствует единую систему тарифных преференций }}</ref> The first list of countries was approved in 2009 and did not change dramatically until 2021. As of May 2020, there were 153 countries in it, including Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, China and South Korea. The list was revised in 2021 so that there would be no injustice when lower-income countries provide tariff preferences to high-income countries. A country can obtain for tariff preferences if its income level is [[World Bank high-income economy|determined]] by the [[World Bank]] as "low-income" or "lower-middle-income", that is, the gross national income per capita in such a country is less than $4,045.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/03/2021/603e0f409a7947421ef8242b | title=ЕАЭС отказался от тарифных преференций для 76 стран | date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> The import duties applicable to products eligible for tariff preferences and originating from developing countries were at the level of 75% of the [[Most favoured nation]] duty rates and from least-developed countries at the level of 0%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news11_e/acc_rus_10nov11_e.htm | title=WTO | 2011 News items – Working Party seals the deal on Russia's membership negotiations }}</ref>
At the same time, the members of the Union themselves are recipients of tariff preferences. Kyrgyzstan was granted preferences from Canada, the United Kingdom, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=417&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Armenia was granted preferences from Canada, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Belarus was granted preferences from Japan, Norway and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> Kazakhstan was granted preferences from Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=398&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref> In 2013, the [[World Bank]] announced that Russia had graduated to a [[high-income economy]] based on the results of 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications | title=New Country Classifications | date=2 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name=WB2013>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131322/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups|archive-date=2014-07-02|title=Country and Lending Groups|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iep.ru/en/world-bank-updates-its-country-classification-by-gni-per-capita.html | title=World Bank updates its country classification by GNI per capita }}</ref> but in 2016 it was reclassified as an [[upper-middle income economy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-2016 | title=New country classifications by income level: 2016–2017 | date=July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups | title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk }}</ref> due to changes in the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, which is a [[floating currency]]. Thus, Russia does not have these preferences.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=E&partner=all | title=Market Access Map }}</ref>
==International cooperation and interaction==
International cooperation and interaction with third countries, other integration associations and international organizations<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/ | title=International cooperation }}</ref> can happen under legal framework for international cooperation, including the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, Procedure for the EAEU International Cooperation, Main Directions of the EAEU International Activities, Regulation on the Procedure for Admission of New Members to the EAEU and Termination of Membership in the EAEU, Regulation on the Observer State Status at the EAEU and Strategic Directions for Developing the Eurasian Economic Integration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/npa.php | title=Regulatory legal framework for international cooperation }}</ref>
According to the commission's website, over the years memoranda, events and statements have been adopted with third countries and international organizations, including the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]], Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Foreign Trade of the Republic of Ecuador, International Trade Center, [[MERCOSUR]], and [[OECD]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/memorandymi/default.php | title=Memoranda with third countries and international organizations }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/memorandumy.php | title=Меморандумы с третьими странами и международными организациями }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/mezhdunarodnye-organizatsii.php | title=Взаимодействие с международными организациями }}</ref>
The commission's website has published information and news on international cooperation (documents, memoranda, visits, summits, events, conferences, negotiations with officials, representatives and ambassadors, etc.) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/ | title=Directions of international cooperation }}</ref> with dozens states (namely Austria, Angola, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Iran, Spain, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, China, Colombia, Cuba, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Morocco, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nicaragua, New Zealand, UAE, Peru, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, USA, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, Faroe Islands, Philippines, France, Czechia, Chile, Ethiopia<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/gosudarstva/index.php | title=Государства }}</ref>) and dozens regional associations and international organizations (Andean Community, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, BRICS, African Union, East African Community, Dialogue on Cooperation in Asia, European Union, Latin American Economic System (SELA), MERCOSUR, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Subsystem for economic integration in Central America, CICA, CIS, Union State of Russia and Belarus, Pacific Alliance, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Economic Community of Central African States (ESCA), ECOSOC, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNCTAD<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/org/index.php | title=Региональные объединения и международные организации }}</ref>). According to the commission's website, for the purpose of forming favorable conditions for the development of interaction with the EAEU and as the first step to institutionalize cooperation, it has become a practice in the EEC to conclude memoranda of cooperation (third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations). Broad cooperation in the format of memoranda of cooperation is established with the governments of Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Cuba, Morocco, Moldova, Mongolia, Peru, Singapore, Thailand, the Faroe Islands and Chile, as well as with the Andean Community, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the African Union, the Pacific Alliance, the Latin American Economic System (SELA) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). The EEC interacts with the Government of Greece in the format of a joint declaration.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/memorandumy.php | title=Memoranda of cooperation (Third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations) }}</ref>
There are various formats of interaction between third states and the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the simplest formats is obtaining the observer status at the Union. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, the highest supranational body of the Eurasian Economic Union, granted observer state status to the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Uzbekistan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/o-statuse-gosudarstva-nablyudatelya.php | title=Observer state status at the EAEU }}</ref>
===Foreign affairs===
The Eurasian Economic Union mainly uses its [[arms industry]],<ref name="SIPRI">[http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI]. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-09.</ref> [[raw materials]],<ref name=usgs>Richard M. Levine and Glenn J. Wallace. [http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/myb3-2005-am-aj-bo-gg-kz-kg-md-rs-ti-tx-up-uz.pdf "The Mineral Industries of the Commonwealth of Independent States"]. ''2005 Minerals Yearbook''. [[U.S. Geological Survey]] (December 2007). This article incorporates text from this U.S. government source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Countries and regions: Russia|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/|publisher=European Commission|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> gas and oil reserves,{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} and railways<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan plans to become a logistics hub between Asia and Europe|url=http://www.railwaypro.com/wp/?p=14076|publisher=Railway Pro|access-date=27 August 2014|date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Strategy of Russian Railways|url=http://eng.rzd.ru/statice/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=7|publisher=Russian Railways|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> as its key assets for trade with foreign countries.
Although Russia is the only member of the Eurasian Economic Union under sanctions from the West, other members of the Eurasian Economic Union have repeatedly used the bloc as a platform to articulate their opposition to sanctions and trade wars.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Korolev |first=Alexander S. |url= |title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace |date=2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Mher Sahakyan |isbn=978-1-003-35258-7 |edition= |location=New York |chapter=Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia |oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}}
===Economic partners===
The Eurasian Economic Union must negotiate as a whole to sign free trade agreements with other countries. Key players for the Eurasian Economic Union are the [[European Union]], [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], [[China]] and the [[Korean peninsula]]. The EAEU has sought to increase its trade with partners in the [[Middle East]] and [[East Asia]] in order to profit from the growing trade between Europe and Asia.
Because of disagreements with the Eurasian Economic Union's largest member, Russia, the European Union does not officially recognize the Eurasian Eocnomic Union.<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=19}} Tensions with the European Union in 2014 have led both unions to pressure [[post-Soviet states]] to join their integration unions. Both sides have accused each other of carving spheres of influence.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.cfr.org/europe/european-unions-eastern-partnership/p32577|title = The European Union's Eastern Partnership|last = Jeanne|first = Park|date = 14 March 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|publisher = Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/lavrov-has-harsh-words-for-eu/494681.html|title = Lavrov Has Harsh Words for EU|last = Bodner|first = Matthew|date = 17 February 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|newspaper = The Moscow Times}}</ref> Members of the union, especially Russia have tried to diversify their trade by signing economic agreements with China,<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.cnbc.com/2014/05/27/what-russia-china-relations-mean-for-the-dollar.html|title = What Russia-China relations mean for the dollar|last = Clinch|first = Matt|date = 27 May 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014}}</ref> Iran<ref>{{cite news|url = http://qz.com/166851/why-russia-would-buy-500000-barrels-of-iranian-oil-a-day-and-undermine-the-nuclear-negotiations/|title = Why Russia might be crazy enough to buy Iranian oil and undermine nuclear talks|last = LeVine|first = Steve|date = 14 January 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|work = QUARTZ}}</ref> and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/eu-looks-alternatives-russian-gas-turkey-vacillates-between-east-west-1584836|title = As EU Looks For Alternatives To Russian Gas, Turkey Vacillates Between East And West|last = Kotsev|first = Victor|date = 19 May 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|publisher = IBTIMES|newspaper = International Business Times}}</ref> Trade with North and South Korea has also risen.<ref>{{cite web|title=President of Russian Railways attends opening of transshipment terminal in North Korean port Rajin|date=23 July 2014 |url=http://en.portnews.ru/news/184086/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kirk|first1=Donald|title=S. Korean Dream Line: Rail Link Via N. Korean Eco Zone To Russia|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2014/03/06/s-koreas-dream-line-rail-link-through-russia-via-n-korea-zone/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310204145/http://www.forbes.com/sites/donaldkirk/2014/03/06/s-koreas-dream-line-rail-link-through-russia-via-n-korea-zone/|archive-date=10 March 2014|website=Forbes|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia–Korean Visa Exemption Program to Stimulate Bilateral Trade by 40%|date=30 July 2014 |url=http://koreabizwire.com/russia-korean-visa-exemption-program-to-stimulate-bilateral-trade-by-40-study/15773|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
A rising China has been increasingly interested in Central Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/how-significant-is-the-eurasian-economic-union/|title = How Significant Is the Eurasian Economic Union?|date = 4 June 2014|access-date = 19 August 2014|magazine = The Diplomat|last = Casey|first = Michel}}</ref> Analysts see the union as a potential way China could facilitate its investments in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why China is unfazed by Russia's creation of a Eurasian Union|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/why-china-unfazed-russia-s-creation-eurasian-union|publisher=World Review|access-date=27 August 2014|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> Historically, China held close economic ties with many countries throughout [[Eurasia]]. Under the [[Han Dynasty]], its trade routes extended to the [[Roman Empire]]. The [[Economy of the Han Dynasty]] and other subsequent dynasties exchanged numerous goods with countries throughout Europe and Asia. Both China and the union have stated they would benefit from recreating trade routes modelled on the historic [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=China's 'New Silk Road' Vision Revealed|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/chinas-new-silk-road-vision-revealed/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
Railways transport goods from China to the European Union through Kazakhstan and Russia. The country has pushed for the construction of more railway lines to connect [[Berlin]] to east China to reduce shipping time. It proposed major high-speed railway lines going towards Europe via Russia and Kazakhstan and another through the Middle East via [[Tajikistan]], a potential future member for the union.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Establishing New Silk Roads|date=8 July 2014 |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/china-establishing-new-silk-roads/1953455.html|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China considers high-speed 'silk railroad' to Europe|date=7 August 2014|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/china-considers-high-speed-silk-railroad-to-europe/8667079.article|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> China has signed numerous energy deals with Russia and Kazakhstan, as it tries to move from [[coal]] to less pollutant alternatives.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/central-asias-energy-rush/|title = Central Asia's Energy Rush: The region's major powers are in a tussle to control its rich energy sources|last = Romanowski|first = Michał|date = 3 July 2014|access-date = 30 August 2014|magazine = The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-kazakhstan-china-deals-idUKBRE98608520130907|title = China, Kazakhstan to ink deals worth $30 billion on Saturday|last = Zhumatov|first = Shamil|date = 7 September 2013|access-date = 30 August 2014|work = Reuters|location = Astana, Kazakhstan}}</ref>
Iran has sought to diversify its economy as well, seeing the EAEU and China as key economic partners. Relations between Russia and Iran have increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and are seeking new trade partners. in 2014 the two countries signed a historic US$20 billion energy deal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vladimir Putin signs historic $20bn oil deal with Iran to bypass Western sanctions|date=6 August 2014 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11014604/Vladimir-Putin-signs-historic-20bn-oil-deal-with-Iran-to-bypass-Western-sanctions.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/11014604/Vladimir-Putin-signs-historic-20bn-oil-deal-with-Iran-to-bypass-Western-sanctions.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=7 August 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia and Iran strike oil agreement|website=[[CNBC]]|date=6 August 2014|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101899870#.|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> A free trade agreement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union came into force on 27 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/news/441768/Trade-agreement-with-EAEU-officially-declared-to-Iranian-customs|title=Trade agreement with EAEU officially declared to Iranian customs|date=2019-11-08|website=Tehran Times|language=en|access-date=2019-12-26}}</ref>
Kazakhstan seeks to enhance its ties with Turkey, a key player in the region. In July 2014, Turkey announced closer economic ties with the EAEU, including a possible free trade agreement in the near future.<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkey Proposes Free Trade Zone with Eurasian Union|url=http://asbarez.com/125154/turkey-proposes-free-trade-zone-with-eurasian-union/|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>
===Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh===
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev 2 November 2008-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]], Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] and Armenian President [[Serzh Sargsyan]] hold peace talks in [[Moscow]] on 2 November 2008.]]
In September 2013, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. At the time of joining the Union, the Republic of Armenia already had preferential treatment within the framework of the CIS as a party to the Free Trade Zone Agreement of 18 October 2011, and therefore enjoyed significant tariff benefits. According to an IMF representative in Armenia, Armenia's membership to the Eurasian Economic Union resulted in about $250 million a year in customs revenue. Armenia also benefited in the form of secured privileges for 752 products until 2020, which implies no EAEU tariffs due to Union membership.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greater-europe.org/archives/5454 |title=Why Armenia Chose the Eurasian Economic Union |website=greater-europe|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> Joining the Union allowed the country to get even more tangible economic effects due to the functioning of the Common Economic Space, the use of common technical regulation, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, non-tariff regulation. Such results confirm that for the implementation of full-scale freedom of movement of goods, liberalization of tariff regulation alone is not enough.<ref name=ack>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67852 |title=Giorgi Lomsadze: Will Karabakh "Join" Russia's Customs Union? |website=EurasiaNet.org |access-date=10 December 2013}}</ref> The region of [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], however, is disputed between [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. Tensions rose further in the [[Caucasus]] region on 30 July 2014 due to clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Armenia Blames Azerbaijan for Deadly Incident|url=http://www.radiofree.org/us/armenia-blames-azerbaijan-for-deadly-incident/|access-date=7 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024065455/http://www.radiofree.org/us/armenia-blames-azerbaijan-for-deadly-incident/|archive-date=24 October 2014}}</ref>
Experts estimate that with the accession of Armenia, the internationally unrecognised [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]] would not be integrated into the Eurasian Union.<ref name=ack /> Armenia is a permanent political, military and economic ally of Russia, whereas Azerbaijan holds close ties with Armenia's long-standing enemy Turkey. The Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] expressed concern in 2013 that no reliable customs border between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh could be drawn. However, Nazarbayev expressed that he holds all the existing disagreements preventing Armenia's integration into Eurasian Economic Union are surmountable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kazakhstan-views-disagreements-on-eurasian-economic-union-as-resolvable-3675-2014/|title=Kazakhstan views disagreements on Eurasian Economic Union as resolvable |website=BelTA |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> The Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee in the Armenian Parliament, [[Artak Zakarian]], announced on 14 May 2014 that Armenia will not build any customs borders, including with the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asbarez.com/123001/armenia-rules-out-tariffs-on-karabakh |title=Armenia Rules Out Tariffs on Karabakh |website=Asbarez |date=14 May 2014 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>
According to Eurasian Economic Commission statistics, Eurasian Economic Union countries experienced a 1.9% GDP increase between January–June 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Armenia had the greatest GDP growth index throughout the reporting period – 8.3%. The EEU's industrial output increased by 3.3%, with reprocessing industry increasing by 62.7% and mining increasing by 27.9%. Again, Armenia had the largest growth in industrial production – 9.6% – despite a 12.7% fall in mining.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armenia leads EEU countries on level of economic growth – official EEC data |url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/956452.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=armenpress.am |language=en}}</ref>
===Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan===
Previously, [[Tajikistan]] was on track to become a potential member of the union, having signed the treaty on the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. However, due to border disputes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the integration process in Tajikistan has stalled.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6">{{cite news|url = https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21608806-plan-export-electricity-looks-cursed-mi-casa-no-es-tu-casa|title = A plan to export electricity looks cursed|date = 26 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|newspaper = The Economist}}</ref> Both countries exchanged fire in December 2013 and August 2014, which resulted in casualties.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://en.itar-tass.com/world/746643|title = Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan border guards engage in shootout again|date = 26 August 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|publisher = Itar Tass}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.yahoo.com/two-killed-border-skirmish-between-tajikistan-kyrgyzstan-113727690.html|title = Two killed in border skirmish between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan|access-date = 26 August 2014|agency = Reuters}}</ref> Both countries have since announced they would resolve conflicts and improve border cooperation. Officials hope to make significant progress by the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan improve border co-operation "Central Asia Online"|url=http://www.eng.24.kg/bigtiraj/173808-news24.html|access-date=8 January 2015|publisher=24.kg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128115338/http://www.eng.24.kg/bigtiraj/173808-news24.html|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan Turn To Soviet Archives in Border Talks|url=http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/229157427|access-date=8 January 2015|work=India Gazette|date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114501/http://www.indiagazette.com/index.php/sid/229157427|archive-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<ref name=UzbekistanMarch2020/>
===International response===
Former President of the European Commission [[José Manuel Barroso]] stated at the [[World Economic Forum]] that the EU supports the regional integration, including the Eurasian Union. He also praised Kazakhstan for joining the bloc. He criticized the post-Soviet space, saying "the integration in the region is not sufficient". However, he warned that the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] is a major obstacle to good cooperation between the EU and the Eurasian Union.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2015|url=http://www.weforum.org/sessions/summary/regions-transformation-eurasia|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=25 January 2015|date=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Davos 2015 – Regions in Transformation: Euroasia|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wb409Nlhlw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/9Wb409Nlhlw |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|website=youtube.com|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=25 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Tensions between the EAEU and the [[European Union]] (EU) occurred as both have sought to deepen their ties with several [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]]. The EU has signed free trade agreements with [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. However, separatists in all three countries back closer ties with [[Russia]]. Ukraine planned to sign an [[European Union Association Agreement|EU association agreement]] in 2013, but abruptly cancelled the signing under Russian pressure to join the EAEU. This led to [[Euromaidan|mass protests]] against Ukraine's president,<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/war-in-ukraine-a-result-of-misunderstandings-between-europe-and-russia-a-1004706.html Summit of Failure: How the EU Lost Russia over Ukraine]. ''Der Spiegel''. 2014-11-24.</ref> with the EU supporting a [[Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine|failed political settlement]] before president Yanukovych fled to Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/viktor-yanukovych-russia-ukraine-coup|title=Viktor Yanukovych urges Russia to act over Ukrainian 'bandit coup'|author=Shaun Walker|website=the Guardian|date=28 February 2014|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> and Russia then [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexing]] the [[Crimea|Crimean peninsula]] (following a [[2014 Crimean status referendum|disputed referendum]]) and supporting separatists in Eastern Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guide to the EU deals with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine|work=BBC News|date=27 June 2014|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28038725|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania ratifies Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova agreements with EU|date=9 July 2014|url=http://dfwatch.net/lithuania-ratifies-ukraine-georgia-moldova-agreements-with-eu-61065|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> In response, some member states of the European Union have sought to find alternatives to Russian gas, while others have voiced their support for the construction of the [[South Stream]] pipeline which circumvents Ukraine. Later the already started construction of the pipeline, under US sanctions on Russia and pressure on EU, the project was abandoned. Analysts believe Russia backs the Eurasian Economic Union in order to limit western influence in the region.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url = https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21608807-not-all-goes-smoothly-russia-its-backyard-power-failure|title = Power failure – Not all goes smoothly for Russia in its backyard|date = 26 July 2014|access-date = 26 August 2014|newspaper = The Economist}}</ref>
Western analysts generally see the Eurasian Economic Union as a way to reunite many of the former Soviet republics. For example, ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' author Abigail Hauslohner wrote the treaty was intended "to further bolster [Russia]'s ties to former Soviet republics."<ref name=WaPost>{{cite news|title=Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 May 2014|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> The United States expressed its opposition to the Eurasian Union, claiming it is "an attempt" to re-establish a [[Soviet Union|USSR]]-type union among the former Soviet republics.<ref name=Hillary/> In December 2012, former [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Clinton]] claimed "It's not going to be called that [Soviet Union]. It's going to be called customs union, it will be called the Eurasian Union and all of that, but let's make no mistake about it. We know what the goal is and we are trying to figure out effective ways to slow down or prevent it".<ref name=Hillary>[http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe Clinton fears efforts to 're-Sovietize' in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307132319/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe |date=7 March 2014 }} – Associated Press, 6 December 2012</ref>
Kazakhstan's president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] called it "a hard-won achievement" and "a blessing for our people."<ref name=WaPost /> Public support in Kazakhstan for the country's accession to the EAEU stood at 68% in June 2014, with 5.5% opposed.<ref>[http://www.demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28 Большинство казахстанцев поддерживают вступление Казахстана в Евразийский экономический союз, но 33% считают, что это не принесет им никакой выгоды] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211730/http://demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28 |date=10 March 2016 }}. ''Demoscope''. 2014-06-14.</ref>
[[Thailand]], [[Iran]], [[New Zealand]], [[Tunisia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/771189|title=Tunisia hopes to set up free trade zone with Customs Union, EEU|publisher=ITAR-TASS|date=14 January 2015|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref> [[Turkey]], and [[Vietnam]] are among the countries that expressed a desire to conclude trade agreements with the new Eurasian Economic Union after the treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Putin's answer to EU – Eurasian Union|author=Vladimir Radyuhin|work=The Hindu|date=29 May 2014|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/putins-answer-to-eu-eurasian-union/article6062067.ece|access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Faroe Islands]] signed a new memorandum of understanding with the EEU. The MoU is designed to boost trade and cooperation between the two sides.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russian fish money keeping Faroes out of EU sanctions|author=Martin Breum|work=euobserver|date=14 September 2018|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/142847|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
===Existing integration projects===
{{Supranational PostSoviet Bodies|size=400px|align=right}}
The [[Eurasian Customs Union]] has already brought partial economic integration between the three states, and the Eurasian Economic Union is said to be a continuation of this customs union.<ref name="Boris N. Mamlyuk 2014"/> However, the impact or legacy of that agreement is unclear<ref>{{cite SSRN |ssrn=2414597|title=Russia and Regional Trade Integration in a Historical Perspective: A Response to William E. Butler|date=2015|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}}</ref> – trade between the three states actually fell 13% during the agreement's first year.<ref name=Economist />
A number of other regional organisations also provide the basis for further integration: the [[Union State]] of Russia and Belarus; the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]], consisting of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan; and the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] comprising most of the post-Soviet countries.<ref group=journal>{{cite web |last1=Brusis|first1=Martin|title=A Eurasian European Union? Relaunching Post-Soviet Economic Integration |website=European Consortium for Political Research |url=http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/1f692ccb-986b-4c38-92c0-c0a0aa55edad.pdf |url-access=subscription |pages=8, 13}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia–Belarus Union State most advanced post-Soviet integration bloc – Lukashenko|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/russia/754950|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=Tass}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=CSTO states plan to set up collective air force|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/world/768382|access-date=6 January 2015|publisher=Tass}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{multiple image |align=right |image1=Strusta Lake - Panorama.jpg |width1=300 |caption1=[[Strusta Lake]] in the [[Vitebsk Region]], [[Belarus]], is the sixteenth largest lake in Belarus and the third largest among the [[Braslau Lakes]]. |width2=190 |caption2=The [[Khan Tengri]] Peak above North [[Engilchek Glacier]], [[Kazakhstan]] |image2=Vue globale du versant N du khan Tengri.jpg}}
The Eurasian Economic Union is located at the eastern end of [[Europe]], bounded by the [[Arctic]] in the north, the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the east and [[East Asia]], the [[Middle East]] and part of [[Central Asia]] to the south. It lies between latitudes [[39th parallel north|39°]] and [[82nd parallel north|82°N]] and longitudes [[19°E]] and [[169th meridian west|169°W]]. The union extends across much of northern [[Eurasia]]. Its member states cover an area of over 20,000,000 square kilometers, which is approximately 15% of the world's land surface.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://eaeunion.org/#about-info|publisher=Eurasian Economic Union|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref>
The [[Eastern European Plain]] encompasses [[Belarus]] and most of [[European Russia]]. The plain is mostly mountain-free and comprises several [[plateaus]]. [[Russia]]'s northernmost regions are [[tundra]]. The Russian Tundra is located on the coastline with the [[Arctic]] and is known for its total darkness in the winter. [[Taiga]] reaches Russia's southern borders in [[Siberia]] and accounts for 60% of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geography of Russia|url=http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his241/notes/geography/geography.html|publisher=Northern Virginia Community College|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Towards the [[Ural Mountains]] and in northern [[Kazakhstan]], the climate is mostly temperate. Southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan are mostly [[steppe]]. The [[Kazakh steppe]] covers one-third of Kazakhstan and is the world's largest dry steppe region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan, Republic of Kazakhstan " City Info " Geography|url=http://www.kazakhstan.com/v/geography/|website=kazakhstan.com|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> [[Armenia]] is mostly mountainous and its climate is continental. The landlocked country shares no direct border with other members states. It is located in the southwestern part of Asia, occupying the northeastern part of the [[Armenian Plateau]], and is located between the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Near East]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Armenia|website=Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006|url=http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf|publisher=National Statistical Service of The Republic of Armenia|access-date=15 January 2016|page=6|date=2007|quote="Republic of Armenia is situated in south-western part of Asia. The country occupies the north-eastern part of Armenian plateau – between Caucasus and Nearest Asia"}}</ref>
A large number of lakes and rivers are found in the Eurasian Economic Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=Belarus – Geography|access-date=7 November 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2007|website=The World Factbook}}</ref> Major lakes include [[Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]] and [[Lake Onega|Onega]], two of the [[largest lakes in Europe]]. The largest and most prominent of the union's bodies of fresh water is [[Lake Baikal]], the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Baikal—A Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies|publisher=United States Geological Survey|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/baikal/}}</ref> The Baikal lake alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the [[total renewable water resources]]. Of the union's numerous rivers,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Angara River|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24432/Angara-River|access-date=26 December 2007}}</ref> the [[Volga]] is the most famous, not only because it is the [[longest river in Europe|longest in Europe]], but also because of its major role in history. In Siberia the [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Yenisey]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Amur River|Amur]] are among the [[longest rivers in the world]].
