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[[File:Street vendor selling Falastin newspaper in Jaffa, Palestine 1921.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Street vendor selling the ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' newspaper in [[Jaffa]], [[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1921]]
The '''history of Palestinian journalism''' dates back to the early 20th century.
After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]] lifted press censorship in the [[Ottoman Empire]], Arabic-language newspapers in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] began to appear. From its early days, the Palestinian press voiced Arab aspirations and opposed [[Zionism]], notably ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' established in 1908, and ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' in 1911, both of which were published by [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Arab Christians]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=383}} It was also in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the emerging press.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}}
==History==
===Background===
The first privately-published daily newspapers in the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire|Arab provinces]], which enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy, appeared in [[Beirut vilayet|Beirut]] in 1873 and in [[Cairo]] in 1875.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=27}} By the year 1908 [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]] boasted 627 publications with a circulation of around 100,000. In [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]], printing was used by Christian institutions for religious texts, starting with the [[Jerusalem]]'s [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] press that was established in 1846, and followed afterwards by the Armenian and Greek Churches.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=382}}
The only newspaper published in Palestine was an official government gazette written in Arabic and Turkish.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}} Arabic periodicals only appeared in Palestine following the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], which lifted press censorship in the empire. About fifteen publications emerged in that year, and another twenty were published before the onset of [[World War I]] in 1914. Nearly another 180 were published during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]] (1920-1948). However, launching newspapers was easier than sustaining them, as most of these periodicals lasted for a short period of time, especially considering the competition with high quality periodicals from Beirut and Cairo, such as the Egyptian ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' (''The Pyramids'').<ref>{{harvnb|Kominko|2015|pp=382–383}}: "In 1936 Zionists attempting to set up an Arabic newspaper to counter anti-Zionist propaganda, acknowledged that it was difficult to compete with the quality of imported Egyptian publications like al-Ahrām [The Pyramids] and al-Jihad [The Struggle]."</ref>
===Ottoman period (1908-1916)===
Three of Palestine's leading newspapers of the pre-[[World War I]] era were ''[[Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (''Jerusalem'') established by Jurji Habib Hanania in [[Jerusalem]] in September 1908; ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' (''Carmel'' after [[Mount Carmel]]) in [[Haifa]] by [[Najib Nassar]] in December 1908; and ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (''Palestine'') by the cousins [[Issa El-Issa]] and [[Yousef El-Issa]] in [[Jaffa]] in January 1911. These three newspapers voiced Arab aspirations and were all published by [[Palestinian Christians]], showing the early role they played in [[Arab nationalism]].{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=238}} In particular, ''Al-Karmil'' and ''Falastin'' were opposed to [[Zionism]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=383}} It was in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the press.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}} And although the readership of the press was limited in numbers due to relatively low literacy rates, it had been expanding as social centers where created, where newspapers would be read aloud.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=133-134}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading Palestinian newspapers during the Ottoman period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:First issue of al-Quds newspaper in 1908.jpg
|''[[Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (1908-1914)
|File:15 September 1925 edition of Al Karmil newspaper.png
|''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' (1908-1944)
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
}}
These early Arab Palestinian press analyzed and condemned Zionism and its objective, and saw Ottoman Jews as loyal subjects to the empire, but the Zionists as a threat. These fears arose due to the wave of European [[Aliyah|Jewish immigrants to Palestine]], who were building settlements that were exclusively relying on Jewish labor and excluding Arab ones. Thus, the Arabs began a public awareness campaign through the newspapers, warning that once the Zionist project was fulfilled, the Arab majority would lose its status and lands in Palestine, which would cease to become Arab. The Arab editors thought that bringing these matters to the Ottoman authorities would be futile, therefore they preferred to bringing these issues to the public's attention, so that they can be active in preventing land sales to Jews, which caused Arab peasants’ eviction, and their subsequent loss of work.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=95}} A common theme in the press of this early period is a criticism directed towards the [[Aliyah|European Jewish immigrants]] who failed to integrate, or bother learning Arabic.<ref>{{harvnb|Dowty|2019|p=238}}: "In the spring of 1909 ''[[Al-Asma'i (magazine)|Al-Asma'i]]'' published an article by a young poet from a prominent family, Isaf an-Nashashibi, who admonished that Jews "should help in reviving this Arabic] language after its destruction." An-Nashashibi also urged that they "rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine," since there was no chance of achieving such hopes. "If the Jews want to live a good life with us," the young poet continued, "they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language.... They should imitate our brothers the Christians, who are [[Nahda|founding schools and teaching this beautiful language]]."</ref>
During this period, the readership of the press was limited in numbers, but had been expanding. Although literacy rates were relatively low, social centers where created, such as the town cafe and the village guesthouse, where people would read aloud articles from newspapers and then the men would engage in political discussions. In addition, several libraries opened at the beginning of the 20th century. "Newspaper breaks" used to take place in some factories. There was also recorded instances of publishers sending a copy of their newspaper to villages in the surrounding areas. Articles from ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Karmil'' were often reprinted in other local papers and national ones in [[Beirut]], [[Damascus]], and [[Cairo]].{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=133-134}}
===Mandate period (1917-1948)===
The Palestinian press was suppressed due to the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, and only two of the three leading newspapers of the Ottoman period were reopened during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]], ''Al-Karmil'' and ''Falastin''. During the mandate period, the press became more diverse than in the Ottoman period, and increasingly reflected different political factions and national consciousness. According to one survey in the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
Most of these publications appeared weekly and the number of copies distributed increased gradually. While most newspapers distributed hundreds of copies each during the Ottoman period, this figure increased to 1,000-1,500 during the Mandate period in the 1920s. ''Falastin'', which was the most popular Palestinian newspaper, sold towards the end of the 1920s around 3,000 copies per issue.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} In [[Jerusalem]], twenty newspapers were established, mainly [[Mir'at al-Sharq (newspaper)|Mir'at al-Sharq]] (''Mirror of the East'') by [[Boulos Shehadeh]], a Palestinian Christian, in September 1919; and ''[[Al Jamia Al Arabiya|Al-Jami'a Al-'Arabiya]]'' (''The Arab Union''), which was the voice of Palestine's [[Supreme Muslim Council]], by Munif Husseini in December 1927. Around six newspapers were established in [[Jaffa]], in addition to ''Falastin''; twelve in [[Haifa]]; and some others in [[Bethlehem]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Tulkarem]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
