Examine individual changes

'{{About||the short film|Hibakusha (film)}} [[File:The_patient's_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg|right|thumb|220px|A victim of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, she suffered severe burns; the pattern on her skin is from the ''kimono'' she was wearing at the time of the bombing.]] The surviving victims of the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] are called {{nihongo|'''hibakusha'''|被爆者}}, a Japanese word that literally translates as "explosion-affected people" and is used to refer to people who were exposed to radiation from the bombings. Many victims were Japanese who still live in Japan, but several thousand, Japanese and non-Japanese, live abroad in [[Korea]], the [[United States]], [[Brazil]] and elsewhere. ==Official recognition== The '''Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law''' defines ''hibakusha'' as people who fall into one of the following categories: within a few kilometers of the [[hypocenter]]s of the bombs; within 2&nbsp;km of the hypocenters within two weeks of the bombings; exposed to radiation from [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]]; or not yet born but carried by pregnant women in any of these categories.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/gentai/zaigai/e/survivor.html |title=Overseas Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Program |publisher=Atomic Bomb Survivors Affairs Division Health And Welfare Department Nagasaki prefectural Government |accessdate=2007-08-25}}</ref> {{As of|2012|alt=As of March 31, 2012}}, 210,830 ''hibakusha'' were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan.<ref> {{cite news | url= http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120807a1.html | title= Hiroshima honors A-bomb dead; protesters chant | last= Ito |first= Masami | date= August 7, 2012 | work= [[The Japan Times]] | accessdate= 2012-08-11 }}</ref> The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20070815a2.html | title= Relief for A-bomb victims | date= 2007-08-15 | work= [[The Japan Times]] | accessdate= 2007-10-02 }}</ref> ''Hibakusha'' are entitled to government support. They receive a certain amount of allowance per month. About 1%, certified as suffering from bomb-related diseases, receive a special medical allowance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?appURL=nn2penis 0060315a7.html |title=30 A-bomb survivors apply for radiation illness benefits |work=The Japan Times |accessdate=2007-08-25}}</ref> The memorials in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] contain lists of the names of the ''hibakusha'' who are known to have died since the bombings. Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, {{As of|2012|alt=as of August 2012}} the memorials record the names of almost 440,000 ''hibakusha''; 280,959 in Hiroshima<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.rttnews.com/1939903/hiroshima-remembers-atom-bomb-victims-on-67th-anniversary.aspx?type=cn&Node=B1 | title= Hiroshima Remembers Atom Bomb Victims On 67th Anniversary | date= August 6, 2012 | publisher= [[RTTNews]] | accessdate= 2012-08-11 }}</ref> and 158,754 in Nagasaki.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201208090075 | title= Nagasaki vows to help Fukushima victims, urges end to nukes | last= Hanafusa |first= Asako | date= August 9, 2012 | work= [[Asahi Shimbun]] | accessdate= 2012-08-11 }}</ref> {{wide image|NagasakiHypocentre.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter, or ground zero, of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki.}} [[Image:A-Bomb Dome.jpg|thumb|200px|Citizens of [[Hiroshima]] walk by the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial]], the closest building to have survived the city's atomic bombing.]] [[File:Sumiteru Taniguchi back.jpg|thumb|right|A photograph of [[Sumiteru Taniguchi]]'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer.]] ===Korean survivors=== During the war, Japan brought many Korean conscripts to both Hiroshima and Nagasaki to work as forced labor. According to recent estimates, about 20,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and about 2,000 died in Nagasaki. It is estimated that one in seven of the Hiroshima victims was of Korean ancestry.<ref name="ModernJapan"> {{cite book | author=Mikiso Hane | title=Modern Japan: A Historical Survey | publisher= Westview Press | year=2001 |isbn=0-8133-3756-9 }}</ref> For many years, Koreans had a difficult time fighting for recognition as atomic bomb victims and were denied health benefits. However, most issues have been addressed in recent years through lawsuits.<ref>[http://mainichi.jp/english/english/culture/features/news/20080509p2g00m0fe008000c.html Hibakusha: A Korean's fight to end discrimination toward foreign A-bomb victims], Mainichi Daily News. May 9, 2008.</ref> ===Other foreign survivors=== While one British Commonwealth citizen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn06-2005/nn20050625f3.htm |title=Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim |work=The Japan Times |date=August 9, 1945 |accessdate=Jan. 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2816073] This reference also lists at least three other POWS who died on 9-8-1945</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2207628 |title=CWGC :: Casualty Details |publisher=Cwgc.org |date= |accessdate=Jan. 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2815865 |title=CWGC :: Casualty Details |publisher=Cwgc.org |date= |accessdate=Jan. 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2815957] does not tell if these were Nagasaki casualties</ref> and seven Dutch POWs (two names known)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn08-2005/nn20050805a7.htm |title=Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list|work=The Japan Times |date=August 9, 1945 |accessdate=Jan. 9, 2009}}</ref> died in the Nagasaki bombing, at least two POWs reportedly died postwar from cancer thought to have been caused by the atomic bomb.