The Eurasian Economic Union's highest peak is the [[Khan Tengri]] in the [[Tian Shan]] mountains, Kazakhstan, 7,010 m above sea level. The lowest point in the Eurasian Economic Union is the [[Karagiye Depression]] in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's Caspian shore includes some of the lowest elevations on Earth. According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, forests cover 40% of [[Belarus]]. 11,000 lakes and many water streams are found in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Belarus|url=http://fatbirder.com/links_geo/europe/belarus.html|website=Fatbirder|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Russia is known for its extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world, making it the world's largest producer of [[oil]] and [[natural gas]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014|url=http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf|website=BP Global|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609095748/https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf}}</ref>
According to estimates, the Eurasian Economic Union's population of 176 million people is mostly urbanized, with Russia and Belarus having over 70% of their population living in urban areas. In Armenia over 64% of the population lives in urban areas. Kazakhstan's urban population comprises 54% of the country's total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Belarus|url=http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population/|publisher=United Nations|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017223223/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population/|archive-date=17 October 2007}}</ref>
<gallery heights="140px">
File:Эльбрус с перевала Гумбаши.JPG|[[Mount Elbrus]] – [[Russia]]
File:The Armenian plateau near Mount Masis.jpg|Mountain range – [[Armenia]]
File:Lama River, Moscow region, Russia – 1.jpg|[[Lama River]] – in the [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow region of Russia]]
File:Charin.jpg|[[Sharyn Canyon]] – [[Kazakhstan]]
File:Bringing the sheep home, on the southern shore of Issyk-Kul (3968109583).jpg|On the southern shore of [[Issyk-Kul]] lake, [[Issyk-Kul Region]] – [[Kyrgyzstan]]
File:Фото путешествия по Беларуси 353.jpg| Winter – [[Belarus]]
File:Aragats mountain, Aragatsotn, Armenia.jpg|A view of [[Mount Aragats]] from [[Aragatsotn (village)|Aragatsotn]] – [[Armenia]]
File:Munku-Sardyk.jpg|A view of Mount [[Mönkh Saridag]] – [[Okinsky District]], [[Russia]]
File:Ayghr lake.jpg|[[Lake Ayger]] – [[Armenia]]
File:Lake Servech.jpg|Lake Servech – [[Belarus]]
File:Касмалинский ленточный бор 2005 год. (Алтайский край. Россия).jpg| Winter in the [[Altai Krai]] – [[Russia]]
File:Karakol Valley.jpg|[[Tian Shan]] mountain range – [[Kyrgyzstan]]
</gallery>
==Demographics==
The combined population of all member states is 183,319,693 as of 2015.
{{Largest urban centers of the Eurasian Union}}
[[File:Countries with population larger than Eurasian Economic Union.jpg|right|thumb|Countries with population larger than Eurasian Economic Union in 2018|250px]]
The Eurasian Economic Union has 17 cities with more than 1 million inhabitants, the largest being [[Moscow]]. The most densely populated areas are the capital cities of member states and [[European Russia]]. [[Siberia]] is the region with the least inhabitants. In [[Russia]] about 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the country's borders.<ref name=ethnicgroups>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php Ethnic groups in Russia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php |date=22 June 2011 }}, 2002 census, ''Demoscope Weekly''. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</ref> [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Belarus]] are home to sizable ethnic Russian minorities.
Though the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union's populations are comparatively large, [[list of countries by population density|its density is low]] because of the enormous size of Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Eurasian Economic Union's average birth rate in 2010 was roughly 12.5 births per 1000 people, higher than the [[European Union]], which has an average of 9.90 births per 1000 people.
==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[ASEAN]]
*[[Collective Security Treaty Organization]]
*[[Comecon]]
*[[Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations]]
*[[Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union]]
*[[Eurasian Economic Community]]
*[[Eurasian Patent Convention]]
*[[Eurasian Patent Organisation]]
*[[Eurasianism]]
*[[Soviet Union]]
*[[Union of Sovereign States]]
*[[Union State]]
*[[Warsaw Pact]]
*[[List of multilateral free-trade agreements]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes and references==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Journal articles and studies===
{{reflist|group=journal}}
===Online sources===
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)]
*[http://eec.eaeunion.org/en/ Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC)]
*[https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/ Legal portal of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)]
{{Eurasian Economic Union}}
{{Eurasian Integration}}
{{Europe topics (small)|state=collapsed}}
{{International power|state=collapsed}}
{{Trade|state=collapsed}}
{{Regional organisations|state=collapsed}}
{{portal bar|Asia|Europe|Russia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Eurasian Economic Union| ]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Eurasianism|Economic Union]]
[[Category:Continental unions]]
[[Category:Economy of Armenia]]
[[Category:Economy of Belarus]]
[[Category:Economy of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Economy of Russia]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Russia]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2015]]
[[Category:Post-Soviet states]]
[[Category:Trade blocs]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -604,5 +604,5 @@
=== Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements ===
-
+[[File:Russia stamp 2019 № 2526.jpg|thumb|Eurasian Economic Union stamp]]
The members of the EAEU may conclude an agreement on ''investment and trade in services'' without the consent of EAEU supranational bodies, since these powers have not been transferred to a supranational level, however according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35), an international treaty of the EAEU with a third party establishing a free trade regime may include other provisions related to foreign trade activities<ref name="consultant.ru"/> (i.e. Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment). All Members of the Union retains autonomy (i.e., national competence) in matters of concluding agreements on free trade in services and investments. The process of concluding such agreements with third countries is carried out independently of the partners in the Union. The only condition prescribed in the Treaty on the EAEU is the obligation to provide to the Member States of the EAEU the same concessions, which are granted to the partner (partners) under that agreement (Article 38 of the Treaty and section 6 of Annex No. 16 to the Treaty).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agreements on free trade in goods |url=https://economy.gov.by/en/aftingoods-en/ |website=Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus}}</ref>
' |
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320 => 'https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1149',
321 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/singapore.php',
322 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=I&partner=all',
323 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=I&partner=all',
324 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=I&partner=all',
325 => 'https://news.ru/world/oae-rasschityvayut-do-konca-goda-dogovoritsya-o-svobodnoj-torgovle-s-eaes/',
326 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/',
327 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/npa.php',
328 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/',
329 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/gosudarstva/index.php',
330 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/org/index.php',
331 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/memorandumy.php',
332 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/o-statuse-gosudarstva-nablyudatelya.php',
333 => 'https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications',
334 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131322/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups',
335 => 'http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups',
336 => 'https://www.iep.ru/en/world-bank-updates-its-country-classification-by-gni-per-capita.html',
337 => 'https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-2016',
338 => 'https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups',
339 => 'https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/884#documentCard',
340 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/780/List-of-Developing-Countries-and-Least_developed-beneficiary-countries-_-_GSP_.pdf',
341 => 'https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/eaes-sovershenstvuet-edinuyu-sistemu-tarifnyh-preferentsij/',
342 => 'https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/03/2021/603e0f409a7947421ef8242b',
343 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=417&relation=E&partner=all',
344 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=E&partner=all',
345 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=E&partner=all',
346 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=E&partner=all',
347 => 'https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=398&relation=E&partner=all',
348 => 'https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news11_e/acc_rus_10nov11_e.htm',
349 => 'https://economy.gov.by/en/aftingoods-en/',
350 => 'http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007393767805171',
351 => 'https://docsonline.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/REG/358-1.pdf&Open=True',
352 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-backed-union-signs-free-trade-pact-with-iran-2023-12-25/',
353 => 'https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx',
354 => 'http://dev-isw.bivings.com/',
355 => 'https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/246117/Iran-Eurasian-Economic-Union-mull-over-free-trade',
356 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20230925221603/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/',
357 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121153/https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/',
358 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192630/https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/',
359 => 'https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/1The_common_energy_market_of_the_EAEU-implications_for_the__EU_and_the_role_of_the_ECT.pdf',
360 => 'https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/',
361 => 'http://eaeunion.org/?lang=en',
362 => 'https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kyrgyzstan-takes-over-presidency-in-eaeu-146708-2022/',
363 => 'http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm',
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365 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eurasian_Economic_Union¶ms=55_45_N_37_37_E_',
366 => 'http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content',
367 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24',
368 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190924181426/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/',
369 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092840/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660',
370 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110548/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html',
371 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085306/http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html',
372 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141228225231/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html',
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374 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072416/https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf',
375 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20151225080953/http://www.eurasianbusinessbriefing.com/russia-suspends-fta-with-ukraine/',
376 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140307132319/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe',
377 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211730/http://demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Economic union of countries in Eurasia</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;">Eurasian Economic Union</span></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:9pt;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Եվրասիական տնտեսական միություն</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Еўразійскі эканамічны саюз</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Kazakh-language text"><i lang="kk">Eurazialyq Ekonomikalyq Odaq</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Kyrgyz-language text"><span lang="ky">Евразиялык экономикалык биримдик</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Евразийский экономический союз</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
</li></ul>
</div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Eurasian Economic Union"><img alt="Flag of Eurasian Economic Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></div>
<div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Flag of the Eurasian Economic Union">Flag</a></div>
</div>
<div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Eurasian Economic Union"><img alt="Coat of arms of Eurasian Economic Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div>
<div>Coat of arms</div>
</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Economic_Union_(orthographic_projection)_-_Crimea_disputed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg/200px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg/300px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg/400px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29_-_Crimea_disputed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#346733; color:white;"> </span> Member states</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46C843; color:black;"> </span> Territories occupied by Russia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative centers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Commission</a>)</span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the Eurasian Economic Union">Court</a>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eurasian_Economic_Union&params=55_45_N_37_37_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.750°N 37.617°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.750; 37.617</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Working language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">Economic union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member states</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b>Member states:</b>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Observers:</b>
</p>
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council" title="Supreme Eurasian Economic Council">Supreme Eurasian Economic Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Zhaparov</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Chairman of the Board of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Myasnikovich" title="Mikhail Myasnikovich">Mikhail Myasnikovich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Original proposal<sup>a</sup></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Economic Community</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">10 October 2000</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 January 2010</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment agreed </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">18 November 2011</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 January 2012</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• EAEU Treaty signed </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">29 May 2014</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• EAEU established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 January 2015</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,229,248<sup id="cite_ref-nationsonline.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationsonline.org-3">[3]</a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (7,810,556 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 182,131,000<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.12/km<sup>2</sup> (23.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$5.677 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$31,200</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$2.573 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-4">[4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$14,100</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_som" title="Kyrgyz som">Kyrgyz som</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 to +12</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>4 codes</div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%2B7" title="+7">+7</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%2B374" class="mw-redirect" title="+374">+374</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%2B375" class="mw-redirect" title="+375">+375</a>
</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%2B996" class="mw-redirect" title="+996">+996</a>
</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>5 <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">TLDs</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a>
</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eaeunion.org/?lang=en">EAEUnion.org</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha">
<li value="1">By <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstani President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>.</li>
</ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Eurasian Economic Union</b> (<b>EAEU</b> or <b>EEU</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_union" title="Economic union">economic union</a> of five <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. The EAEU has an integrated <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a>. As of 2023, it consists of 183 million people and a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of over $2.4 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEORU-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed on 29 May 2014 by the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and came into force on 1 January 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> Treaties aiming for <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>'s accession to the Eurasian Economic Union were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively. Armenia's accession treaty came into force on 2 January 2015. Kyrgyzstan's accession treaty came into effect on 6 August 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> Kyrgyzstan participated in the EAEU from the day of its establishment as an acceding state.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TT_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The EAEU encourages the free movement of goods and services, and provides for common policies in the macroeconomic sphere, transport, industry and agriculture, energy, foreign trade and investment, customs, technical regulation, competition, and antitrust regulation. Provisions for a <a href="/wiki/Single_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Single currency">single currency</a> and greater integration are envisioned for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPost_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPost-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-currency_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currency-11">[10]</a></sup> The union operates through <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">intergovernmental</a> institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council is the supreme body of the Union, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Heads of the Member States</a>. The second level of intergovernmental institutions is represented by the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council (consisting of the Heads of the governments of member states). The day-to-day work of the EAEU is done through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a>, the executive body of the Union. There is also a judicial body – the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the Eurasian Economic Union">Court of the EAEU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Proposal"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proposal</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Founding_treaties_(1990s)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Founding treaties (1990s)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Eurasian_Economic_Community_(2000–2014)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Establishing_the_customs_union_and_single_market_(2010–2014)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Structural_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Structural evolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022)"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Membership"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Membership</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Presidency"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Presidency</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Enlargement"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enlargement</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Politics_and_governance"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Politics and governance</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supreme Eurasian Economic Council</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Eurasian_Economic_Commission"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eurasian Economic Commission</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Council"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Council</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Board"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Board</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Parliament"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Parliament</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Court_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Court of the Eurasian Economic Union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Budget"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Budget</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Internal_market_overview"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Internal market overview</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Customs_Union_and_Four_Economic_Freedoms"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Customs Union and Four Economic Freedoms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Coordinated,_harmonized_and_single_policy"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Coordinated, harmonized and single policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Competition"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Competition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Monetary_union"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Monetary union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Energy"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Energy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Single_Eurasian_Sky"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Single Eurasian Sky</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Projected_economic_impact"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Projected economic impact</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Pivot_to_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext">Pivot to Asia</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Russia"><span class="tocnumber">4.10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Russia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Kazakhstan"><span class="tocnumber">4.10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kazakhstan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Third-country_economic_relationships"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Third-country economic relationships</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Third-country_EAEU_Agreements"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Third-country EAEU Agreements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Pre-2015_free_trade_in_goods_agreements"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Pre-2015 free trade in goods agreements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Cooperation,_Trade_in_Services_and_Investment_Agreements"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Unilateral_preferences_for_economic_assistance"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Unilateral preferences for economic assistance</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#International_cooperation_and_interaction"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">International cooperation and interaction</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Foreign_affairs"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign affairs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Economic_partners"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic partners</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Armenia_and_Nagorno-Karabakh"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Uzbekistan,_Tajikistan_and_Kyrgyzstan"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#International_response"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">International response</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Existing_integration_projects"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Existing integration projects</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Journal_articles_and_studies"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Journal articles and studies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Online_sources"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Online sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png/220px-Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png/330px-Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png/440px-Timeline_of_EAEU_Integration_-_WTO.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of EAEU Integration from the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png/220px-Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png/330px-Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png/440px-Russian_Federation_-_Belarus_-_Kazakhstan_20-Jan-1995.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Regional Trade Agreements Database of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15">[14]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Economic_Union_(EAEU)_29-May-2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png/220px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png/330px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png/440px-Eurasian_Economic_Union_%28EAEU%29_29-May-2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Regional Trade Agreements Database of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15">[14]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposal">Proposal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the 1990s, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The member states of the union underwent economic reforms and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[journal 1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></sup> The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union. When the USSR <a href="/wiki/August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="August Coup">began to fall</a> in 1991, the presidents of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup> of the founding republics signed the <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> on 8 December 1991, declaring that the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union would cease to exist</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> in its place.
</p><p>In 1994, during a speech at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President of Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>, suggested the idea of creating a "Eurasian Union" as a regional trade bloc in order to connect to and profit from the growing economies of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The vision would be to simplify the free flow of goods across Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-20">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></sup> The idea was quickly seen as a way to bolster trade, boost investment in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and serve as a complement to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Hindu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-20">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Founding_treaties_.281990s.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Founding_treaties_(1990s)">Founding treaties (1990s)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding treaties (1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_meeting_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg/260px-CIS_meeting_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg/390px-CIS_meeting_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg/520px-CIS_meeting_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, 2008. The CIS initiated the lengthy process of Eurasian integration.</figcaption></figure>
<p>During the 1990s, the Eurasian integration process was slow, possibly due to the economic crisis experienced after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the size of the countries involved (Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan cover an area of about 20 million km<sup>2</sup>). As a result, numerous treaties have been signed by member states to establish the regional trade bloc gradually.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[journal 3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1995, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and later acceding states Kyrgyzstan and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> signed the first agreements on the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union">Customs Union</a>. Its purpose was to gradually lead the way toward the creation of open borders without passport controls between member states.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields to begin economic integration between countries to allow for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Common_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Common markets">common markets</a> for goods, services, capital, labour, and developing single transport, energy and information systems.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1999, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space by clarifying the goals and policies the states would undertake in order to form the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and the Single Economic Space.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Eurasian_Economic_Community_.282000.E2.80.932014.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Eurasian_Economic_Community_(2000–2014)">Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eurasian Economic Community (2000–2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></div>
<p>To promote further economic integration and more cooperation, in 2000 Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a> (EurAsEC) which <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> joined in 2006.
The treaty established a common market for its member states. The Eurasian Economic Community was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014-28">[24]</a></sup> The two had a comparable population size of 171 million and 169 million, respectively.
</p><p>A Treaty on a Single Economic Space by Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine was signed in 2003 and ratified in 2004, but the process was stalled after the <a href="/wiki/Orange_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange revolution">Orange revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2007, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement to create a Customs Union between the three countries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Establishing_the_customs_union_and_single_market_.282010.E2.80.932014.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Establishing_the_customs_union_and_single_market_(2010–2014)">Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishing the customs union and single market (2010–2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg/270px-Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg/405px-Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg/540px-Session_of_Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>A session of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council (composed of the union's heads of state) is held at least once every year.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (now the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a>) came into existence on 1 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a></sup> The Customs Union's priorities were the elimination of intra-bloc tariffs, establishing a common external tariff policy and the elimination of non-tariff barriers. It was launched as a first step towards forming a broader single market inspired by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with the objective of forming an alliance between <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a></sup> The member states planned to continue with economic integration and were set to remove all <a href="/wiki/Customs_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs border">customs borders</a> between each other after July 2011.
