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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Maxim gun
| image = File:MaximGun.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| is_ranged = yes <!-- Template control parameter -->
| type = [[Heavy machine gun]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| service = 1886–present
| used_by = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| wars = <!-- In chronological order -->{{Tree list}}
* [[Mahdist War]]
* [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]
* [[Yoni Expedition]]
* [[Samoan Civil War]]<ref name="German Colonial">{{cite web | url=http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm| title=Machine Guns of the Schutztruppe and Overseas Forces| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420014810/http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm| archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Abushiri Revolt]]
*[[Ijebu Kingdom|Jebu War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Soldier's Burden |url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/204201.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.kaiserscross.com}}</ref>
* [[Early history of Uganda#Long-distance trade and foreign contact (1800s)|Buganda civil wars]]
* [[First Matabele War]]
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Chitral Expedition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm| title=The King's Royal Rifle Corps Maxim Gun Section| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002040642/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm| archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
*[[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)]]
* [[Anglo-Ashanti Wars#Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, 1895 - 1896|Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War]]<ref>Raugh, Harold E.,"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History" (2004)</ref>
* [[Jameson Raid]]<ref name="Davis-21">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Richard Harding|title=Dr. Jameson's raiders vs. the Johannesburg reformers|publisher=R. H. Russell|location=New York| year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/stream/drjamesonsraider00davirich#page/21/mode/1up/search/maxim}}</ref>
* [[Second Matabele War]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.today/20230224071950/https://www.historynet.com/second-matabele-war/| title=Second Matabele War}}</ref>
* [[Dervish State|Dervish Resistance]]
* [[Philippine Revolution]]
* [[Benin Expedition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beninexpedition120yearson.weebly.com/beninpunitiveexpedition/monday-15-february-1897| title=Extract from A DIARY OF A SURGEON WITH THE BENIN PUNITIVE EXPEDITION' By FELIX N. ROTH, M.R.C.S., and L.R.C.P.}}</ref>
* [[Spanish–American War]]
* [[Adamawa Wars]]
* [[Philippine–American War]]
* [[Second Boer War]]
* [[Boxer Rebellion]]
* [[War of the Golden Stool]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montagu|first=Hall Wynyard|url=https://archive.org/details/greatdramaofkuma030748mbp|title=The Great Drama Of Kumasi|date=1939|publisher=Putnam Limited Press|others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>
* [[Bafut Wars]]
* [[Anglo–Aro War]]
* [[British expedition to Tibet]]<ref>Allen, Charles (2015), "Duel in the Snows" John Murray Press</ref>
* [[Russo-Japanese War]]
* [[Herero War]]
* [[Maji Maji Rebellion]]
* [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
* [[History of Honduras#The rise of US influence in Honduras (1899–1919)|1907 Honduran Conflict]]
* [[Sokehs Rebellion]]<ref name="German Colonial" />
* [[Mexican Revolution]]
* [[Balkan Wars]]
* [[Contestado War]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[Russian Civil War]]
* [[Finnish Civil War]]
* [[Estonian War of Independence]]
* [[Polish–Soviet War]]
* [[Paraguayan Civil War (1922)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm| title=AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE PARAGUAYAN ARMY | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201162503/https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm | archive-date=1 December 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Constitutionalist Revolution]]<ref>Cotta, Francis Albert "as trincheiras da mantiqueira: os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolução Constitucionalista"</ref>
* [[Chaco War]]
* [[Chinese Civil War]]
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indochina War]]
* [[Korean War]]
* [[Vietnam War]]
* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<ref name="Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat - The Drive">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat|title=Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat |date=5 February 2020 |publisher=The Drive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205153400/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref>
** [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="DNR/LPR troops using a technical with a maxim gun">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun|title=Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun |newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537|title=Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
<!-- Production History -->| designer = [[Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = Maxim Gun Company, [[Vickers]]
| number =
| variants = [[Vickers machine gun]], [[MG08]], [[PM M1910]], M32-33, M/09-21
<!-- General specifications -->| weight = 27.2 kg (60 lb)
| length = 107.9 cm (42.5 in)
| part_length = 67.3 cm (26.5 in)
| width =
| height =
| crew = 4
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge = {{Plainlist|
* [[7×57mm Mauser]]
* [[.303 British]]
* [[.30-06 Springfield]]
* [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
* [[.577/450 Martini–Henry]]
* [[7.62×54mmR]]
}}
| caliber =
| action = [[Recoil-operated]]
| rate = 550–600 rounds/min
| velocity = 744 m/s
| range =
| max_range =
| feed = 250-round canvas belt
| sights = [[Iron sight]]s
}}
The '''Maxim gun''' is a [[Recoil operation|recoil-operated]] [[machine gun]] invented in 1884 by [[Hiram Maxim|Hiram Stevens Maxim]]. It was the first [[automatic firearm|fully automatic]] machine gun in the world.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370419/Sir-Hiram-Stevens-Maxim Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim]</ref>
The Maxim gun has been called "the weapon most associated with imperial conquest" by historian [[Martin Gilbert]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume One: 1900–1933 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |place=New York |page=11 |year=1997 |edition=1st US |isbn=978-0-688-10064-3}}</ref> and was heavily used by [[Colonialism|colonial powers]] during the "[[Scramble for Africa]]". Afterwards, Maxim guns also saw extensive usage by different armies during the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War III|Second World Wars]], as well as in contemporary conflicts.
The Maxim gun was greatly influential in the development of machine guns, and it has multiple variants and derivatives.
== Design ==
[[File:Maxim machine gun drawing - B86 483-1 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of the Maxim Gun in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'']]
The Maxim gun featured one of the earliest [[recoil]]-operated firing systems in history. Energy from recoil acting on the breech block is used to eject each spent cartridge and insert the next one. Maxim's earliest designs used a 360-degree rotating cam to reverse the movement of the block, but this was later simplified to a toggle lock. This made it vastly more efficient and less labor-intensive than previous rapid-firing guns, such as the manually cranked [[Mitrailleuse]], [[Gatling gun|Gatling]], [[Gardner gun|Gardner]], or [[Nordenfelt gun|Nordenfelt]].
The Maxim gun was [[water cooling|water cooled]], allowing it to sustain its rate of fire far longer than air-cooled guns. The extra weight and complexity this added, however, made it heavier and less flexible in use.
Trials demonstrated that the Maxim could fire 600 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=David |title=1914–1918: The History of the First World War |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-026817-1 |page=8}}</ref> Compared to modern machine guns, the Maxim was heavy, bulky, and awkward. A lone soldier could fire the weapon, but it was usually operated by a team of men, usually 4 to 6. Apart from the gunner, other crew were needed to speed reload, spot targets, and carry and ready ammunition and water. Several men were needed to move or mount the heavy weapon.
== Production company ==
In 1884, Maxim began to develop his machine gun in [[Hatton Garden]], London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pegler |first=Martin |title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun |last2=Dennis |first2=Martin |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2013 |pages=15–17}}</ref> In November of that year, he founded the Maxim Gun Company with financing from {{Interlanguage link|Albert Vickers|la|3=Albertus Vickers}}, son of steel entrepreneur [[Edward Vickers]].<ref name=":0" /> A [[blue plaque]] on the factory where Maxim invented and produced the gun is located in Hatton Garden at the junction with Clerkenwell Road in London.
Albert Vickers became the company's chairman, and it later joined hands with a Swedish competitor, [[Nordenfelt]], to become [[Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company]]. ''The Post Office Directory of trades in London'' of 1895 lists its office at 32 Victoria Street SW (London) on page 1579.
Finally, the company was absorbed into the mother [[Vickers]] company, leading first to the Vickers-Maxim gun and then, after Vickers' redesign, the [[Vickers machine gun]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
== History ==
=== Development (1883–1884) ===
Maxim's first British patents relating to the development of the Maxim gun were granted in June and July 1883.<ref>McCallum, p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=317161 |status=patent |title=Machine-gun |gdate=1885-05-05 |inventor=Hiram Stevens Maxim |assign1=Albert Vickers |assign2=Robert R. Symon |url=https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00317161&SectionNum=1&IDKey=D17BB1BBCCEC&HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%2526Sect2=HITOFF%2526d=PALL%2526p=1%2526u=%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r=1%2526f=G%2526l=50%2526s1=0317161.PN.%2526OS=PN/0317161%2526RS=PN/0317161}}</ref> The first prototype was demonstrated to invited guests in October 1884.<ref>McCallum, p. 49.</ref>
=== Use in colonial warfare (1886–1914) ===
[[File:HiramMaxim MaximGun.gif|thumb|Test-firing of the Maxim gun upon a wheeled mount by Hiram Maxim.]]
[[File:Maxim machine gun Megapixie.jpg|thumb|1895 [[.303 British|.303 caliber]] tripod-mounted air-cooled variant]]
[[File:USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg|thumb|A large-bore Maxim on the [[USS Vixen (PY-4)|USS ''Vixen'']] c. 1898]]
A prototype of the Maxim gun was given by Hiram Maxim to the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]] in 1886–1890, under the leadership of [[Henry Morton Stanley]]. More a publicity stunt than a serious military contribution, in view of the main financier of the expedition, [[Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet|William Mackinnon]], "merely exhibiting" the gun was likely to "prove a great peace-preserver".<ref>Iain R. Smith: ''The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition'', p. 86.</ref> The weapon was used on several occasions, especially during the expedition's retreat from central Africa, not because of its devastating effects, but as an effective means to scare off attackers. One of the first uses of the Maxim gun by British Forces was in the 1887 [[Yoni Expedition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Yoni Campaign |url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/231201.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.kaiserscross.com}}</ref> The same prototype used by Stanley was brought back to central Africa by [[Frederick Lugard]], where it played an instrumental role in the establishment of the [[Uganda Protectorate]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Morten |last=Blaabjerg |title=Uhyret der sagde puh! puh! Maxim maskingeværets logistik i det mørkeste Afrika, fra Gordons fald til slaget ved Omdurman 1885–1898 |publisher=University of Southern Denmark |year=2007 |language=da |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14690805/Uhyret-der-sagde-puh-puh-Speciale}}</ref>
The first unit in the world to receive the Maxim was the expeditionary force led by [[Hermann Wissmann]] which was sent in 1888 by the [[German Empire|German Imperial government]] to [[German colonial empire|its colonies]] in [[German East Africa|East Africa]] to suppress the [[Abushiri Revolt]].<ref>G. Richelmann, Schaffung der Wissmanntruppe; in: Becker, Perbandt, Richelmann, Schmidt, Steuber: Hermann von Wissmann, Deutschlands grösster Afrikaner, Berlin 1907, p. 191, [https://archive.org/details/hermannvonwissm00surgoog online at archive.org]</ref> Wissmann was issued one of the first Maxim guns which had reached Germany and used it successfully in his capture of [[Pangani]].<ref>Richelmann p. 236</ref>
The [[Singapore Volunteer Corps]] received a Maxim gun in 1889, but it was never used. This was a civilian volunteer defence unit on the British colony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Volunteer Corps {{!}} Infopedia |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html|access-date=2022-09-11 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106094706/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html |archive-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref>
The Maxim gun was first used extensively in an African conflict during the [[First Matabele War]] in [[Rhodesia]]. During the [[Battle of the Shangani]] on 25 October 1893, 700 soldiers fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just five Maxim guns. It played an important role in the "[[Scramble for Africa]]" in the late 19th century. The extreme lethality was employed to devastating effect against obsolete charging tactics, when African opponents could be lured into [[pitched battle]]s in open terrain. As it was put by [[Hilaire Belloc]], in the words of the figure "Blood" in his poem "The Modern Traveller":
{{poemquote|Whatever happens, we have got
The Maxim gun, and they have not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm|title=The Modern Traveller|website=colonialwargaming.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828003722/http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref>}}
However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the [[Battle of Omdurman]], its significance owed much to its psychological impact.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "one-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>
The Maxim gun was also used in the [[Anglo-Aro War]] (in present-day [[Nigeria]]) of 1901–1902.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950611553 |title=Encyclopedia of African colonial conflicts |date=2017 |others=Timothy J. Stapleton |isbn=978-1-59884-837-3 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |oclc=950611553}}</ref>
National and military authorities were reluctant to adopt the weapon, and Maxim's company initially had some trouble convincing European governments of the weapon's efficiency. Soldiers generally held a great mistrust of machine guns due to their tendency to [[firearm malfunction|jam]]. In the 1906 version of his book ''Small Wars'', [[Charles Edward Callwell|Charles Callwell]] says of machine guns: "The older forms are not suitable as a rule... they jammed at [[Battle of Ulundi|Ulundi]], they jammed at [[Battle of Dogali|Dogali]], they jammed at [[Battle of Abu Klea|Abu Klea]] and [[Battle of Tofrek|Tofrek]], in some cases with unfortunate results."<ref>Callwell, p. 440.</ref> However, the Maxim was far more reliable than its contemporaries.<ref name="smallwars">''Small Wars''. 1906. Callwell, p. 559.</ref> A more immediate problem was that, initially, its position was easily given away by the clouds of smoke that the gun produced (although the same was true of artillery pieces and units of troops that the machine gun was intended to replace or supplement, so this wasn't viewed as a particular drawback by the early users). The advent of [[smokeless powder]] (developed by, among others, Hiram's brother [[Hudson Maxim]]), helped to change this.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The weapon was adopted by the British Army under the guidance of [[Garnet Wolseley|Sir Garnet Wolseley]], who had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1888. In October that year, he placed an order of 120 rifle-calibre Maxims<ref>McCallum, p. 67.</ref> using the same [[.577/450 Martini–Henry|.577/450]] ammunition as the [[Martini–Henry]] rifles. Wolseley had previously led military expeditions in Africa (the [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Ashanti war]] and the [[Gordon Relief Expedition]] in 1884–85) and had a reputation for being a strong subscriber to military innovation and reform, which he demonstrated in Africa. There he used machine guns, explored other unconventional ideas, and founded an Egyptian camel corps.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The gun's design was also purchased and used by several other European countries.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
In January 1899, just before the outbreak of the [[Philippine-American War]], the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippines]] had forty-two Maxim guns. An English observer who had seen one of them, described it as being "of the most improved type."