''Falastin'' became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in October 1929, a month after it had started publishing a weekly English-language edition.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=103}}{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=126}} And the establishment of ''Al-Difa'' in April 1934 was considered an important event in the history of Palestinian journalism during the mandate period, as it managed to attract professional journalists from several Arab countries. A rivalry developed between these two largest dailies, ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'', which saw improvements in their quality. ''Al-Difa'' expanded its readership to the rural and Muslim communities, portraying itself a counterweight to the Christian-owned ''Falastin''. While ''Falastin'' aimed to show that it served the whole nation by highlighting how uneducated people enjoyed reading their paper, in an implied criticism towards ''Al-Difa'' which had come to rely on intellectuals with a complex writing style.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}} Many weeklies found it difficult to compete with these two dailies.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=108}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading newspapers during the mandate period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
|File:9 November 1936 edition of Al-Difa' newspaper.png
|''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (1934-1971)
}}
The Ottoman Press Law, which mandated licensing and the submission of translations to government authorities, was adopted by the British, but they rarely interfered until 1929. That year saw the [[1929 Palestine riots]], which included violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, leading to a radicalization of Arab newspapers. Two outspoken newspapers were established in Jaffa: [[Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya (newspaper)|''Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya'']] (''The Islamic Union'') in 1932; and ''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (''The Defense'') in 1934, which was associated with [[Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)|Hizb Al-Istiqlal]] (The Independence Party). [[Al Liwaa (newspaper)|''Al-Liwaa'']] (''The Banner'') was published in Jerusalem in 1934 by [[Jamal al-Husayni]], who was the leader of the [[Palestine Arab Party]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
Many of the editors and owners of newspapers were members of political organizations, and used their publications for mobilizing the public.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=135, 137}} The British authorities' attitude towards Palestinian press was initially tolerant, given they had assessed that their impact on public life was minimal. However, as the press became more impactful and radical, restrictive measures were increasingly introduced. A new Publications Law was issued in 1933, which gave the British authorities the power to revoke publication permits, suspend newspapers, and punish journalists. Regulations were issued that further restricted freedom of the press.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}} During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the use of colloquial writing style by the press intensified.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}} Many major publications were suspended for extended periods between 1937 and 1938, including ''Falastin'', ''Al-Difa'', and ''Al-Liwa''. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'', due to the moderation of their tone and the publishing of censored news.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}}
===Jordanian period (1948-1967)===
After the [[1948 Palestine war]] ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'' were moved from Jaffa to [[East Jerusalem]], which along with the [[West Bank]], was [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed]] by [[Jordan]] in 1950. Another newspaper called ''Al-Jihad'' was established in East Jerusalem in 1953. Thus these three East Jerusalem-based newspapers became Jordan's press for many years.{{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=95}} In the 1950s, a number of newspapers were established as affiliates of [[Political parties in Jordan|political parties]] that were being created in Jordan, including: ''Al-Raya'' (''The Banner'') affiliated with [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] (Liberation Party) in 1953, which was suspended after 13 issues; and ''Al-Ba'th'' (''The Renaissance'') affiliated with the [[Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]], which lasted from 1949 to 1954. An anti-communist law issued in 1953 banned leftist publications by the [[Jordanian Communist Party]]. Furthermore, the prevalent anti-Jordanian propaganda in Egyptian newspaper in the 1950s led to its ban in Jordan.{{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=95-96}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading newspapers during the Jordanian period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
|File:9 November 1936 edition of Al-Difa' newspaper.png
|''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (1934-1971)
|File:Al-Jihad newspaper published in Jerusalem 1963 edition.jpg
|''[[Al-Jihad (newspaper)|Al-Jihad]]'' (1953-1967)
}}
The Jordanian government of [[Wasfi Tal]] issued a new Press and Bublications Law in early 1967 that forced the merger of ''Al-Difa'' and ''Al-Jihad'' to produce Jerusalem-based ''[[Al-Quds (newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (not to be confused with the newspaper of the same name 1908-1914); and the merger of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Manar'' to produce [[Amman]]-based [[Ad-Dustour (Jordan)|''Ad-Dustour'']] (''The Constitution''); both of these newspapers are still published to this day. ''Ad-Dustour'' and ''Al-Difa''' newspapers were both briefly suspended during [[Black September]] in 1970 after having published a [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] statement that blamed the Jordanian government for the conflict. As a result of the conflict and the low wages paid to journalists, many professionals of Palestinian origin moved to [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]]. {{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=96}}
===Current period (1967-present)===
Al-Quds' bureau chief [[Said Arikat]] reports on U.S. foreign policy, specifically as it related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].
{{Gallery
|title=Leading Palestinian newspaper in the current period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Al-Quds newspaper 2019 edition.webp
|''[[Al-Quds (newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (1967-present)
}}
==Archives==
[[File:Lazhar Neftien Aqsa 22.jpg|alt=Interior of the library|thumb|Interior of [[#Al-Khutniyya Library|al-Khutniyya Library]], part of the [[al-Aqsa Library]] system ]]
[[Al-Aqsa Library]] located in the [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old City]] of [[East Jerusalem]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]] has more than seventy Arabic newspapers, magazines, and journals published in Palestine, in addition to ones that were published in other Arab countries and by Arab communities in Europe, and South and North America. The library in some instances holds the only copy available in the region.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=382}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Dowty| first = Alan | title = Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide | year = 2019 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last = Gorman| first = Anthony | title = The Press in the Middle East and North Africa| year = 2018 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | isbn = | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last= Khamis |first= Lina Edward |date= 30 April 2018|title= Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ|publisher= Springer|access-date=2 April 2024}}
* {{cite book |last= Kominko |first= Maja |date= 16 February 2015|title= From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ImO3BgAAQBAJ|publisher= Open Book Publishers|access-date=31 March 2024}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Michael |first= Suheir |date= 1 December 2007|title= Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home |url= https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x|degree=PhD in Politics|chapter= |publisher= San Fransisco State University|docket= |oclc= |access-date=26 March 2024}}
* {{cite book |last= Regan |first= Bernard |date= 30 October 2018|title=The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ|publisher=Verso Books|access-date=1 April 2024}}
{{Media in Palestine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Journalism}}
[[Category:History of mass media in Palestine]]
[[Category:History of journalism by country|Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Palestine by topic]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Street vendor selling Falastin newspaper in Jaffa, Palestine 1921.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Street vendor selling the ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' newspaper in [[Jaffa]], [[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1921]]
The '''history of Palestinian journalism''' dates back to the early 20th century.