</p><p>On 1 January 2012, the three states established the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a> which ensures the effective functioning of a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> for goods, services, capital and labour, and to establish coherent industrial, transport, energy and agricultural policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Glazyev_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glazyev-34">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a></sup> The agreement included a <a href="/wiki/Plan" title="Plan">roadmap</a> for future integration and established the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a> (modelled on the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tut.by_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tut.by-37">[33]</a></sup> The Eurasian Economic Commission serves as the regulatory agency for the Eurasian Customs Union, the Single Economic Space and the Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Glazyev_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glazyev-34">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:left;" class=""></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union">Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/300px-seek%3D137-The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="1616" data-mwtitle="The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm/The_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_signing_ceremony_of_the_Treaty_on_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>The signing ceremony of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, on 29 May 2014)</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 2011, the then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, announced his support for Nursultan Nazarbayev's idea for the creation of a Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-38">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a></sup> On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed an agreement setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36">[32]</a></sup> The member states put together a joint commission on fostering closer economic ties.<sup id="cite_ref-Glazyev_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glazyev-34">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 29 May 2014, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia signed the treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, which came into effect on 1 January 2015. The presidents of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and Kyrgyzstan were also present at the signing ceremony. Russian president Vladimir Putin stated, "Today we have created a powerful, attractive centre of economic development, a big regional market that unites more than 170 million people."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTEEU1-41">[37]</a></sup> Kazakh politicians emphasized the Eurasian Economic Union was not intended to be a political bloc, but a purely economic union.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTEEU1-41">[37]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bakytzhan_Sagintayev" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakytzhan Sagintayev">Bakytzhan Sagintayev</a>, the first deputy prime minister of Kazakhstan and lead negotiator, said, "We are not creating a political organisation; we are forming a purely economic union." He further stated "it is a pragmatic means to get benefits. We don't meddle into what Russia is doing politically, and they cannot tell us what foreign policy to pursue."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTEEU1-41">[37]</a></sup> By October, the treaty had received parliamentary approval from all three states.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a></sup> On 9 October 2014, a Treaty to enlarge the EAEU to Armenia was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-43">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ratifysoon_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratifysoon-44">[40]</a></sup> Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on 23 December 2014 and became a member of the Eurasian Union on 6 August 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-kyrsign_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrsign-45">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyrsign2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrsign2-46">[42]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Structural_evolution">Structural evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structural evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Treaties and development stages of Eurasian Economic Union
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col">Year
</th>
<th scope="col">Signed Documents
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" rowspan="2">1995
</th>
<td>Treaty on the Customs Union between Belarus and Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Treaty on the Customs Union between Kazakhstan and Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">1996
</th>
<td>Agreement on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">1999
</th>
<td>Treaty on the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan <br /> (Agreement to complete the formation of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">2000
</th>
<td>Treaty on the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">2003
</th>
<td>Treaty on forming the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" rowspan="2">2007
</th>
<td>Treaty on the Commission of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Treaty on the Establishment of the Integrated Customs Territory and Creation of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">2010
</th>
<td>Establishment of the Customs Union Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" rowspan="3">2011
</th>
<td>Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>The decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the entry of international agreements into force forming the legal base of the Customs Union and Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" rowspan="2">2012
</th>
<td>Establishment of the Single Economic Space Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Eurasian Economic Commission started functioning
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" rowspan="2">2015
</th>
<td>Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>The agreement on the Eurasian Economic Union
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_.282022.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022)">Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div>
<p>As a result of Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>, the US and EU placed sanctions upon Russia and Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-TimurSuleimenov_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimurSuleimenov-47">[43]</a></sup> On March 10, 2022, Russia suspended exports of wheat, meslin, rye, barley, and corn to the Eurasian Economic Union to secure the country's food supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a></sup> The ban was reversed on April 1, 2022, although other restrictions on the trade of foods were simultaneously introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a></sup> On March 29 a Kazakh government official stated that Kazakhstan would abide by US and EU sanctions and would not facilitate any circumvention, despite its membership of the EAEU. The official explained that Kazakhstan does not wish to be targeted by secondary sanctions, and instead will be seeking to expand its cooperation with the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-TimurSuleimenov_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimurSuleimenov-47">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 15, 2023, the EAEU signed a free trade agreement with Iran that will eliminate customs duties on almost 90% of goods. The agreement serves to replace a similar temporary agreement that has been in force since 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Membership">Membership</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/400px-Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/600px-Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg/800px-Eurasian_Economic_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#307030; color:white;"> </span> Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a0d020; color:black;"> </span> Observer states</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080ff; color:black;"> </span> Candidate states</div></figcaption></figure>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Country
</th>
<th>Accession date
</th>
<th>Date of signature
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 January 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-10-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 October 2014</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 May 2014</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 May 2014</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-08-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 August 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-12-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 December 2014</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 January 2015</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 May 2014</span><sup id="cite_ref-Russland_51-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russland-51">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union was formally signed by three states which were part of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-euractiv_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euractiv-54">[50]</a></sup> Agreements to enlarge the EAEU to the other post-Soviet states of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> were signed on 9 October and 23 December 2014, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-ratifysoon_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratifysoon-44">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyrsign_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrsign-45">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyrsign2_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyrsign2-46">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-55">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-56">[52]</a></sup> For Kyrgyzstan, facilitation of labour migration regulations with Russia was seen as the main benefit of joining the Eurasian Economic Union. The population migration indicator had an inverse dependence with <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">consumer price index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>Armenia announced its decision to join the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> in September 2013. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Serj_Sargsyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serj Sargsyan">Serj Sargsyan</a> announced the decision after talks with his Russian counterpart President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a></sup> The treaty enlarging the EAEU to Armenia was signed on 9 October 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-43">[39]</a></sup> By signing this contract, Armenia has accepted corresponding application, and thereby gained access to the EAEU single market with a population of 170 million citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a></sup> Armenia is the only country of the EAEU that has no common border with the other member states of the union. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> guaranteed a free transit corridor for exporting its goods to the Eurasian Economic Union, Armenian deputy economic minister Emil Tarasyan stated.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> was granted Observer Status in April 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> became observer members on 11 December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a></sup> After the presidential elections in December 2021, Uzbekistan was expected to obtain full membership by 2022 or 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a></sup> In December 2022, Russian prime minister Mishustin mentioned the advantages of Uzbek full membership in EAEU.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a></sup> By February 2023, Uzbek prime minister Aripov announced the completion of the preparatory work to ensure harmonization of national technical regulations with the EAEU standards.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidency">Presidency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Each year, a Member State is elected chairman to head the Union. Chairmanship is passed from country to country in alphabetical order in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> currently holds the chairmanship.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Year
</th>
<th>#
</th>
<th>Country
</th>
<th>Head of state or government
</th>
<th>Major trade agreements
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>2015
</td>
<td>1st
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2016
</td>
<td>2nd
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">none
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">2017
</td>
<td rowspan="2">3rd
</td>
<td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Almazbek_Atambayev" title="Almazbek Atambayev">Almazbek Atambayev</a> (until 1 December)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sooronbay_Jeenbekov" title="Sooronbay Jeenbekov">Sooronbay Jeenbekov</a> (from 1 December)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2018
</td>
<td>4th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2019
</td>
<td>5th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a></sup> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2020
</td>
<td>6th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2021
</td>
<td>7th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2022
</td>
<td>8th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2023
</td>
<td>9th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDEEFF">
<td>2024
</td>
<td>10th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2025
</td>
<td>11th
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enlargement">Enlargement</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Enlargement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has stated that Russia's goal was to enlarge the Customs Union to all <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, excluding the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-armenia_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armenia-75">[71]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> newspaper, Russia's plan is for the Eurasian Union to grow into a "powerful, supra-national union" of sovereign states like the European Union, uniting economies, <a href="/wiki/Legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal systems">legal systems</a>, customs services, and military capabilities to form a bridge between Europe and Asia to balance the EU and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2015, an integration agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and South Ossetia. If South Ossetia were to join, it would be by acceding to the Russian Federation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> was formally invited to join the union and has expressed its interest in acceding.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurasian_Economic_Union_Enlargement_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurasian_Economic_Union_Enlargement-77">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[76]</a></sup> It is recognized as a potential candidate and membership negotiations are underway.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-81">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-82">[78]</a></sup> In 2015, further efforts were made to integrate Tajikistan into the EAEU.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a></sup>
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<p>It took Europe 40 years to move from the European Coal and Steel Community to the full European Union. The establishment of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space is proceeding at a much faster pace because we could draw on the experience of the EU and other regional associations. We see their strengths and weaknesses. And this is our obvious advantage since it means we are in a position to avoid mistakes and unnecessary bureaucratic superstructures.
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<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><b>— Vladimir Putin, "A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making"</b>, Izvestia, 3 October 2011<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a></sup></cite></p>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> has been hesitant to join the Economic Union, with Uzbek officials making opposing claims on the prospect of integration.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a></sup> Originally, the country preferred not to pursue economic and political integration.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a></sup> Russian officials have stated that integration with the country would be slow and analysts state that as Russian influence and trade increases in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan it may persuade Uzbekistan to join in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a></sup> Uzbekistan began its integration process when Russia announced it would write off US$865 million off debt owed by the country. Uzbekistan joined the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS Free Trade Area">CIS Free Trade Area</a> in 2014, meaning it has free trade with EAEU member states.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a></sup> According to some sources, Uzbekistan does not intend to become a full member of the EAEU,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a></sup> due to Uzbekistan's neutrality which is enshrined in the country's legislation. In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekistanMarch2020_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekistanMarch2020-96">[92]</a></sup> In September 2023, Uzbekistan estimated that it will join EAEU in 2–3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> have been offered by both the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the Eurasian Economic Union to join their integration unions. All three countries signed Association Agreements with the EU on 21 March 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a></sup> However, break-away regions of Moldova (<a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></sup> Ukraine (<a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Georgia (<a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have expressed a desire to join the Eurasian Customs Union and integrate into the Eurasian Economic Union. Association Agreements with the EU are exclusionary to EAEU observer status, as in 2017 Moldova became the EAEU's first observer state and has attended EAEU forums in years since.
</p><p>Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union as an observer in August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a>'s decision to abandon an association agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and exclusively pursue integration with the EAEU was a key factor in the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan protests</a> that ended his term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">president of Ukraine</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by Russia</a>. The country's membership in the EAEU was seen by some analysts as the key to the success of the union as Ukraine has the second largest economy of any of the 15 former republics of the Soviet Union. With high tensions between Russia and Ukraine in the wake of the crisis, Ukraine decided to pursue integration with the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-101">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was extended an invitation to join the EAEU by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>'s President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> on 6 June 2014 but the country prefers to join the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>Georgia's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</a> said in September 2013 he was studying the possibility of acceding to the Union, although he later clarified that Georgia's main strategy was still to integrate into the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></sup> Russia's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Medvedev">Dmitri Medvedev</a> included Georgia as a prospective member in statements made in August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_and_governance">Politics and governance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg/250px-Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg/375px-Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg/500px-Decision_making_process_of_the_Eurasian_Customs_Union_and_the_Single_Economic_Space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Current decision-making process of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and the Single Economic Space<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union has sought to base its model on the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. All institutions carry out their work in compliance with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and the international agreements that provide the legal and regulatory framework of the Customs Union and the Single Economic Space.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council">Supreme Eurasian Economic Council</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Supreme Eurasian Economic Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Eurasian_Economic_Council" title="Supreme Eurasian Economic Council">Supreme Eurasian Economic Council</a></div>
<p>The Supreme Council, which is composed by the heads of state of the member states, makes important decisions for the union. It approves the budget and the distribution of the contribution of the Member States. The Supreme Council also determines the strategy, direction and prospects of integration and takes decisions aimed at achieving the goals of the union.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[106]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eurasian_Economic_Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eurasian Economic Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a></div>
<p>The Eurasian Commission was established as the supranational governing body of the Eurasian Economic Space on 1 January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-tut.by_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tut.by-37">[33]</a></sup> The commission was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36">[32]</a></sup> Its headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup> The commission monitors subordinate branches and advisory bodies. Its departments were greatly expanded on 1 January 2015, and the number of international employees increased from 150 to 1,200.
</p><p>The Eurasian Commission can take decisions on not only the customs policy of the union, but also on the macro-economy, the competition regulations, the energy policy and the fiscal policy of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has strict anti-corruption laws.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-111">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Eurasian Economic Commission consists of two bodies: the Council and the Collegium.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Council">Council</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The council is composed of the Vice Prime Ministers of the member states. The council of the Commission oversees the integration processes in the Union, and is responsible for the overall management of the Eurasian Commission. It monitors the commission by approving the draft budget of the union, the maximum number of personnel, and the qualification requirements for the commission's employees. The council convenes once every quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>It also considers issues of customs cooperation, trade and development of Eurasian integration. The council regularly holds discussions on the important aspects of the EAEU and meets with business representatives of the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Board">Board</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Board is composed of ten commissioners, one of which is the chairman of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[journal 4]</a></sup> Each member state provides two commissioners to the Board of the Eurasian Commission who carry out the operational management and oversee the everyday work of the Eurasian Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36">[32]</a></sup> All ten commissioners are appointed by the Supreme Eurasian Council for a four-year renewable term. The commissioners also receive the status of federal ministers in their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-tut.by_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tut.by-37">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Board of the commission is the executive body of the commission. It convenes once every week at least, and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Eurasian Economic Union. It has a wide range of activities, including monitoring the implementation of treaties, submitting annual progress reports and making recommendations. The Board also assists member states in the settlement of disputes, and carries out the draft of the union's budget. Part of its activities include being the intermediary between the departments of the commission and the heads of state of the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[106]</a></sup>
</p><p>A number of departments are headed by the commissioners. The lower rank staff is composed of 84% Russian officials, 10% Kazakhs and 6% Belarusians, proportional to the populations of the member states.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36">[32]</a></sup> The departments enable the Board of the Eurasian Commission to make decisions not only with regard to customs policies, but in such areas as <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a>, regulation of <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">economic competition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial policy">financial policy</a>. The Commission departments are also involved in <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">government procurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">labour migration</a> control.<sup id="cite_ref-tut.by_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tut.by-37">[33]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parliament">Parliament</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>As of 2015, the EAEU has no directly or indirectly elected body. In 2012, the creation of a Eurasian parliament was under consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a></sup> However, it was considered too premature, and member states have instead begun harmonising national laws and legal codes.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has upheld the idea of creating a parliament for the union.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Court_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union">Court of the Eurasian Economic Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Court of the Eurasian Economic Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union replaced the Court of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a> (EurAsEC Court) in 2015. It is in charge of dispute resolution and the interpretation of the legal order within the Eurasian Economic Union. Its headquarters is in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a></sup> The court is composed of two judges from each member state, appointed by the heads of government of the member states. Their term of office is nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-107">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[106]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget">Budget</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The approved budget of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2015 exceeds 6.6 billion Russian roubles.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-budget_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-120">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a></sup> The budget is formed from contributions by the union's member states. In 2015, 6 billion roubles will be allocated for the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a>, 463 million roubles will be set aside for financing the operation and further development of the EAEU integrated information system designed to promote and inform consumers of the EAEU's activities, and over 290 millions roubles will finance the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_EEU" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of the EEU">Court of the EAEU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[note 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-budget_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-120">[115]</a></sup>
Extra expenses of infrastructure and accommodation of commission workers are financed by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-tut.by_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tut.by-37">[33]</a></sup>
In addition, Russia allocated US$1 billion to accelerate Kyrgyzstan's entry into the union.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a></sup> Another US$177 million was provided by Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to Article 110 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014) the Russian language is the working language of the 'Bodies of the Union'.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg/270px-GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg/405px-GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg/540px-GDP_PPP_2021_Selection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Selection of GDP PPP data (top 10 countries and <a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">blocs</a>) in no particular order</figcaption></figure>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_market_overview">Internal market overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internal market overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-City_(36211143494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/250px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/375px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg/500px-Moscow-City_%2836211143494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a> is a commercial district in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> that is currently under construction. The complex includes some of <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Europe's tallest skyscrapers</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Treaty on Increased Integration in the Economic and Humanitarian Fields signed in 1996 laid the first foundation for economic convergence. The treaty ensured the creation of a permanent executive organ to oversee integration of states that later would be part of the EAEU. It served as the blueprint for the future common market for goods, services, capital and labour.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25">[21]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Single Economic Space</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> across the territory of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. In 2015 with the entry into force of the EAEU Agreement, the single market was expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. The countries represent a market of some 180 million people and a combined <a href="/wiki/GDP_PPP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP PPP">GDP PPP</a> of around $5 trillion.
</p><p>Euroasian Economic Union has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">tenth-largest economy</a> in the world by nominal GDP and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>.
Since the turn of the century, member states have experienced economic growth with GDP averaging 6% to 8% growth between 2000 and 2007, rising again in 2010 after the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">Financial crisis of 2007–08</a>.
Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> in 2010, trade between member states rose sharply. In 2011 mutual trade was $63 billion, 33.9% more than in 2010. In 2012, mutual trade was $68 billion and combined exports reached $594 billion, while imports were $341 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup> The first integration stage primarily enhanced trade among member states, bolstered economies and created a legal and institutional foundation for the member states. The second stage includes the free movements of goods, people, services and capital.
</p><p>The Eurasian Economic Union is designed to reach a number of macroeconomic objectives such as reducing commodity prices by reducing the cost of transportation of <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>, increasing return on new technologies and products due to the increased market volume, and promoting "healthy" competition in the <a href="/wiki/Common_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common market">common market</a>. It is also designed to lower food prices, increase employment in industries and increase production capacity. EAEU members like Belarus and Kazakhstan (by its <a href="/wiki/Nurly_Zhol" title="Nurly Zhol">Nurly Zhol</a> economic policy) seek to leverage the EAEU as a bridge between the European Union and the New Silk Road economic belt.<sup id="cite_ref-tvr_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvr-127">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Eurasian Union is considered as a major player in the world's energy sector, <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural production">agricultural production</a>. In 2013 Russia was the 3rd most successful country in the world in attracting capital from abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Petersburg, the second-largest city and cultural capital of Russia"><img alt="Saint Petersburg, the second-largest city and cultural capital of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg/120px-Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg/180px-Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg/240px-Spb_06-2017_img01_Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4258" data-file-height="2839" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, the second-largest city and cultural capital of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_(June_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yerevan, the capital and financial hub of Armenia"><img alt="Yerevan, the capital and financial hub of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg/120px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg/180px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg/240px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline_%28June_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, the capital and financial hub of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Business centre in central downtown Astana"><img alt="Business centre in central downtown Astana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/120px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/180px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/240px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Business centre in central downtown <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaty,_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almaty, the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan"><img alt="Almaty, the major commercial and cultural centre of Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/120px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/180px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg/240px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, the major commercial and cultural centre of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bischkek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bishkek, the capital and financial hub of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Bishkek, the capital and financial hub of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bischkek.jpg/120px-Bischkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bischkek.jpg/180px-Bischkek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bischkek.jpg/240px-Bischkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, the capital and financial hub of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk, the capital of Belarus"><img alt="Minsk, the capital of Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/120px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/180px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/240px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Customs_Union_and_Four_Economic_Freedoms">Customs Union and Four Economic Freedoms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Customs Union and Four Economic Freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG/220px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG/330px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG/440px-%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_EAC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Conformity_mark" title="Eurasian Conformity mark">Eurasian Conformity mark</a> EAC.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The core objective of the Single Economic Space is the development of a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> and achieving the "four freedoms", namely the free movements of goods, capital, services and people within the single market. The four freedoms came into effect on 1 January 2015 (the day the Eurasian Economic Union was officially established). The free movement of people means that citizens can move freely among member states to live, work, study or retire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Citizens of the member states of the union may travel to other member states on an <a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">internal passport</a>. Although Russia also admits access to citizens of other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> states without a passport, it is expected that after 2015 only citizens of the Customs Union will have this privilege.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></sup>
Member states have a <a href="/wiki/Common_external_tariff" title="Common external tariff">common external tariff</a> on all goods entering the market and unified methods of valuing imported goods since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> on 1 January 2010.
Objectives include joint coordination in the area of energy, industry, agriculture and transport.
</p><p>Roughly 75% of Belarusian goods are exported, about half of which go to other member states.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></sup> Trade within the union primarily consists of Belarusian machinery and agricultural products which are exported to Russia. Low gas prices from Russian energy producers are guaranteed to member states or countries wishing to join the union.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Coordinated.2C_harmonized_and_single_policy"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Coordinated,_harmonized_and_single_policy">Coordinated, harmonized and single policy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coordinated, harmonized and single policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Besides free movement of goods, services, capital and labour without a work permit ("four economic freedoms" as in the European Union), the EAEU pursues coordinated, harmonized and single policy in the sectors determined by the Treaty and international agreements within the Union.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Competition">Competition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a> operates a competition policy to ensure equal competitive conditions in the commodity markets of the Single Economic Space. It also aims at harmonisation and improvement of legislation of each of the three countries in regard to competition policy. The commission serves as the competition regulator for the single market and is also responsible for antitrust issues. Special regulations limit state intervention in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Monetary_union">Monetary union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Monetary union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1210818076"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:350px; ; background-color: #c6dbf7;">
<blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">
<p>The increased use of the national currencies of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and the creation of a single payment system can raise about a transition to a single currency for the union.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="padding-bottom: 0em;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><b>— Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Director of Financial Policy Department of the Eurasian Economic Commission</b>, 3 August 2014<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a></sup></cite></p>
</div>
<p>Kazakhstani President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> had first proposed, in 2009, the creation of a common noncash currency called "yevraz" for the Eurasian Economic Community. It would have reportedly helped insulate the countries from the global economic crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a></sup> In 2012, the idea of the new joint currency found support from Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev and by 2014 proposals were drafted in Eurasian Commission documents for the establishment of a Eurasian Central Bank and a common currency to be called the <a href="/wiki/Altyn" title="Altyn">altyn</a> which is to be introduced by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altyn_1711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Altyn_1711.jpg/250px-Altyn_1711.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Altyn_1711.jpg/375px-Altyn_1711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Altyn_1711.jpg/500px-Altyn_1711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>A silver <a href="/wiki/Altyn" title="Altyn">altyn</a> minted in 1711 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>When discussing the Eurasian Economic Union, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> said the Eurasian Economic Union would include closer coordination of economic and monetary policy, including the use of a <a href="/wiki/Common_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Common currency">common currency</a> in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">monetary union</a> was not envisaged in the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty, Russian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> called for the introduction of a common currency for the Eurasian Economic Union. <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Slutsky_(politician)" title="Leonid Slutsky (politician)">Leonid Slutsky</a>, head of the State Duma's CIS committee, backed Medvedev's proposal to start discussions on the creation of a monetary union. Slutsky said it could be introduced shortly after 2015, when the union's structure becomes clear.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></sup>
Belarusian president, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, circulated the idea of creating a "new <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>" for the Eurasian economic bloc. In April 2014, discussions to introduce a single currency resumed.
</p><p>Russia's First Deputy Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Shuvalov" title="Igor Shuvalov">Igor Shuvalov</a>, stated on 24 July 2014 that the Eurasian Economic Union will have a common currency unit in a span of five to ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-currency_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currency-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union is seen as an energy superpower, producing about 20.7% of the world's natural gas, and 14.6% of the world's oil and <a href="/wiki/Gas_condensate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas condensate">gas condensate</a> in 2012, making it the world's top producer in both domains.
It is worth mentioning that these figures are mainly due to Russian Membership of EAEU, with Kazakhstan contributing 1.9% and 0.6% in gas and oil production respectively. Considerably small oil and gas reserved were discovered in Belarus while there are no such resources in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-energycharter_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energycharter-139">[133]</a></sup>
It also produces 9% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> and 5.9% of the world's coal, making it the third and fourth producer in the world, respectively.
In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, energy is the leading economic sector. The country holds about 4 billion tons of proven recoverable oil reserves and 2,000 cubic kilometers (480 cu mi) of gas. Kazakhstan is the world's 17th largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exporter">oil exporter</a> and the world's 23rd largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas exporter">natural gas exporter</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves">natural gas reserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a></sup> the 8th largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></sup> and the second largest <a href="/wiki/Coal_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal reserves">coal reserves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a></sup> Russia is also the world's leading natural gas exporter<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a></sup> and the second largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas producer">natural gas producer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cia-gas_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-gas-144">[138]</a></sup> while also the largest oil exporter and the largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil producer">oil producer</a>. While trade in oil and gas between resource-rich Russia and Kazakhstan is relatively low, the Belarus economy is heavily dependent on the access to the Russian hydrocarbons and – unlike the case with Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, Russia is Belarus's main trade partner accounting for 47% of all the trade. Belarus imports Russian crude oil (of which 45–50% were used for production of oil products to export) and natural gas (which were not directly re-exported) for the prices below the market ones, paying $173 for 1000 cubic meters of gas (for comparison – $250 for Armenia, $430 for Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-energycharter_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energycharter-139">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 2019, Russia, Kazakhstan, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> intend to create a common electricity market as well as a single <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> market by 2025. "With the creation of a single hydrocarbons market, we will have a deeper coordination that will allow us to be more competitive both in terms of pricing and in terms of getting high value added products in this very interesting and important market", stated Eurasian Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Akhmetov" title="Daniyal Akhmetov">Daniyal Akhmetov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-Siberia048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trans-Siberia048.jpg/250px-Trans-Siberia048.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trans-Siberia048.jpg/375px-Trans-Siberia048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trans-Siberia048.jpg/500px-Trans-Siberia048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> is a vital link between the Russian Far East and the rest of Eurasia.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The major economic centres are <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The distance between Moscow and Minsk is 717 kilometers, and the distance between Moscow and Astana is 2700 kilometers, making infrastructure a key challenge for the integration of member states. Major infrastructure projects began during the 2000s in order to modernise and connect the regional bloc to other markets, facilitating both integration and trade in the region. In 2007 Moscow announced it will invest US$1 trillion by 2020 to modernise the country's infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> ranks favorably in terms of kilometres of road per inhabitant as other developed countries in the world have much less roadway per inhabitant.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>Railways have been the primary way of linking countries in the Eurasian Economic Union since the 19th century. It has always been the main way of transport in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> up until today. The union ranks 2nd in the world in terms of railway trackage (about 7.8% of the world's share). However it is still looking to improve cross-border trade within the union.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a> has pledged to help in the construction of facilities to produce new generation freight cars and freight containers in <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin" title="Tikhvin">Tikhvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Osipovichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osipovichi">Osipovichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> to respond to the increasing demand for rail transport. Projects have also been launched in Kazakhstan, as the landlocked country is highly dependent on railways for trade.