=== Russo-Japanese War ===
In 1895, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] purchased a number of Maxims and tested them during the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|1895 invasion of Taiwan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Ian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50089869 |title=Armies of the nineteenth century. Asia : organisation, warfare, dress, and weapons |publisher=Foundry Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-901543-01-3 |location=St. Peter Port, Guernsey |oclc=50089869}}</ref> but later decided to standardize on the [[Hotchkiss machine gun]]. The [[Imperial Russian Army]] likewise purchased 58 Maxim machine guns in 1899 and contracted with Vickers in 1902 to manufacture the design in Russia, although manufacturing did not start until 1910.<ref name= Kowner>{{cite book|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|author-link=Rotem Kowner|year=2006|title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War|publisher = Scarecrow|isbn= 978-0-8108-4927-3}}, p. 225.</ref> During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, the Russian Army employed the Maxim in combat<ref>Gilbert, Martin. p. 93.</ref> and placed a rush order for another 450 units from overseas suppliers, which were mostly delivered to front-line troops before the end of the war.<ref name= Kowner />
=== World War I (1914–1918) ===
By [[World War I]], many armies had moved on to improved machine guns. The British [[Vickers machine gun]] was an improved and redesigned Maxim, introduced into the British Army in 1912 and remaining in service until 1968. Production took place at Erith in Kent, and some models were fitted to early biplanes also fabricated there. The German Army's [[Maschinengewehr 08]] and the Russian [[Russian M1910 Maxim|Pulemyot Maxim]] were both more or less direct copies of the Maxim.
It also saw use during the [[Russian Civil War]], which followed the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Revolution]] in 1917. A picture of the period depicts a Maxim gun mounted on a [[tachanka]], a horse-drawn carriage, along with the gunner, firing backwards at a pursuing [[White Army]] regiment. [[Anarchist]]s attribute this mobile setup to [[Nestor Makhno]].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg|Austro-Hungarian soldiers with a trophy Maxim machine gun in the High Alps, c. 1916
File:Red army soldiers, end of 1920s-beginning of 1930s.jpg|Red Army soldiers with a Maxim machine gun, c. 1930
</gallery>
=== American use ===
[[File:111-SC-24660 - NARA - 55208931.jpg|thumb|left|A reference photo of a M1904 Maxim]]
[[File:U.S. Army 1911 maneuvers in Texas- Maxim machine gun & crew LCCN2003653480.jpg|thumb|left|American troops with a M1904 machine gun on maneuvers in Texas, 1911]]
The [[United States Army]] had shown interest in the Maxim machine gun since 1887. Model 1889 and Model 1900 Maxims were used for testing, which lasted for years but not continuously. The gun was finally adopted in 1904 as the '''Maxim Machine Gun, Caliber .30, Model of 1904''' as the first rifle-caliber heavy machine gun for standard service in the U.S. Army. The design was characteristic for its visually distinctive cage-like muzzle [[recoil booster]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2073 | title=U.S. Maxim Model 1904 | date=February 2004 }}</ref> designed by [[Trevor Dawson]] and J. Ramsay of Vickers.<ref>{{US patent|870497A}}</ref>
The first 50 guns and tripods were made by [[Vickers#Vickers, Sons & Maxim|Vickers, Sons & Maxim]] in the U.K. chambered for [[.30-03]]. [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] was selected to produce it domestically, but challenges with schematics and specifications delayed its introduction. By the time Colt began production in 1908 (which was also the last year orders were placed for the guns), a total of 90 M1904s were made by Vickers. Colt made their machine guns for the new [[.30-06]] caliber, and the ones made by Vickers were re-chambered for the new round. A total of 287 M1904 Maxims were manufactured. The U.S. procured other machine guns after M1904 production ended, including the [[Hotchkiss M1909 Benet–Mercie machine gun|M1909 Benét–Mercié]], the [[Vickers machine gun#Colt–Vickers M1915|Colt–Vickers M1915]], and the [[Browning M1917]].
M1904 Maxims were issued to infantry companies and cavalry. Each company had four guns with associated tripods, ammunition, and 20 [[mule]]s to transport the heavy guns. The M1904 was deployed in operations in the Philippines, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central and South America, but never saw much combat use. During World War I, it remained in the U.S. for training.<ref>[http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=265 U.S. Maxim Model 1904] – SAdefensejournal.com, 15 August 2013.</ref>
=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
The Maxim, in the form of the [[PM M1910]] chambered in [[7.62×54mmR]], has been used by both sides of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] of 2022. Many Maxim guns were [[retrofitted]] to suit the nature of modern warfare, including its installation on [[Technical (vehicle)|technicals]] and the mounting of [[red dot sight]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun|access-date=2022-05-26 |issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В РНБО висміяли "новітню" техніку окупантів: смішний перелік |url=https://24tv.ua/rnbo-vismiyali-novitnyu-tehniku-okupantiv-smishniy-perelik_n1920111 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=24 Канал |date=26 March 2022 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title=Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537 |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> At least one documented Maxim gun used by the [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] in the [[Battle of Bakhmut]] still had its original iron wheels with no visible modifications. A Ukrainian soldier told ''[[BBC News]]'' in March 2023: "It only works when there is a massive attack going on{{nbsp}}... then it really works. So we use it every week".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title= Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |author=Quentin Sommerville |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537.amp |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref>
== Variants and derivatives ==
[[File:7.5mm MG Maxim.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Swiss Maschinengewehr System Maxim Ord 1894 chambered in the 7.5 mm GP11 round]]
* Maxim five-barrel machine gun, fed from overhead inserted magazines and later belt-fed.
* [[Vickers machine gun]]: earlier Maxims had been chambered for earlier British service cartridges, but the Vickers was produced for export available in most of the different calibres and cartridges used by countries around the world, and including a large caliber (.50 inch) as used on [[Royal Navy]] warships. The machine gun was {{convert|20|lb|0}} lighter and had been tested by the Army in 1909.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Dominick|title=The British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and the Machine Gun|journal=Military Affairs|date=December 1982|volume=46|issue=4|pages=190–193|doi=10.2307/1987613|jstor=1987613}}</ref>
* [[MG 01|Maschinengewehr 01]], made by [[Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken]] (DWM)
* [[MG 08]] derived from MG 01
** Its export version DWM 1909 commercial, featuring the naval tripod mount of the MG 08 instead of the sled
** German indigenous derivatives (e.g., MG 08/15)
* Type 24 heavy machine gun, Chinese variant of DWM 1909
* [[MG 11|Maschinengewehr Modell 1911]], Swiss variant of the DWM 1909 made by [[Waffenfabrik Bern]]
* Russian/Soviet [[PM M1910|Pulemyot Maxima PM1910]] and lighter variants [[Maxim–Tokarev]] and [[PV-1 machine gun]]
* Finnish [[Maxim M/09-21|Maxim M09/21]] and [[Maxim M/32-33]]
* American M1904
* Romanian-made 6.5 mm version, at least 8–12 were produced and were used by the Romanian Danube Flotilla during [[World War I]]<ref>Marian Sârbu, ''Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914–1918'', Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel Bătrân, 2002, pp. 144 and 150</ref>
* [[MG 18 TuF]] Anti-tank & Anti-aircraft gun
== Users ==
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Albania}}
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|Belgium}}
* {{Flag|Bolivia
}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Quesada |first=A. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/762983384 |title=The Chaco War 1932-35 : South America's greatest modern conflict |date=2011 |others=Philip S. Jowett, Ramiro Bujeiro |isbn=978-1-84908-416-1 |location=Botley, Oxford |oclc=762983384}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
* {{Flag|British Empire}}
* {{Flag|Canada}}
* {{Flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}
* {{Flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}}
* {{Flag|Estonia}}
* {{Flag|Finland}}
* {{Flagcountry|French Third Republic}}
* {{Flag|German Empire}}
* {{Flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
* {{Flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Montenegro|name=Montenegro}}: By 1912 the army had 12 maxims; 50 more were ordered during the Balkan wars but it is not known if they arrived in time<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jowett |first=Philip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842879929 |title=Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912-13 : the priming charge for the Great War. |date=2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-299-58155-5 |oclc=842879929}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}}
* {{Flagcountry|Korean Empire}}
* {{Flag|Latvia}} (1918–1940, .303 and other versions)<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Dambītis|first=Kārlis|date=2016|title=Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi|trans-title=Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces|url=https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/31857?locale-attribute=en|publisher=University of Latvia|type=PhD thesis|page=225}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Mexico}}
* {{Flag|Nicaragua}}: Used in the Battle of Namasique against the forces of Honduran General [[Manuel Bonilla]]<ref>Jowett, Phillip, Latin American Wars 1900-1941: Osprey Publishing (2018)</ref>
* {{Flag|New Zealand}}: Six 577/450 Maxim guns mounted on Field Carriages Mk I were purchased in 1896; they were converted to .303 after 1899. Two of these took part in the Dog Tax War. 29 .303 calliber guns were purchased from Vickers Sons & Maxim in 1901 on Dundonald Galloping Carriages. In 1910 36 guns were ordered on Mk IV tripods with pack saddlery and stores but only arrived in 1913. When the tripods arrived the carriages were scrapped. However initially due to the delay in converting the guns to tripod mounting only one gun was issued to each of the 29 regiments. The New Zealand Mounted Rifles formed a Maxim Gun Battery with British-supplied guns during the Boer War. New Zealand Forces entered WW I with older Maxim machineguns and 36 new ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=.450 Maxim Machine Gun (Martini Henry chamber) |url=http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043818/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf|archive-date=2023-01-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.303 Maxim Machine Gun (magazine rifle chamber) |url=http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043759/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-01 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|North Korea}}
* {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}
* {{Flag|Pahlavi dynasty|name=Persia}}
* {{Flag|Paraguay}}
* {{Flagcountry|First Philippine Republic}}
* {{flagicon image| Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg}} [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Dynasty]]: Had a battery of four guns in the 1890s. Also used during the Constitutional Revolution<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651902140 |title=Iran at war, 1500-1988 |date=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-491-6 |location=Oxford |oclc=651902140}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Qing Dynasty}}
* {{Flagcountry|Russian Empire}}
* {{Flag|Second Polish Republic|name=Poland}}
* {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
* {{Flag|Spain}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}: Used during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].
* {{Flagu|United States|1912}}
* {{Flag|Vichy France}}
== See also ==
* [[Caldwell machine gun]]
* [[Fittipaldi machine gun]]
* [[Hotchkiss machine gun]]
* [[Kjellman machine gun]]
* [[M1917 Browning machine gun]]
* [[Nordenfelt gun]]
* [[Perino Model 1908]]
* [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom]]
* [[St. Étienne Mle 1907]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== General sources ==
* Anon., ''Vickers, Sons and Maxim Limited: Their Works and Manufactures. (Reprinted from 'Engineering')'' London (1898). It gives plates showing the mechanism of the Vickers Maxim gun and numerous plates showing the variety of mounts available at the end of the 19th century. It also includes numerous plates of the factories in which they were made.
* {{cite book |last=Callwell |first=Colonel C.E. |title=Small Wars: A Tactical Textbook for Imperial Soldiers |year=1990 |publisher=Greenhill Books |place=London |isbn=978-1-85367-071-8}} This is a reprint of the 1906 version.