After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]] lifted press censorship in the [[Ottoman Empire]], Arabic-language newspapers in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] began to appear. From its early days, the Palestinian press voiced Arab aspirations and opposed [[Zionism]], notably ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' established in 1908, and ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' in 1911, both of which were published by [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Arab Christians]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=383}} It was also in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the emerging press.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}}
Palestine's press under the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] became more diverse, and increasingly reflected different political factions, which used their publications to mobilize the public.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=135, 137}} The [[1929 Palestine riots]], which saw violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, led to a radicalization of the Arab press, and the British introduced restrictive measures.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Many major publications were suspended for extended periods during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa''.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}}
By the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Soon after ''Falastin'' became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in 1929,{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=103}} another important daily ''Al-Difa'' appeared in 1934, and a rivalry between the two marked the mandate period.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}}
==History==
===Background===
The first privately-published daily newspapers in the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire|Arab provinces]], which enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy, appeared in [[Beirut vilayet|Beirut]] in 1873 and in [[Cairo]] in 1875.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=27}} By the year 1908 [[Ottoman Egypt|Egypt]] boasted 627 publications with a circulation of around 100,000. In [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]], printing was used by Christian institutions for religious texts, starting with the [[Jerusalem]]'s [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] press that was established in 1846, and followed afterwards by the Armenian and Greek Churches.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=382}}
The only newspaper published in Palestine was an official government gazette written in Arabic and Turkish.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}} Arabic periodicals only appeared in Palestine following the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]], which lifted press censorship in the empire. About fifteen publications emerged in that year, and another twenty were published before the onset of [[World War I]] in 1914. Nearly another 180 were published during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate for Palestine]] (1920-1948). However, launching newspapers was easier than sustaining them, as most of these periodicals lasted for a short period of time, especially considering the competition with high quality periodicals from Beirut and Cairo, such as the Egyptian ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' (''The Pyramids'').<ref>{{harvnb|Kominko|2015|pp=382–383}}: "In 1936 Zionists attempting to set up an Arabic newspaper to counter anti-Zionist propaganda, acknowledged that it was difficult to compete with the quality of imported Egyptian publications like al-Ahrām [The Pyramids] and al-Jihad [The Struggle]."</ref>
===Ottoman period (1908-1916)===
Three of Palestine's leading newspapers of the pre-[[World War I]] era were ''[[Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (''Jerusalem'') established by Jurji Habib Hanania in [[Jerusalem]] in September 1908; ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' (''Carmel'' after [[Mount Carmel]]) in [[Haifa]] by [[Najib Nassar]] in December 1908; and ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (''Palestine'') by the cousins [[Issa El-Issa]] and [[Yousef El-Issa]] in [[Jaffa]] in January 1911. These three newspapers voiced Arab aspirations and were all published by [[Palestinian Christians]], showing the early role they played in [[Arab nationalism]].{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=238}} In particular, ''Al-Karmil'' and ''Falastin'' were opposed to [[Zionism]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=383}} It was in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the press.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}} And although the readership of the press was limited in numbers due to relatively low literacy rates, it had been expanding as social centers where created, where newspapers would be read aloud.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=133-134}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading Palestinian newspapers during the Ottoman period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:First issue of al-Quds newspaper in 1908.jpg
|''[[Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (1908-1914)
|File:15 September 1925 edition of Al Karmil newspaper.png
|''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' (1908-1944)
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
}}
These early Arab Palestinian press analyzed and condemned Zionism and its objective, and saw Ottoman Jews as loyal subjects to the empire, but the Zionists as a threat. These fears arose due to the wave of European [[Aliyah|Jewish immigrants to Palestine]], who were building settlements that were exclusively relying on Jewish labor and excluding Arab ones. Thus, the Arabs began a public awareness campaign through the newspapers, warning that once the Zionist project was fulfilled, the Arab majority would lose its status and lands in Palestine, which would cease to become Arab. The Arab editors thought that bringing these matters to the Ottoman authorities would be futile, therefore they preferred to bringing these issues to the public's attention, so that they can be active in preventing land sales to Jews, which caused Arab peasants’ eviction, and their subsequent loss of work.{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=95}} A common theme in the press of this early period is a criticism directed towards the [[Aliyah|European Jewish immigrants]] who failed to integrate, or bother learning Arabic.<ref>{{harvnb|Dowty|2019|p=238}}: "In the spring of 1909 ''[[Al-Asma'i (magazine)|Al-Asma'i]]'' published an article by a young poet from a prominent family, Isaf an-Nashashibi, who admonished that Jews "should help in reviving this Arabic] language after its destruction." An-Nashashibi also urged that they "rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine," since there was no chance of achieving such hopes. "If the Jews want to live a good life with us," the young poet continued, "they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language.... They should imitate our brothers the Christians, who are [[Nahda|founding schools and teaching this beautiful language]]."</ref>
During this period, the readership of the press was limited in numbers, but had been expanding. Although literacy rates were relatively low, social centers where created, such as the town cafe and the village guesthouse, where people would read aloud articles from newspapers and then the men would engage in political discussions. In addition, several libraries opened at the beginning of the 20th century. "Newspaper breaks" used to take place in some factories. There was also recorded instances of publishers sending a copy of their newspaper to villages in the surrounding areas. Articles from ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Karmil'' were often reprinted in other local papers and national ones in [[Beirut]], [[Damascus]], and [[Cairo]].{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=133-134}}
===Mandate period (1917-1948)===