</p><p>The most renowned railway in the union is the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> which links the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> to Moscow. The Southern route also travels via Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>The EAEU members cooperate with China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Digital Silk Road</a> and have incorporated Chinese technologies into their digital infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 187">: 187 </span></sup>
</p>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turk-Sib_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turk-Sib_railway.jpg/250px-Turk-Sib_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turk-Sib_railway.jpg/375px-Turk-Sib_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Turk-Sib_railway.jpg/500px-Turk-Sib_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Turkestan%E2%80%93Siberia_Railway" title="Turkestan–Siberia Railway">Turkestan–Siberia Railway</a> connects the Central Asian republics to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Single_Eurasian_Sky">Single Eurasian Sky</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Single Eurasian Sky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The Single Eurasian Sky programme, administered by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a>, outlines the creation of a single market for air services and a single <a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">air traffic zone</a>. The single air traffic zone would make it easier for airlines to draw up new flight paths, thereby increasing the number of flights flying through the region. Eurasian Commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Akhmetov" title="Daniyal Akhmetov">Daniyal Akhmetov</a>, said that it would be created on a step-by-step basis.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a></sup> In June 2014, Belarusian Airline <a href="/wiki/Belavia" title="Belavia">Belavia</a> stated that it was ready to move towards the development of the Single Eurasian Sky. The terms and conditions of operation in the common aviation market have not yet been agreed on. However, the project is likely to be modelled on the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Sky" title="Single European Sky">Single European Sky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a></sup> The project will reportedly help turn the airspace of the Eurasian Union into a popular transit hub between Europe and Southeast Asia. "We should understand that currently, the aviation companies of Kazakhstan and Belarus are not able to compete with Russia's aviation companies. Therefore, the programme will envisage a phasing, creating a competitive environment and so on", Eurasian Commissioner Akhmetov said.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Ivan_Shishkin_-_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rye_(Shishkin)" title="Rye (Shishkin)">A Rye Field</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union is the top producer of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, producing 18.6% of the world's sugar beet and 22.7% of the world's sunflowers in 2012, as well as a top producer of <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a>. It is also a large producer of <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a> (and grain legumes).<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18">[journal 2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Part of the competences of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a> are agriculture subsidies. It is responsible for the coordination of agricultural policy-making between member states and ensuring collective food security.
The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a> finances projects to further integration and develop agriculture. It has disbursed approximately US$470 million for projects between 2008 and 2013.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Projected_economic_impact">Projected economic impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Projected economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg/650px-EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg/975px-EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg/1300px-EAEU_GDP_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Past and projected GDP (nominal) per capita in EAEU countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="What is the currency used? (March 2020)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata"> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union#Dubious" title="Talk:Eurasian Economic Union">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Member states remain optimistic of the union and key partners in the region, namely <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> remain interested in it. A common belief is that the Eurasian Economic Union has significant potential over the next two decades, with experts predicting a 25 percent growth in the member states' GDP by 2030, which equates to over US$600 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-leb_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leb-157">[151]</a></sup> The agreement will give member state citizens access to employment and education across the union. It will also entail collaborative policies in many sectors, including agriculture, energy, technology and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPost_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPost-10">[9]</a></sup> These collaborative policies are particularly interesting for countries in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> seeking access to energy, trade routes in Central Asia and Siberia, and agricultural goods.
</p><p>Former president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> of Russia stated that both the positive and negative experiences of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> will be taken into account and argued that the Eurasian Union will avoid the problems of economic gaps and disparity between countries,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-111">[107]</a></sup> such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>, since the member countries have a comparable level of economic development, as well as common history and values.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as well as other western countries remain critical of the Eurasian Economic Union, with analysts stating that without modernisation and real economic reforms, the union will have little impact.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPost_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPost-10">[9]</a></sup> The popular magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> stated that the advantages of joining the union remain unclear<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-101">[97]</a></sup> and further remarked "The agreement was vague, with technical details left unresolved, making it a political show rather than an economic one".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a></sup> Outlets have also stated that without <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the Eurasian Economic Union has lost a key member state necessary to the success of the union. Bloomberg's business magazine, <a href="/wiki/Businessweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessweek">Businessweek</a> has affirmed that joining Putin's Eurasian Union looks like a bad deal, including for Russia. The union "won't really register on the radar of the global economy," said an analyst at the EU's Institute for Security Studies in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a></sup> Moreover, one <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsa.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15387216.2017.1360193#aHR0cHM6Ly9yc2EudGFuZGZvbmxpbmUuY29tL2RvaS9wZGYvMTAuMTA4MC8xNTM4NzIxNi4yMDE3LjEzNjAxOTM/bmVlZEFjY2Vzcz10cnVlQEBAMA==">research</a> states that so far EAEU was not able to contribute to economic growth in Armenia – quite the contrary, it significantly slowed the economic performance of the country.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pivot_to_Asia">Pivot to Asia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pivot to Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The union is actively seeking to increase trade with <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. It commenced talks for official trade cooperation with <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>. Officials of both unions discussed opportunities for developing cooperation between them.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a></sup>
The South Korean president launched a "Eurasian Initiative", which seeks to connect transportation, electrical, gas and oil links from Western Europe to East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a></sup> The initiative echoes <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s long-standing "<a href="/wiki/One_Belt,_One_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="One Belt, One Road">New Silk Road</a>" project.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a></sup>
The members of the union agreed to step up talks with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> on creating a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade zone">free trade zone</a>, to strengthen cooperation with China, including in information exchange on goods and services, and to set up expert groups to develop preferential trade regimes with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Russia">Russia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/250px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/375px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg/500px-Russia_and_China_sign_major_gas_deal.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4894" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>On 21 May 2014, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> signed a $400 billion gas deal. Starting 2019, Russia plans to provide <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> to China for the next 30 years.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="European Council on Foreign Relations">European Council on Foreign Relations</a> and analysts suggest the Eurasian Union includes strategic interests as well as economic interests for its member states, especially Russia. In order to link both Europe and East Asia, Russia seeks to develop its eastern regions to increase its access to Asian markets. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russia's Far East</a> has gained even more importance due to its proximity to alternative markets since the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">sanctions on Russia following the crisis in Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Development_Far_East_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development_Far_East-165">[journal 5]</a></sup>
</p><p>China's rise as a major trading partner has been cited as a potential reason for Russia's loss of control over Central Asian economies. The union is seen as a way to counterbalance China's growing trade in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">European Union's Eastern Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trames_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trames-166">[journal 6]</a></sup>
</p><p>As the trade bloc seeks to profit from the growing economies of East Asia, Russia has made steps to develop its eastern territories, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the Russian Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-Development_Far_East_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Development_Far_East-165">[journal 5]</a></sup> However, the development of the Russian Far East may face difficulties due to Russia's traditional orientation towards Europe and the region's backward infrastructure and underdeveloped economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century-167">[journal 7]</a></sup> In 2012 Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> called for Russia to "catch the Chinese wind in the sails of the Russian economy".<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a></sup> During the same year, a Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was established and the country hosted a summit of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum (APEC) in its eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. The country also began striking deals and undertook massive efforts to improve infrastructure in its eastern territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century-167">[journal 7]</a></sup>
Russia's pivot to Asia included the important task of creating a Eurasian trade bloc. The countries seek to increase their competitiveness by sustaining domestic development and defending their interests in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[journal 8]</a></sup>
An estimated 76% of Russia's exports depend on resources extracted (or manufactured) in Siberia. In order to transport goods from East Asia to Europe, they must be transported through Siberia by rail. Hence, the region plays an important role in trade. However, it remains less developed than Russia's western regions and modernisation plans are ongoing.
</p><p>In 2013 the Russian government announced it would spend 450 billion roubles (US$14 billion) for the modernisation of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baikal%E2%80%93Amur_Mainline" title="Baikal–Amur Mainline">Baikal-Amur</a> railways. Russian President Vladimir Putin called the Trans-Siberian railway the country's "strategically vital transport artery". In July 2013 he stated "Rail freight traffic to our Far East ports has increased by 55 percent over the last 5 years and now comes to around 110 million tons a year". Projects to upgrade stations at the border with Mongolia, China and North Korea were also undertaken the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[journal 9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, Putin calls on Eurasian Economic Union, China, India, Pakistan, Iran and the CIS to join "Greater Eurasian Partnership".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some experts also see the union as a way to curtail the loss of Russian influence in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Trames_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trames-166">[journal 6]</a></sup> Russian politicians have voiced their concerns over Russia's long southern borders and the challenges it may pose. By creating a regional trade bloc to keep its neighbours in Central Asia stable, Russia hopes to find securing its own borders easier.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[161]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Neighbouring Kazakhstan has replicated Russia's attempt to access East Asian markets. In September 2013, the presidents of China and Kazakhstan signed commercial deals and launched China's "New Silk Road". On 20 May 2014, both presidents announced they would link Kazakhstan's railways to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> by opening a new terminal in the Chinese port city of <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>. China also signed agreements to make further investments in Kazakhstan's energy sector. Both countries announced they would put aside US$1 billion to modernise an oil refinery in <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a> and a further US$150 million to open a new oil and gas plant near <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>.
The president of Kazakhstan also held talks with the heads of Chinese corporations and agreed to cooperate in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">aircraft production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[journal 10]</a></sup>
</p>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Third-country_economic_relationships">Third-country economic relationships</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Third-country economic relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Union has signed a first free trade agreement<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a></sup> with Vietnam, which is planned to enter into force in October 2016 following the ratification by all the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a></sup>
</p><p>Having completed a free trade agreement (FTA) feasibility study for Vietnam in November 2012<sup id="cite_ref-english.thesaigontimes.vn_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-english.thesaigontimes.vn-177">[165]</a></sup> the then Customs Union, which later became the EAEU, decided to proceed with negotiations. The negotiations over the FTA began in early 2013 and lasted approximately two years – on 29 May 2015 the agreement was signed by Prime Ministers of all the parties to be later ratified by the parties. Trade between Vietnam and the Customs Union in 2011 was US$2.24 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[166]</a></sup>
</p><p>Russia's economic development minister stated that the Turkish economic minister, <a href="/wiki/Nihat_Zeybekci" title="Nihat Zeybekci">Nihat Zeybekci</a>, put forward an initiative for closer cooperation with the Eurasian Economic Union, including the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free trade zone">free trade zone</a> between the union and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a></sup>
</p><p>As announced by Russian Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Dvorkovich" title="Arkady Dvorkovich">Arkady Dvorkovich</a> on 9 December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is considering starting free trade negotiations with the Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-180">[168]</a></sup> The feasibility study was conducted between the two parties and the decision was made to proceed with free trade negotiations, which are expected to start before the end of 2016. Experts believe the negotiations will take around 2 to 3 years to finish.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Russian_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian President">Russian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> stated at a July 2014 meeting of ambassadors and permanent representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> that he was ready to discuss a free trade area between the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Putin_spoke_of_a_free_trade_area_between_the_European_Union_and_the_Eurasian_Union_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putin_spoke_of_a_free_trade_area_between_the_European_Union_and_the_Eurasian_Union-182">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel Fattah al-Sisi">Abdel Fattah al-Sisi</a> announced his country would sign a free trade agreement with the Eurasian Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The preliminary feasibility study has been conducted and the decision to launch negotiation process is expected to be made before the end of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[171]</a></sup>
</p><p>There have been discussions on free trade negotiations with over 30 countries, some of them resulting in the preliminary feasibility studies. Such feasibility studies have been conducted with India and the Republic of Korea.
</p><p>In May 2015, the Union gave the initial go-ahead to signing a free trade agreement with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Described as the EAEU's "key partner in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>" by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrey_Slepnev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrey Slepnev (page does not exist)">Andrey Slepnev</a>, Minister for trade on the Eurasian Economic Commission board in an expert-level EAEU meeting in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Khristenko" title="Viktor Khristenko">Viktor Khristenko</a> furthermore noted that Iran is an important partner for all the EAEU member states. He stated that "Cooperation between the EAEU and Iran is an important area of our work in strengthening the economic stability of the region".<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a></sup> In December 2015 a "temporary Agreement" was signed between Iran and the EAEU, which Commissioner Andrey Slepnev characterized as the "first step toward the materialization of free trade between Iran and the Union".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>One of the key initiatives in the field of free trade and economic cooperation is the proposal on "linking" the Eurasian economic integration and China's strategic "<a href="/wiki/One_Belt,_One_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="One Belt, One Road">Silk Road Economic Belt</a>" project. The relevant communique was signed by Russia's <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and China's <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> on 8 March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[173]</a></sup> While the "linking" mostly is understood as support for infrastructure investments, there are ongoing negotiations between the EAEU and China on a "trade and economic agreement" in order to build "an open economic architecture without a political component, oriented on business and reducing barriers".<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[174]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2023, Negotiations are also well underway with Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates. Negotiations with Iran and Egypt are almost finalized. The EEC is also preparing to revise its current agreement with China. The current, non-preferential agreement entered into force in October 2019 and does not provide any reduction in duties.<sup id="cite_ref-01Z_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-01Z-187">[175]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Third-country_EAEU_Agreements">Third-country EAEU Agreements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Third-country EAEU Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian-Union-FTA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eurasian-Union-FTA.png/330px-Eurasian-Union-FTA.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eurasian-Union-FTA.png/495px-Eurasian-Union-FTA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Eurasian-Union-FTA.png/660px-Eurasian-Union-FTA.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Free trade agreements of EEU. Red – EEU. Green – Countries that have FTA with EEU.</figcaption></figure>
<p>After January 1, 2015, the members of the EAEU do not have the right to independently conclude a free trade <i>in goods</i> agreements because they delegated their powers to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35).
<sup id="cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consultant.ru-188">[176]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the website of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the EAEU has signed bilateral (one of the parties is the "Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States") agreements with<sup id="cite_ref-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements-189">[177]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[178]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a></sup> (signed on May 29, 2015, entered into force on October 5, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[180]</a></sup> and this Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services<sup id="cite_ref-rtais.wto.org_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtais.wto.org-193">[181]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economy.gov.ru_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy.gov.ru-194">[182]</a></sup>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[183]</a></sup> (the Interim Agreement was signed on May 17, 2018, and came into force on October 27, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[184]</a></sup> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[185]</a></sup>) Full FTA signed on 25 December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[186]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (signed on May 17, 2018, entered into force on October 25, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[187]</a></sup> and this Agreement is not a free trade agreement at all since it does not provide any reduction in duties,<sup id="cite_ref-01Z_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-01Z-187">[175]</a></sup> but it creates a legal framework for trade and economic cooperation between the Union as a whole and China and on issues of customs cooperation, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade protection measures, issues of electronic commerce, intellectual property, competition and public procurement, as well as sectoral cooperation<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[188]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[189]</a></sup>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[190]</a></sup> (signed on October 25, 2019, and entered into force on July 10, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203">[191]</a></sup> and this Free Trade Agreement covers trade in goods<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[192]</a></sup>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (the EAEU-Singapore Framework Agreement and the EAEU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement were signed On October 1, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[193]</a></sup>)</li></ul>
<p>Officially, agreements with Egypt, India,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[194]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a></sup> Indonesia, Iran, Israel<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a></sup> and the UAE are under development and the possibility of starting negotiations with Mongolia is being studied.<sup id="cite_ref-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements-189">[177]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-2015_free_trade_in_goods_agreements">Pre-2015 free trade in goods agreements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Pre-2015 free trade in goods agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free_trade_agreements" title="List of bilateral free trade agreements">List of bilateral free trade agreements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area_(1994)" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)">Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_Countries.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/220px-CIS_Countries.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/330px-CIS_Countries.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/440px-CIS_Countries.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area_(1994)" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)">1994 CIS FTA Agreement</a> signatories (all 12 countries). As of 2023, multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine while Russia and Turkmenistan refused to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-cis.minsk.by_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cis.minsk.by-209">[197]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CISFTA_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area</a> among <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Although the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union have delegated their powers to conclude free trade <i>in goods</i> agreements to the supranational level according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35),<sup id="cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consultant.ru-188">[176]</a></sup> the previous agreements with third countries concluded before 1 January 2015 continue to be in force (Article 102).<sup id="cite_ref-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в-210">[198]</a></sup> According to the Article 102: "Member States have the right to unilaterally grant preferences in trade with a third party on the basis of an international agreement concluded by January 1, 2015 of this Member State with such a third party or an international agreement to which all Member States are parties."<sup id="cite_ref-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в-210">[198]</a></sup> Thus, agreements such as those within the Commonwealth of Independent States (the terms of the CIS FTA allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">[199]</a></sup>) and bilateral agreements that do not regulate relations with third countries remain in force for their parties.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area_(1994)" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (1994)">1994 CIS FTA Agreement</a>, 1999 CIS FTA Protocol (multilateral free trade is in force among 10 countries) and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">2011 CIS FTA Treaty</a> (multilateral free trade is in force among 9 countries) have signed by all members of the EAEU. The multilateral free trade regime under the 1999 Protocol is not applied by Russia at all. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine and 1 reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and 2 specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-cis.minsk.by_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cis.minsk.by-209">[197]</a></sup>
</p><p>2011 <a href="/wiki/CISFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CISFTA">CISFTA</a> was negotiated before the establishment of the EEU on 1 January 2015. The CISFTA treaty came into force at different dates for every state. The treaty came into force in Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia at different dates between September and December 2012. Meanwhile, Kyrgyzstan applied the treaty starting 13 December 2013. In force since 2012, the 2011 multilateral CIS Free Trade Zone Treaty establishes <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">a free trade area</a> between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia (now all EAEU member states), as well as Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Moldova and Tajikistan. Russia has suspended the Agreement with respect to Ukraine from 1 January 2016, following the provisional application of the <a href="/wiki/DCFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="DCFTA">DCFTA</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_Association_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement">European Union and Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[200]</a></sup> Ukraine did the same thing on January 2 with regard to Russia.
</p><p>Thus, in addition to all previous multilateral agreements, the following agreements apply on a bilateral basis according to the article 102. Bilateral free trade agreements with Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Serbia and Montenegro are in force in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[201]</a></sup> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[202]</a></sup> Bilateral free trade agreement with Turkmenistan is in force in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[203]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Cooperation.2C_Trade_in_Services_and_Investment_Agreements"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooperation,_Trade_in_Services_and_Investment_Agreements">Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment Agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg/220px-Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg/330px-Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Russia_stamp_2019_%E2%84%96_2526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Eurasian Economic Union stamp</figcaption></figure>
<p>The members of the EAEU may conclude an agreement on <i>investment and trade in services</i> without the consent of EAEU supranational bodies, since these powers have not been transferred to a supranational level, however according to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Article 35), an international treaty of the EAEU with a third party establishing a free trade regime may include other provisions related to foreign trade activities<sup id="cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consultant.ru-188">[176]</a></sup> (i.e. Cooperation, Trade in Services and Investment). All Members of the Union retains autonomy (i.e., national competence) in matters of concluding agreements on free trade in services and investments. The process of concluding such agreements with third countries is carried out independently of the partners in the Union. The only condition prescribed in the Treaty on the EAEU is the obligation to provide to the Member States of the EAEU the same concessions, which are granted to the partner (partners) under that agreement (Article 38 of the Treaty and section 6 of Annex No. 16 to the Treaty).<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[204]</a></sup>
</p><p>The 2015 EAEU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement & Economic Integration Agreement covers trade in goods and trade in services.<sup id="cite_ref-rtais.wto.org_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtais.wto.org-193">[181]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-economy.gov.ru_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy.gov.ru-194">[182]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement" title="Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement">Armenia–EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement</a> was signed by Armenia and all <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> on 24 November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[205]</a></sup>
</p><p>Russia has concluded 82 agreements on mutual protection of investments and investment promotion, including agreements with Cambodia, Iran, Morocco and the State of Palestine, which were signed after January 1, 2015. 65 agreements have entered into force.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[206]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 8 June 2023, in Sochi, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan signed the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment</a> to partly integrate Uzbekistan and Tajikistan on the common standards of the WTO (<a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">General Agreement on Trade in Services</a>) and the EAEU even without their membership in the WTO (Uzbekistan) or the EAEU (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan).<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[207]</a></sup> Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have not decided to join the EAEU, but bringing country's legislation to the EAEU common standards can be considered as the first step.
</p><p>The Ambassador of the United Arab Emirates in Moscow said that the UAE is striving for a free trade agreement by the end of 2023 with the EAEU to include provisions on trade in services and investment.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">[208]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unilateral_preferences_for_economic_assistance">Unilateral preferences for economic assistance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Unilateral preferences for economic assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The EAEU has the Common System of Tariff Preferences for approved goods from 29 developing and 48 <a href="/wiki/Least-developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Least-developed countries">least-developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[209]</a></sup> As of March 5, 2021, they are <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic People’s Republic of Korea">Democratic People’s Republic of Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marshall Islands">the Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal States of Micronesia">Federal States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> on the 1 list and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the Comoros">Union of the Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%E2%80%99s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People’s Democratic Republic">Lao People’s Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Niger">Republic of the Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" title="Palestinian territories">Palestine</a>(according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_43/177" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43/177">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 43/177</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe">Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Somalia">Federal Republic of Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togolese_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese Republic">Togolese Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> on the 2nd list.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[210]</a></sup>
</p><p>The system of tariff preferences is aimed at promoting the economic growth of countries that objectively need economic assistance from the Union. In 2021, a decision was published to exclude 75 developing countries and 2 least developed countries from the lists, but at the same time, the status of the beneficiary country of the common system of tariff preferences of the EAEU is preserved for states in need of economic assistance from the EAEU.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[211]</a></sup> The first list of countries was approved in 2009 and did not change dramatically until 2021. As of May 2020, there were 153 countries in it, including Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, China and South Korea. The list was revised in 2021 so that there would be no injustice when lower-income countries provide tariff preferences to high-income countries. A country can obtain for tariff preferences if its income level is <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">determined</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> as "low-income" or "lower-middle-income", that is, the gross national income per capita in such a country is less than $4,045.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224">[212]</a></sup> The import duties applicable to products eligible for tariff preferences and originating from developing countries were at the level of 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">Most favoured nation</a> duty rates and from least-developed countries at the level of 0%.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225">[213]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the same time, the members of the Union themselves are recipients of tariff preferences. Kyrgyzstan was granted preferences from Canada, the United Kingdom, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226">[214]</a></sup> Armenia was granted preferences from Canada, the EU, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227">[215]</a></sup> Belarus was granted preferences from Japan, Norway and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228">[216]</a></sup> Kazakhstan was granted preferences from Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229">[217]</a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> announced that Russia had graduated to a <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> based on the results of 2012<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230">[218]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB2013_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2013-231">[219]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232">[220]</a></sup> but in 2016 it was reclassified as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper-middle_income_economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper-middle income economy (page does not exist)">upper-middle income economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233">[221]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234">[222]</a></sup> due to changes in the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, which is a <a href="/wiki/Floating_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating currency">floating currency</a>. Thus, Russia does not have these preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[223]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="International_cooperation_and_interaction">International cooperation and interaction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: International cooperation and interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>International cooperation and interaction with third countries, other integration associations and international organizations<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[224]</a></sup> can happen under legal framework for international cooperation, including the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, Procedure for the EAEU International Cooperation, Main Directions of the EAEU International Activities, Regulation on the Procedure for Admission of New Members to the EAEU and Termination of Membership in the EAEU, Regulation on the Observer State Status at the EAEU and Strategic Directions for Developing the Eurasian Economic Integration.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[225]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to the commission's website, over the years memoranda, events and statements have been adopted with third countries and international organizations, including the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>, Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Republic of Korea, Ministry of Foreign Trade of the Republic of Ecuador, International Trade Center, <a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238">[226]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[227]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[228]</a></sup>
</p><p>The commission's website has published information and news on international cooperation (documents, memoranda, visits, summits, events, conferences, negotiations with officials, representatives and ambassadors, etc.) <sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241">[229]</a></sup> with dozens states (namely Austria, Angola, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guatemala, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Iran, Spain, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, China, Colombia, Cuba, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Morocco, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nicaragua, New Zealand, UAE, Peru, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, USA, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, Faroe Islands, Philippines, France, Czechia, Chile, Ethiopia<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a></sup>) and dozens regional associations and international organizations (Andean Community, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, BRICS, African Union, East African Community, Dialogue on Cooperation in Asia, European Union, Latin American Economic System (SELA), MERCOSUR, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Subsystem for economic integration in Central America, CICA, CIS, Union State of Russia and Belarus, Pacific Alliance, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Economic Community of Central African States (ESCA), ECOSOC, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNCTAD<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a></sup>). According to the commission's website, for the purpose of forming favorable conditions for the development of interaction with the EAEU and as the first step to institutionalize cooperation, it has become a practice in the EEC to conclude memoranda of cooperation (third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations). Broad cooperation in the format of memoranda of cooperation is established with the governments of Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Cambodia, Cuba, Morocco, Moldova, Mongolia, Peru, Singapore, Thailand, the Faroe Islands and Chile, as well as with the Andean Community, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the African Union, the Pacific Alliance, the Latin American Economic System (SELA) and the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR). The EEC interacts with the Government of Greece in the format of a joint declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are various formats of interaction between third states and the Eurasian Economic Union. One of the simplest formats is obtaining the observer status at the Union. The Supreme Eurasian Economic Council, the highest supranational body of the Eurasian Economic Union, granted observer state status to the Republic of Moldova, the Republic of Cuba and the Republic of Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[233]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union mainly uses its <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SIPRI_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-246">[234]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raw_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw materials">raw materials</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-247">[235]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248">[236]</a></sup> gas and oil reserves,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and railways<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249">[237]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[238]</a></sup> as its key assets for trade with foreign countries.