* {{cite book |last=Chivers |first=C. J. |title=The Gun |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7432-7076-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gun00chiv }} (See chapter 3: "Hiram Maxim Changes War")
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=The Social History of the Machine Gun |publisher=Pimlico |place=London |year=1976 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |title=Empire |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-100754-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldsmith |first=Dolf F. |title=The Devil's Paintbrush: Sir Hiram Maxim's Gun |publisher=Collector Grade Publications, Toronto |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88935-056-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |title=Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |year=1981 |isbn=978-1-86176-096-8}}
* {{cite book |last=McCallum |first=Iain |title=Blood Brothers: Hiram and Hudson Maxim—Pioneers of Modern Warfare |publisher=Chatham Publishing |place=London |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-86176-096-8}}
== External links ==
{{Commons|Maxim MG}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220722085023/http://www.allworldwars.com/Handbook%20of%20the%20Maxim%20Automatic%20Machine%20Gun%20Model%201904.html''Handbook of the Maxim Automatic Machine Gun, caliber .30, model of 1904, with pack outfits and accessories''. US War Department, July 1916]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101321/http://ru.scribd.com/doc/150309753/The-Maxim-Machine-Gun-Systems-Blueprints-by-1906 The Maxim Machine Gun Systems Blueprints by 1906]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221221024601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1SbcZQ0N5A Animation of Maxim's prototype machine gun, 1884]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221229191155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiFGKWPSaas Animation of Maxim's second prototype machine gun 1885]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221012235232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1CpLaVfnq8 Animation of Maxim's transitional machine gun 1885]
{{VictorianEraBritishWeapons}}
{{WWI British Empire small arms}}{{Maximgunnavbox}}
[[Category:Early machine guns]]
[[Category:Machine guns of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Short recoil firearms]]
[[Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1886]]
[[Category:Weapons of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:World War I infantry weapons of the United States]]
[[Category:World War I infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War I machine guns]]
[[Category:Maxim family]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Lead too short|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Maxim gun
| image = File:MaximGun.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption =
| is_ranged = yes <!-- Template control parameter -->
| type = [[Heavy machine gun]]
| origin = United Kingdom
| service = 1886–present
| used_by = See ''[[#Users|Users]]''
| wars = <!-- In chronological order -->{{Tree list}}
* [[Mahdist War]]
* [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]
* [[Yoni Expedition]]
* [[Samoan Civil War]]<ref name="German Colonial">{{cite web | url=http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm| title=Machine Guns of the Schutztruppe and Overseas Forces| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420014810/http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm| archive-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
* [[Abushiri Revolt]]
*[[Ijebu Kingdom|Jebu War]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Soldier's Burden |url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/204201.html |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.kaiserscross.com}}</ref>
* [[Early history of Uganda#Long-distance trade and foreign contact (1800s)|Buganda civil wars]]
* [[First Matabele War]]
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Chitral Expedition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm| title=The King's Royal Rifle Corps Maxim Gun Section| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002040642/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm| archive-date=2 October 2022}}</ref>
*[[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)]]
* [[Anglo-Ashanti Wars#Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, 1895 - 1896|Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War]]<ref>Raugh, Harold E.,"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History" (2004)</ref>
* [[Jameson Raid]]<ref name="Davis-21">{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Richard Harding|title=Dr. Jameson's raiders vs. the Johannesburg reformers|publisher=R. H. Russell|location=New York| year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/stream/drjamesonsraider00davirich#page/21/mode/1up/search/maxim}}</ref>
* [[Second Matabele War]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.today/20230224071950/https://www.historynet.com/second-matabele-war/| title=Second Matabele War}}</ref>
* [[Dervish State|Dervish Resistance]]
* [[Philippine Revolution]]
* [[Benin Expedition]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://beninexpedition120yearson.weebly.com/beninpunitiveexpedition/monday-15-february-1897| title=Extract from A DIARY OF A SURGEON WITH THE BENIN PUNITIVE EXPEDITION' By FELIX N. ROTH, M.R.C.S., and L.R.C.P.}}</ref>
* [[Spanish–American War]]
* [[Adamawa Wars]]
* [[Philippine–American War]]
* [[Second Boer War]]
* [[Boxer Rebellion]]
* [[War of the Golden Stool]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Montagu|first=Hall Wynyard|url=https://archive.org/details/greatdramaofkuma030748mbp|title=The Great Drama Of Kumasi|date=1939|publisher=Putnam Limited Press|others=Osmania University, Digital Library Of India}}</ref>
* [[Bafut Wars]]
* [[Anglo–Aro War]]
* [[British expedition to Tibet]]<ref>Allen, Charles (2015), "Duel in the Snows" John Murray Press</ref>
* [[Russo-Japanese War]]
* [[Herero War]]
* [[Maji Maji Rebellion]]
* [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]]
* [[History of Honduras#The rise of US influence in Honduras (1899–1919)|1907 Honduran Conflict]]
* [[Sokehs Rebellion]]<ref name="German Colonial" />
* [[Mexican Revolution]]
* [[Balkan Wars]]
* [[Contestado War]]
* [[World War I]]
* [[Russian Civil War]]
* [[Finnish Civil War]]
* [[Estonian War of Independence]]
* [[Polish–Soviet War]]
* [[Paraguayan Civil War (1922)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm| title=AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE PARAGUAYAN ARMY | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201162503/https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm | archive-date=1 December 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Constitutionalist Revolution]]<ref>Cotta, Francis Albert "as trincheiras da mantiqueira: os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolução Constitucionalista"</ref>
* [[Chaco War]]
* [[Chinese Civil War]]
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Indochina War]]
* [[Korean War]]
* [[Vietnam War]]
* [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<ref name="Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat - The Drive">{{cite web |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat|title=Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat |date=5 February 2020 |publisher=The Drive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205153400/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref>
** [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<ref name="DNR/LPR troops using a technical with a maxim gun">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun|title=Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun |newspaper=The Economist|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537|title=Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve|work=BBC News}}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
<!-- Production History -->| designer = [[Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim]]
| design_date =
| manufacturer = Maxim Gun Company, [[Vickers]]
| number =
| variants = [[Vickers machine gun]], [[MG08]], [[PM M1910]], M32-33, M/09-21
<!-- General specifications -->| weight = 27.2 kg (60 lb)
| length = 107.9 cm (42.5 in)
| part_length = 67.3 cm (26.5 in)
| width =
| height =
| crew = 4
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->| cartridge = {{Plainlist|
* [[7×57mm Mauser]]
* [[.303 British]]
* [[.30-06 Springfield]]
* [[7.92×57mm Mauser]]
* [[.577/450 Martini–Henry]]
* [[7.62×54mmR]]
}}
| caliber =
| action = [[Recoil-operated]]
| rate = 550–600 rounds/min
| velocity = 744 m/s
| range =
| max_range =
| feed = 250-round canvas belt
| sights = [[Iron sight]]s
}}
The '''Maxim gun''' is a [[Recoil operation|recoil-operated]] [[machine gun]] invented in 1884 by [[Hiram Maxim|Hiram Stevens Maxim]]. It was the first [[automatic firearm|fully automatic]] machine gun in the world.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370419/Sir-Hiram-Stevens-Maxim Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim]</ref>
The Maxim gun has been called "the weapon most associated with imperial conquest" by historian [[Martin Gilbert]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=Martin |title=A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume One: 1900–1933 |publisher=William Morrow and Company |place=New York |page=11 |year=1997 |edition=1st US |isbn=978-0-688-10064-3}}</ref> and was heavily used by [[Colonialism|colonial powers]] during the "[[Scramble for Africa]]". Afterwards, Maxim guns also saw extensive usage by different armies during the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War III|Second World Wars]], as well as in contemporary conflicts.
The Maxim gun was greatly influential in the development of machine guns, and it has multiple variants and derivatives.
== Design ==
[[File:Maxim machine gun drawing - B86 483-1 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Illustration of the Maxim Gun in ''[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]'']]
The Maxim gun featured one of the earliest [[recoil]]-operated firing systems in history. Energy from recoil acting on the breech block is used to eject each spent cartridge and insert the next one. Maxim's earliest designs used a 360-degree rotating cam to reverse the movement of the block, but this was later simplified to a toggle lock. This made it vastly more efficient and less labor-intensive than previous rapid-firing guns, such as the manually cranked [[Mitrailleuse]], [[Gatling gun|Gatling]], [[Gardner gun|Gardner]], or [[Nordenfelt gun|Nordenfelt]].
The Maxim gun was [[water cooling|water cooled]], allowing it to sustain its rate of fire far longer than air-cooled guns. The extra weight and complexity this added, however, made it heavier and less flexible in use.
Trials demonstrated that the Maxim could fire 600 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=David |title=1914–1918: The History of the First World War |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-026817-1 |page=8}}</ref> Compared to modern machine guns, the Maxim was heavy, bulky, and awkward. A lone soldier could fire the weapon, but it was usually operated by a team of men, usually 4 to 6. Apart from the gunner, other crew were needed to speed reload, spot targets, and carry and ready ammunition and water. Several men were needed to move or mount the heavy weapon.
== Production company ==
In 1884, Maxim began to develop his machine gun in [[Hatton Garden]], London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pegler |first=Martin |title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun |last2=Dennis |first2=Martin |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2013 |pages=15–17}}</ref> In November of that year, he founded the Maxim Gun Company with financing from {{Interlanguage link|Albert Vickers|la|3=Albertus Vickers}}, son of steel entrepreneur [[Edward Vickers]].<ref name=":0" /> A [[blue plaque]] on the factory where Maxim invented and produced the gun is located in Hatton Garden at the junction with Clerkenwell Road in London.
Albert Vickers became the company's chairman, and it later joined hands with a Swedish competitor, [[Nordenfelt]], to become [[Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company]]. ''The Post Office Directory of trades in London'' of 1895 lists its office at 32 Victoria Street SW (London) on page 1579.
Finally, the company was absorbed into the mother [[Vickers]] company, leading first to the Vickers-Maxim gun and then, after Vickers' redesign, the [[Vickers machine gun]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
== History ==
=== Development (1883–1884) ===
Maxim's first British patents relating to the development of the Maxim gun were granted in June and July 1883.<ref>McCallum, p. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=317161 |status=patent |title=Machine-gun |gdate=1885-05-05 |inventor=Hiram Stevens Maxim |assign1=Albert Vickers |assign2=Robert R. Symon |url=https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00317161&SectionNum=1&IDKey=D17BB1BBCCEC&HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%2526Sect2=HITOFF%2526d=PALL%2526p=1%2526u=%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r=1%2526f=G%2526l=50%2526s1=0317161.PN.%2526OS=PN/0317161%2526RS=PN/0317161}}</ref> The first prototype was demonstrated to invited guests in October 1884.<ref>McCallum, p. 49.</ref>
=== Use in colonial warfare (1886–1914) ===
[[File:HiramMaxim MaximGun.gif|thumb|Test-firing of the Maxim gun upon a wheeled mount by Hiram Maxim.]]
[[File:Maxim machine gun Megapixie.jpg|thumb|1895 [[.303 British|.303 caliber]] tripod-mounted air-cooled variant]]
[[File:USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg|thumb|A large-bore Maxim on the [[USS Vixen (PY-4)|USS ''Vixen'']] c. 1898]]
A prototype of the Maxim gun was given by Hiram Maxim to the [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]] in 1886–1890, under the leadership of [[Henry Morton Stanley]]. More a publicity stunt than a serious military contribution, in view of the main financier of the expedition, [[Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet|William Mackinnon]], "merely exhibiting" the gun was likely to "prove a great peace-preserver".<ref>Iain R. Smith: ''The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition'', p. 86.</ref> The weapon was used on several occasions, especially during the expedition's retreat from central Africa, not because of its devastating effects, but as an effective means to scare off attackers. One of the first uses of the Maxim gun by British Forces was in the 1887 [[Yoni Expedition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Yoni Campaign |url=http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/231201.html |access-date=2022-09-16 |website=www.kaiserscross.com}}</ref> The same prototype used by Stanley was brought back to central Africa by [[Frederick Lugard]], where it played an instrumental role in the establishment of the [[Uganda Protectorate]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Morten |last=Blaabjerg |title=Uhyret der sagde puh! puh! Maxim maskingeværets logistik i det mørkeste Afrika, fra Gordons fald til slaget ved Omdurman 1885–1898 |publisher=University of Southern Denmark |year=2007 |language=da |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14690805/Uhyret-der-sagde-puh-puh-Speciale}}</ref>
The first unit in the world to receive the Maxim was the expeditionary force led by [[Hermann Wissmann]] which was sent in 1888 by the [[German Empire|German Imperial government]] to [[German colonial empire|its colonies]] in [[German East Africa|East Africa]] to suppress the [[Abushiri Revolt]].<ref>G. Richelmann, Schaffung der Wissmanntruppe; in: Becker, Perbandt, Richelmann, Schmidt, Steuber: Hermann von Wissmann, Deutschlands grösster Afrikaner, Berlin 1907, p. 191, [https://archive.org/details/hermannvonwissm00surgoog online at archive.org]</ref> Wissmann was issued one of the first Maxim guns which had reached Germany and used it successfully in his capture of [[Pangani]].<ref>Richelmann p. 236</ref>
The [[Singapore Volunteer Corps]] received a Maxim gun in 1889, but it was never used. This was a civilian volunteer defence unit on the British colony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singapore Volunteer Corps {{!}} Infopedia |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html|access-date=2022-09-11 |website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106094706/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html |archive-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref>
The Maxim gun was first used extensively in an African conflict during the [[First Matabele War]] in [[Rhodesia]]. During the [[Battle of the Shangani]] on 25 October 1893, 700 soldiers fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just five Maxim guns. It played an important role in the "[[Scramble for Africa]]" in the late 19th century. The extreme lethality was employed to devastating effect against obsolete charging tactics, when African opponents could be lured into [[pitched battle]]s in open terrain. As it was put by [[Hilaire Belloc]], in the words of the figure "Blood" in his poem "The Modern Traveller":
{{poemquote|Whatever happens, we have got
The Maxim gun, and they have not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm|title=The Modern Traveller|website=colonialwargaming.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828003722/http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm |archive-date=28 August 2008}}</ref>}}
However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the [[Battle of Omdurman]], its significance owed much to its psychological impact.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "ultra booty-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>
The Maxim gun was also used in the [[Anglo-Aro War]] (in present-day [[Nigeria]]) of 1901–1902.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950611553 |title=Encyclopedia of African colonial conflicts |date=2017 |others=Timothy J. Stapleton |isbn=978-1-59884-837-3 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |oclc=950611553}}</ref>
National and military authorities were reluctant to adopt the weapon, and Maxim's company initially had some trouble convincing European governments of the weapon's efficiency. Soldiers generally held a great mistrust of machine guns due to their tendency to [[firearm malfunction|jam]]. In the 1906 version of his book ''Small Wars'', [[Charles Edward Callwell|Charles Callwell]] says of machine guns: "The older forms are not suitable as a rule... they jammed at [[Battle of Ulundi|Ulundi]], they jammed at [[Battle of Dogali|Dogali]], they jammed at [[Battle of Abu Klea|Abu Klea]] and [[Battle of Tofrek|Tofrek]], in some cases with unfortunate results."<ref>Callwell, p. 440.</ref> However, the Maxim was far more reliable than its contemporaries.<ref name="smallwars">''Small Wars''. 1906. Callwell, p. 559.</ref> A more immediate problem was that, initially, its position was easily given away by the clouds of smoke that the gun produced (although the same was true of artillery pieces and units of troops that the machine gun was intended to replace or supplement, so this wasn't viewed as a particular drawback by the early users). The advent of [[smokeless powder]] (developed by, among others, Hiram's brother [[Hudson Maxim]]), helped to change this.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The weapon was adopted by the British Army under the guidance of [[Garnet Wolseley|Sir Garnet Wolseley]], who had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1888. In October that year, he placed an order of 120 rifle-calibre Maxims<ref>McCallum, p. 67.</ref> using the same [[.577/450 Martini–Henry|.577/450]] ammunition as the [[Martini–Henry]] rifles. Wolseley had previously led military expeditions in Africa (the [[Anglo-Ashanti wars|Ashanti war]] and the [[Gordon Relief Expedition]] in 1884–85) and had a reputation for being a strong subscriber to military innovation and reform, which he demonstrated in Africa. There he used machine guns, explored other unconventional ideas, and founded an Egyptian camel corps.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The gun's design was also purchased and used by several other European countries.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
In January 1899, just before the outbreak of the [[Philippine-American War]], the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippines]] had forty-two Maxim guns. An English observer who had seen one of them, described it as being "of the most improved type."