The Palestinian press was suppressed due to the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, and only two of the three leading newspapers of the Ottoman period were reopened during the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]], ''Al-Karmil'' and ''Falastin''. During the mandate period, the press became more diverse than in the Ottoman period, and increasingly reflected different political factions and national consciousness. According to one survey in the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
Most of these publications appeared weekly and the number of copies distributed increased gradually. While most newspapers distributed hundreds of copies each during the Ottoman period, this figure increased to 1,000-1,500 during the Mandate period in the 1920s. ''Falastin'', which was the most popular Palestinian newspaper, sold towards the end of the 1920s around 3,000 copies per issue.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} In [[Jerusalem]], twenty newspapers were established, mainly [[Mir'at al-Sharq (newspaper)|Mir'at al-Sharq]] (''Mirror of the East'') by [[Boulos Shehadeh]], a Palestinian Christian, in September 1919; and ''[[Al Jamia Al Arabiya|Al-Jami'a Al-'Arabiya]]'' (''The Arab Union''), which was the voice of Palestine's [[Supreme Muslim Council]], by Munif Husseini in December 1927. Around six newspapers were established in [[Jaffa]], in addition to ''Falastin''; twelve in [[Haifa]]; and some others in [[Bethlehem]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and [[Tulkarem]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
''Falastin'' became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in October 1929, a month after it had started publishing a weekly English-language edition.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=103}}{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=126}} And the establishment of ''Al-Difa'' in April 1934 was considered an important event in the history of Palestinian journalism during the mandate period, as it managed to attract professional journalists from several Arab countries. A rivalry developed between these two largest dailies, ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'', which saw improvements in their quality. ''Al-Difa'' expanded its readership to the rural and Muslim communities, portraying itself a counterweight to the Christian-owned ''Falastin''. While ''Falastin'' aimed to show that it served the whole nation by highlighting how uneducated people enjoyed reading their paper, in an implied criticism towards ''Al-Difa'' which had come to rely on intellectuals with a complex writing style.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}} Many weeklies found it difficult to compete with these two dailies.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=108}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading newspapers during the mandate period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
|File:9 November 1936 edition of Al-Difa' newspaper.png
|''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (1934-1971)
}}
The Ottoman Press Law, which mandated licensing and the submission of translations to government authorities, was adopted by the British, but they rarely interfered until 1929. That year saw the [[1929 Palestine riots]], which included violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, leading to a radicalization of Arab newspapers. Two outspoken newspapers were established in Jaffa: [[Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya (newspaper)|''Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya'']] (''The Islamic Union'') in 1932; and ''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (''The Defense'') in 1934, which was associated with [[Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)|Hizb Al-Istiqlal]] (The Independence Party). [[Al Liwaa (newspaper)|''Al-Liwaa'']] (''The Banner'') was published in Jerusalem in 1934 by [[Jamal al-Husayni]], who was the leader of the [[Palestine Arab Party]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}}
Many of the editors and owners of newspapers were members of political organizations, and used their publications for mobilizing the public.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=135, 137}} The British authorities' attitude towards Palestinian press was initially tolerant, given they had assessed that their impact on public life was minimal. However, as the press became more impactful and radical, restrictive measures were increasingly introduced. A new Publications Law was issued in 1933, which gave the British authorities the power to revoke publication permits, suspend newspapers, and punish journalists. Regulations were issued that further restricted freedom of the press.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}} During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], the use of colloquial writing style by the press intensified.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}} Many major publications were suspended for extended periods between 1937 and 1938, including ''Falastin'', ''Al-Difa'', and ''Al-Liwa''. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'', due to the moderation of their tone and the publishing of censored news.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}}
===Jordanian period (1948-1967)===
After the [[1948 Palestine war]] ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa'' were moved from Jaffa to [[East Jerusalem]], which along with the [[West Bank]], was [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexed]] by [[Jordan]] in 1950. Another newspaper called ''Al-Jihad'' was established in East Jerusalem in 1953. Thus these three East Jerusalem-based newspapers became Jordan's press for many years.{{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=95}} In the 1950s, a number of newspapers were established as affiliates of [[Political parties in Jordan|political parties]] that were being created in Jordan, including: ''Al-Raya'' (''The Banner'') affiliated with [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] (Liberation Party) in 1953, which was suspended after 13 issues; and ''Al-Ba'th'' (''The Renaissance'') affiliated with the [[Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]], which lasted from 1949 to 1954. An anti-communist law issued in 1953 banned leftist publications by the [[Jordanian Communist Party]]. Furthermore, the prevalent anti-Jordanian propaganda in Egyptian newspaper in the 1950s led to its ban in Jordan.{{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=95-96}}
{{Gallery
|title=Leading newspapers during the Jordanian period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Filastin 1936 issue.png
|''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' (1911-1967)
|File:9 November 1936 edition of Al-Difa' newspaper.png
|''[[Al Difa|Al-Difa']]'' (1934-1971)
|File:Al-Jihad newspaper published in Jerusalem 1963 edition.jpg
|''[[Al-Jihad (newspaper)|Al-Jihad]]'' (1953-1967)
}}
The Jordanian government of [[Wasfi Tal]] issued a new Press and Bublications Law in early 1967 that forced the merger of ''Al-Difa'' and ''Al-Jihad'' to produce Jerusalem-based ''[[Al-Quds (newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (not to be confused with the newspaper of the same name 1908-1914); and the merger of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Manar'' to produce [[Amman]]-based [[Ad-Dustour (Jordan)|''Ad-Dustour'']] (''The Constitution''); both of these newspapers are still published to this day. ''Ad-Dustour'' and ''Al-Difa''' newspapers were both briefly suspended during [[Black September]] in 1970 after having published a [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] statement that blamed the Jordanian government for the conflict. As a result of the conflict and the low wages paid to journalists, many professionals of Palestinian origin moved to [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]]. {{sfn|Khamis|2018|p=96}}
===Current period (1967-present)===
Al-Quds' bureau chief [[Said Arikat]] reports on U.S. foreign policy, specifically as it related to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].