</p><p>Although Russia is the only member of the Eurasian Economic Union under sanctions from the West, other members of the Eurasian Economic Union have repeatedly used the bloc as a platform to articulate their opposition to sanctions and trade wars.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-251">[239]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_partners">Economic partners</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economic partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union must negotiate as a whole to sign free trade agreements with other countries. Key players for the Eurasian Economic Union are the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a>. The EAEU has sought to increase its trade with partners in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> in order to profit from the growing trade between Europe and Asia.
</p><p>Because of disagreements with the Eurasian Economic Union's largest member, Russia, the European Union does not officially recognize the Eurasian Eocnomic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-251">[239]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Tensions with the European Union in 2014 have led both unions to pressure <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> to join their integration unions. Both sides have accused each other of carving spheres of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[240]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[241]</a></sup> Members of the union, especially Russia have tried to diversify their trade by signing economic agreements with China,<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[242]</a></sup> Iran<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[243]</a></sup> and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[244]</a></sup> Trade with North and South Korea has also risen.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258">[246]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259">[247]</a></sup>
</p><p>A rising China has been increasingly interested in Central Asia and the Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260">[248]</a></sup> Analysts see the union as a potential way China could facilitate its investments in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261">[249]</a></sup> Historically, China held close economic ties with many countries throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a>, its trade routes extended to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Han Dynasty">Economy of the Han Dynasty</a> and other subsequent dynasties exchanged numerous goods with countries throughout Europe and Asia. Both China and the union have stated they would benefit from recreating trade routes modelled on the historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262">[250]</a></sup>
</p><p>Railways transport goods from China to the European Union through Kazakhstan and Russia. The country has pushed for the construction of more railway lines to connect <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to east China to reduce shipping time. It proposed major high-speed railway lines going towards Europe via Russia and Kazakhstan and another through the Middle East via <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, a potential future member for the union.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264">[252]</a></sup> China has signed numerous energy deals with Russia and Kazakhstan, as it tries to move from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> to less pollutant alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265">[253]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266">[254]</a></sup>
</p><p>Iran has sought to diversify its economy as well, seeing the EAEU and China as key economic partners. Relations between Russia and Iran have increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and are seeking new trade partners. in 2014 the two countries signed a historic US$20 billion energy deal.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268">[256]</a></sup> A free trade agreement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union came into force on 27 October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269">[257]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kazakhstan seeks to enhance its ties with Turkey, a key player in the region. In July 2014, Turkey announced closer economic ties with the EAEU, including a possible free trade agreement in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270">[258]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Armenia_and_Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Dmitry_Medvedev_2_November_2008-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Azerbaijani President <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and Armenian President <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a> hold peace talks in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> on 2 November 2008.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In September 2013, Armenia announced its intentions of joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. At the time of joining the Union, the Republic of Armenia already had preferential treatment within the framework of the CIS as a party to the Free Trade Zone Agreement of 18 October 2011, and therefore enjoyed significant tariff benefits. According to an IMF representative in Armenia, Armenia's membership to the Eurasian Economic Union resulted in about $250 million a year in customs revenue. Armenia also benefited in the form of secured privileges for 752 products until 2020, which implies no EAEU tariffs due to Union membership.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[259]</a></sup> Joining the Union allowed the country to get even more tangible economic effects due to the functioning of the Common Economic Space, the use of common technical regulation, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, non-tariff regulation. Such results confirm that for the implementation of full-scale freedom of movement of goods, liberalization of tariff regulation alone is not enough.<sup id="cite_ref-ack_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ack-272">[260]</a></sup> The region of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, however, is disputed between <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Tensions rose further in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region on 30 July 2014 due to clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[261]</a></sup>
</p><p>Experts estimate that with the accession of Armenia, the internationally unrecognised <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a> would not be integrated into the Eurasian Union.<sup id="cite_ref-ack_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ack-272">[260]</a></sup> Armenia is a permanent political, military and economic ally of Russia, whereas Azerbaijan holds close ties with Armenia's long-standing enemy Turkey. The Kazakh President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> expressed concern in 2013 that no reliable customs border between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh could be drawn. However, Nazarbayev expressed that he holds all the existing disagreements preventing Armenia's integration into Eurasian Economic Union are surmountable.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[262]</a></sup> The Chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee in the Armenian Parliament, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artak_Zakarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artak Zakarian (page does not exist)">Artak Zakarian</a>, announced on 14 May 2014 that Armenia will not build any customs borders, including with the region of Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275">[263]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to Eurasian Economic Commission statistics, Eurasian Economic Union countries experienced a 1.9% GDP increase between January–June 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Armenia had the greatest GDP growth index throughout the reporting period – 8.3%. The EEU's industrial output increased by 3.3%, with reprocessing industry increasing by 62.7% and mining increasing by 27.9%. Again, Armenia had the largest growth in industrial production – 9.6% – despite a 12.7% fall in mining.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276">[264]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Uzbekistan.2C_Tajikistan_and_Kyrgyzstan"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Uzbekistan,_Tajikistan_and_Kyrgyzstan">Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Previously, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> was on track to become a potential member of the union, having signed the treaty on the Eurasian Customs Union and the Single Economic Space. However, due to border disputes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the integration process in Tajikistan has stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-79">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-80">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-277">[265]</a></sup> Both countries exchanged fire in December 2013 and August 2014, which resulted in casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-277">[265]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278">[266]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[267]</a></sup> Both countries have since announced they would resolve conflicts and improve border cooperation. Officials hope to make significant progress by the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280">[268]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281">[269]</a></sup> In March 2020, Uzbekistan announced that it wished to become a Eurasian Union observer state.<sup id="cite_ref-UzbekistanMarch2020_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UzbekistanMarch2020-96">[92]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_response">International response</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: International response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Former President of the European Commission <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Barroso" title="José Manuel Barroso">José Manuel Barroso</a> stated at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> that the EU supports the regional integration, including the Eurasian Union. He also praised Kazakhstan for joining the bloc. He criticized the post-Soviet space, saying "the integration in the region is not sufficient". However, he warned that the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> is a major obstacle to good cooperation between the EU and the Eurasian Union.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[270]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[271]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tensions between the EAEU and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) occurred as both have sought to deepen their ties with several <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet republics</a>. The EU has signed free trade agreements with <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. However, separatists in all three countries back closer ties with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Ukraine planned to sign an <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">EU association agreement</a> in 2013, but abruptly cancelled the signing under Russian pressure to join the EAEU. This led to <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">mass protests</a> against Ukraine's president,<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[272]</a></sup> with the EU supporting a <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_settlement_of_political_crisis_in_Ukraine" title="Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine">failed political settlement</a> before president Yanukovych fled to Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285">[273]</a></sup> and Russia then <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean peninsula</a> (following a <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">disputed referendum</a>) and supporting separatists in Eastern Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286">[274]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[275]</a></sup> In response, some member states of the European Union have sought to find alternatives to Russian gas, while others have voiced their support for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/South_Stream" title="South Stream">South Stream</a> pipeline which circumvents Ukraine. Later the already started construction of the pipeline, under US sanctions on Russia and pressure on EU, the project was abandoned. Analysts believe Russia backs the Eurasian Economic Union in order to limit western influence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-288">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>Western analysts generally see the Eurasian Economic Union as a way to reunite many of the former Soviet republics. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> author Abigail Hauslohner wrote the treaty was intended "to further bolster [Russia]'s ties to former Soviet republics."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPost_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPost-10">[9]</a></sup> The United States expressed its opposition to the Eurasian Union, claiming it is "an attempt" to re-establish a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>-type union among the former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary-289">[277]</a></sup> In December 2012, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> claimed "It's not going to be called that [Soviet Union]. It's going to be called customs union, it will be called the Eurasian Union and all of that, but let's make no mistake about it. We know what the goal is and we are trying to figure out effective ways to slow down or prevent it".<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary-289">[277]</a></sup>
</p><p>Kazakhstan's president <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> called it "a hard-won achievement" and "a blessing for our people."<sup id="cite_ref-WaPost_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPost-10">[9]</a></sup> Public support in Kazakhstan for the country's accession to the EAEU stood at 68% in June 2014, with 5.5% opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290">[278]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291">[279]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> are among the countries that expressed a desire to conclude trade agreements with the new Eurasian Economic Union after the treaty was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[280]</a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> signed a new memorandum of understanding with the EEU. The MoU is designed to boost trade and cooperation between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[281]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Existing_integration_projects">Existing integration projects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Existing integration projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/400px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/600px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/800px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_caf7206e6d3f31bd" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_caf7206e6d3f31bd"><area href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" shape="rect" coords="28,25,71,37" alt="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="28,37,65,68" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="83,37,120,68" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="28,83,65,114" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="83,83,120,114" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Tajikistan" shape="rect" coords="274,89,311,120" alt="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan" /><area href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" shape="rect" coords="351,89,388,120" alt="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan" /><area href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" shape="rect" coords="154,89,191,102" alt="Collective Security Treaty Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization" /><area href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" shape="rect" coords="154,185,218,228" alt="Eurasian Economic Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union" /><area href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" shape="rect" coords="83,135,120,166" alt="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan" /><area href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" shape="rect" coords="188,135,225,166" alt="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan" /><area href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" shape="rect" coords="231,135,268,166" alt="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="274,135,311,166" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Union_State" shape="rect" coords="234,181,308,194" alt="Union State" title="Union State" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="231,197,268,228" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="274,197,311,228" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" shape="rect" coords="135,34,283,68" alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States" /><area href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" shape="rect" coords="22,218,68,231" alt="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area" /><area href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" shape="rect" coords="34,287,138,301" alt="Baltic Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly" /><area href="/wiki/Lithuania" shape="rect" coords="28,308,68,338" alt="Lithuania" title="Lithuania" /><area href="/wiki/Latvia" shape="rect" coords="71,308,111,338" alt="Latvia" title="Latvia" /><area href="/wiki/Estonia" shape="rect" coords="114,308,154,338" alt="Estonia" title="Estonia" /><area href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" shape="rect" coords="177,285,292,338" alt="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations" /><area href="/wiki/Transnistria" shape="rect" coords="295,314,332,345" alt="Transnistria" title="Transnistria" /><area href="/wiki/Abkhazia" shape="rect" coords="338,314,375,345" alt="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia" /><area href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" shape="rect" coords="338,280,375,311" alt="South Ossetia" title="South Ossetia" /></map><figcaption>A clickable <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union<span style="float:right; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="Edit this template" style=";">e</span></a> </span></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> has already brought partial economic integration between the three states, and the Eurasian Economic Union is said to be a continuation of this customs union.<sup id="cite_ref-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014-28">[24]</a></sup> However, the impact or legacy of that agreement is unclear<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[282]</a></sup> – trade between the three states actually fell 13% during the agreement's first year.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-101">[97]</a></sup>
</p><p>A number of other regional organisations also provide the basis for further integration: the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a> of Russia and Belarus; the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Security Treaty Organisation">Collective Security Treaty Organisation</a>, consisting of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan; and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> comprising most of the post-Soviet countries.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295">[journal 11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296">[283]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297">[284]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:498px;max-width:498px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/300px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/450px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg/600px-Strusta_Lake_-_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Strusta_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Strusta Lake">Strusta Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, is the sixteenth largest lake in Belarus and the third largest among the <a href="/wiki/Braslau_Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Braslau Lakes">Braslau Lakes</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg/190px-Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg/285px-Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg/380px-Vue_globale_du_versant_N_du_khan_Tengri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tengri</a> Peak above North <a href="/wiki/Engilchek_Glacier" title="Engilchek Glacier">Engilchek Glacier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union is located at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the south. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39°</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_parallel_north" title="82nd parallel north">82°N</a> and longitudes <a href="/wiki/19%C2%B0E" class="mw-redirect" title="19°E">19°E</a> and <a href="/wiki/169th_meridian_west" title="169th meridian west">169°W</a>. The union extends across much of northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Its member states cover an area of over 20,000,000 square kilometers, which is approximately 15% of the world's land surface.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298">[285]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European Plain">Eastern European Plain</a> encompasses <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>. The plain is mostly mountain-free and comprises several <a href="/wiki/Plateaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateaus">plateaus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s northernmost regions are <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. The Russian Tundra is located on the coastline with the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and is known for its total darkness in the winter. <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> reaches Russia's southern borders in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and accounts for 60% of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299">[286]</a></sup> Towards the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, the climate is mostly temperate. Southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan are mostly <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh steppe">Kazakh steppe</a> covers one-third of Kazakhstan and is the world's largest dry steppe region.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300">[287]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> is mostly mountainous and its climate is continental. The landlocked country shares no direct border with other members states. It is located in the southwestern part of Asia, occupying the northeastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Plateau">Armenian Plateau</a>, and is located between the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301">[288]</a></sup>
</p><p>A large number of lakes and rivers are found in the Eurasian Economic Union.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302">[289]</a></sup> Major lakes include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Ladoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Onega</a>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Largest_lakes_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest lakes in Europe">largest lakes in Europe</a>. The largest and most prominent of the union's bodies of fresh water is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious fresh water lake.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303">[290]</a></sup> The Baikal lake alone contains over one-fifth of the world's fresh surface water. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the <a href="/wiki/Total_renewable_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Total renewable water resources">total renewable water resources</a>. Of the union's numerous rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304">[291]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> is the most famous, not only because it is the <a href="/wiki/Longest_river_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest river in Europe">longest in Europe</a>, but also because of its major role in history. In Siberia the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur</a> are among the <a href="/wiki/Longest_rivers_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest rivers in the world">longest rivers in the world</a>.
</p><p>The Eurasian Economic Union's highest peak is the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Tengri" title="Khan Tengri">Khan Tengri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains, Kazakhstan, 7,010 m above sea level. The lowest point in the Eurasian Economic Union is the <a href="/wiki/Karagiye_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagiye Depression">Karagiye Depression</a> in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's Caspian shore includes some of the lowest elevations on Earth. According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, forests cover 40% of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. 11,000 lakes and many water streams are found in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305">[292]</a></sup> Russia is known for its extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world, making it the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306">[293]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to estimates, the Eurasian Economic Union's population of 176 million people is mostly urbanized, with Russia and Belarus having over 70% of their population living in urban areas. In Armenia over 64% of the population lives in urban areas. Kazakhstan's urban population comprises 54% of the country's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307">[294]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Elbrus – Russia"><img alt="Mount Elbrus – Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/120px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/180px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG/240px-%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mountain range – Armenia"><img alt="Mountain range – Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/120px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/180px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg/240px-The_Armenian_plateau_near_Mount_Masis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Mountain range – <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_River,_Moscow_region,_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lama River – in the Moscow region of Russia"><img alt="Lama River – in the Moscow region of Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg/120px-Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg/180px-Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg/240px-Lama_River%2C_Moscow_region%2C_Russia_%E2%80%93_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lama_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lama River">Lama River</a> – in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow region of Russia</a></div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sharyn Canyon – Kazakhstan"><img alt="Sharyn Canyon – Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Charin.jpg/120px-Charin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Charin.jpg/180px-Charin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Charin.jpg/240px-Charin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharyn Canyon">Sharyn Canyon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_the_sheep_home,_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_(3968109583).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the southern shore of Issyk-Kul lake, Issyk-Kul Region – Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="On the southern shore of Issyk-Kul lake, Issyk-Kul Region – Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/120px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/180px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/240px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">On the southern shore of <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a> lake, <a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_Region" title="Issyk-Kul Region">Issyk-Kul Region</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter – Belarus"><img alt="Winter – Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg/120px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg/180px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg/240px-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_353.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Winter – <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aragats_mountain,_Aragatsotn,_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Mount Aragats from Aragatsotn – Armenia"><img alt="A view of Mount Aragats from Aragatsotn – Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg/120px-Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg/180px-Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg/240px-Aragats_mountain%2C_Aragatsotn%2C_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A view of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Mount Aragats</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_(village)" title="Aragatsotn (village)">Aragatsotn</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Munku-Sardyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of Mount Mönkh Saridag – Okinsky District, Russia"><img alt="A view of Mount Mönkh Saridag – Okinsky District, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/120px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/180px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Munku-Sardyk.jpg/240px-Munku-Sardyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5116" data-file-height="3350" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">A view of Mount <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nkh_Saridag" title="Mönkh Saridag">Mönkh Saridag</a> – <a href="/wiki/Okinsky_District" title="Okinsky District">Okinsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayghr_lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Ayger – Armenia"><img alt="Lake Ayger – Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ayghr_lake.jpg/120px-Ayghr_lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ayghr_lake.jpg/180px-Ayghr_lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ayghr_lake.jpg/240px-Ayghr_lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4365" data-file-height="2910" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ayger" title="Lake Ayger">Lake Ayger</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Servech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Servech – Belarus"><img alt="Lake Servech – Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lake_Servech.jpg/120px-Lake_Servech.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lake_Servech.jpg/180px-Lake_Servech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lake_Servech.jpg/240px-Lake_Servech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Lake Servech – <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._(%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter in the Altai Krai – Russia"><img alt="Winter in the Altai Krai – Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_2005_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4._%28%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Winter in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Krai" title="Altai Krai">Altai Krai</a> – <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karakol_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tian Shan mountain range – Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Tian Shan mountain range – Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Karakol_Valley.jpg/120px-Karakol_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Karakol_Valley.jpg/180px-Karakol_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Karakol_Valley.jpg/240px-Karakol_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain range – <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The combined population of all member states is 183,319,693 as of 2015.
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1148739982">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0}</style>
</p>
<div>
<table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Eurasian_Union" title="Template:Largest urban centers of the Eurasian Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Eurasian_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest urban centers of the Eurasian Union (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Eurasian_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest urban centers of the Eurasian Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Eurasian Union</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">Russia (2021 Census)</a><sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-308">[295]</a></sup>, Kazakhstan (2022, stat.gov.kz) <sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309">[296]</a></sup>, Belarus (2021, belstat.gov.by)<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310">[297]</a></sup></div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Rank
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Eurasian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of Eurasian Union">Member state</a>
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
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</th></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moscow"><img alt="Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/120px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/180px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/240px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4A7A3069_Moika,_Saint_Petersburg_(35468573803).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/120px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/180px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/240px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>
</td>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">13,010,112
</td>
<td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panfilov_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almaty"><img alt="Almaty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panfilov_Street.jpg/120px-Panfilov_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panfilov_Street.jpg/180px-Panfilov_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panfilov_Street.jpg/240px-Panfilov_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_(120819).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk"><img alt="Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg/120px-Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg/180px-Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg/240px-Minsk_skyline_and_Victors%27_avenue_near_Niamiha_%28120819%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">5,601,911
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">2,156,749
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,995,471
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,633,595
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,544,376
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,350,228
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,308,660
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,228,199
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1,189,209
</td></tr>
</tbody></table></div>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg/250px-Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg/375px-Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg/500px-Countries_with_population_larger_than_Eurasian_Economic_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Countries with population larger than Eurasian Economic Union in 2018</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Eurasian Economic Union has 17 cities with more than 1 million inhabitants, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The most densely populated areas are the capital cities of member states and <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> is the region with the least inhabitants. In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> about 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within the country's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnicgroups_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicgroups-311">[298]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> are home to sizable ethnic Russian minorities.
Though the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union's populations are comparatively large, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">its density is low</a> because of the enormous size of Russia and Kazakhstan.