=== Russo-Japanese War ===
In 1895, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] purchased a number of Maxims and tested them during the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|1895 invasion of Taiwan]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Ian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50089869 |title=Armies of the nineteenth century. Asia : organisation, warfare, dress, and weapons |publisher=Foundry Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-901543-01-3 |location=St. Peter Port, Guernsey |oclc=50089869}}</ref> but later decided to standardize on the [[Hotchkiss machine gun]]. The [[Imperial Russian Army]] likewise purchased 58 Maxim machine guns in 1899 and contracted with Vickers in 1902 to manufacture the design in Russia, although manufacturing did not start until 1910.<ref name= Kowner>{{cite book|last=Kowner|first=Rotem|author-link=Rotem Kowner|year=2006|title=Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War|publisher = Scarecrow|isbn= 978-0-8108-4927-3}}, p. 225.</ref> During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, the Russian Army employed the Maxim in combat<ref>Gilbert, Martin. p. 93.</ref> and placed a rush order for another 450 units from overseas suppliers, which were mostly delivered to front-line troops before the end of the war.<ref name= Kowner />
=== World War I (1914–1918) ===
By [[World War I]], many armies had moved on to improved machine guns. The British [[Vickers machine gun]] was an improved and redesigned Maxim, introduced into the British Army in 1912 and remaining in service until 1968. Production took place at Erith in Kent, and some models were fitted to early biplanes also fabricated there. The German Army's [[Maschinengewehr 08]] and the Russian [[Russian M1910 Maxim|Pulemyot Maxim]] were both more or less direct copies of the Maxim.
It also saw use during the [[Russian Civil War]], which followed the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Revolution]] in 1917. A picture of the period depicts a Maxim gun mounted on a [[tachanka]], a horse-drawn carriage, along with the gunner, firing backwards at a pursuing [[White Army]] regiment. [[Anarchist]]s attribute this mobile setup to [[Nestor Makhno]].
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg|Austro-Hungarian soldiers with a trophy Maxim machine gun in the High Alps, c. 1916
File:Red army soldiers, end of 1920s-beginning of 1930s.jpg|Red Army soldiers with a Maxim machine gun, c. 1930
</gallery>
=== American use ===
[[File:111-SC-24660 - NARA - 55208931.jpg|thumb|left|A reference photo of a M1904 Maxim]]
[[File:U.S. Army 1911 maneuvers in Texas- Maxim machine gun & crew LCCN2003653480.jpg|thumb|left|American troops with a M1904 machine gun on maneuvers in Texas, 1911]]
The [[United States Army]] had shown interest in the Maxim machine gun since 1887. Model 1889 and Model 1900 Maxims were used for testing, which lasted for years but not continuously. The gun was finally adopted in 1904 as the '''Maxim Machine Gun, Caliber .30, Model of 1904''' as the first rifle-caliber heavy machine gun for standard service in the U.S. Army. The design was characteristic for its visually distinctive cage-like muzzle [[recoil booster]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2073 | title=U.S. Maxim Model 1904 | date=February 2004 }}</ref> designed by [[Trevor Dawson]] and J. Ramsay of Vickers.<ref>{{US patent|870497A}}</ref>
The first 50 guns and tripods were made by [[Vickers#Vickers, Sons & Maxim|Vickers, Sons & Maxim]] in the U.K. chambered for [[.30-03]]. [[Colt's Manufacturing Company]] was selected to produce it domestically, but challenges with schematics and specifications delayed its introduction. By the time Colt began production in 1908 (which was also the last year orders were placed for the guns), a total of 90 M1904s were made by Vickers. Colt made their machine guns for the new [[.30-06]] caliber, and the ones made by Vickers were re-chambered for the new round. A total of 287 M1904 Maxims were manufactured. The U.S. procured other machine guns after M1904 production ended, including the [[Hotchkiss M1909 Benet–Mercie machine gun|M1909 Benét–Mercié]], the [[Vickers machine gun#Colt–Vickers M1915|Colt–Vickers M1915]], and the [[Browning M1917]].
M1904 Maxims were issued to infantry companies and cavalry. Each company had four guns with associated tripods, ammunition, and 20 [[mule]]s to transport the heavy guns. The M1904 was deployed in operations in the Philippines, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central and South America, but never saw much combat use. During World War I, it remained in the U.S. for training.<ref>[http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=265 U.S. Maxim Model 1904] – SAdefensejournal.com, 15 August 2013.</ref>
=== Russo-Ukrainian War ===
The Maxim, in the form of the [[PM M1910]] chambered in [[7.62×54mmR]], has been used by both sides of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] of 2022. Many Maxim guns were [[retrofitted]] to suit the nature of modern warfare, including its installation on [[Technical (vehicle)|technicals]] and the mounting of [[red dot sight]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun|access-date=2022-05-26 |issn=0013-0613|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun |archive-date=5 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=В РНБО висміяли "новітню" техніку окупантів: смішний перелік |url=https://24tv.ua/rnbo-vismiyali-novitnyu-tehniku-okupantiv-smishniy-perelik_n1920111 |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=24 Канал |date=26 March 2022 |language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title=Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537 |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref> At least one documented Maxim gun used by the [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] in the [[Battle of Bakhmut]] still had its original iron wheels with no visible modifications. A Ukrainian soldier told ''[[BBC News]]'' in March 2023: "It only works when there is a massive attack going on{{nbsp}}... then it really works. So we use it every week".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-16 |title= Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |author=Quentin Sommerville |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537.amp |access-date=2023-03-16}}</ref>
== Variants and derivatives ==
[[File:7.5mm MG Maxim.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Swiss Maschinengewehr System Maxim Ord 1894 chambered in the 7.5 mm GP11 round]]
* Maxim five-barrel machine gun, fed from overhead inserted magazines and later belt-fed.
* [[Vickers machine gun]]: earlier Maxims had been chambered for earlier British service cartridges, but the Vickers was produced for export available in most of the different calibres and cartridges used by countries around the world, and including a large caliber (.50 inch) as used on [[Royal Navy]] warships. The machine gun was {{convert|20|lb|0}} lighter and had been tested by the Army in 1909.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Graham|first=Dominick|title=The British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and the Machine Gun|journal=Military Affairs|date=December 1982|volume=46|issue=4|pages=190–193|doi=10.2307/1987613|jstor=1987613}}</ref>
* [[MG 01|Maschinengewehr 01]], made by [[Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken]] (DWM)
* [[MG 08]] derived from MG 01
** Its export version DWM 1909 commercial, featuring the naval tripod mount of the MG 08 instead of the sled
** German indigenous derivatives (e.g., MG 08/15)
* Type 24 heavy machine gun, Chinese variant of DWM 1909
* [[MG 11|Maschinengewehr Modell 1911]], Swiss variant of the DWM 1909 made by [[Waffenfabrik Bern]]
* Russian/Soviet [[PM M1910|Pulemyot Maxima PM1910]] and lighter variants [[Maxim–Tokarev]] and [[PV-1 machine gun]]
* Finnish [[Maxim M/09-21|Maxim M09/21]] and [[Maxim M/32-33]]
* American M1904
* Romanian-made 6.5 mm version, at least 8–12 were produced and were used by the Romanian Danube Flotilla during [[World War I]]<ref>Marian Sârbu, ''Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914–1918'', Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel Bătrân, 2002, pp. 144 and 150</ref>
* [[MG 18 TuF]] Anti-tank & Anti-aircraft gun
== Users ==
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Albania}}
* {{Flag|Argentina}}
* {{Flag|Belgium}}
* {{Flag|Bolivia
}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=De Quesada |first=A. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/762983384 |title=The Chaco War 1932-35 : South America's greatest modern conflict |date=2011 |others=Philip S. Jowett, Ramiro Bujeiro |isbn=978-1-84908-416-1 |location=Botley, Oxford |oclc=762983384}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Brazil}}
* {{Flag|British Empire}}
* {{Flag|Canada}}
* {{Flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=China}}
* {{Flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}}
* {{Flag|Estonia}}
* {{Flag|Finland}}
* {{Flagcountry|French Third Republic}}
* {{Flag|German Empire}}
* {{Flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
* {{Flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Montenegro|name=Montenegro}}: By 1912 the army had 12 maxims; 50 more were ordered during the Balkan wars but it is not known if they arrived in time<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jowett |first=Philip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842879929 |title=Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912-13 : the priming charge for the Great War. |date=2012 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-299-58155-5 |oclc=842879929}}</ref>
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}
* {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Serbia}}
* {{Flagcountry|Korean Empire}}
* {{Flag|Latvia}} (1918–1940, .303 and other versions)<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Dambītis|first=Kārlis|date=2016|title=Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi|trans-title=Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces|url=https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/31857?locale-attribute=en|publisher=University of Latvia|type=PhD thesis|page=225}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Mexico}}
* {{Flag|Nicaragua}}: Used in the Battle of Namasique against the forces of Honduran General [[Manuel Bonilla]]<ref>Jowett, Phillip, Latin American Wars 1900-1941: Osprey Publishing (2018)</ref>
* {{Flag|New Zealand}}: Six 577/450 Maxim guns mounted on Field Carriages Mk I were purchased in 1896; they were converted to .303 after 1899. Two of these took part in the Dog Tax War. 29 .303 calliber guns were purchased from Vickers Sons & Maxim in 1901 on Dundonald Galloping Carriages. In 1910 36 guns were ordered on Mk IV tripods with pack saddlery and stores but only arrived in 1913. When the tripods arrived the carriages were scrapped. However initially due to the delay in converting the guns to tripod mounting only one gun was issued to each of the 29 regiments. The New Zealand Mounted Rifles formed a Maxim Gun Battery with British-supplied guns during the Boer War. New Zealand Forces entered WW I with older Maxim machineguns and 36 new ones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=.450 Maxim Machine Gun (Martini Henry chamber) |url=http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043818/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf|archive-date=2023-01-01 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.303 Maxim Machine Gun (magazine rifle chamber) |url=http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043759/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf |archive-date=2023-01-01 }}</ref>
* {{Flag|North Korea}}
* {{Flag|Ottoman Empire}}
* {{Flag|Pahlavi dynasty|name=Persia}}
* {{Flag|Paraguay}}
* {{Flagcountry|First Philippine Republic}}
* {{flagicon image| Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg}} [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Dynasty]]: Had a battery of four guns in the 1890s. Also used during the Constitutional Revolution<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farrokh |first=Kaveh |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651902140 |title=Iran at war, 1500-1988 |date=2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-491-6 |location=Oxford |oclc=651902140}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Qing Dynasty}}
* {{Flagcountry|Russian Empire}}
* {{Flag|Second Polish Republic|name=Poland}}
* {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
* {{Flag|Spain}}
* {{Flag|Ukraine}}: Used during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].
* {{Flagu|United States|1912}}
* {{Flag|Vichy France}}
== See also ==
* [[Caldwell machine gun]]
* [[Fittipaldi machine gun]]
* [[Hotchkiss machine gun]]
* [[Kjellman machine gun]]
* [[M1917 Browning machine gun]]
* [[Nordenfelt gun]]
* [[Perino Model 1908]]
* [[QF 1-pounder pom-pom]]
* [[St. Étienne Mle 1907]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== General sources ==
* Anon., ''Vickers, Sons and Maxim Limited: Their Works and Manufactures. (Reprinted from 'Engineering')'' London (1898). It gives plates showing the mechanism of the Vickers Maxim gun and numerous plates showing the variety of mounts available at the end of the 19th century. It also includes numerous plates of the factories in which they were made.