{{Gallery
|title=Leading Palestinian newspaper in the current period
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Al-Quds newspaper 2019 edition.webp
|''[[Al-Quds (newspaper)|Al-Quds]]'' (1967-present)
}}
==Archives==
[[File:Lazhar Neftien Aqsa 22.jpg|alt=Interior of the library|thumb|Interior of [[#Al-Khutniyya Library|al-Khutniyya Library]], part of the [[al-Aqsa Library]] system ]]
[[Al-Aqsa Library]] located in the [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old City]] of [[East Jerusalem]] in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli-occupied]] [[West Bank]] has more than seventy Arabic newspapers, magazines, and journals published in Palestine, in addition to ones that were published in other Arab countries and by Arab communities in Europe, and South and North America. The library in some instances holds the only copy available in the region.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=382}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Dowty| first = Alan | title = Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide | year = 2019 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last = Gorman| first = Anthony | title = The Press in the Middle East and North Africa| year = 2018 | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | isbn = | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last= Khamis |first= Lina Edward |date= 30 April 2018|title= Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ|publisher= Springer|access-date=2 April 2024}}
* {{cite book |last= Kominko |first= Maja |date= 16 February 2015|title= From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ImO3BgAAQBAJ|publisher= Open Book Publishers|access-date=31 March 2024}}
* {{cite thesis |last= Michael |first= Suheir |date= 1 December 2007|title= Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home |url= https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x|degree=PhD in Politics|chapter= |publisher= San Fransisco State University|docket= |oclc= |access-date=26 March 2024}}
* {{cite book |last= Regan |first= Bernard |date= 30 October 2018|title=The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ|publisher=Verso Books|access-date=1 April 2024}}
{{Media in Palestine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Journalism}}
[[Category:History of mass media in Palestine]]
[[Category:History of journalism by country|Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Palestine by topic]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,4 +6,8 @@
After the 1908 [[Young Turk Revolution]] lifted press censorship in the [[Ottoman Empire]], Arabic-language newspapers in [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Palestine]] began to appear. From its early days, the Palestinian press voiced Arab aspirations and opposed [[Zionism]], notably ''[[Al-Karmil (newspaper)|Al-Karmil]]'' established in 1908, and ''[[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin]]'' in 1911, both of which were published by [[Palestinian Christians|Palestinian Arab Christians]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=383}} It was also in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the emerging press.{{sfn|Dowty|2019|p=237}}
+
+Palestine's press under the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] became more diverse, and increasingly reflected different political factions, which used their publications to mobilize the public.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=135, 137}} The [[1929 Palestine riots]], which saw violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, led to a radicalization of the Arab press, and the British introduced restrictive measures.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Many major publications were suspended for extended periods during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa''.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}}
+
+By the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Soon after ''Falastin'' became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in 1929,{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=103}} another important daily ''Al-Difa'' appeared in 1934, and a rivalry between the two marked the mandate period.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}}
==History==
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1 => 'Palestine's press under the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] became more diverse, and increasingly reflected different political factions, which used their publications to mobilize the public.{{sfn|Regan|2018|p=135, 137}} The [[1929 Palestine riots]], which saw violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, led to a radicalization of the Arab press, and the British introduced restrictive measures.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Many major publications were suspended for extended periods during the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. After the outbreak of [[World War II]], emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of ''Falastin'' and ''Al-Difa''.{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=386-387}}',
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3 => 'By the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in [[Mandatory Palestine]].{{sfn|Kominko|2015|p=384}} Soon after ''Falastin'' became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in 1929,{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=103}} another important daily ''Al-Difa'' appeared in 1934, and a rivalry between the two marked the mandate period.{{sfn|Gorman|2017|p=106}}'
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</p>
<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa,_Palestine_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg/300px-Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg/450px-Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg/600px-Street_vendor_selling_Falastin_newspaper_in_Jaffa%2C_Palestine_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Street vendor selling the <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in 1921</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <b>history of Palestinian journalism</b> dates back to the early 20th century.
</p><p>After the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> lifted press censorship in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Arabic-language newspapers in <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Palestine</a> began to appear. From its early days, the Palestinian press voiced Arab aspirations and opposed <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)" title="Al-Karmil (newspaper)">Al-Karmil</a></i> established in 1908, and <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> in 1911, both of which were published by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Arab Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383-1">[1]</a></sup> It was also in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the emerging press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Palestine's press under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a> became more diverse, and increasingly reflected different political factions, which used their publications to mobilize the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137-3">[3]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, which saw violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, led to a radicalization of the Arab press, and the British introduced restrictive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup> Many major publications were suspended for extended periods during the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>By the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup> Soon after <i>Falastin</i> became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103-6">[6]</a></sup> another important daily <i>Al-Difa</i> appeared in 1934, and a rivalry between the two marked the mandate period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ottoman_period_(1908-1916)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman period (1908-1916)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mandate_period_(1917-1948)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mandate period (1917-1948)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jordanian_period_(1948-1967)"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Jordanian period (1948-1967)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Current_period_(1967-present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Current period (1967-present)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Archives"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Archives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The first privately-published daily newspapers in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Arab provinces</a>, which enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy, appeared in <a href="/wiki/Beirut_vilayet" title="Beirut vilayet">Beirut</a> in 1873 and in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty201927_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty201927-8">[8]</a></sup> By the year 1908 <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> boasted 627 publications with a circulation of around 100,000. In <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Palestine</a>, printing was used by Christian institutions for religious texts, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> press that was established in 1846, and followed afterwards by the Armenian and Greek Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The only newspaper published in Palestine was an official government gazette written in Arabic and Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237-2">[2]</a></sup> Arabic periodicals only appeared in Palestine following the 1908 <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a>, which lifted press censorship in the empire. About fifteen publications emerged in that year, and another twenty were published before the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914. Nearly another 180 were published during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a> (1920-1948). However, launching newspapers was easier than sustaining them, as most of these periodicals lasted for a short period of time, especially considering the competition with high quality periodicals from Beirut and Cairo, such as the Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram" title="Al-Ahram">Al-Ahram</a></i> (<i>The Pyramids</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Ottoman_period_.281908-1916.