The Eurasian Economic Union's average birth rate in 2010 was roughly 12.5 births per 1000 people, higher than the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which has an average of 9.90 births per 1000 people.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Patent Organisation">Eurasian Patent Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Sovereign_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Sovereign States">Union of Sovereign States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilateral_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multilateral free-trade agreements">List of multilateral free-trade agreements</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EAEU is the acronym used on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eaeunion.org">organisation's website</a>. However, many media outlets use the acronym EEU.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These numbers only reflect the official budget (direct money) allocated for the functioning of the union. Vast amounts of additional funds come from national governments and other institutions to ease, promote or facilitate Eurasian integration.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Journal_articles_and_studies">Journal articles and studies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Journal articles and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf">"Russian Federation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.atitle=Russian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F7%2F50%2F2452793.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf">"Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Eurasian Economic Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Economic+Commission&rft.atitle=Eurasian+economic+integration%3A+figures+and+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2FDocuments%2Fbroshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_BlockmansHrant_KostanyanIevgen_Vorobiov2012" class="citation web cs1">Steven Blockmans; Hrant Kostanyan; Ievgen Vorobiov (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf">"Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centre for European Policy Studies</i>. pp. 4–5. <q>Given the distances between major economic centres, the transportation costs appear to be much higher in the case of trade within the CU than within the EEC. Besides, there is significant asymmetry in the distance between Russia's and Belarus' economic centres and those of Russia and Kazakhstan, which affects intra-bloc trade flows. This factor might significantly impede the envisaged positive effects of removing tariff barriers to trade and increasing labour mobility, and will therefore require greater efforts to ease cross-border trade, such as improving transport infrastructure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+European+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Eurasian+Economic+Union%3A+The+challenge+of+integration+and+unity&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2012-12&rft.au=Steven+Blockmans&rft.au=Hrant+Kostanyan&rft.au=Ievgen+Vorobiov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceps.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FCEPS%2520Special%2520Report%2520No%252075%2520-%2520Towards%2520a%2520Eurasian%2520Economic%2520Union.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf"><i>Eurasian Union Brochure 2014 – English</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 26–27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Union+Brochure+2014+%E2%80%93+English&rft.pages=26-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2FDocuments%2Fbroshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Development_Far_East-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Development_Far_East_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Development_Far_East_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Gabuev2014" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Gabuev (May 2014). Liik, Kadri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf"><i>Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0"><bdi>978-1-910118-03-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>This Asian vector of Russian domestic and foreign policy is now becoming even more important as the European Union and the United States impose sanctions on Russia. The Russian Far East, with its proximity to Asia, could become the new backbone of the Russian economy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Pivot+to+Asia%3A+The+development+of+the+Russian+Far+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=978-1-910118-03-0&rft.au=Alexander+Gabuev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.eu%2Fpage%2F-%2FECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Trames-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trames_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trames_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFYesdauletovaYesdauletov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yesdauletova, Ardak; Yesdauletov, Aitmukhanbet (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirj.ee/public/trames_pdf/2014/issue_1/Trames-2014-1-3-17.pdf">"The Eurasian Union: Dynamics and Difficulties of the Post-Soviet Integration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trames</i> (1): 12–13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Single Economic Space, which in the near future will be transformed into the Eurasian Union, has strategic aims as well as economic ones. Marlene Laruelle and Sebastien Peyrouse, both share this opinion about the diminution of Russia's influence on Central Asian countries. However, the Kremlin continues to conduct an active policy aimed at maintaining effective tools to influence the Central Asia region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trames&rft.atitle=The+Eurasian+Union%3A+Dynamics+and+Difficulties+of+the+Post-Soviet+Integration&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Yesdauletova&rft.aufirst=Ardak&rft.au=Yesdauletov%2C+Aitmukhanbet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirj.ee%2Fpublic%2Ftrames_pdf%2F2014%2Fissue_1%2FTrames-2014-1-3-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurasian_Russia_in_21st_Century_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTimofei_Bordachev2014" class="citation book cs1">Timofei Bordachev (May 2014). Liik, Kadri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf"><i>Russia's Pivot to Asia: Eurasian Russia in the twenty-first century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0"><bdi>978-1-910118-03-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>In the first months of 2014 the work of the recently created Ministry for the Development of the Far East was significantly reinvigorated. Some governmental agencies were relocated from Moscow to Vladivostok and some major companies have been advised to follow with their main offices. But Russia's "pivot" is still held back by its backward infrastructure, its corruption, its underdeveloped economy, its demographic problems, and above all its archaic Eurocentric economic thinking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Pivot+to+Asia%3A+Eurasian+Russia+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=978-1-910118-03-0&rft.au=Timofei+Bordachev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.eu%2Fpage%2F-%2FECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVladislav_Inozemtsev2014" class="citation book cs1">Vladislav Inozemtsev (May 2014). Liik, Kadri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf"><i>Russia's Pivot to Asia: Russia turns east: Eurasian integration, regional development, and the West as East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0"><bdi>978-1-910118-03-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>He said the creation by 2015 of a Eurasian Economic Union was the most important task facing Russia in its "near abroad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Pivot+to+Asia%3A+Russia+turns+east%3A+Eurasian+integration%2C+regional+development%2C+and+the+West+as+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=978-1-910118-03-0&rft.au=Vladislav+Inozemtsev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.eu%2Fpage%2F-%2FECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Gabuev2014" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Gabuev (May 2014). Liik, Kadri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf"><i>Russia's Pivot to Asia: The development of the Russian Far East</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: European Council on Foreign Relations. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910118-03-0"><bdi>978-1-910118-03-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit held in Vladivostok in September 2012 cost the state 680 billion roubles (over $22 billion) – one-third of which came from the federal budget, with the rest put up by state companies such as Gazprom. In 2012 the Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East was created and in 2013 long-time Putin ally Yury Trutnev was appointed to oversee the development of the region in the joint role of deputy prime minister and presidential envoy to the region. In 2013 the government also allocated 300 billion roubles ($10 billion)[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Pivot+to+Asia%3A+The+development+of+the+Russian+Far+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2014-05&rft.isbn=978-1-910118-03-0&rft.au=Alexander+Gabuev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.eu%2Fpage%2F-%2FECFR103_RUSSIA_COLLECTION_290514_AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFErnesto2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ernesto, Gallo (4 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2014-gallo-kazakhstans-pivot-to-china.pdf">"Kazakhstan's "Pivot to China"?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Brief</i> (154)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Brief&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan%27s+%22Pivot+to+China%22%3F&rft.issue=154&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.aulast=Ernesto&rft.aufirst=Gallo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isdp.eu%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fisdp-main-pdf%2F2014-gallo-kazakhstans-pivot-to-china.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBrusis" class="citation web cs1">Brusis, Martin. <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/1f692ccb-986b-4c38-92c0-c0a0aa55edad.pdf">"A Eurasian European Union? Relaunching Post-Soviet Economic Integration"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Consortium for Political Research</i>. pp. 8, 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Consortium+for+Political+Research&rft.atitle=A+Eurasian+European+Union%3F+Relaunching+Post-Soviet+Economic+Integration&rft.pages=8%2C+13&rft.aulast=Brusis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecpr.eu%2FFilestore%2FPaperProposal%2F1f692ccb-986b-4c38-92c0-c0a0aa55edad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Online_sources">Online sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Online sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_&_Francis2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xbUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT161">"Republic of Crimea"</a>. <i>The Territories of the Russian Federation 2020</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-00706-7"><bdi>978-1-003-00706-7</bdi></a>. <q>Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognised as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Crimea&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+the+Russian+Federation+2020&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-003-00706-7&rft.au=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xbUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/kyrgyzstan-takes-over-presidency-in-eaeu-146708-2022/">"Kyrgyzstan has taken over the presidency in the EAEU"</a>. 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrgyzstan+has+taken+over+the+presidency+in+the+EAEU&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2Fkyrgyzstan-takes-over-presidency-in-eaeu-146708-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nationsonline.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nationsonline.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nationsonline.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/countries_by_area.htm">"Countries by Area"</a>. <i>Nations Online Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+Online+Project&rft.atitle=Countries+by+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2Fcountries_by_area.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-IMFWEORU-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEORU_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=911,913,916,917,922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,LP,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: October 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects%3A+October+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D911%2C913%2C916%2C917%2C922%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CLP%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2023%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dsubject%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110445/https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610">"Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/Pages/DisplayDocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&EntityID=3610">the original</a> on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+-+DisplayDocument.aspx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.eaeunion.org%2Fen-us%2FPages%2FDisplayDocument.aspx%3Fs%3Dbef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f%26w%3D632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3%26l%3D540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169%26EntityID%3D3610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en#about-countries">"Member States of the EEU"</a>. Eurasian Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States+of+the+EEU&rft.pub=Eurasian+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaeunion.org%2F%3Flang%3Den%23about-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FT-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FT_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarchy2014" class="citation news cs1">Farchy, Jack (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3MvV5Evn1">"Eurasian unity under strain even as bloc expands"</a>. <i>The Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Kyrgyzstan on Tuesday a signed the Treaty to join the Eurasian Economic Union, expanding the membership of Moscow-led project to five even as its unity is strained by the market turmoil gripping Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Eurasian+unity+under+strain+even+as+bloc+expands&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Farchy&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fb08c2e4e-8ab2-11e4-8e24-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz3MvV5Evn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TT-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/12307.19.0.0/eurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1">"Eurasian Economic Union to Launch on 1 January"</a>. The Trumpet. 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan agreed to a January 1 inauguration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Economic+Union+to+Launch+on+1+January&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetrumpet.com%2Farticle%2F12307.19.0.0%2Feurasian-economic-union-to-launch-on-january-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WaPost-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPost_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPost_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPost_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPost_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPost_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union/2014/05/29/de4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html">"Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus form Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Belarus+form+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-kazakhstan-belarus-form-eurasian-economic-union%2F2014%2F05%2F29%2Fde4a2c15-cb01-4c25-9bd6-7d5ac9e466fd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-currency-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-currency_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-currency_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.itar-tass.com/economy/742323">"Eurasian Economic Union to have common currency in 5–10 years"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Economic+Union+to+have+common+currency+in+5%E2%80%9310+years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.itar-tass.com%2Feconomy%2F742323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/07/what-eurasian-economic-union">"What is the Eurasian Economic Union?"</a>. <i>Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank</i>. 15 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House+%E2%80%93+International+Affairs+Think+Tank&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union%3F&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2022%2F07%2Fwhat-eurasian-economic-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 8 and 10, Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docsonline.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/REG/358-1.pdf&Open=True">"Factual presentation"</a>. <i>wto.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wto.org&rft.atitle=Factual+presentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocsonline.wto.org%2Fdol2fe%2FPages%2FSS%2Fdirectdoc.aspx%3Ffilename%3Dq%3A%2FWT%2FREG%2F358-1.pdf%26Open%3DTrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx">"WTO | Regional trade agreements"</a>. <i>rtais.wto.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rtais.wto.org&rft.atitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+Regional+trade+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtais.wto.org%2FUI%2FPublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)">"Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Economic+Conditions+in+Mid-1996&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bru0119%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandrov, Mikhail. <i>Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997.</i> Greenwood Press, 1999, p. 229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30965-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30965-6">978-0-313-30965-6</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_Hindu-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Hindu_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir" class="citation news cs1">Vladimir, Radyuhin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/threenation-eurasian-union-set-up-as-bridge/article6063893.ece">"Three-nation Eurasian union set up as bridge"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Three-nation+Eurasian+union+set+up+as+bridge&rft.aulast=Vladimir&rft.aufirst=Radyuhin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-international%2Fthreenation-eurasian-union-set-up-as-bridge%2Farticle6063893.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html">"Kazakhstan welcomes Putin's Eurasian Union concept"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. 6 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8808500/Kazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+welcomes+Putin%27s+Eurasian+Union+concept&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fkazakhstan%2F8808500%2FKazakhstan-welcomes-Putins-Eurasian-Union-concept.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/articles/politics/55923.html">"Eurasian Economic Union to become a bridge between Europe and Pacific Rim"</a>. Vestnik Kavkaza. 12 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Economic+Union+to+become+a+bridge+between+Europe+and+Pacific+Rim&rft.pub=Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2F55923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evrazes.com/docs/view/118">"AGREEMENT on the Customs union of 20 January 1995"</a>. Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AGREEMENT+on+the+Customs+union+of+20+January+1995&rft.pub=Eurasian+Economic+Community+%28EurAsEC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevrazes.com%2Fdocs%2Fview%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evrazes.com/docs/view/120">"TREATY between the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic on increased integration in economic and humanitarian fields of 29 March 1996"</a>. Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TREATY+between+the+Russian+Federation%2C+the+Republic+of+Belarus%2C+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+and+the+Kyrgyz+Republic+on+increased+integration+in+economic+and+humanitarian+fields+of+29+March+1996&rft.pub=Eurasian+Economic+Community+%28EurAsEC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevrazes.com%2Fdocs%2Fview%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120101/170583110.html">"Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan are launching common economic space 1 Jan"</a>. January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Belarus%2C+Kazakhstan+are+launching+common+economic+space+1+Jan.&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Frussia%2F20120101%2F170583110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evrazes.com/docs/view/128">"TREATY on the Customs union and the Common economic space of 26 February 1999"</a>. Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TREATY+on+the+Customs+union+and+the+Common+economic+space+of+26+February+1999&rft.pub=Eurasian+Economic+Community+%28EurAsEC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevrazes.com%2Fdocs%2Fview%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boris_N._Mamlyuk_2014_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoris_N._Mamlyuk2014" class="citation ssrn cs1">Boris N. Mamlyuk (2014). "Regionalizing Multilateralism: The Effect of Russia's Accession to the WTO on Existing Regional Integration Schemes in the Former Soviet Space". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2412319">2412319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Regionalizing+Multilateralism%3A+The+Effect+of+Russia%27s+Accession+to+the+WTO+on+Existing+Regional+Integration+Schemes+in+the+Former+Soviet+Space&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2412319%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Boris+N.+Mamlyuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-12-10-putin-ukraine_x.htm">"USATODAY.com – Putin: No objection to Ukraine in EU"</a>. <i>usatoday30.usatoday.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usatoday30.usatoday.com&rft.atitle=USATODAY.com+%E2%80%93+Putin%3A+No+objection+to+Ukraine+in+EU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2004-12-10-putin-ukraine_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126085933/http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html">"Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/aa16658947a49c28.html">the original</a> on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.by%2Fen%2Forganizations%2Fmembership%2Flist%2Faa16658947a49c28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704085214/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html">"Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan Agree on Customs Union"</a>. <i>Turkish Weekly</i>. 5 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/93507/russia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Weekly&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Belarus+and+Kazakhstan+Agree+on+Customs+Union&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fnews%2F93507%2Frussia-belarus-and-kazakhstan-agree-on-customs-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/soviet-union-to-be-restored-in-the-form-of-new-cus-55474.html">"Soviet Union to be restored in the form of new customs union"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i>. 18 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union+to+be+restored+in+the+form+of+new+customs+union&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Frussia-and-former-soviet-union%2Fsoviet-union-to-be-restored-in-the-form-of-new-cus-55474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Glazyev-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glazyev_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glazyev_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glazyev_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/ukraines_association_with_eu_rules_out_participation_in_customs_union___putin_aide_305195">Ukraine cannot get observer status at Eurasian Econ Union due to Association Agreement with EU, Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (14 June 2013)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2013" class="citation web cs1">Barron, Lisa (1 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cistranfinance.com/news/belarus-eases-current-account-deficit-with-customs-union-common-economic-space/360/">"Belarus eases current account deficit with Customs Union, Common Economic Space"</a>. Cistran Finance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+eases+current+account+deficit+with+Customs+Union%2C+Common+Economic+Space&rft.pub=Cistran+Finance&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcistranfinance.com%2Fnews%2Fbelarus-eases-current-account-deficit-with-customs-union-common-economic-space%2F360%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bbc18Nov2011-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc18Nov2011_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15790452">"Russia sees union with Belarus and Kazakhstan by 2015"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+sees+union+with+Belarus+and+Kazakhstan+by+2015&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-15790452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tut.by-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tut.by_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tut.by_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tut.by_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tut.by_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tut.by_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110040/https://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html"><bdi lang="ru">Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tut.By" title="Tut.By">Tut.By</a></i> (in Russian). 17 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tut.by/politics/259307.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tut.By&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fpolitics%2F259307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-reuters-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBryanski2011" class="citation news cs1">Bryanski, Gleb (3 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-eurasian-idUSTRE7926ZD20111003">"Russia's Putin says wants to build "Eurasian Union"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Putin+says+wants+to+build+%22Eurasian+Union%22&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.aulast=Bryanski&rft.aufirst=Gleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-putin-eurasian-idUSTRE7926ZD20111003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izvestia.ru/news/502761">"Новый интеграционный проект для Евразии – будущее, которое рождается сегодня"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i> (in Russian). 3 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestia&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F502761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/11/19/Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan-sign-pact/UPI-15221321748054/?spt=hs&or=tn">"Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan sign pact"</a>. UPI. 19 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Belarus%2C+Kazakhstan+sign+pact&rft.pub=UPI&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2011%2F11%2F19%2FRussia-Belarus-Kazakhstan-sign-pact%2FUPI-15221321748054%2F%3Fspt%3Dhs%26or%3Dtn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTEEU1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTEEU1_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquhar2014" class="citation news cs1">MacFarquhar, Neil (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/30/world/europe/putin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html?_r=0">"Putin Signs Economic Alliance With Kazakhstan and Belarus"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Putin+Signs+Economic+Alliance+With+Kazakhstan+and+Belarus&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F05%2F30%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fputin-signs-economic-alliance-with-presidents-of-kazakhstan-and-belarus.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/politics/20141009/193869886/Belarusian-President-Signs-Law-on-Eurasian-Economic-Union-Treaty.html">"Belarusian President Signs Law on Eurasian Economic Union Treaty Ratification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarusian+President+Signs+Law+on+Eurasian+Economic+Union+Treaty+Ratification&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fpolitics%2F20141009%2F193869886%2FBelarusian-President-Signs-Law-on-Eurasian-Economic-Union-Treaty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:14-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDruzhinin2014" class="citation news cs1">Druzhinin, Aleksei (10 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/world/20141010/193914853/Armenia-Joins-Eurasian-Economic-Union.html">"Armenia Joins Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Leaders of the Eurasian Economic Union signed an agreement on Friday on Armenia's accession to the Eurasian Economic Union Treaty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenia+Joins+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft.aulast=Druzhinin&rft.aufirst=Aleksei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fworld%2F20141010%2F193914853%2FArmenia-Joins-Eurasian-Economic-Union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-kyrsign-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kyrsign_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kyrsign_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armradio.am/en/2014/12/23/finalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today/">"Finalization of ratification procedures on Armenia's accession to EEU to be declared in Moscow today"</a>. <i>Public Radio of Armenia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=Finalization+of+ratification+procedures+on+Armenia%27s+accession+to+EEU+to+be+declared+in+Moscow+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armradio.am%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Ffinalization-of-ratification-procedures-on-armenias-accession-to-eeu-to-be-declared-in-moscow-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TimurSuleimenov-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimurSuleimenov_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimurSuleimenov_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGotev2022" class="citation web cs1">Gotev, Georgi (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/interview/kazakh-official-we-will-not-risk-being-placed-in-the-same-basket-as-russia/">"Kazakh official: We will not risk being placed in the same basket as Russia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euractiv" title="Euractiv">Euractiv</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euractiv&rft.atitle=Kazakh+official%3A+We+will+not+risk+being+placed+in+the+same+basket+as+Russia&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Gotev&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fcentral-asia%2Finterview%2Fkazakh-official-we-will-not-risk-being-placed-in-the-same-basket-as-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/russia-suspend-grain-exports-eurasian-economic-union-until-aug-31-2022-03-10/">"Russia to suspend grain exports to Eurasian Economic Union until Aug 31"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+to+suspend+grain+exports+to+Eurasian+Economic+Union+until+Aug+31&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Frussia-suspend-grain-exports-eurasian-economic-union-until-aug-31-2022-03-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKumenov2022" class="citation news cs1">Kumenov, Almaz (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/russia-scraps-ban-of-cereals-to-eurasian-union">"Russia scraps ban of cereals to Eurasian Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurasianet" title="Eurasianet">Eurasianet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasianet&rft.atitle=Russia+scraps+ban+of+cereals+to+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Kumenov&rft.aufirst=Almaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurasianet.org%2Frussia-scraps-ban-of-cereals-to-eurasian-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Russland-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russland_51-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152331/http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf">"Russland – aktuelle Situation, zukünftige Entwicklung"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belarus.ahk.de/fileadmin/ahk_belarus/Dokumente/Praesentationen/IHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russland+%E2%80%93+aktuelle+Situation%2C+zuk%C3%BCnftige+Entwicklung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelarus.ahk.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fahk_belarus%2FDokumente%2FPraesentationen%2FIHK_Oldenburg_Spaak_22.01.2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/nae/news/Pages/12-08-2015-1.aspx">"Кыргызстан присоединился к Евразийскому экономическому союзу"</a>. <i>www.eurasiancommission.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurasiancommission.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BA+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fru%2Fnae%2Fnews%2FPages%2F12-08-2015-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/201515a4-ef4e-11e0-918b-00144feab49a.html?ftcamp=rss">Putin's Eurasian push challenges west</a> by Neil Buckley, Financial Times, 6 October 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-euractiv-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euractiv_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/moscow-fleshes-eurasian-union-pl-news-509042">"Moscow fleshes out 'Eurasian Union' plans"</a>. <i>EurActiv</i>. 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EurActiv&rft.atitle=Moscow+fleshes+out+%27Eurasian+Union%27+plans&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Feuropes-east%2Fmoscow-fleshes-eurasian-union-pl-news-509042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:15-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kazpravda.kz/en/news/view/27673">"Kyrgyz government approved the roadmap for accession to the CES"</a>. Kazakhstan Pravda. 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>As reported the department of information support of the government apparatus of the country, on the eve Prime Minister Joomart Otorbaev held a meeting of the government, which discussed the action plan (roadmap) for accession of Kyrgyzstan to CES of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia in view of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, informed BELTA.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyz+government+approved+the+roadmap+for+accession+to+the+CES&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kazpravda.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fview%2F27673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:16-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:16_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Agreement-on-Kyrgyzstans-accession-to-Customs-Union-to-be-signed-in-December-257392/">"Agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession to Customs Union to be signed in December"</a>. Tengri News. 11 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>The agreement on Kyrgyzstan's accession into the Customs Union [of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus] is expected to be signed 23 December, Russia's <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a> reports, citing Sapar Issakov, Vice Head of the Kyrgyz President's Staff.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agreement+on+Kyrgyzstan%27s+accession+to+Customs+Union+to+be+signed+in+December&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tengrinews.kz%2Fpolitics_sub%2FAgreement-on-Kyrgyzstans-accession-to-Customs-Union-to-be-signed-in-December-257392%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/129320/georgia-ready-to-provide-armenia-free-route-to-eeu/">"Georgia Ready to Provide Armenia Free Route to EEU"</a>. <i>asbarez.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asbarez.com&rft.atitle=Georgia+Ready+to+Provide+Armenia+Free+Route+to+EEU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F129320%2Fgeorgia-ready-to-provide-armenia-free-route-to-eeu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/moldova-granted-observer-status-in-eurasian-union/">"Moldova granted observer status in Eurasian Union"</a>. 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova+granted+observer+status+in+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feurope-s-east%2Fnews%2Fmoldova-granted-observer-status-in-eurasian-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123184012/https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/">"Uzbekistan, Cuba granted observer status at Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. <i>eng.belta.by</i>. 11 December 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/uzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020/">the original</a> on 23 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.belta.by&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%2C+Cuba+granted+observer+status+at+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2Fuzbekistan-cuba-granted-observer-status-at-eurasian-economic-union-135793-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2020/09/03/uzbekistan-vstupit-v-eaes-alternativy-net">"Узбекистан вступит в ЕАЭС: альтернативы нет"</a>. 