* {{cite book |last=Callwell |first=Colonel C.E. |title=Small Wars: A Tactical Textbook for Imperial Soldiers |year=1990 |publisher=Greenhill Books |place=London |isbn=978-1-85367-071-8}} This is a reprint of the 1906 version.
* {{cite book |last=Chivers |first=C. J. |title=The Gun |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7432-7076-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/gun00chiv }} (See chapter 3: "Hiram Maxim Changes War")
* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=The Social History of the Machine Gun |publisher=Pimlico |place=London |year=1976 }}
* {{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |title=Empire |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-14-100754-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldsmith |first=Dolf F. |title=The Devil's Paintbrush: Sir Hiram Maxim's Gun |publisher=Collector Grade Publications, Toronto |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88935-056-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Headrick |first=Daniel R. |title=Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |year=1981 |isbn=978-1-86176-096-8}}
* {{cite book |last=McCallum |first=Iain |title=Blood Brothers: Hiram and Hudson Maxim—Pioneers of Modern Warfare |publisher=Chatham Publishing |place=London |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-86176-096-8}}
== External links ==
{{Commons|Maxim MG}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220722085023/http://www.allworldwars.com/Handbook%20of%20the%20Maxim%20Automatic%20Machine%20Gun%20Model%201904.html''Handbook of the Maxim Automatic Machine Gun, caliber .30, model of 1904, with pack outfits and accessories''. US War Department, July 1916]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101321/http://ru.scribd.com/doc/150309753/The-Maxim-Machine-Gun-Systems-Blueprints-by-1906 The Maxim Machine Gun Systems Blueprints by 1906]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221221024601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1SbcZQ0N5A Animation of Maxim's prototype machine gun, 1884]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221229191155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiFGKWPSaas Animation of Maxim's second prototype machine gun 1885]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221012235232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1CpLaVfnq8 Animation of Maxim's transitional machine gun 1885]
{{VictorianEraBritishWeapons}}
{{WWI British Empire small arms}}{{Maximgunnavbox}}
[[Category:Early machine guns]]
[[Category:Machine guns of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Short recoil firearms]]
[[Category:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1886]]
[[Category:Weapons of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:World War I infantry weapons of the United States]]
[[Category:World War I infantry weapons]]
[[Category:World War I machine guns]]
[[Category:Maxim family]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -139,5 +139,5 @@
However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the [[Battle of Omdurman]], its significance owed much to its psychological impact.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
-A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "one-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>
+A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "ultra booty-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>
The Maxim gun was also used in the [[Anglo-Aro War]] (in present-day [[Nigeria]]) of 1901–1902.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950611553 |title=Encyclopedia of African colonial conflicts |date=2017 |others=Timothy J. Stapleton |isbn=978-1-59884-837-3 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |oclc=950611553}}</ref>
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0 => 'A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "ultra booty-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>'
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0 => 'A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the [[Second Boer War]] (in South Africa) as the [[QF 1 pounder pom-pom|Pom-Pom]] from its sound. The Boers' "one-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490|title=South Africa's National Museum Of Military History|author=Rob Krott|website=Small Arms Review|date=January 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57|title=The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun|author=Martin Pegler|date=20 May 2013|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|page=57|isbn=9781780963839}}</ref>'
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<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Heavy machine gun</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1229112069">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Maxim gun </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaximGun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MaximGun.jpg/300px-MaximGun.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MaximGun.jpg/450px-MaximGun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MaximGun.jpg/600px-MaximGun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy machine gun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1886–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data">See <i><a href="#Users">Users</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yoni_Expedition" title="Yoni Expedition">Yoni Expedition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">Samoan Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-German_Colonial_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_Colonial-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abushiri_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abushiri Revolt">Abushiri Revolt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Jebu War</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Uganda#Long-distance_trade_and_foreign_contact_(1800s)" title="Early history of Uganda">Buganda civil wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_Wars#Fourth_Anglo-Ashanti_War,_1895_-_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Ashanti Wars">Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</a><sup id="cite_ref-Davis-21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-21-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Dervish State">Dervish Resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Expedition">Benin Expedition</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Wars" title="Adamawa Wars">Adamawa Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Golden_Stool" title="War of the Golden Stool">War of the Golden Stool</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bafut_Wars" title="Bafut Wars">Bafut Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Aro_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Aro War">Anglo–Aro War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Herero_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero War">Herero War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras#The_rise_of_US_influence_in_Honduras_(1899–1919)" title="History of Honduras">1907 Honduran Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sokehs_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokehs Rebellion">Sokehs Rebellion</a><sup id="cite_ref-German_Colonial_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-German_Colonial-1">[1]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contestado_War" title="Contestado War">Contestado War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1922)">Paraguayan Civil War (1922)</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina War">Indochina War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas_(2014%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Donbas (2014–2022)">War in Donbas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ukrainian_Troops_Are_Still_Using_This_Pre-World_War_I-Era_Maxim_Machine_Gun_In_Combat_-_The_Drive_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukrainian_Troops_Are_Still_Using_This_Pre-World_War_I-Era_Maxim_Machine_Gun_In_Combat_-_The_Drive-12">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNR/LPR_troops_using_a_technical_with_a_maxim_gun_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNR/LPR_troops_using_a_technical_with_a_maxim_gun-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakhmut:_Russian_casualties_mount_but_tactics_evolve_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakhmut:_Russian_casualties_mount_but_tactics_evolve-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hiram_Stevens_Maxim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim">Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Maxim Gun Company, <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/MG08" class="mw-redirect" title="MG08">MG08</a>, <a href="/wiki/PM_M1910" title="PM M1910">PM M1910</a>, M32-33, M/09-21</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">27.2 kg (60 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">107.9 cm (42.5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> length</th><td class="infobox-data">67.3 cm (26.5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/7%C3%9757mm_Mauser" title="7×57mm Mauser">7×57mm Mauser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.30-06_Springfield" title=".30-06 Springfield">.30-06 Springfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/7.92%C3%9757mm_Mauser" title="7.92×57mm Mauser">7.92×57mm Mauser</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.577/450_Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title=".577/450 Martini–Henry">.577/450 Martini–Henry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recoil-operated" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoil-operated">Recoil-operated</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">550–600 rounds/min</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Muzzle velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">744 m/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Feed system</th><td class="infobox-data">250-round canvas belt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Sights</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron sight">Iron sights</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Maxim gun</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">recoil-operated</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> invented in 1884 by <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Stevens Maxim</a>. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">fully automatic</a> machine gun in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Maxim gun has been called "the weapon most associated with imperial conquest" by historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> and was heavily used by <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial powers</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>". Afterwards, Maxim guns also saw extensive usage by different armies during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">Second World Wars</a>, as well as in contemporary conflicts.
</p><p>The Maxim gun was greatly influential in the development of machine guns, and it has multiple variants and derivatives.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Design"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Design</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Production_company"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Production company</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Development_(1883–1884)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Development (1883–1884)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Use_in_colonial_warfare_(1886–1914)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Use in colonial warfare (1886–1914)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Russo-Japanese_War"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Russo-Japanese War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#World_War_I_(1914–1918)"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">World War I (1914–1918)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#American_use"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">American use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Russo-Ukrainian_War"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Russo-Ukrainian War</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Variants_and_derivatives"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Variants and derivatives</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Users"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Users</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#General_sources"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">General sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Maxim_machine_gun_drawing_-_B86_483-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the Maxim Gun in <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Maxim gun featured one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>-operated firing systems in history. Energy from recoil acting on the breech block is used to eject each spent cartridge and insert the next one. Maxim's earliest designs used a 360-degree rotating cam to reverse the movement of the block, but this was later simplified to a toggle lock. This made it vastly more efficient and less labor-intensive than previous rapid-firing guns, such as the manually cranked <a href="/wiki/Mitrailleuse" title="Mitrailleuse">Mitrailleuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gardner_gun" title="Gardner gun">Gardner</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt</a>.
</p><p>The Maxim gun was <a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">water cooled</a>, allowing it to sustain its rate of fire far longer than air-cooled guns. The extra weight and complexity this added, however, made it heavier and less flexible in use.
</p><p>Trials demonstrated that the Maxim could fire 600 rounds per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> Compared to modern machine guns, the Maxim was heavy, bulky, and awkward. A lone soldier could fire the weapon, but it was usually operated by a team of men, usually 4 to 6. Apart from the gunner, other crew were needed to speed reload, spot targets, and carry and ready ammunition and water. Several men were needed to move or mount the heavy weapon.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_company">Production company</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1884, Maxim began to develop his machine gun in <a href="/wiki/Hatton_Garden" title="Hatton Garden">Hatton Garden</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a></sup> In November of that year, he founded the Maxim Gun Company with financing from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Vickers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Vickers (page does not exist)">Albert Vickers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Vickers" class="extiw" title="la:Albertus Vickers">la</a>]</span>, son of steel entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vickers" title="Edward Vickers">Edward Vickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the factory where Maxim invented and produced the gun is located in Hatton Garden at the junction with Clerkenwell Road in London.
</p><p>Albert Vickers became the company's chairman, and it later joined hands with a Swedish competitor, <a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordenfelt">Nordenfelt</a>, to become <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Nordenfelt_Guns_and_Ammunition_Company" title="Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company">Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company</a>. <i>The Post Office Directory of trades in London</i> of 1895 lists its office at 32 Victoria Street SW (London) on page 1579.
</p><p>Finally, the company was absorbed into the mother <a href="/wiki/Vickers" title="Vickers">Vickers</a> company, leading first to the Vickers-Maxim gun and then, after Vickers' redesign, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_(1883–1884)"><span id="Development_.281883.E2.80.931884.29"></span>Development (1883–1884)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Maxim's first British patents relating to the development of the Maxim gun were granted in June and July 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The first prototype was demonstrated to invited guests in October 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_colonial_warfare_(1886–1914)"><span id="Use_in_colonial_warfare_.281886.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Use in colonial warfare (1886–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HiramMaxim_MaximGun.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/HiramMaxim_MaximGun.gif/220px-HiramMaxim_MaximGun.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/HiramMaxim_MaximGun.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Test-firing of the Maxim gun upon a wheeled mount by Hiram Maxim.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg/220px-Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg/330px-Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg/440px-Maxim_machine_gun_Megapixie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1225" /></a><figcaption>1895 <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 caliber</a> tripod-mounted air-cooled variant</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/220px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/330px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg/440px-USSVixenMaximMachineGun.1898.ws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9306" data-file-height="7698" /></a><figcaption>A large-bore Maxim on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Vixen_(PY-4)" title="USS Vixen (PY-4)">USS <i>Vixen</i></a> c. 1898</figcaption></figure>
<p>A prototype of the Maxim gun was given by Hiram Maxim to the <a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</a> in 1886–1890, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a>. More a publicity stunt than a serious military contribution, in view of the main financier of the expedition, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Mackinnon,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet">William Mackinnon</a>, "merely exhibiting" the gun was likely to "prove a great peace-preserver".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The weapon was used on several occasions, especially during the expedition's retreat from central Africa, not because of its devastating effects, but as an effective means to scare off attackers. One of the first uses of the Maxim gun by British Forces was in the 1887 <a href="/wiki/Yoni_Expedition" title="Yoni Expedition">Yoni Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The same prototype used by Stanley was brought back to central Africa by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a>, where it played an instrumental role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first unit in the world to receive the Maxim was the expeditionary force led by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wissmann" title="Hermann Wissmann">Hermann Wissmann</a> which was sent in 1888 by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Imperial government</a> to <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">its colonies</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">East Africa</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Abushiri_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abushiri Revolt">Abushiri Revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> Wissmann was issued one of the first Maxim guns which had reached Germany and used it successfully in his capture of <a href="/wiki/Pangani" title="Pangani">Pangani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Volunteer_Corps" title="Singapore Volunteer Corps">Singapore Volunteer Corps</a> received a Maxim gun in 1889, but it was never used. This was a civilian volunteer defence unit on the British colony.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Maxim gun was first used extensively in an African conflict during the <a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shangani" title="Battle of the Shangani">Battle of the Shangani</a> on 25 October 1893, 700 soldiers fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just five Maxim guns. It played an important role in the "<a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>" in the late 19th century. The extreme lethality was employed to devastating effect against obsolete charging tactics, when African opponents could be lured into <a href="/wiki/Pitched_battle" title="Pitched battle">pitched battles</a> in open terrain. As it was put by <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, in the words of the figure "Blood" in his poem "The Modern Traveller":
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<p>Whatever happens, we have got<br />
The Maxim gun, and they have not.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<p>However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a>, its significance owed much to its psychological impact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (in South Africa) as the <a href="/wiki/QF_1_pounder_pom-pom" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 1 pounder pom-pom">Pom-Pom</a> from its sound. The Boers' "ultra booty-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large-caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Maxim gun was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>) of 1901–1902.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>National and military authorities were reluctant to adopt the weapon, and Maxim's company initially had some trouble convincing European governments of the weapon's efficiency. Soldiers generally held a great mistrust of machine guns due to their tendency to <a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">jam</a>. In the 1906 version of his book <i>Small Wars</i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Callwell" title="Charles Edward Callwell">Charles Callwell</a> says of machine guns: "The older forms are not suitable as a rule... they jammed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" title="Battle of Ulundi">Ulundi</a>, they jammed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogali" title="Battle of Dogali">Dogali</a>, they jammed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Klea" title="Battle of Abu Klea">Abu Klea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tofrek" title="Battle of Tofrek">Tofrek</a>, in some cases with unfortunate results."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> However, the Maxim was far more reliable than its contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-smallwars_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smallwars-33">[33]</a></sup> A more immediate problem was that, initially, its position was easily given away by the clouds of smoke that the gun produced (although the same was true of artillery pieces and units of troops that the machine gun was intended to replace or supplement, so this wasn't viewed as a particular drawback by the early users). The advent of <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> (developed by, among others, Hiram's brother <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Maxim" title="Hudson Maxim">Hudson Maxim</a>), helped to change this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The weapon was adopted by the British Army under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnet Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a>, who had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1888. In October that year, he placed an order of 120 rifle-calibre Maxims<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> using the same <a href="/wiki/.577/450_Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title=".577/450 Martini–Henry">.577/450</a> ammunition as the <a href="/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title="Martini–Henry">Martini–Henry</a> rifles. Wolseley had previously led military expeditions in Africa (the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Ashanti war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Relief_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Relief Expedition">Gordon Relief Expedition</a> in 1884–85) and had a reputation for being a strong subscriber to military innovation and reform, which he demonstrated in Africa. There he used machine guns, explored other unconventional ideas, and founded an Egyptian camel corps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The gun's design was also purchased and used by several other European countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In January 1899, just before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine-American War">Philippine-American War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippines</a> had forty-two Maxim guns. An English observer who had seen one of them, described it as being "of the most improved type."