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ottoman_period_(1908-1916)">Ottoman period (1908-1916)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman period (1908-1916)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Three of Palestine's leading newspapers of the pre-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era were <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(Ottoman_period_newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)">Al-Quds</a></i> (<i>Jerusalem</i>) established by Jurji Habib Hanania in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in September 1908; <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)" title="Al-Karmil (newspaper)">Al-Karmil</a></i> (<i>Carmel</i> after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Najib_Nassar" title="Najib Nassar">Najib Nassar</a> in December 1908; and <i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> (<i>Palestine</i>) by the cousins <a href="/wiki/Issa_El-Issa" title="Issa El-Issa">Issa El-Issa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yousef_El-Issa" title="Yousef El-Issa">Yousef El-Issa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> in January 1911. These three newspapers voiced Arab aspirations and were all published by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a>, showing the early role they played in <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019238_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019238-11">[11]</a></sup> In particular, <i>Al-Karmil</i> and <i>Falastin</i> were opposed to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383-1">[1]</a></sup> It was in this early period that the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinians" were being increasingly used by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237-2">[2]</a></sup> And although the readership of the press was limited in numbers due to relatively low literacy rates, it had been expanding as social centers where created, where newspapers would be read aloud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1021810730">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading Palestinian newspapers during the Ottoman period</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Quds (1908-1914)"><img alt="Al-Quds (1908-1914)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg/111px-First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg/166px-First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg/222px-First_issue_of_al-Quds_newspaper_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1510" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(Ottoman_period_newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (Ottoman period newspaper)">Al-Quds</a></i> (1908-1914)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Karmil (1908-1944)"><img alt="Al-Karmil (1908-1944)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png/104px-15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png/156px-15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png/208px-15_September_1925_edition_of_Al_Karmil_newspaper.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Karmil_(newspaper)" title="Al-Karmil (newspaper)">Al-Karmil</a></i> (1908-1944)</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filastin_1936_issue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Falastin (1911-1967)"><img alt="Falastin (1911-1967)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/113px-Filastin_1936_issue.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/170px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/227px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> (1911-1967)</div>
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</ul></div></div></div>
<p>These early Arab Palestinian press analyzed and condemned Zionism and its objective, and saw Ottoman Jews as loyal subjects to the empire, but the Zionists as a threat. These fears arose due to the wave of European <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigrants to Palestine</a>, who were building settlements that were exclusively relying on Jewish labor and excluding Arab ones. Thus, the Arabs began a public awareness campaign through the newspapers, warning that once the Zionist project was fulfilled, the Arab majority would lose its status and lands in Palestine, which would cease to become Arab. The Arab editors thought that bringing these matters to the Ottoman authorities would be futile, therefore they preferred to bringing these issues to the public's attention, so that they can be active in preventing land sales to Jews, which caused Arab peasants’ eviction, and their subsequent loss of work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael200795_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael200795-13">[13]</a></sup> A common theme in the press of this early period is a criticism directed towards the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">European Jewish immigrants</a> who failed to integrate, or bother learning Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>During this period, the readership of the press was limited in numbers, but had been expanding. Although literacy rates were relatively low, social centers where created, such as the town cafe and the village guesthouse, where people would read aloud articles from newspapers and then the men would engage in political discussions. In addition, several libraries opened at the beginning of the 20th century. "Newspaper breaks" used to take place in some factories. There was also recorded instances of publishers sending a copy of their newspaper to villages in the surrounding areas. Articles from <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Karmil</i> were often reprinted in other local papers and national ones in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Mandate_period_.281917-1948.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Mandate_period_(1917-1948)">Mandate period (1917-1948)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mandate period (1917-1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Palestinian press was suppressed due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, and only two of the three leading newspapers of the Ottoman period were reopened during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a>, <i>Al-Karmil</i> and <i>Falastin</i>. During the mandate period, the press became more diverse than in the Ottoman period, and increasingly reflected different political factions and national consciousness. According to one survey in the mid 1930s, over 250 Arabic newspapers and 65 in other languages were circulating in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most of these publications appeared weekly and the number of copies distributed increased gradually. While most newspapers distributed hundreds of copies each during the Ottoman period, this figure increased to 1,000-1,500 during the Mandate period in the 1920s. <i>Falastin</i>, which was the most popular Palestinian newspaper, sold towards the end of the 1920s around 3,000 copies per issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, twenty newspapers were established, mainly <a href="/wiki/Mir%27at_al-Sharq_(newspaper)" title="Mir'at al-Sharq (newspaper)">Mir'at al-Sharq</a> (<i>Mirror of the East</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Boulos_Shehadeh" title="Boulos Shehadeh">Boulos Shehadeh</a>, a Palestinian Christian, in September 1919; and <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jamia_Al_Arabiya" title="Al Jamia Al Arabiya">Al-Jami'a Al-'Arabiya</a></i> (<i>The Arab Union</i>), which was the voice of Palestine's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a>, by Munif Husseini in December 1927. Around six newspapers were established in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, in addition to <i>Falastin</i>; twelve in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>; and some others in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulkarem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkarem">Tulkarem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Falastin</i> became the first Palestinian newspaper to succeed in establishing itself as a daily in October 1929, a month after it had started publishing a weekly English-language edition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017126_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017126-15">[15]</a></sup> And the establishment of <i>Al-Difa</i> in April 1934 was considered an important event in the history of Palestinian journalism during the mandate period, as it managed to attract professional journalists from several Arab countries. A rivalry developed between these two largest dailies, <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa</i>, which saw improvements in their quality. <i>Al-Difa</i> expanded its readership to the rural and Muslim communities, portraying itself a counterweight to the Christian-owned <i>Falastin</i>. While <i>Falastin</i> aimed to show that it served the whole nation by highlighting how uneducated people enjoyed reading their paper, in an implied criticism towards <i>Al-Difa</i> which had come to rely on intellectuals with a complex writing style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106-7">[7]</a></sup> Many weeklies found it difficult to compete with these two dailies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017108-16">[16]</a></sup>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading newspapers during the mandate period</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filastin_1936_issue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Falastin (1911-1967)"><img alt="Falastin (1911-1967)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/113px-Filastin_1936_issue.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/170px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/227px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> (1911-1967)</div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Difa' (1934-1971)"><img alt="Al-Difa' (1934-1971)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/122px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/183px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/243px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Difa" title="Al Difa">Al-Difa'</a></i> (1934-1971)</div>