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1%3A+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feadaily.com%2Fru%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2F03%2Fuzbekistan-vstupit-v-eaes-alternativy-net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFuz" class="citation web cs1">uz, Kun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kun.uz/en/news/2022/12/03/mishustin-uzbekistans-full-membership-in-the-eaeu-will-give-a-powerful-impetus-to-the-development-of-direct-cooperation-ties">"Mishustin: Uzbekistan's full membership in the EAEU will give a powerful impetus to the development of direct cooperation ties"</a>. <i>Kun.uz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kun.uz&rft.atitle=Mishustin%3A+Uzbekistan%27s+full+membership+in+the+EAEU+will+give+a+powerful+impetus+to+the+development+of+direct+cooperation+ties&rft.aulast=uz&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkun.uz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F03%2Fmishustin-uzbekistans-full-membership-in-the-eaeu-will-give-a-powerful-impetus-to-the-development-of-direct-cooperation-ties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFuz" class="citation web cs1">uz, Kun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kun.uz/en/news/2023/02/03/aripov-uzbekistan-has-completed-work-to-simplify-access-to-the-eaeu-markets">"Aripov: Uzbekistan has completed work to simplify access to the EAEU markets"</a>. <i>Kun.uz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kun.uz&rft.atitle=Aripov%3A+Uzbekistan+has+completed+work+to+simplify+access+to+the+EAEU+markets&rft.aulast=uz&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkun.uz%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2023%2F02%2F03%2Faripov-uzbekistan-has-completed-work-to-simplify-access-to-the-eaeu-markets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130032226/http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/">"БелаПАН. Беларусь получила право председательства в ЕАЭС в 2015 году"</a>. <i>belapan.by</i>. 23 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belapan.by/archive/2014/12/23/749077/">the original</a> on 30 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belapan.by&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%9D.+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%B2+2015+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelapan.by%2Farchive%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2F749077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/ru/1-yanvarya-2016-goda-nachalos-predsedatel-stvo-kazahstana-v-eaes_a2855900">"1 января 2016 года началось председательство Казахстана в ЕАЭС"</a>. January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2016+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform.kz%2Fru%2F1-yanvarya-2016-goda-nachalos-predsedatel-stvo-kazahstana-v-eaes_a2855900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132142/http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu">"Председательство в ЕАЭС в 2017 году переходит к Кыргызстану | Радио Мир"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiomir.by/predsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu">the original</a> on 15 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%B2+2017+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%BA+%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiomir.by%2Fpredsedatelstvo-v-eaes-v-2017-godu-perehodit-k-kyrgyzstanu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFТелеканал_Хабар_242016" class="citation web cs1">Телеканал Хабар 24 (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NW8ytIG9Xw">"Новый Таможенный кодекс ЕАЭС называют революционным"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/6NW8ytIG9Xw">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.au=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80+24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D6NW8ytIG9Xw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924181426/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/">"Singapore to Sign Free Trade Agreement with Eurasian Economic Union on October 25th"</a>. 4 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2019/09/04/singapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th/">the original</a> on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Singapore+to+Sign+Free+Trade+Agreement+with+Eurasian+Economic+Union+on+October+25th&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadbriefing.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F04%2Fsingapore-sign-free-trade-agreement-eurasian-economic-union-october-25th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.gov.by/en/belarus/economics/economic-integration/eaeu">"Belarus' EAEU Presidency Priorities | Official Internet Portal of the President of the Republic of Belarus"</a>. <i>president.gov.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=president.gov.by&rft.atitle=Belarus%27+EAEU+Presidency+Priorities+%7C+Official+Internet+Portal+of+the+President+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.gov.by%2Fen%2Fbelarus%2Feconomics%2Feconomic-integration%2Feaeu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-armenia-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armenia_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/foreign/121304">"EUobserver: Armenia to join Russia trade bloc, surprises EU"</a>. 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EUobserver%3A+Armenia+to+join+Russia+trade+bloc%2C+surprises+EU&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F121304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/feb/18/brief-primer-vladimir-putin-eurasian-union-trade">A brief primer on Vladimir Putin's Eurasian dream</a>, The Guardian, Jon Henley, 18 February 2014</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Eurasian_Economic_Union_Enlargement-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurasian_Economic_Union_Enlargement_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/05/23/astana-gears-up-for-eurasian-economic-union/">"Astana gears up for Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. 23 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Astana+gears+up+for+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2014%2F05%2F23%2Fastana-gears-up-for-eurasian-economic-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/russia-belarus-kazakhstan-agree-to-create-economic-union/1924941.html">"Putin Kicks Off Eurasian Union, Without Ukraine"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Putin+Kicks+Off+Eurasian+Union%2C+Without+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Frussia-belarus-kazakhstan-agree-to-create-economic-union%2F1924941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:8-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/lavrov-holds-talks-with-tajik-foreign-minister/25475253.html">"Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Lavrov Says Tajikistan Welcome To Join Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. RL's Tajik Service. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+Foreign+Minister%2C+Sergei+Lavrov+Says+Tajikistan+Welcome+To+Join+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Flavrov-holds-talks-with-tajik-foreign-minister%2F25475253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:9-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092840/http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660">"Tajikistan shows much interest in Customs Union, Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. Dushanbe: Kazinform International News Agency. 13 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2638660">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+shows+much+interest+in+Customs+Union%2C+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform.kz%2Feng%2Farticle%2F2638660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:11-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFXuequan2014" class="citation news cs1">Xuequan, Mu (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203351/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm">"Kyrgyzstan to join Customs Union by year end"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2014-08/12/c_126858454.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan+to+join+Customs+Union+by+year+end&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.aulast=Xuequan&rft.aufirst=Mu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F2014-08%2F12%2Fc_126858454.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:10-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Armenia-to-become-full-member-of-EEU-in-January-Armenian-PM-254979/">"Armenia to become full member of EEU in January: Armenian PM"</a>. 24 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+to+become+full+member+of+EEU+in+January%3A+Armenian+PM&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tengrinews.kz%2Fpolitics_sub%2FArmenia-to-become-full-member-of-EEU-in-January-Armenian-PM-254979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDiplomat" class="citation web cs1">Diplomat, Samuel Ramani, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/russia-supports-tajikistanfor-a-price/">"Russia Offers to Support Tajikistan…But There's a Price"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Offers+to+Support+Tajikistan%E2%80%A6But+There%27s+a+Price&rft.aulast=Diplomat&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Ramani%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F10%2Frussia-supports-tajikistanfor-a-price%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/13113-tajikistan-paves-the-way-to-eurasian-union.html">"Tajikistan Paves the Way to Eurasian Union"</a>. <i>The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Central+Asia-Caucasus+Analyst&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+Paves+the+Way+to+Eurasian+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cacianalyst.org%2Fpublications%2Ffield-reports%2Fitem%2F13113-tajikistan-paves-the-way-to-eurasian-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir2011" class="citation web cs1">Vladimir, Putin (4 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/d-ru/dv/dru_2013_0320_06_/dru_2013_0320_06_en.pdf">"A new integration project for Eurasia: The future in the making"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Parliament website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Parliament+website&rft.atitle=A+new+integration+project+for+Eurasia%3A+The+future+in+the+making&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.aulast=Vladimir&rft.aufirst=Putin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmeetdocs%2F2009_2014%2Fdocuments%2Fd-ru%2Fdv%2Fdru_2013_0320_06_%2Fdru_2013_0320_06_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110548/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html">"Top Uzbek Officials Make Opposing Claims on Customs Union"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 14 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/top-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union/489561.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Uzbek+Officials+Make+Opposing+Claims+on+Customs+Union&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Ftop-uzbek-officials-make-opposing-claims-on-customs-union%2F489561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBabushkin2013" class="citation news cs1">Babushkin, Alexey (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/world/20131113/184685113/Uzbek-Official-Pours-Cold-Water-on-Customs-Union-Membership.html">"Uzbek Official Pours Cold Water on Customs Union Membership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uzbek+Official+Pours+Cold+Water+on+Customs+Union+Membership&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Babushkin&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fworld%2F20131113%2F184685113%2FUzbek-Official-Pours-Cold-Water-on-Customs-Union-Membership.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2014" class="citation news cs1">Schmidt, Simon (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/simon-schmidt/uzbekistan-prefers-regime-security-over-economic-integration">"Uzbekistan prefers regime security over economic integration"</a>. Open Democracy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+prefers+regime+security+over+economic+integration&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fod-russia%2Fsimon-schmidt%2Fuzbekistan-prefers-regime-security-over-economic-integration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTorikian2014" class="citation news cs1">Torikian, Aren (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianweekly.com/2014/08/21/armenia-eeu-social-economic-assessment-2/">"Armenia and the EEU: A Social and Economic Assessment"</a>. <i>The Armenian Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>Azerbaijan has also withdrawn any interest in the deal, as have Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Weekly&rft.atitle=Armenia+and+the+EEU%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+Assessment&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Torikian&rft.aufirst=Aren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianweekly.com%2F2014%2F08%2F21%2Farmenia-eeu-social-economic-assessment-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFB._Assanbayev2013" class="citation news cs1">B. Assanbayev, Mukhit (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085306/http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html">"Russia's Policy of Integration in Central Asia"</a>. The Washington Review of Turkish and Eurasian Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewashingtonreview.org/articles/russias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>Since Uzbekistan has no interest in joining the integration projects with Russia, Tajikistan's participation in the Customs Union remains a question.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Policy+of+Integration+in+Central+Asia&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=B.+Assanbayev&rft.aufirst=Mukhit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewashingtonreview.org%2Farticles%2Frussias-policy-of-integration-in-central-asia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDyatlenko2014" class="citation news cs1">Dyatlenko, Pavel (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092324/http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry">"Kyrgyzstan Gets Soft Terms for Customs Union Entry"</a>. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwpr.net/report-news/kyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kyrgyzstan+Gets+Soft+Terms+for+Customs+Union+Entry&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.aulast=Dyatlenko&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwpr.net%2Freport-news%2Fkyrgyzstan-gets-soft-terms-customs-union-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/766223">"Post-Soviet integration processes to benefit Moscow–Tashkent relations – Putin"</a>. Tass. 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>Russia will start talks with Uzbekistan on a free trade zone between the post-Soviet trade bloc and the Central Asian republic, Putin said on Wednesday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Post-Soviet+integration+processes+to+benefit+Moscow%E2%80%93Tashkent+relations+%E2%80%93+Putin&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitar-tass.com%2Fen%2Feconomy%2F766223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228225231/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html">"Russia Cozies Up to Uzbekistan With $865 Million Debt Write-Off"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 10 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off/513096.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Cozies+Up+to+Uzbekistan+With+%24865+Million+Debt+Write-Off&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Frussia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off%2F513096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azernews.az/region/65752.html">Uzbekistan joins CIS free trade zone</a>, azernews.az. Retrieved 23 June 2016.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vesti.uz/mirzieev-svernul-s-dorogi-v-eaes/">"Mirzieev svernul s dorogi v EAES"</a>. Vesti.uz. 27 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mirzieev+svernul+s+dorogi+v+EAES&rft.date=2020-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvesti.uz%2Fmirzieev-svernul-s-dorogi-v-eaes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-UzbekistanMarch2020-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekistanMarch2020_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UzbekistanMarch2020_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-observer-of-russia-led-trade-bloc/30474675.html">"Uzbekistan Says It Will Be 'Observer' Of Russia-Led Trade Bloc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 7 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+Says+It+Will+Be+%27Observer%27+Of+Russia-Led+Trade+Bloc&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-observer-of-russia-led-trade-bloc%2F30474675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925221603/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/">"Uzbekistan Moving Closer To Joining The Eurasian Economic Union"</a>. 4 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2023/09/04/uzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union/">the original</a> on 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uzbekistan+Moving+Closer+To+Joining+The+Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft.date=2023-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadbriefing.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F09%2F04%2Fuzbekistan-moving-closer-to-joining-the-eurasian-economic-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-430_en.htm">"The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine"</a>. <i>Official website of the European Union</i>. 23 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=The+EU%27s+Association+Agreements+with+Georgia%2C+the+Republic+of+Moldova+and+Ukraine&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_MEMO-14-430_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://actmedia.eu/daily/russian-deputy-foreign-minister-pleas-for-transnistria-s-integration-in-customs-union/52593">"Russian Deputy Foreign Minister pleas for Transnistria's integration in Customs Union"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Deputy+Foreign+Minister+pleas+for+Transnistria%27s+integration+in+Customs+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factmedia.eu%2Fdaily%2Frussian-deputy-foreign-minister-pleas-for-transnistria-s-integration-in-customs-union%2F52593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/182869.html">Ukraine seeking observer status in Eurasian Economic Union – Yanukovych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a> (19 December 2013)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Economist-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_101-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/05/introducing-eurasian-economic-union">"Where three is a crowd"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 30 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Where+three+is+a+crowd&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbanyan%2F2014%2F05%2Fintroducing-eurasian-economic-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630233732/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html">"Kazakh leader: Turkey should join Eurasian union"</a>. <i>Today's Zaman</i>. 6 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/news-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Kazakh+leader%3A+Turkey+should+join+Eurasian+union&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnews-349785-kazakh-leader-turkey-should-join-eurasian-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/863940.html">"Georgian Prime Minister leaves open possibility of joining Eurasian Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Information_Telegraph_Agency_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Telegraph Agency of Russia">Information Telegraph Agency of Russia</a></i>. 4 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Telegraph+Agency+of+Russia&rft.atitle=Georgian+Prime+Minister+leaves+open+possibility+of+joining+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itar-tass.com%2Fen%2Fc32%2F863940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.trend.az/regions/scaucasus/georgia/2186772.html">"Georgian PM commented on his statement on Eurasian Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trend_News_Agency" title="Trend News Agency">Trend News Agency</a></i>. 6 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trend+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Georgian+PM+commented+on+his+statement+on+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.trend.az%2Fregions%2Fscaucasus%2Fgeorgia%2F2186772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfwatch.net/medvedev-wants-georgia-to-join-eurasian-union-81032">"Medvedev wants Georgia to join Eurasian Union"</a>. 7 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Medvedev+wants+Georgia+to+join+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfwatch.net%2Fmedvedev-wants-georgia-to-join-eurasian-union-81032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/16-05-2014-5.aspx">"Decision making process in the Eurasian Economic Commission"</a> (in Russian). Eurasian Commission. 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+making+process+in+the+Eurasian+Economic+Commission&rft.pub=Eurasian+Commission&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2Fnae%2Fnews%2FPages%2F16-05-2014-5.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140816184013/http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571">"Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)"</a>. <i>yurclub.ru</i>. 29 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sps.yurclub.ru/home/document/560461571">the original</a> on 16 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=yurclub.ru&rft.atitle=Draft+Treaty+of+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union+%28May+2014%29&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsps.yurclub.ru%2Fhome%2Fdocument%2F560461571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090533/http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc">"Draft Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union (May 2014)"</a>. <i>Zhambyl Humanitarian-Technical University</i>. 29 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhgtu.kz/images/stories/eeu/31548839.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(DOC)</span> on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zhambyl+Humanitarian-Technical+University&rft.atitle=Draft+Treaty+of+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union+%28May+2014%29&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhgtu.kz%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Feeu%2F31548839.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215331/http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission">"Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission"</a>. <i>CustomsBeMoscow</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.customsbemoscow.org/home/05-subjects/organisations/01-customs-union/eurasian-economic-commission/council-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CustomsBeMoscow&rft.atitle=Council+of+the+Eurasian+Economic+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.customsbemoscow.org%2Fhome%2F05-subjects%2Forganisations%2F01-customs-union%2Feurasian-economic-commission%2Fcouncil-of-the-eurasian-economic-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/russia/20120425/173043817.html">"Naryshkin Calls for Establishment of Eurasian Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naryshkin+Calls+for+Establishment+of+Eurasian+Parliament&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Frussia%2F20120425%2F173043817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_BlockmansHrant_KostanyanIevgen_Vorobiov2012" class="citation book cs1">Steven Blockmans; Hrant Kostanyan; Ievgen Vorobiov (December 2012). CEPS (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/CEPS%20Special%20Report%20No%2075%20-%20Towards%20a%20Eurasian%20Economic%20Union.pdf"><i>Towards a Eurasian Economic Union: The challenge of integration and unity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Special Report. Centre for European Policy Studies. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Eurasian+Economic+Union%3A+The+challenge+of+integration+and+unity&rft.series=Special+Report&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Centre+for+European+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2012-12&rft.au=Steven+Blockmans&rft.au=Hrant+Kostanyan&rft.au=Ievgen+Vorobiov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceps.eu%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2FCEPS%2520Special%2520Report%2520No%252075%2520-%2520Towards%2520a%2520Eurasian%2520Economic%2520Union.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231702/http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/">"Bishkek Astana wants $177 million for the CU"</a>. kursiv.kz. 28 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kursiv.kz/news/details/vlast/bishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts/">the original</a> on 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bishkek+Astana+wants+%24177+million+for+the+CU&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kursiv.kz%2Fnews%2Fdetails%2Fvlast%2Fbishkek_khochet_ot_astany_177_mln_za_vstuplenie_v_ts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/pages/displaydocument.aspx?s=bef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f&w=632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3&l=540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169&entityid=3610">"Страницы - DisplayDocument.aspx"</a>. <i>docs.eaeunion.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.eaeunion.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+-+DisplayDocument.aspx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.eaeunion.org%2Fen-us%2Fpages%2Fdisplaydocument.aspx%3Fs%3Dbef9c798-3978-42f3-9ef2-d0fb3d53b75f%26w%3D632c7868-4ee2-4b21-bc64-1995328e6ef3%26l%3D540294ae-c3c9-4511-9bf8-aaf5d6e0d169%26entityid%3D3610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tvr-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tvr_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvr.by/eng/news/prezident/aleksandr_lukashenko_vstretilsya_s_novym_predsedatelem_kollegii_evraziyskoy_ekonomicheskoy_komissii/">"Alexander Lukashenko meets with new Chairman of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission"</a>. TVR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Alexander+Lukashenko+meets+with+new+Chairman+of+the+Council+of+the+Eurasian+Economic+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvr.by%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fprezident%2Faleksandr_lukashenko_vstretilsya_s_novym_predsedatelem_kollegii_evraziyskoy_ekonomicheskoy_komissii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/01/29/russia-is-no-3-in-attracting-foreign-direct-investment-a31566">"Russia is No. 3 in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment"</a>. <i>TheMoscowTimes.com</i>. 29 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheMoscowTimes.com&rft.atitle=Russia+is+No.+3+in+Attracting+Foreign+Direct+Investment&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F29%2Frussia-is-no-3-in-attracting-foreign-direct-investment-a31566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ria.ru/society/20121212/914456159.html">Путин: въезд в РФ должен быть разрешен только по загранпаспортам</a> (Putin: passports will be required for entering Russia), 12 December 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/belarus/">"Trade – Belarus"</a>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+%E2%80%93+Belarus&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fpolicy%2Fcountries-and-regions%2Fcountries%2Fbelarus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827030023/http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html">"EEU Treaty is beneficial for Belarus, Lukashenko says"</a>. Belarusian News. 1 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/EEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EEU+Treaty+is+beneficial+for+Belarus%2C+Lukashenko+says&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fall_news%2Fpresident%2FEEU-Treaty-is-beneficial-for-Belarus-Lukashenko-says_i_74134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826193449/http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade">"Eurasian Union will redirect Belarussian trade"</a>. Belarus, Minsk: Monitor Global Outlook. 13 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monitorglobaloutlook.com/Briefings/2014/06/eurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade">the original</a> on 26 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eurasian+Union+will+redirect+Belarussian+trade&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitorglobaloutlook.com%2FBriefings%2F2014%2F06%2Feurasian-union-will-redirect-belorussian-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/act/caa/Pages/default.aspx">"Competitiveness Policy"</a>. Eurasian Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competitiveness+Policy&rft.pub=Eurasian+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2Fact%2Fcaa%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vz.ru/news/2014/8/3/698621.html">"Media: Eurasian Economic Union may acquire a single currency"</a> (in Russian). VZ.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>В случае успешного расширения использования национальных валют России, Белоруссии и Казахстана, создания единой платежной системы может быть поднят вопрос о переходе к единой валюте, пишет «Российская газета».</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Media%3A+Eurasian+Economic+Union+may+acquire+a+single+currency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvz.ru%2Fnews%2F2014%2F8%2F3%2F698621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kazakhstan-suggests-a-new-currency/375212.html">"Kazakhstan Suggests a New Currency – News"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i>. 12 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Suggests+a+New+Currency+%E2%80%93+News&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fkazakhstan-suggests-a-new-currency%2F375212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/">"Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus to have new joint currency"</a>. 10 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Kazakhstan+and+Belarus+to+have+new+joint+currency&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Frussia%2Feconomics%2F10-04-2014%2F127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIrina" class="citation news cs1">Irina, Filatova. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/what-euro-crisis-russia-seeks-single-currency/460456.html">"What Euro Crisis? Russia Seeks Single Currency"</a>. <i>The Moscow Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=What+Euro+Crisis%3F+Russia+Seeks+Single+Currency&rft.aulast=Irina&rft.aufirst=Filatova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2Fwhat-euro-crisis-russia-seeks-single-currency%2F460456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/10-04-2014/127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0/">"Possible currency union within Eurasian Economic Union to be considered in future"</a>. Pravda. 10 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Possible+currency+union+within+Eurasian+Economic+Union+to+be+considered+in+future&rft.pub=Pravda&rft.date=2014-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Frussia%2Feconomics%2F10-04-2014%2F127325-russia_kazakhstan_belarus_new_currency-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-energycharter-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-energycharter_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-energycharter_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Occasional/1The_common_energy_market_of_the_EAEU-implications_for_the__EU_and_the_role_of_the_ECT.pdf">"THE COMMON ENERGY MARKET OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: Implications for the European Union and the role of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Energy Charter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Energy+Charter&rft.atitle=THE+COMMON+ENERGY+MARKET+OF+THE+EURASIAN+ECONOMIC+UNION%3A+Implications+for+the+European+Union+and+the+role+of+the+Energy+Charter+Treaty+%28ECT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energycharter.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDocumentsMedia%2FOccasional%2F1The_common_energy_market_of_the_EAEU-implications_for_the__EU_and_the_role_of_the_ECT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html">Country Comparison :: Natural gas – proved reserves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307234405/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2253rank.html">Archived</a> 7 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html">Country Comparison :: Oil – proved reserves</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184739/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2244rank.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html">Country Comparison :: Natural gas – exports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020904/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2251rank.html">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). <i>China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace</i>. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Parzyan&rft.aufirst=Anahit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115001416/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140">"Customs Union could start official trade cooperation with ASEAN – EEC"</a>. Interfax. 1 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=533140">the original</a> on 15 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Customs+Union+could+start+official+trade+cooperation+with+ASEAN+%E2%80%93+EEC&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.com%2Fnewsinf.asp%3Fid%3D533140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKwon2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Kwon, Yong (20 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/south-koreas-eurasia-ambitions/">"South Korea's Eurasia Ambitions"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Eurasia+Ambitions&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.aulast=Kwon&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fsouth-koreas-eurasia-ambitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIglauer2014" class="citation news cs1">Iglauer, Philip (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140612004030/http://atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/CEN-01-110614.html">"Eastern interest in Eurasian economic deal"</a>. <i>Asian Times</i>. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Times&rft.atitle=Eastern+interest+in+Eurasian+economic+deal&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.aulast=Iglauer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FCentral_Asia%2FCEN-01-110614.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSamofalova2014" class="citation news cs1">Samofalova, Olga (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/business/2014/06/02/historic_agreement_makes_eurasian_union_a_reality_37113.html">"Historic agreement makes Eurasian Union a reality"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond the Headlines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=Historic+agreement+makes+Eurasian+Union+a+reality&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.aulast=Samofalova&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbth.com%2Fbusiness%2F2014%2F06%2F02%2Fhistoric_agreement_makes_eurasian_union_a_reality_37113.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir2012" class="citation news cs1">Vladimir, Putin (27 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/events/news/18252/">"Russia and the changing world"</a>. Prime Minister of the Russian Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>First of all, I am convinced that China's economic growth is by no means a threat, but a challenge that carries colossal potential for business cooperation – a chance to catch the Chinese wind in the sails of our economy. We should seek to more actively form new cooperative ties, combining the technological and productive capabilities of our two countries and tapping China's potential – judiciously, of course – in order to develop the economy of Siberia and the Russian Far East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+and+the+changing+world&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.aulast=Vladimir&rft.aufirst=Putin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.premier.gov.ru%2Feng%2Fevents%2Fnews%2F18252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52178">"Plenary session of St Petersburg International Economic Forum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a>. 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plenary+session+of+St+Petersburg+International+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.kremlin.ru%2Fevents%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2F52178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFTreninMalashenkoLieven2004" class="citation book cs1">Trenin, Dmitri V.; Malashenko, Alesksei V.; Lieven, Anatol (29 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcab0VXTqnQC&q=southern+borders&pg=PA120">"4"</a>. <i>Russia's Restless Frontier: The Chechnya Factor in Post-Soviet Russia</i>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-294-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-294-3"><bdi>978-0-87003-294-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Restless+Frontier%3A+The+Chechnya+Factor+in+Post-Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-294-3&rft.aulast=Trenin&rft.aufirst=Dmitri+V.&rft.au=Malashenko%2C+Alesksei+V.&rft.au=Lieven%2C+Anatol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTcab0VXTqnQC%26q%3Dsouthern%2Bborders%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/business/2016/05/12/fta-bodes-well-for-vietnam-eurasian-union-economic-ties-experts_592315">"FTA bodes well for Vietnam-Eurasian Union economic ties- experts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond_the_Headlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Beyond the Headlines">Russia Beyond the Headlines</a></i>. 