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Japanese_War">Russo-Japanese War</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> purchased a number of Maxims and tested them during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">1895 invasion of Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup> but later decided to standardize on the <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss machine gun">Hotchkiss machine gun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> likewise purchased 58 Maxim machine guns in 1899 and contracted with Vickers in 1902 to manufacture the design in Russia, although manufacturing did not start until 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-36">[36]</a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905, the Russian Army employed the Maxim in combat<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> and placed a rush order for another 450 units from overseas suppliers, which were mostly delivered to front-line troops before the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Kowner_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowner-36">[36]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1914–1918)"><span id="World_War_I_.281914.E2.80.931918.29"></span>World War I (1914–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>By <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many armies had moved on to improved machine guns. The British <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a> was an improved and redesigned Maxim, introduced into the British Army in 1912 and remaining in service until 1968. Production took place at Erith in Kent, and some models were fitted to early biplanes also fabricated there. The German Army's <a href="/wiki/Maschinengewehr_08" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschinengewehr 08">Maschinengewehr 08</a> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Russian_M1910_Maxim" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian M1910 Maxim">Pulemyot Maxim</a> were both more or less direct copies of the Maxim.
</p><p>It also saw use during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, which followed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Revolution</a> in 1917. A picture of the period depicts a Maxim gun mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Tachanka" title="Tachanka">tachanka</a>, a horse-drawn carriage, along with the gunner, firing backwards at a pursuing <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> regiment. <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">Anarchists</a> attribute this mobile setup to <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a>.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austro-Hungarian soldiers with a trophy Maxim machine gun in the High Alps, c. 1916"><img alt="Austro-Hungarian soldiers with a trophy Maxim machine gun in the High Alps, c. 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg/148px-BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg/222px-BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg/296px-BASA-1221K-1-61-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Austro-Hungarian soldiers with a trophy Maxim machine gun in the High Alps, c. 1916</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_army_soldiers,_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Army soldiers with a Maxim machine gun, c. 1930"><img alt="Red Army soldiers with a Maxim machine gun, c. 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg/200px-Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg/300px-Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg/400px-Red_army_soldiers%2C_end_of_1920s-beginning_of_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="643" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Red Army soldiers with a Maxim machine gun, c. 1930</div>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_use">American use</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg/220px-111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg/330px-111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg/440px-111-SC-24660_-_NARA_-_55208931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8346" data-file-height="5673" /></a><figcaption>A reference photo of a M1904 Maxim</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg/220px-U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg/330px-U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg/440px-U.S._Army_1911_maneuvers_in_Texas-_Maxim_machine_gun_%26_crew_LCCN2003653480.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>American troops with a M1904 machine gun on maneuvers in Texas, 1911</figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> had shown interest in the Maxim machine gun since 1887. Model 1889 and Model 1900 Maxims were used for testing, which lasted for years but not continuously. The gun was finally adopted in 1904 as the <b>Maxim Machine Gun, Caliber .30, Model of 1904</b> as the first rifle-caliber heavy machine gun for standard service in the U.S. Army. The design was characteristic for its visually distinctive cage-like muzzle <a href="/wiki/Recoil_booster" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoil booster">recoil booster</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> designed by <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Dawson" title="Trevor Dawson">Trevor Dawson</a> and J. Ramsay of Vickers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first 50 guns and tripods were made by <a href="/wiki/Vickers#Vickers,_Sons_&_Maxim" title="Vickers">Vickers, Sons & Maxim</a> in the U.K. chambered for <a href="/wiki/.30-03" class="mw-redirect" title=".30-03">.30-03</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Manufacturing_Company" title="Colt's Manufacturing Company">Colt's Manufacturing Company</a> was selected to produce it domestically, but challenges with schematics and specifications delayed its introduction. By the time Colt began production in 1908 (which was also the last year orders were placed for the guns), a total of 90 M1904s were made by Vickers. Colt made their machine guns for the new <a href="/wiki/.30-06" class="mw-redirect" title=".30-06">.30-06</a> caliber, and the ones made by Vickers were re-chambered for the new round. A total of 287 M1904 Maxims were manufactured. The U.S. procured other machine guns after M1904 production ended, including the <a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Benet%E2%80%93Mercie_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotchkiss M1909 Benet–Mercie machine gun">M1909 Benét–Mercié</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun#Colt–Vickers_M1915" title="Vickers machine gun">Colt–Vickers M1915</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Browning_M1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning M1917">Browning M1917</a>.
</p><p>M1904 Maxims were issued to infantry companies and cavalry. Each company had four guns with associated tripods, ammunition, and 20 <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> to transport the heavy guns. The M1904 was deployed in operations in the Philippines, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central and South America, but never saw much combat use. During World War I, it remained in the U.S. for training.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Ukrainian_War">Russo-Ukrainian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>The Maxim, in the form of the <a href="/wiki/PM_M1910" title="PM M1910">PM M1910</a> chambered in <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a>, has been used by both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> of 2022. Many Maxim guns were <a href="/wiki/Retrofitted" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrofitted">retrofitted</a> to suit the nature of modern warfare, including its installation on <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technicals</a> and the mounting of <a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">red dot sights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> At least one documented Maxim gun used by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukrainian Ground Forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmut" title="Battle of Bakhmut">Battle of Bakhmut</a> still had its original iron wheels with no visible modifications. A Ukrainian soldier told <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i> in March 2023: "It only works when there is a massive attack going on<span class="nowrap"> </span>... then it really works. So we use it every week".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants_and_derivatives">Variants and derivatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg/200px-7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg/300px-7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg/400px-7.5mm_MG_Maxim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>Swiss Maschinengewehr System Maxim Ord 1894 chambered in the 7.5 mm GP11 round</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li>Maxim five-barrel machine gun, fed from overhead inserted magazines and later belt-fed.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a>: earlier Maxims had been chambered for earlier British service cartridges, but the Vickers was produced for export available in most of the different calibres and cartridges used by countries around the world, and including a large caliber (.50 inch) as used on <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> warships. The machine gun was 20 pounds (9 kg) lighter and had been tested by the Army in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_01" title="MG 01">Maschinengewehr 01</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Waffen_und_Munitionsfabriken" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken">Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken</a> (DWM)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_08" title="MG 08">MG 08</a> derived from MG 01
<ul><li>Its export version DWM 1909 commercial, featuring the naval tripod mount of the MG 08 instead of the sled</li>
<li>German indigenous derivatives (e.g., MG 08/15)</li></ul></li>
<li>Type 24 heavy machine gun, Chinese variant of DWM 1909</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_11" title="MG 11">Maschinengewehr Modell 1911</a>, Swiss variant of the DWM 1909 made by <a href="/wiki/Waffenfabrik_Bern" title="Waffenfabrik Bern">Waffenfabrik Bern</a></li>
<li>Russian/Soviet <a href="/wiki/PM_M1910" title="PM M1910">Pulemyot Maxima PM1910</a> and lighter variants <a href="/wiki/Maxim%E2%80%93Tokarev" title="Maxim–Tokarev">Maxim–Tokarev</a> and <a href="/wiki/PV-1_machine_gun" title="PV-1 machine gun">PV-1 machine gun</a></li>
<li>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Maxim_M/09-21" title="Maxim M/09-21">Maxim M09/21</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxim_M/32-33" title="Maxim M/32-33">Maxim M/32-33</a></li>
<li>American M1904</li>
<li>Romanian-made 6.5 mm version, at least 8–12 were produced and were used by the Romanian Danube Flotilla during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_18_TuF" title="MG 18 TuF">MG 18 TuF</a> Anti-tank & Anti-aircraft gun</li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Albania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Albania_%281934%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></span></li>
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<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/34px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/44px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
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<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/21px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/32px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/42px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: By 1912 the army had 12 maxims; 50 more were ordered during the Balkan wars but it is not known if they arrived in time<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (1918–1940, .303 and other versions)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>: Used in the Battle of Namasique against the forces of Honduran General <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bonilla" title="Manuel Bonilla">Manuel Bonilla</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: Six 577/450 Maxim guns mounted on Field Carriages Mk I were purchased in 1896; they were converted to .303 after 1899. Two of these took part in the Dog Tax War. 29 .303 calliber guns were purchased from Vickers Sons & Maxim in 1901 on Dundonald Galloping Carriages. In 1910 36 guns were ordered on Mk IV tripods with pack saddlery and stores but only arrived in 1913. When the tripods arrived the carriages were scrapped. However initially due to the delay in converting the guns to tripod mounting only one gun was issued to each of the 29 regiments. The New Zealand Mounted Rifles formed a Maxim Gun Battery with British-supplied guns during the Boer War. New Zealand Forces entered WW I with older Maxim machineguns and 36 new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/46px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Persia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Philippine Republic"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281898%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/20px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/31px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/40px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Dynasty</a>: Had a battery of four guns in the 1890s. Also used during the Constitutional Revolution<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a></li>
<li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: Used during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span>United States</li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_machine_gun" title="Caldwell machine gun">Caldwell machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fittipaldi_machine_gun" title="Fittipaldi machine gun">Fittipaldi machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss machine gun">Hotchkiss machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kjellman_machine_gun" title="Kjellman machine gun">Kjellman machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M1917_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1917 Browning machine gun">M1917 Browning machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perino_Model_1908" title="Perino Model 1908">Perino Model 1908</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom" title="QF 1-pounder pom-pom">QF 1-pounder pom-pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._%C3%89tienne_Mle_1907" title="St. Étienne Mle 1907">St. Étienne Mle 1907</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-German_Colonial-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-German_Colonial_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-German_Colonial_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420014810/http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm">"Machine Guns of the Schutztruppe and Overseas Forces"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germancolonialuniforms.co.uk/hist%20machine%20guns.htm">the original</a> on 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Machine+Guns+of+the+Schutztruppe+and+Overseas+Forces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermancolonialuniforms.co.uk%2Fhist%2520machine%2520guns.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/204201.html">"The Soldier's Burden"</a>. <i>www.kaiserscross.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaiserscross.com&rft.atitle=The+Soldier%27s+Burden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaiserscross.com%2F188001%2F204201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002040642/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm">"The King's Royal Rifle Corps Maxim Gun Section"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/britishinfantry/krrcchitral.htm">the original</a> on 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Royal+Rifle+Corps+Maxim+Gun+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Fforces%2Farmyunits%2Fbritishinfantry%2Fkrrcchitral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raugh, Harold E.,"The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History" (2004)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Davis-21-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis-21_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1897" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard Harding (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/drjamesonsraider00davirich#page/21/mode/1up/search/maxim"><i>Dr. Jameson's raiders vs. the Johannesburg reformers</i></a>. New York: R. H. Russell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Jameson%27s+raiders+vs.+the+Johannesburg+reformers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=R.+H.+Russell&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdrjamesonsraider00davirich%23page%2F21%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fmaxim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230224071950/https://www.historynet.com/second-matabele-war/">"Second Matabele War"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Matabele+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20230224071950%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fsecond-matabele-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beninexpedition120yearson.weebly.com/beninpunitiveexpedition/monday-15-february-1897">"Extract from A DIARY OF A SURGEON WITH THE BENIN PUNITIVE EXPEDITION' By FELIX N. ROTH, M.R.C.S., and L.R.C.P."</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extract+from+A+DIARY+OF+A+SURGEON+WITH+THE+BENIN+PUNITIVE+EXPEDITION%27+By+FELIX+N.+ROTH%2C+M.R.C.S.%2C+and+L.R.C.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeninexpedition120yearson.weebly.com%2Fbeninpunitiveexpedition%2Fmonday-15-february-1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMontagu1939" class="citation book cs1">Montagu, Hall Wynyard (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatdramaofkuma030748mbp"><i>The Great Drama Of Kumasi</i></a>. Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Putnam Limited Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Drama+Of+Kumasi&rft.pub=Putnam+Limited+Press&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Montagu&rft.aufirst=Hall+Wynyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatdramaofkuma030748mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen, Charles (2015), "Duel in the Snows" John Murray Press</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201162503/https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm">"AN OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE PARAGUAYAN ARMY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histarmar.com.ar/ArmadasExtranjeras/Paraguay/EjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AN+OUTLINE+HISTORY+OF+THE+PARAGUAYAN+ARMY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.histarmar.com.ar%2FArmadasExtranjeras%2FParaguay%2FEjercitoParaguayo-breveHistoria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cotta, Francis Albert "as trincheiras da mantiqueira: os embates da Brigada Sul na Revolução Constitucionalista"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ukrainian_Troops_Are_Still_Using_This_Pre-World_War_I-Era_Maxim_Machine_Gun_In_Combat_-_The_Drive-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukrainian_Troops_Are_Still_Using_This_Pre-World_War_I-Era_Maxim_Machine_Gun_In_Combat_-_The_Drive_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205153400/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat">"Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat"</a>. The Drive. 