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</ul></div></div></div>
<p>The Ottoman Press Law, which mandated licensing and the submission of translations to government authorities, was adopted by the British, but they rarely interfered until 1929. That year saw the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>, which included violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, leading to a radicalization of Arab newspapers. Two outspoken newspapers were established in Jaffa: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jami%27a_Al-Islamiya_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya (newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>Al-Jami'a Al-Islamiya</i></a> (<i>The Islamic Union</i>) in 1932; and <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Difa" title="Al Difa">Al-Difa'</a></i> (<i>The Defense</i>) in 1934, which was associated with <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(Mandatory_Palestine)" title="Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine)">Hizb Al-Istiqlal</a> (The Independence Party). <a href="/wiki/Al_Liwaa_(newspaper)" title="Al Liwaa (newspaper)"><i>Al-Liwaa</i></a> (<i>The Banner</i>) was published in Jerusalem in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Husayni" title="Jamal al-Husayni">Jamal al-Husayni</a>, who was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many of the editors and owners of newspapers were members of political organizations, and used their publications for mobilizing the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137-3">[3]</a></sup> The British authorities' attitude towards Palestinian press was initially tolerant, given they had assessed that their impact on public life was minimal. However, as the press became more impactful and radical, restrictive measures were increasingly introduced. A new Publications Law was issued in 1933, which gave the British authorities the power to revoke publication permits, suspend newspapers, and punish journalists. Regulations were issued that further restricted freedom of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-5">[5]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, the use of colloquial writing style by the press intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106-7">[7]</a></sup> Many major publications were suspended for extended periods between 1937 and 1938, including <i>Falastin</i>, <i>Al-Difa</i>, and <i>Al-Liwa</i>. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, emergency laws were enacted and the British closed almost all the newspapers, with the exception of <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa</i>, due to the moderation of their tone and the publishing of censored news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Jordanian_period_.281948-1967.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jordanian_period_(1948-1967)">Jordanian period (1948-1967)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jordanian period (1948-1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>After the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Difa</i> were moved from Jaffa to <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, which along with the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in 1950. Another newspaper called <i>Al-Jihad</i> was established in East Jerusalem in 1953. Thus these three East Jerusalem-based newspapers became Jordan's press for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-17">[17]</a></sup> In the 1950s, a number of newspapers were established as affiliates of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Jordan">political parties</a> that were being created in Jordan, including: <i>Al-Raya</i> (<i>The Banner</i>) affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> (Liberation Party) in 1953, which was suspended after 13 issues; and <i>Al-Ba'th</i> (<i>The Renaissance</i>) affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a>, which lasted from 1949 to 1954. An anti-communist law issued in 1953 banned leftist publications by the <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Communist_Party" title="Jordanian Communist Party">Jordanian Communist Party</a>. Furthermore, the prevalent anti-Jordanian propaganda in Egyptian newspaper in the 1950s led to its ban in Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-96_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-96-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading newspapers during the Jordanian period</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filastin_1936_issue.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Falastin (1911-1967)"><img alt="Falastin (1911-1967)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/113px-Filastin_1936_issue.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/170px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Filastin_1936_issue.png/227px-Filastin_1936_issue.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i> (1911-1967)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Difa' (1934-1971)"><img alt="Al-Difa' (1934-1971)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/122px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/183px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png/243px-9_November_1936_edition_of_Al-Difa%27_newspaper.png 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al_Difa" title="Al Difa">Al-Difa'</a></i> (1934-1971)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Jihad (1953-1967)"><img alt="Al-Jihad (1953-1967)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg/119px-Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg/179px-Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg/238px-Al-Jihad_newspaper_published_in_Jerusalem_1963_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jihad_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jihad (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Al-Jihad</a></i> (1953-1967)</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<p>The Jordanian government of <a href="/wiki/Wasfi_Tal" title="Wasfi Tal">Wasfi Tal</a> issued a new Press and Bublications Law in early 1967 that forced the merger of <i>Al-Difa</i> and <i>Al-Jihad</i> to produce Jerusalem-based <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (newspaper)">Al-Quds</a></i> (not to be confused with the newspaper of the same name 1908-1914); and the merger of <i>Falastin</i> and <i>Al-Manar</i> to produce <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dustour_(Jordan)" title="Ad-Dustour (Jordan)"><i>Ad-Dustour</i></a> (<i>The Constitution</i>); both of these newspapers are still published to this day. <i>Ad-Dustour</i> and <i>Al-Difa'</i> newspapers were both briefly suspended during <a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a> in 1970 after having published a <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> statement that blamed the Jordanian government for the conflict. As a result of the conflict and the low wages paid to journalists, many professionals of Palestinian origin moved to <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201896_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201896-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="Current_period_.281967-present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_period_(1967-present)">Current period (1967-present)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current period (1967-present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Al-Quds' bureau chief <a href="/wiki/Said_Arikat" title="Said Arikat">Said Arikat</a> reports on U.S. foreign policy, specifically as it related to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021810730"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Leading Palestinian newspaper in the current period</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Quds (1967-present)"><img alt="Al-Quds (1967-present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp/127px-Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp/191px-Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp/255px-Al-Quds_newspaper_2019_edition.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (newspaper)">Al-Quds</a></i> (1967-present)</div>