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=FTA+bodes+well+for+Vietnam-Eurasian+Union+economic+ties-+experts&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbth.com%2Fbusiness%2F2016%2F05%2F12%2Ffta-bodes-well-for-vietnam-eurasian-union-economic-ties-experts_592315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFvovnews" class="citation web cs1">vovnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2015/08/seminar-discusses-ways-to-optimise-vietnam-eaeu-fta/">"Seminar discusses ways to optimise Vietnam-EAEU FTA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seminar+discusses+ways+to+optimise+Vietnam-EAEU+FTA&rft.au=vovnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietnambreakingnews.com%2F2015%2F08%2Fseminar-discusses-ways-to-optimise-vietnam-eaeu-fta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFbaomoi.com" class="citation web cs1">baomoi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baomoi.com/FTA-Viet-Nam-lien-minh-A-Au-Cua-rong-nhung-khong-de-vao/c/17004039.epi">"Vietnam FTA – Eurasian alliance: wide doors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+FTA+%E2%80%93+Eurasian+alliance%3A+wide+doors&rft.au=baomoi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baomoi.com%2FFTA-Viet-Nam-lien-minh-A-Au-Cua-rong-nhung-khong-de-vao%2Fc%2F17004039.epi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-english.thesaigontimes.vn-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-english.thesaigontimes.vn_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233300/http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/">"Vietnam to start FTA talks with Customs Union in 2013"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/business/vietnam-economy/25534/">the original</a> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+to+start+FTA+talks+with+Customs+Union+in+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.thesaigontimes.vn%2FHome%2Fbusiness%2Fvietnam-economy%2F25534%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFqdnd" class="citation web cs1">qdnd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkvietnam.com/2012/12/vietnam-and-customs-union-eye-stronger-trade-ties/">"Vietnam and Customs Union eye stronger trade ties"</a>. <i>TalkVietnam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TalkVietnam&rft.atitle=Vietnam+and+Customs+Union+eye+stronger+trade+ties&rft.au=qdnd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkvietnam.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fvietnam-and-customs-union-eye-stronger-trade-ties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/politics/20140719/191039085/Turkey-May-Create-Free-Trade-Zone-with-Eurasian-Customs-Union-.html">"Turkey May Create Free Trade Zone with Eurasian Customs Union – Development Minister"</a>. 19 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+May+Create+Free+Trade+Zone+with+Eurasian+Customs+Union+%E2%80%93+Development+Minister&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fpolitics%2F20140719%2F191039085%2FTurkey-May-Create-Free-Trade-Zone-with-Eurasian-Customs-Union-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:7-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422172257/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm">"Moscow eyes common free trade zone between Customs Union, Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-12/10/c_132954367.htm">the original</a> on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+eyes+common+free+trade+zone+between+Customs+Union%2C+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F2013-12%2F10%2Fc_132954367.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/economy/20160926/1477902729.html">"Израиль начнет переговоры о Зоне свободной торговли с ЕАЭС до конца года"</a>. 26 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2016-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Feconomy%2F20160926%2F1477902729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Putin_spoke_of_a_free_trade_area_between_the_European_Union_and_the_Eurasian_Union-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Putin_spoke_of_a_free_trade_area_between_the_European_Union_and_the_Eurasian_Union_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2014/07/1/472475/">Putin spoke of a free trade area between the European Union and the Eurasian Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrayinska_Pravda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrayinska Pravda">Ukrayinska Pravda</a> (1 July 2014)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kommersant.ru/doc/3076713">"Решение по созданию зоны свободной торговли между ЕАЭС и Египтом будет принято до конца года"</a>. <i>Коммерсантъ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%B8+%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F3076713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/246117/Iran-Eurasian-Economic-Union-mull-over-free-trade">"Iran, Eurasian Economic Union mull over free trade"</a>. <i>Tehran Times</i>. 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Iran%2C+Eurasian+Economic+Union+mull+over+free+trade&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F246117%2FIran-Eurasian-Economic-Union-mull-over-free-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/supplement/4971">"Совместное заявление Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики о сотрудничестве по сопряжению строительства Евразийского экономического союза и Экономического пояса Шелкового пути"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkremlin.ru%2Fsupplement%2F4971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/nae/news/Pages/24-08-2016-1.aspx">"Tigran Sargsyan's visit to Beijing: new impetus to "conjugation" of the EAEU and the SREB"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tigran+Sargsyan%27s+visit+to+Beijing%3A+new+impetus+to+%22conjugation%22+of+the+EAEU+and+the+SREB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2Fnae%2Fnews%2FPages%2F24-08-2016-1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-01Z-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-01Z_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-01Z_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/the-eurasian-economic-union-free-trade-agreements-latest-progress.html/">"The Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreements: Latest Progress"</a>. <i>Russia Briefing</i>. 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Briefing&rft.atitle=The+Eurasian+Economic+Union+Free+Trade+Agreements%3A+Latest+Progress&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-briefing.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-eurasian-economic-union-free-trade-agreements-latest-progress.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-consultant.ru-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-consultant.ru_188-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/9fa1f4a7aeac9e996f0cd388105974c1b849933a/#dst100334">"Статья 35. Режим свободной торговли \ КонсультантПлюс"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+35.+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8+%5C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fdocument%2Fcons_doc_LAW_163855%2F9fa1f4a7aeac9e996f0cd388105974c1b849933a%2F%23dst100334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements_189-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_EAEU_Trade_Agreements_189-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/">"The EAEU Trade Agreements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EAEU+Trade+Agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chinhphu.vn/Home/VNEEU-FTA-to-come-into-force-since-October-5/20168/28157.vgp">"VN–EEU FTA to come into force since 5 October"</a>. 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VN%E2%80%93EEU+FTA+to+come+into+force+since+5+October&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chinhphu.vn%2FHome%2FVNEEU-FTA-to-come-into-force-since-October-5%2F20168%2F28157.vgp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042130/http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content">"Vietnam - Eurasian Economic Union FTA (full content) | WTO and International trade Policies"</a>. 6 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wtocenter.vn/other-agreement/vietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content">the original</a> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+-+Eurasian+Economic+Union+FTA+%28full+content%29+%26%23124%3B+WTO+and+International+trade+Policies&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwtocenter.vn%2Fother-agreement%2Fvietnam-eurasian-economic-union-fta-full-content&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/vietnam.php">"Socialist Republic of Vietnam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialist+Republic+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2Fvietnam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rtais.wto.org-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rtais.wto.org_193-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rtais.wto.org_193-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=973">"WTO | Regional trade agreements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+Regional+trade+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtais.wto.org%2FUI%2FPublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx%3Frtaid%3D973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-economy.gov.ru-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economy.gov.ru_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economy.gov.ru_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804121153/https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/">"Вьетнам"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/soglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle/vetnam/">the original</a> on 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy.gov.ru%2Fmaterial%2Fdepartments%2Fd11%2Fsoglasheniya_o_svobodnoy_torgovle%2Fvetnam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/OTQ4OTMyMTAx">"HKTDC Research"</a>. <i>research.hktdc.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.hktdc.com&rft.atitle=HKTDC+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.hktdc.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2FOTQ4OTMyMTAx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/iran.php">"Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2Firan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1028">"WTO | Regional trade agreements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+Regional+trade+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtais.wto.org%2FUI%2FPublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx%3Frtaid%3D1028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-backed-union-signs-free-trade-pact-with-iran-2023-12-25/">"Russian-backed union signs free trade pact with Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russian-backed+union+signs+free+trade+pact+with+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Frussian-backed-union-signs-free-trade-pact-with-iran-2023-12-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/china.php">"People's Republic of China"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2Fchina.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/8c7/Broshyura-KNR.pdf">"Обзор ключевых положений Соглашения о торгово-экономическом сотрудничестве между Евразийским экономическим союзом и его государствами-членами, с одной стороны, и Китайской Народной Республикой, с другой стороны"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%2C+%D1%81+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fupload%2Fmedialibrary%2F8c7%2FBroshyura-KNR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://french.xinhuanet.com/2018-05/18/c_137187365.htm">"La Chine et l'Union économique eurasiatique signent un accord sur la coopération commerciale et économique_French.news.cn"</a>. <i>french.xinhuanet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=french.xinhuanet.com&rft.atitle=La+Chine+et+l%27Union+%C3%A9conomique+eurasiatique+signent+un+accord+sur+la+coop%C3%A9ration+commerciale+et+%C3%A9conomique_French.news.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrench.xinhuanet.com%2F2018-05%2F18%2Fc_137187365.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/svet.php?yyyy=2019&mm=06&dd=06&nav_id=1551457">"Sporazum 1. Oktobra: Za Srbiju se otvara tržište od 180 miliona ljudi"</a>. 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sporazum+1.+Oktobra%3A+Za+Srbiju+se+otvara+tr%C5%BEi%C5%A1te+od+180+miliona+ljudi&rft.date=2019-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b92.net%2Fbiz%2Fvesti%2Fsvet.php%3Fyyyy%3D2019%26mm%3D06%26dd%3D06%26nav_id%3D1551457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/serbia.php">"Republic of Serbia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Serbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2Fserbia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx?rtaid=1149">"WTO | Regional trade agreements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+Regional+trade+agreements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frtais.wto.org%2FUI%2FPublicShowMemberRTAIDCard.aspx%3Frtaid%3D1149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/singapore.php">"Republic of Singapore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftorgovye-soglasheniya%2Fsingapore.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-hopeful-of-indias-free-trade-pact-with-eaeu/article30384075.ece">"Russia hopeful of India's free trade pact with EAEU"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Russia+hopeful+of+India%27s+free+trade+pact+with+EAEU&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Frussia-hopeful-of-indias-free-trade-pact-with-eaeu%2Farticle30384075.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf">India EAEU FTA Survey Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072416/https://ficci.in/spdocument/20978/India-EAEU-FTA-Survey-Report-revised.pdf">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Chambers_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry">Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry</a> (FICCI). Accessed on 9 July 2021.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/israel-and-eaeu-edge-closer-to-a-free-trade-agreement.html/">"Israel And EAEU Edge Closer To A Free Trade Agreement"</a>. <i>russia-briefing</i>. 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=russia-briefing&rft.atitle=Israel+And+EAEU+Edge+Closer+To+A+Free+Trade+Agreement&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russia-briefing.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael-and-eaeu-edge-closer-to-a-free-trade-agreement.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-cis.minsk.by-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cis.minsk.by_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cis.minsk.by_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/884#documentCard">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fdoc%2F884%23documentCard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в_210-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Статья_102._Переходные_положения_в_210-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/5612d6c0484a8192696030fd3f4c32dd293c3bb8/#dst101124">"Статья 102. Переходные положения в отношении раздела IX \ КонсультантПлюс"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F+102.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0+IX+%5C+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fdocument%2Fcons_doc_LAW_163855%2F5612d6c0484a8192696030fd3f4c32dd293c3bb8%2F%23dst101124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=112&relation=I&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D112%26relation%3DI%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=I&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D051%26relation%3DI%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy.gov.by/en/aftingoods-en/">"Agreements on free trade in goods"</a>. <i>Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Economy+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.atitle=Agreements+on+free+trade+in+goods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy.gov.by%2Fen%2Faftingoods-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/treaties-agreements/agreement/?id=2017024">"Agreement - Consilium"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+-+Consilium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fdocuments-publications%2Ftreaties-agreements%2Fagreement%2F%3Fid%3D2017024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192630/https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/">"Перечень соглашений между Правительством Российской Федерации и правительствами иностранных государств о поощрении и взаимной защите капиталовложений"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy.gov.ru/material/departments/d11/investicionnye_soglasheniya/perechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy/">the original</a> on 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy.gov.ru%2Fmaterial%2Fdepartments%2Fd11%2Finvesticionnye_soglasheniya%2Fperechen_soglasheniy_mezhdu_pravitelstvom_rf_i_pravitelstvami_inostrannyh_gosudarstv_o_pooshchrenii_i_vzaimnoy_zashchite_kapitalovlozheniy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/6738#documentCard">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fdoc%2F6738%23documentCard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ru/world/oae-rasschityvayut-do-konca-goda-dogovoritsya-o-svobodnoj-torgovle-s-eaes/">"ОАЭ рассчитывают до конца года договориться о свободной торговле с ЕАЭС - NEWS.ru — 13.06.23"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%90%D0%AD+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D1%81+%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+-+NEWS.ru+%E2%80%94+13.06.23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ru%2Fworld%2Foae-rasschityvayut-do-konca-goda-dogovoritsya-o-svobodnoj-torgovle-s-eaes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/tariff_preferences.php">"Regulatory and legal framework"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulatory+and+legal+framework&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Ftariff_preferences.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/780/List-of-Developing-Countries-and-Least_developed-beneficiary-countries-_-_GSP_.pdf">"DEVELOPING BENEFICIARY COUNTRIES of the Eurasian Economic Union's Common System of Tariff Preferences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEVELOPING+BENEFICIARY+COUNTRIES+of+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union%27s+Common+System+of+Tariff+Preferences&rft.date=2011-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fupload%2Fmedialibrary%2F780%2FList-of-Developing-Countries-and-Least_developed-beneficiary-countries-_-_GSP_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbc.ru/politics/05/03/2021/603e0f409a7947421ef8242b">"ЕАЭС отказался от тарифных преференций для 76 стран"</a>. 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%90%D0%AD%D0%A1+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+76+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbc.ru%2Fpolitics%2F05%2F03%2F2021%2F603e0f409a7947421ef8242b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news11_e/acc_rus_10nov11_e.htm">"WTO | 2011 News items – Working Party seals the deal on Russia's membership negotiations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTO+%26%23124%3B+2011+News+items+%E2%80%93+Working+Party+seals+the+deal+on+Russia%27s+membership+negotiations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews_e%2Fnews11_e%2Facc_rus_10nov11_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=417&relation=E&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D417%26relation%3DE%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=051&relation=E&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D051%26relation%3DE%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=398&relation=E&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D398%26relation%3DE%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications">"New Country Classifications"</a>. 2 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Country+Classifications&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fopendata%2Fnew-country-classifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WB2013-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WB2013_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702131322/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups">"Country and Lending Groups"</a>. World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups">the original</a> on 2 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fabout%2Fcountry-and-lending-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.ru/en/world-bank-updates-its-country-classification-by-gni-per-capita.html">"World Bank updates its country classification by GNI per capita"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+updates+its+country+classification+by+GNI+per+capita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.ru%2Fen%2Fworld-bank-updates-its-country-classification-by-gni-per-capita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-2016">"New country classifications by income level: 2016–2017"</a>. July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+country+classifications+by+income+level%3A+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fopendata%2Fnew-country-classifications-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">"World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups+%E2%80%93+World+Bank+Data+Help+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmap.org/en/query/trade-agreement?reporter=643&relation=E&partner=all">"Market Access Map"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Access+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmap.org%2Fen%2Fquery%2Ftrade-agreement%3Freporter%3D643%26relation%3DE%26partner%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/">"International cooperation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/npa.php">"Regulatory legal framework for international cooperation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulatory+legal+framework+for+international+cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fnpa.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dotp/memorandymi/default.php">"Memoranda with third countries and international organizations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoranda+with+third+countries+and+international+organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Fmemorandymi%2Fdefault.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/memorandumy.php">"Меморандумы с третьими странами и международными организациями"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Fmemorandumy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/mezhdunarodnye-organizatsii.php">"Взаимодействие с международными организациями"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdotp%2Fmezhdunarodnye-organizatsii.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/">"Directions of international cooperation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directions+of+international+cooperation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fnapravleniya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/gosudarstva/index.php">"Государства"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fnapravleniya%2Fgosudarstva%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/napravleniya/org/index.php">"Региональные объединения и международные организации"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fnapravleniya%2Forg%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/memorandumy.php">"Memoranda of cooperation (Third countries, regional integration associations and international organizations)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoranda+of+cooperation+%28Third+countries%2C+regional+integration+associations+and+international+organizations%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fmemorandumy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/comission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/o-statuse-gosudarstva-nablyudatelya.php">"Observer state status at the EAEU"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observer+state+status+at+the+EAEU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feec.eaeunion.org%2Fen%2Fcomission%2Fdepartment%2Fdep_razv_integr%2Fmezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo%2Fo-statuse-gosudarstva-nablyudatelya.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SIPRI-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/toplist.php">Top List TIV Tables-SIPRI</a>. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-09.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-usgs-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgs_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard M. Levine and Glenn J. Wallace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2005/myb3-2005-am-aj-bo-gg-kz-kg-md-rs-ti-tx-up-uz.pdf">"The Mineral Industries of the Commonwealth of Independent States"</a>. <i>2005 Minerals Yearbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> (December 2007). This article incorporates text from this U.S. government source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/">"Countries and regions: Russia"</a>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+and+regions%3A+Russia&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftrade%2Fpolicy%2Fcountries-and-regions%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaypro.com/wp/?p=14076">"Kazakhstan plans to become a logistics hub between Asia and Europe"</a>. Railway Pro. 21 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kazakhstan+plans+to+become+a+logistics+hub+between+Asia+and+Europe&rft.pub=Railway+Pro&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaypro.com%2Fwp%2F%3Fp%3D14076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.rzd.ru/statice/public/en?STRUCTURE_ID=7">"Strategy of Russian Railways"</a>. Russian Railways<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strategy+of+Russian+Railways&rft.pub=Russian+Railways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.rzd.ru%2Fstatice%2Fpublic%2Fen%3FSTRUCTURE_ID%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:13-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_251-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_251-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKorolev2023" class="citation book cs1">Korolev, Alexander S. (2023). "Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia". <i>China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace</i>. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+and+Economic+Security+in+Multipolar+Eurasia&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Korolev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/956452.html">"Armenia leads EEU countries on level of economic growth – official EEC data"</a>. <i>armenpress.am</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armenpress.am&rft.atitle=Armenia+leads+EEU+countries+on+level+of+economic+growth+%E2%80%93+official+EEC+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F956452.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hillary-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_289-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_289-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe">Clinton fears efforts to 're-Sovietize' in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307132319/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/clinton-fears-efforts-re-sovietize-europe">Archived</a> 7 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Associated Press, 6 December 2012</span>
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<li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28">Большинство казахстанцев поддерживают вступление Казахстана в Евразийский экономический союз, но 33% считают, что это не принесет им никакой выгоды</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211730/http://demos.kz/rus/index.php?article=28">Archived</a> 10 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Demoscope</i>. 2014-06-14.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Radyuhin2014" class="citation news cs1">Vladimir Radyuhin (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/putins-answer-to-eu-eurasian-union/article6062067.ece">"Putin's answer to EU – Eurasian Union"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+answer+to+EU+%E2%80%93+Eurasian+Union&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.au=Vladimir+Radyuhin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fputins-answer-to-eu-eurasian-union%2Farticle6062067.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Breum2018" class="citation news cs1">Martin Breum (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/142847">"Russian fish money keeping Faroes out of EU sanctions"</a>. <i>euobserver</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euobserver&rft.atitle=Russian+fish+money+keeping+Faroes+out+of+EU+sanctions&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.au=Martin+Breum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F142847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoris_N._Mamlyuk2015" class="citation ssrn cs1">Boris N. Mamlyuk (2015). "Russia and Regional Trade Integration in a Historical Perspective: A Response to William E. Butler". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2414597">2414597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Russia+and+Regional+Trade+Integration+in+a+Historical+Perspective%3A+A+Response+to+William+E.+Butler&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2414597%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Boris+N.+Mamlyuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itar-tass.com/en/russia/754950">"Russia–Belarus Union State most advanced post-Soviet integration bloc – Lukashenko"</a>. Tass<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%E2%80%93Belarus+Union+State+most+advanced+post-Soviet+integration+bloc+%E2%80%93+Lukashenko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitar-tass.com%2Fen%2Frussia%2F754950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itar-tass.com/en/world/768382">"CSTO states plan to set up collective air force"</a>. Tass<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CSTO+states+plan+to+set+up+collective+air+force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitar-tass.com%2Fen%2Fworld%2F768382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eaeunion.org/#about-info">"General Information"</a>. Eurasian Economic Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information&rft.pub=Eurasian+Economic+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feaeunion.org%2F%23about-info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2021Census-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT478005">"On the change in the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan from the beginning of 2022 to December 1, 2022"</a>. Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+change+in+the+population+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+from+the+beginning+of+2022+to+December+1%2C+2022&rft.pub=Agency+for+Strategic+planning+and+reforms+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+Bureau+of+National+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2FgetFile%2F%3FdocId%3DESTAT478005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/ssrd-mvf_2/natsionalnaya-stranitsa-svodnyh-dannyh/naselenie_6/chislennost-naseleniya1_yan_poobl/">"Population of Minsk"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Minsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fssrd-mvf_2%2Fnatsionalnaya-stranitsa-svodnyh-dannyh%2Fnaselenie_6%2Fchislennost-naseleniya1_yan_poobl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+Economic+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ethnicgroups-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnicgroups_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php">Ethnic groups in Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622084055/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_02.php">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2002 census, <i>Demoscope Weekly</i>. Retrieved 5 February 2009.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_Economic_Union&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaeunion.org/?lang=en">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eec.eaeunion.org/en/">Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.eaeunion.org/en-us/">Legal portal of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Commission" title="Eurasian Economic Commission">Eurasian Economic Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasian Economic Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Enlargement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="New Eurasian Land Bridge">New Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_integration#Common_space_from_Lisbon_to_Vladivostok" title="European integration"><i>EU–Russia Common Space</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">All-Russian nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_European_Home" title="Common European Home">Common European Home</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020-22)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Customs_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Customs Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Sinica" title="Pax Sinica">Pax</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BIMSTEC" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMSTEC">The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_trade" title="Template:International trade"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_trade" title="Template talk:International trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International trade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">Absolute advantage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">Capital account</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">Current account</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export-oriented industrialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Net_capital_outflow" title="Net capital outflow">Net capital outflow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barrier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">Repeal of the Corn Laws</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsaharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_exporting_countries_by_product_category" title="List of top exporting countries by product category">Exports by product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_and_spacecraft_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports">Aircraft & Spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_component_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft component exports">Aircraft parts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_exports" title="List of countries by aluminium exports">Aluminium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_automotive_component_exports" title="List of countries by automotive component exports">Car parts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coal#Major_exporters" title="Coal">Coal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports" title="List of countries by coffee exports">Coffee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_computer_exports" title="List of countries by computer exports">Computers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_exports" title="List of countries by copper exports">Copper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">Corn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cotton_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cotton exports">Cotton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_exports" title="List of countries by diamond exports">Diamonds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity exports">Electricity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electronics_exports" title="List of countries by electronics exports">Electronics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">Engines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gas_turbine_exports" title="List of countries by gas turbine exports">Gas turbines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_exports" title="List of countries by gold exports">Gold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports" title="List of countries by integrated circuit exports">Integrated circuits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron-ore_exports_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-ore exports by country">Iron ore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_live_animal_exports" title="List of countries by live animal exports">Live animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Natural gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refined_petroleum_exports" title="List of countries by refined petroleum exports">Petrol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pharmaceutical_exports" title="List of countries by pharmaceutical exports">Pharmaceuticals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ship_exports" title="List of countries by ship exports">Ships</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production#Exports" title="List of countries by steel production">Steel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telecommunications_equipment_exports" title="List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports">Telecommunications equipment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telephone_exports" title="List of countries by telephone exports">Telephones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_truck_exports" title="List of countries by truck exports">Trucks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicle_exports" title="List of countries by vehicle exports">Vehicles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Wheat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wine#Exporting_countries" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade" title="Category:International trade">Category</a></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_trade" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International trade">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">Regional organizations by population</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism (international relations)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4173083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4173083#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4173083#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/250317757">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1069952745">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007393767805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012030654">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eurasian Union"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2015865789&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/116444851">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1710200832' |