5 February 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32098/ukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat">the original</a> on 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Troops+Are+Still+Using+This+Pre-World+War+I-Era+Maxim+Machine+Gun+In+Combat&rft.pub=The+Drive&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fthe-war-zone%2F32098%2Fukrainian-troops-are-still-using-this-pre-world-war-i-era-maxim-machine-gun-in-combat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DNR/LPR_troops_using_a_technical_with_a_maxim_gun-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNR/LPR_troops_using_a_technical_with_a_maxim_gun_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun">"Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun">the original</a> on 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Ukraine%27s+army+still+uses+a+100-year-old+machinegun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2022%2F05%2F11%2Fwhy-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bakhmut:_Russian_casualties_mount_but_tactics_evolve-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakhmut:_Russian_casualties_mount_but_tactics_evolve_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537">"Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bakhmut%3A+Russian+casualties+mount+but+tactics+evolve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64955537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370419/Sir-Hiram-Stevens-Maxim">Encyclopædia Britannica: Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1997" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Martin (1997), <i>A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume One: 1900–1933</i> (1st US ed.), New York: William Morrow and Company, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-10064-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-10064-3"><bdi>978-0-688-10064-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Volume+One%3A+1900%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=1st+US&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-688-10064-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, David (2004). <i>1914–1918: The History of the First World War</i>. Penguin Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026817-1"><bdi>978-0-14-026817-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918%3A+The+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-026817-1&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeglerDennis2013" class="citation book cs1">Pegler, Martin; Dennis, Martin (2013). <i>The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun</i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 15–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vickers-Maxim+Machine+Gun&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pegler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCallum, p. 46.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFHiram_Stevens_Maxim1885"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00317161&SectionNum=1&IDKey=D17BB1BBCCEC&HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%2526Sect2=HITOFF%2526d=PALL%2526p=1%2526u=%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r=1%2526f=G%2526l=50%2526s1=0317161.PN.%2526OS=PN/0317161%2526RS=PN/0317161">US patent 317161</a>, Hiram Stevens Maxim, "Machine-gun", issued 1885-05-05,  assigned to Albert Vickers and Robert R. Symon</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=317161&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Machine-gun&rft.inventor=Hiram+Stevens+Maxim&rft.assignee=Albert+Vickers&rft.date=1885-05-05"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCallum, p. 49.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain R. Smith: <i>The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition</i>, p. 86.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/231201.html">"The Yoni Campaign"</a>. <i>www.kaiserscross.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kaiserscross.com&rft.atitle=The+Yoni+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaiserscross.com%2F188001%2F231201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlaabjerg2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blaabjerg, Morten (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/14690805/Uhyret-der-sagde-puh-puh-Speciale"><i>Uhyret der sagde puh! puh! Maxim maskingeværets logistik i det mørkeste Afrika, fra Gordons fald til slaget ved Omdurman 1885–1898</i></a> (in Danish), University of Southern Denmark</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uhyret+der+sagde+puh%21+puh%21+Maxim+maskingev%C3%A6rets+logistik+i+det+m%C3%B8rkeste+Afrika%2C+fra+Gordons+fald+til+slaget+ved+Omdurman+1885%E2%80%931898&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+Denmark&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Blaabjerg&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F14690805%2FUhyret-der-sagde-puh-puh-Speciale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Richelmann, Schaffung der Wissmanntruppe; in: Becker, Perbandt, Richelmann, Schmidt, Steuber: Hermann von Wissmann, Deutschlands grösster Afrikaner, Berlin 1907, p. 191, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hermannvonwissm00surgoog">online at archive.org</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richelmann p. 236</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230106094706/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html">"Singapore Volunteer Corps | Infopedia"</a>. <i>eresources.nlb.gov.sg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1050_2008-10-23.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eresources.nlb.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Singapore+Volunteer+Corps+%7C+Infopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_1050_2008-10-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828003722/http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm">"The Modern Traveller"</a>. <i>colonialwargaming.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialwargaming.co.uk/Inspiration/Poetry/Newbolt/Traveller.htm">the original</a> on 28 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=colonialwargaming.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Traveller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialwargaming.co.uk%2FInspiration%2FPoetry%2FNewbolt%2FTraveller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Krott2002" class="citation web cs1">Rob Krott (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2490">"South Africa's National Museum Of Military History"</a>. <i>Small Arms Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Arms+Review&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+National+Museum+Of+Military+History&rft.date=2002-01&rft.au=Rob+Krott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmsreview.com%2Fdisplay.article.cfm%3Fidarticles%3D2490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Pegler2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin Pegler (20 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVmbCwAAQBAJ&q=second+boer+war++Maxim+machine+gun&pg=PA57"><i>The Vickers-Maxim Machine Gun</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780963839" title="Special:BookSources/9781780963839"><bdi>9781780963839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vickers-Maxim+Machine+Gun&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft.isbn=9781780963839&rft.au=Martin+Pegler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVmbCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsecond%2Bboer%2Bwar%2B%2BMaxim%2Bmachine%2Bgun%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950611553"><i>Encyclopedia of African colonial conflicts</i></a>. Timothy J. Stapleton. Santa Barbara, Calif. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-837-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-837-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950611553">950611553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+colonial+conflicts&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950611553&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-837-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F950611553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callwell, p. 440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-smallwars-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smallwars_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Small Wars</i>. 1906. Callwell, p. 559.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCallum, p. 67.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1998" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50089869"><i>Armies of the nineteenth century. Asia : organisation, warfare, dress, and weapons</i></a>. St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Foundry Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901543-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-901543-01-3"><bdi>1-901543-01-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50089869">50089869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+nineteenth+century.+Asia+%3A+organisation%2C+warfare%2C+dress%2C+and+weapons&rft.place=St.+Peter+Port%2C+Guernsey&rft.pub=Foundry+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50089869&rft.isbn=1-901543-01-3&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50089869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kowner-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowner_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rotem_Kowner" title="Rotem Kowner">Kowner, Rotem</a> (2006). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War</i>. Scarecrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4927-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4927-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-4927-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4927-3&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 225.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Martin. p. 93.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smallarmsreview.com/display.article.cfm?idarticles=2073">"U.S. Maxim Model 1904"</a>. February 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Maxim+Model+1904&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmsreview.com%2Fdisplay.article.cfm%3Fidarticles%3D2073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US870497A">U.S. patent 870497A</a></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=265">U.S. Maxim Model 1904</a> – SAdefensejournal.com, 15 August 2013.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205120845/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun">"Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/05/11/why-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun">the original</a> on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Ukraine%27s+army+still+uses+a+100-year-old+machinegun&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2022%2F05%2F11%2Fwhy-ukraines-army-still-uses-a-100-year-old-machinegun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://24tv.ua/rnbo-vismiyali-novitnyu-tehniku-okupantiv-smishniy-perelik_n1920111">"В РНБО висміяли "новітню" техніку окупантів: смішний перелік"</a>. <i>24 Канал</i> (in Ukrainian). 26 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=24+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%91%D0%9E+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8+%22%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8E%22+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%3A+%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F24tv.ua%2Frnbo-vismiyali-novitnyu-tehniku-okupantiv-smishniy-perelik_n1920111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537">"Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bakhmut%3A+Russian+casualties+mount+but+tactics+evolve&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64955537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuentin_Sommerville2023" class="citation news cs1">Quentin Sommerville (16 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64955537.amp">"Bakhmut: Russian casualties mount but tactics evolve"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bakhmut%3A+Russian+casualties+mount+but+tactics+evolve&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft.au=Quentin+Sommerville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-64955537.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1982" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Dominick (December 1982). "The British Expeditionary Force in 1914 and the Machine Gun". <i>Military Affairs</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 190–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987613">10.2307/1987613</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987613">1987613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+British+Expeditionary+Force+in+1914+and+the+Machine+Gun&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=190-193&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1987613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1987613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Dominick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marian Sârbu, <i>Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914–1918</i>, Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel Bătrân, 2002, pp. 144 and 150</span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Quesada2011" class="citation book cs1">De Quesada, A. M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/762983384"><i>The Chaco War 1932-35 : South America's greatest modern conflict</i></a>. Philip S. Jowett, Ramiro Bujeiro. Botley, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-416-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-416-1"><bdi>978-1-84908-416-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/762983384">762983384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaco+War+1932-35+%3A+South+America%27s+greatest+modern+conflict&rft.place=Botley%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F762983384&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-416-1&rft.aulast=De+Quesada&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F762983384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2012" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842879929"><i>Armies of the Balkan Wars 1912-13 : the priming charge for the Great War</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-58155-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-58155-5"><bdi>978-1-299-58155-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842879929">842879929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Balkan+Wars+1912-13+%3A+the+priming+charge+for+the+Great+War.&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842879929&rft.isbn=978-1-299-58155-5&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F842879929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDambītis2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Dambītis, Kārlis (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.lu.lv/dspace/handle/7/31857?locale-attribute=en"><i>Latvijas armijas artilērija 1919.-1940.g.: Vieta bruņotajos spēkos, struktūra un uzdevumi</i></a> [<i>Artillery of the Latvian Army (1918–1940): structure, tasks and place in the Armed forces</i>] (PhD thesis). University of Latvia. p. 225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Latvijas+armijas+artil%C4%93rija+1919.-1940.g.%3A+Vieta+bru%C5%86otajos+sp%C4%93kos%2C+strukt%C5%ABra+un+uzdevumi&rft.inst=University+of+Latvia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Damb%C4%ABtis&rft.aufirst=K%C4%81rlis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.lu.lv%2Fdspace%2Fhandle%2F7%2F31857%3Flocale-attribute%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett, Phillip, Latin American Wars 1900-1941: Osprey Publishing (2018)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043818/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf">".450 Maxim Machine Gun (Martini Henry chamber)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.450+Maxim+Machine+Gun+%28Martini+Henry+chamber%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armsregister.com%2Farms_register%2Farms_register_documents%2Fnzar_375_450_maxim_mg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101043759/http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf">".303 Maxim Machine Gun (magazine rifle chamber)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armsregister.com/arms_register/arms_register_documents/nzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.303+Maxim+Machine+Gun+%28magazine+rifle+chamber%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armsregister.com%2Farms_register%2Farms_register_documents%2Fnzar_200_303_maxim_mg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFarrokh2011" class="citation book cs1">Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651902140"><i>Iran at war, 1500-1988</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-491-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-491-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/651902140">651902140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+war%2C+1500-1988&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F651902140&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-491-6&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F651902140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li>Anon., <i>Vickers, Sons and Maxim Limited: Their Works and Manufactures. (Reprinted from 'Engineering')</i> London (1898). It gives plates showing the mechanism of the Vickers Maxim gun and numerous plates showing the variety of mounts available at the end of the 19th century. It also includes numerous plates of the factories in which they were made.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCallwell1990" class="citation book cs1">Callwell, Colonel C.E. (1990). <i>Small Wars: A Tactical Textbook for Imperial Soldiers</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-071-8"><bdi>978-1-85367-071-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wars%3A+A+Tactical+Textbook+for+Imperial+Soldiers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-071-8&rft.aulast=Callwell&rft.aufirst=Colonel+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span> This is a reprint of the 1906 version.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChivers2010" class="citation book cs1">Chivers, C. J. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gun00chiv"><i>The Gun</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7076-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-7076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7076-2&rft.aulast=Chivers&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgun00chiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span> (See chapter 3: "Hiram Maxim Changes War")</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1976" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John (1976). <i>The Social History of the Machine Gun</i>. London: Pimlico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+the+Machine+Gun&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). <i>Empire</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100754-0"><bdi>978-0-14-100754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100754-0&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith1989" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, Dolf F. (1989). <i>The Devil's Paintbrush: Sir Hiram Maxim's Gun</i>. Collector Grade Publications, Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88935-056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88935-056-4"><bdi>978-0-88935-056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Paintbrush%3A+Sir+Hiram+Maxim%27s+Gun&rft.pub=Collector+Grade+Publications%2C+Toronto&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88935-056-4&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Dolf+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHeadrick1981" class="citation book cs1">Headrick, Daniel R. (1981). <i>Tools of Empire. Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-096-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-096-8"><bdi>978-1-86176-096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tools+of+Empire.+Technology+and+European+Imperialism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-096-8&rft.aulast=Headrick&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum1999" class="citation book cs1">McCallum, Iain (1999). <i>Blood Brothers: Hiram and Hudson Maxim—Pioneers of Modern Warfare</i>. London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-096-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-096-8"><bdi>978-1-86176-096-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Brothers%3A+Hiram+and+Hudson+Maxim%E2%80%94Pioneers+of+Modern+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-096-8&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaxim+gun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maxim_MG" class="extiw" title="commons:Maxim MG"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Maxim MG</span></a>.