</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Archives">Archives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Interior of the library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg/220px-Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg/330px-Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg/440px-Lazhar_Neftien_Aqsa_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Interior of <a href="#Al-Khutniyya_Library">al-Khutniyya Library</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">al-Aqsa Library</a> system</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Al-Aqsa Library</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> has more than seventy Arabic newspapers, magazines, and journals published in Palestine, in addition to ones that were published in other Arab countries and by Arab communities in Europe, and South and North America. The library in some instances holds the only copy available in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216960609">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .reflist{column-gap:2em}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015383_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 383.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019237_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty2019">Dowty 2019</a>, p. 237.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018135,_137_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegan2018">Regan 2018</a>, p. 135, 137.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015384_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 384.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015386-387_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 386-387.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017103_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman2017">Gorman 2017</a>, p. 103.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGorman2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017106_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman2017">Gorman 2017</a>, p. 106.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGorman2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty201927-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty201927_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty2019">Dowty 2019</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKominko2015382_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, p. 382.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKominko2015">Kominko 2015</a>, pp. 382–383: "In 1936 Zionists attempting to set up an Arabic newspaper to counter anti-Zionist propaganda, acknowledged that it was difficult to compete with the quality of imported Egyptian publications like al-Ahrām [The Pyramids] and al-Jihad [The Struggle]."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowty2019238-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowty2019238_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty2019">Dowty 2019</a>, p. 238.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan2018133-134_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegan2018">Regan 2018</a>, p. 133-134.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael200795-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael200795_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichael2007">Michael 2007</a>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowty2019">Dowty 2019</a>, p. 238: "In the spring of 1909 <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27i_(magazine)" title="Al-Asma'i (magazine)">Al-Asma'i</a></i> published an article by a young poet from a prominent family, Isaf an-Nashashibi, who admonished that Jews "should help in reviving this Arabic] language after its destruction." An-Nashashibi also urged that they "rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine," since there was no chance of achieving such hopes. "If the Jews want to live a good life with us," the young poet continued, "they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language.... They should imitate our brothers the Christians, who are <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">founding schools and teaching this beautiful language</a>."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017126-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017126_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman2017">Gorman 2017</a>, p. 126.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGorman2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorman2017108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorman2017108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGorman2017">Gorman 2017</a>, p. 108.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGorman2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhamis2018">Khamis 2018</a>, p. 95.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-96-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201895-96_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhamis2018">Khamis 2018</a>, p. 95-96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhamis201896-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhamis201896_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhamis2018">Khamis 2018</a>, p. 96.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Palestinian_journalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowty2019" class="citation book cs1">Dowty, Alan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4uFDwAAQBAJ"><i>Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide</i></a>. Indiana University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+and+Jews+in+Ottoman+Palestine%3A+Two+Worlds+Collide&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dowty&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4uFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Anthony (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xn18DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Press in the Middle East and North Africa</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxn18DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKhamis2018" class="citation book cs1">Khamis, Lina Edward (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiRZDwAAQBAJ"><i>Cultural Policy in Jordan: System, Process, and Policy</i></a>. Springer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Policy+in+Jordan%3A+System%2C+Process%2C+and+Policy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Khamis&rft.aufirst=Lina+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiRZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKominko2015" class="citation book cs1">Kominko, Maja (16 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImO3BgAAQBAJ"><i>From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme</i></a>. Open Book Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Dust+to+Digital%3A+Ten+Years+of+the+Endangered+Archives+Programme&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft.aulast=Kominko&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImO3BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Michael, Suheir (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/76537292x"><i>Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home</i></a> (PhD in Politics thesis). San Fransisco State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Identity+in+Palestinian+Literature%3A+Exile+is+the+Antithesis+of+Home&rft.degree=PhD+in+Politics&rft.inst=San+Fransisco+State+University&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Suheir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.calstate.edu%2Fdownloads%2F76537292x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRegan2018" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Bernard (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K595DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Balfour Declaration: Empire, the Mandate and Resistance in Palestine</i></a>. Verso Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balfour+Declaration%3A+Empire%2C+the+Mandate+and+Resistance+in+Palestine&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK595DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Palestinian+journalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_in_Palestine" title="Template:Media in Palestine"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_in_Palestine" title="Template talk:Media in Palestine"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_in_Palestine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media in Palestine"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_in_Palestine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media in Palestine</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Newspapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_(newspaper)" title="Al-Quds (newspaper)">Al-Quds </a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ayyam_(Ramallah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ayyam (Ramallah)">Al-Ayyam</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_al-Jadida" title="Al-Hayat al-Jadida">Al-Hayat al-Jadida</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Felesteen_(newspaper)" title="Felesteen (newspaper)">Felestin</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Television in the State of Palestine">TV channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Satellite_Channel" title="Palestinian Satellite Channel">Palestinian Satellite Channel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Voice_Radio" title="Al-Aqsa Voice Radio">Al-Aqsa Voice Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_24" title="Jerusalem 24">Jerusalem 24</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RAM_FM_(West_Bank)" title="RAM FM (West Bank)">RAM FM</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Palestine" title="Voice of Palestine">Voice of Palestine</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amad_Media" title="Amad Media">Amad Media</a> (Egypt-based)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Information_Center" title="Palestinian Information Center">Palestinian Information Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shehab_News_Agency" title="Shehab News Agency">Shehab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27an_News_Agency" title="Ma'an News Agency">Ma'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Now" title="Gaza Now">Gaza Now</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quds_News_Network" title="Quds News Network">Quds News Network</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wafa" title="Wafa">Wafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Press_Agency" title="Palestinian Press Agency">Safa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Falastin_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falastin (newspaper)">Falastin</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Weekly_Newspaper" title="Gaza Weekly Newspaper">Gaza Weekly Newspaper</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Times" title="Palestine Times">Palestine Times</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_TV" title="Al-Quds TV">Al-Quds</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All_for_Peace" title="All for Peace">All for Peace</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Asma%27i_(magazine)" title="Al-Asma'i (magazine)">Al-Asma'i</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1712178615' |