</div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722085023/http://www.allworldwars.com/Handbook%20of%20the%20Maxim%20Automatic%20Machine%20Gun%20Model%201904.html"><i>Handbook of the Maxim Automatic Machine Gun, caliber .30, model of 1904, with pack outfits and accessories</i>. US War Department, July 1916</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101321/http://ru.scribd.com/doc/150309753/The-Maxim-Machine-Gun-Systems-Blueprints-by-1906">The Maxim Machine Gun Systems Blueprints by 1906</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221024601/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1SbcZQ0N5A">Animation of Maxim's prototype machine gun, 1884</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229191155/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiFGKWPSaas">Animation of Maxim's second prototype machine gun 1885</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012235232/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1CpLaVfnq8">Animation of Maxim's transitional machine gun 1885</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire_small_arms_&amp;_ordnance_of_the_Victorian_era" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VictorianEraBritishWeapons" title="Template:VictorianEraBritishWeapons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VictorianEraBritishWeapons" title="Template talk:VictorianEraBritishWeapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VictorianEraBritishWeapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VictorianEraBritishWeapons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_small_arms_&amp;_ordnance_of_the_Victorian_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> small arms & ordnance of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sidearm_(weapon)" title="Sidearm (weapon)">Sidearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_hilted_British_infantry_swords_(1822,_1827,_1845,_1854_and_1892_patterns)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic hilted British infantry swords (1822, 1827, 1845, 1854 and 1892 patterns)">Infantry swords</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1897_pattern_British_infantry_officer%27s_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="1897 pattern British infantry officer's sword">1897 infantry sword</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont%E2%80%93Adams_revolver" title="Beaumont–Adams revolver">Beaumont–Adams revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_revolver" title="Enfield revolver">Enfield revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%27s_Patent_Revolver" title="Kerr's Patent Revolver">Kerr's Patent revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tranter_(revolver)" title="Tranter (revolver)">Tranter revolver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Webley_Revolver" title="Webley Revolver">Webley .455" Revolver Mk I – IV</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baker_rifle" title="Baker rifle">Baker rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_rifle" title="Brunswick rifle">Brunswick rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Pattern 1851 Minié</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853 Enfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1861_Enfield_musketoon" title="Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon">Pattern 1861 Enfield musketoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_rifle" title="Whitworth rifle">Whitworth rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snider%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Snider–Enfield">Snider–Enfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Henry" title="Martini–Henry">Martini–Henry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swinburn%E2%80%93Henry" title="Swinburn–Henry">Swinburn–Henry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Metford" title="Lee–Metford">Lee–Metford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">Field Artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>SBML 9 pounder 13 cwt</li>
<li>RBL 9 pounder</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RBL_12-pounder_8_cwt_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 12-pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun">RBL 12-pounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RBL_20-pounder_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun">RBL 20-pounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_9-pounder_8_and_6_cwt_guns" title="RML 9-pounder 8 and 6 cwt guns">RML 9-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_13-pounder_8_cwt" title="RML 13-pounder 8 cwt">RML 13-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_16-pounder_12_cwt" title="RML 16-pounder 12 cwt">RML 16-pounder 12 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_BL_12-pounder_7_cwt" title="Ordnance BL 12-pounder 7 cwt">BL 12-pounder 7 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_BL_12-pounder_6_cwt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance BL 12-pounder 6 cwt">BL 12-pounder 6 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QF_12-pounder_8_cwt_gun" title="QF 12-pounder 8 cwt gun">QF 12-pounder 8 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_BL_15-pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance BL 15-pounder">BL 15-pounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom" title="QF 1-pounder pom-pom">QF 1-pounder pom-pom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">Mountain artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/RML_7-pounder_Mountain_Gun" title="RML 7-pounder Mountain Gun">RML 7-pounder Mountain Gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_2.5-inch_Mountain_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="RML 2.5-inch Mountain Gun">RML 2.5-inch Mountain Gun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzers</a>, medium,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">heavy artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/RML_6.3-inch_howitzer" title="RML 6.3-inch howitzer">RML 6.3-inch howitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_6.6-inch_howitzer" title="RML 6.6-inch howitzer">RML 6.6-inch howitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_5-inch_howitzer" title="BL 5-inch howitzer">BL 5-inch howitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_5.4-inch_howitzer" title="BL 5.4-inch howitzer">BL 5.4-inch howitzer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Siege_artillery" title="Category:Siege artillery">Siege</a> & garrison artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Cecil" title="Long Cecil">4.1-inch 'Long Cecil'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SBBL_32-pounder" title="SBBL 32-pounder">SBBL 32-pounder</a></li>
<li>SBML 24-pounder</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/ML_8-inch_shell_gun" title="ML 8-inch shell gun">SBML 8-inch 65 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RBL_40-pounder_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 40-pounder Armstrong gun">RBL 40-pounder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RBL_7-inch_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 7-inch Armstrong gun">RBL 7-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_25-pounder_18_cwt" title="RML 25-pounder 18 cwt">RML 25-pounder 18 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_40-pounder_gun" title="RML 40-pounder gun">RML 40-pounder gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_64-pounder_64_cwt_gun" title="RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun">RML 64-pounder 64 cwt gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_64-pounder_58_cwt" title="RML 64-pounder 58 cwt">RML 64-pounder 58 cwt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_64-pounder_71_cwt_gun" title="RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun">RML 64-pounder 71 cwt gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/68-pounder_95_cwt#Conversion_to_rifled_muzzle_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="68-pounder 95 cwt">RML 80-pounder</a></li>
<li>RML 6.6-inch gun</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_8-inch_howitzer" title="RML 8-inch howitzer">RML 8-inch howitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_5-inch_gun_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_V" title="BL 5-inch gun Mk I – V">BL 5-inch gun Mk I – V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_30_cwt_howitzer" title="BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer">BL 6-inch 30 cwt howitzer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/24_cm_M%C3%B6rser_M_98" title="24 cm Mörser M 98">BL 9.45-inch howitzer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Nordenfelt" title="QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt">QF 3-pounder Nordenfelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QF_4.7-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_IV_naval_gun" title="QF 4.7-inch Mk I – IV naval gun">QF 4.7-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_Mk_II_%E2%80%93_VI_naval_gun" title="BL 6-inch Mk II – VI naval gun">BL 6-inch Mk III, IV, VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_6-inch_gun_Mk_V" title="BL 6-inch gun Mk V">BL 6-inch Mk V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RBL_7-inch_Armstrong_gun" title="RBL 7-inch Armstrong gun">RBL 7-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_7-inch_gun" title="RML 7-inch gun">RML 7-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_8-inch_9-ton_gun" title="RML 8-inch 9-ton gun">RML 8-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_8-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 8-inch Mk I – VII naval gun">BL 8-inch Mk VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_9-inch_12-ton_gun" title="RML 9-inch 12-ton gun">RML 9-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_9.2-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 9.2-inch Mk I – VII naval gun">BL 9.2-inch Mk IV & VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_10-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_IV_naval_gun" title="BL 10-inch Mk I – IV naval gun">BL 10-inch Mk I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BL_12-inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_VII_naval_gun" title="BL 12-inch Mk I – VII naval gun">BL 12-inch Mk I, VI, VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_12.5-inch_38-ton_gun" title="RML 12.5-inch 38-ton gun">RML 12.5-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RML_16-inch_80-ton_gun" title="RML 16-inch 80-ton gun">RML 16-inch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/100-ton_gun" title="100-ton gun">RML 17.72-inch</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13-inch_36_cwt_mortar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13-inch 36 cwt mortar (page does not exist)">13-inch 36 cwt mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10-inch_18_cwt_mortar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10-inch 18 cwt mortar (page does not exist)">10-inch 18 cwt mortar</a></li>
<li>8-inch 9 cwt mortar</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 6-pounder</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 12-pounder</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve</a> 24-pounder</li>
<li>Boxer</li>
<li>Hales 9-pounder</li>
<li>Hales 24-pounder</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">0.45" Gatling gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_gun" title="Gardner gun">Gardner gun</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maxim gun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Metford" title="Lee–Metford">Lee–Metford</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Magazine Lee-Enfield (MLE) rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1914_Enfield" title="Pattern 1914 Enfield">Pattern 1914 Enfield</a> rifle</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ross_rifle" title="Ross rifle">Ross Rifle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Sidearm_(weapon)" title="Sidearm (weapon)">Sidearms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webley_Revolver" title="Webley Revolver">Webley .455" Revolver Mk. IV–VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Webley_Self-Loading_Pistol" title="Webley Self-Loading Pistol">Webley .455" Pistol Mk. I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colt_New_Service" title="Colt New Service">Colt New Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Triple_Lock" title="Smith & Wesson Triple Lock">Smith & Wesson Triple Lock</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Edged_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edged weapon">Edged weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1897_infantry_officer%27s_sword" title="Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword">Pattern 1897 infantry officer's sword</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1907_bayonet" title="Pattern 1907 bayonet">Pattern 1907 bayonet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1908_cavalry_sword" title="Pattern 1908 cavalry sword">Pattern 1908 cavalry sword</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_1907_bayonet#Pattern_1913_bayonet" title="Pattern 1907 bayonet">Pattern 1913 bayonet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maxim gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers machine gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_M1909_Ben%C3%A9t%E2%80%93Merci%C3%A9_machine_gun" title="Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun">Hotchkiss Mark I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_gun" title="Lewis gun">Lewis gun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Hand_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenade">Hand grenades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_grenade" title="No. 1 grenade">No. 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No._2_grenade" title="No. 2 grenade">No. 2 <i>Hales Pattern</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hales_rifle_grenade" title="Hales rifle grenade">Nos. 3, 20, 24, 35 Hales rifle grenades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mills_bomb" title="Mills bomb">Nos. 5, 23, 36 <i>Mills</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No._6_grenade" title="No. 6 grenade">No. 6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jam_tin_grenade" title="Jam tin grenade">Nos. 8, 9 <i>Jam Tin</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._13_Battye_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 13 Battye grenade (page does not exist)">No. 13 <i>Battye</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._14_Pitcher_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 14 Pitcher grenade (page does not exist)">No. 14 <i>Pitcher</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No._15_ball_grenade" title="No. 15 ball grenade">No. 15 <i>Ball</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No._15_ball_grenade#No_16_Oval_grenade" title="No. 15 ball grenade">No. 16 <i>Oval</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._17_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 17 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 17 <i>Opera hat</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/No._1_grenade" title="No. 1 grenade">No. 18</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._19_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 19 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 19</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._21_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 21 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 21 "Spherical"</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._22_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 22 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 22 <i>Newton-Pippin</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._25_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 25 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 25 <i>Sangster</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._27_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 27 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 27</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._28_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 28 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 28 Chemical</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._29_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 29 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 29 Gas</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._31_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 31 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 31 Day Signal</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._32_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 32 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 32 Night Signal</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._33_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 33 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 32 "Spherical E"</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._34_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 34 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 34 <i>Egg</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._37_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 37 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 37</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=No._39_grenade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 39 grenade (page does not exist)">No. 39 <i>Steuart Pattern</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_1.57-inch_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers 1.57-inch mortar">Vickers 1.57-inch mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2-inch_medium_mortar" title="2-inch medium mortar">2-inch medium mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Garland_trench_mortar" title="Garland trench mortar">Garland trench mortar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_mortar" title="Stokes mortar">3-inch Stokes mortar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">Grenade launchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leach_trench_catapult" title="Leach trench catapult">Leach trench catapult</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Spring_Gun" title="West Spring Gun">West Spring Gun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sauterelle" title="Sauterelle">Sauterelle</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303 British</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/.455_Webley" title=".455 Webley">.455 Webley</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228936124"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maxim_gun_derivatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maximgunnavbox" title="Template:Maximgunnavbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maximgunnavbox" title="Template talk:Maximgunnavbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maximgunnavbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maximgunnavbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maxim_gun_derivatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maxim gun</a> derivatives</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stationary machine guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_08" title="MG 08">MG 08</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_11" title="MG 11">MG 11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parabellum_MG_14" title="Parabellum MG 14">MG 14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PM_M1910" title="PM M1910">PM M1910</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PV-1_machine_gun" title="PV-1 machine gun">PV-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun" title="Vickers machine gun">Vickers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable machine guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%E2%80%93Tokarev" title="Maxim–Tokarev">Maxim–Tokarev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_08#LMG_08/15" title="MG 08">MG08/15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MG_08#LMG_08/15" title="MG 08">MG08/18</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy machine guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MG_18_TuF" title="MG 18 TuF">MG 18 TuF</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_.50_machine_gun" title="Vickers .50 machine gun">Vickers .50</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom" title="QF 1-pounder pom-pom">QF 1-pounder pom-pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/11%C3%9759mmR_Gras#"Balloon_buster"" title="11×59mmR Gras">11mm Vickers aircraft machine gun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1718775029' |