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071228120514/http://www.flackgenealogy.co.uk/tfnormancharlesflack1920/ ]{{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.usmm.org/duffygavehimlife.html It Gave Him Life—It Took It, Too] [[United States Merchant Marine]].org website</ref> One American POW, [[Joe Kieyoomia]], was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived, reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell.<ref>[http://www.thepeoplespaths.net/articles/navcode.htm "How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows"], ''News from Indian Country'', August 1997.</ref> ===Double survivors === People who suffered the effects of both bombings are known as ''nijū hibakusha'' in Japan. A documentary called ''Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki'' was produced in 2006. The producers found 165 people who were victims of both bombings, and the production was screened at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Twice">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/08/twicesurvived.html|title=Twice Bombed, Twice Survived: Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki|date=August 2, 2006|publisher=Columbia University |accessdate=2009-03-31}}</ref> On March 24, 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized [[Tsutomu Yamaguchi]] (1916–2010) as a double ''hibakusha''. Tsutomu Yamaguchi was confirmed to be 3&nbsp;kilometers from [[ground zero]] in Hiroshima on a business trip when [[Little Boy|the bomb]] was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He got back to his home city of Nagasaki on August&nbsp;8, a day before [[Fat Man|the bomb]] in Nagasaki was dropped, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognised survivor of both bombings.<ref> [http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Hiroshima-And-Nagasaki-Atomic-Bomb-Survivor-Recognised/Article/200903415247958?lpos=World_News_Second_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15247958_Hiroshima_And_Nagasaki_Atomic_Bomb_Survivor_Recognised|1 Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor]</ref> Tsutomu Yamaguchi died at the age of 93 on January 4, 2010 of stomach cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/06/japan.bomb.victim.dies/index.html |title=Man who survived two atom bombs dies |date=January 8, 2010 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2010-01-08}}</ref> ==Discrimination== ''Hibakusha'' and their children were (and still are) victims of severe [[discrimination]] due to public ignorance about the consequences of [[radiation sickness]], with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm|title=Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors|publisher=''[[Japan Times]]''|accessdate=2007-08-25}}</ref> This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects/congenital malformations was found among the ''later conceived children born'' to survivors of the Nuclear weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.<ref name="books.google.ie">[http://books.google.ie/books?id=DykKlVU0V-oC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=microcephaly+hiroshima&source=bl&ots=eqT78xHiCX&sig=9bckWb7x6IsnUC6lhvsa_QTfZ04&hl=en&ei=OGtqTsG9NYTX8gOL3cwk&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=microcephaly%20hiroshima&f=false Teratology in the Twentieth Century Plus Ten]</ref><ref>http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/268/5/661.short</ref><ref>http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n3/full/6600748a.html</ref> The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that could conceive, who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation, went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities/birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average.<ref>http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/genetics_e/birthdef.html</ref><ref>http://www.eenews.net/public/Greenwire/2011/04/11/1</ref> [[Studs Terkel]]'s book ''[[The Good War]]'' includes a conversation with two ''hibakusha''. The postscript observes: {{quote|There is considerable discrimination in Japan against the hibakusha. It is frequently extended toward their children as well: socially as well as economically. "Not only hibakusha, but their children, are refused employment," says Mr. Kito. "There are many among them who do not want it known that they are hibakusha."|Studs Terkel (1984), ''The Good War''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Terkel | first = Studs | authorlink = Studs Terkel | title = [[The Good War]] | publisher = [[Random House]] | date = 1984 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = | page = 542 }}</ref>}} The {{nihongo|'''Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization'''|日本被団協|Nihon Hidankyō}} is a group formed by ''hibakusha'' in 1956 with the goals of pressuring the Japanese government to improve support of the victims and lobbying governments for the abolition of [[nuclear weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/index_english/index_english.html|title=Welcome to HIDANKYO|publisher=Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization (''Nihon Hidankyo'') website|accessdate=2007-08-31}}</ref> ==Health== *[[Effects of nuclear explosions on human health]] *[[Radiation poisoning]] ==People== *[[Hiroshima Maidens]] *[[Isao Harimoto]] - ethnic Korean baseball player born in Hiroshima *[[Issey Miyake]] - clothing designer *[[Joe Kieyoomia]] – an American Navajo prisoner of war who survived both the [[Bataan Death March]] and the Nagasaki bombing *[[Keiji Nakazawa]] - author of ''[[Barefoot Gen]]'' *[[Koko Kondo]] - notable peace activist and daughter of Reverend [[Kiyoshi Tanimoto]] *[[Sadako Sasaki]] - well known for her attempt to fold a [[thousand origami cranes]] in order to cure herself of [[leukemia]] *[[Takashi Nagai]] - doctor and author of ''[[The Bells of Nagasaki]]'' *[[Tsutomu Yamaguchi]] - the only person officially recognized to have survived both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings == Representations== *''[[Children of Hiroshima]]'' (1952 film) *''[[Black Rain (novel)|Black Rain]]'' (1965 novel) *''[[Barefoot Gen]]'' (1973 [[manga]] series) *''[[Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes]]'' (1977 non-fiction children's book) *''[[No More Hiroshima]]'' (1984 documentary film) *''[[Hiroshima Witness]]'' (1986 documentary film) *''[[Black Rain (American film)|Black Rain]]'' (1989 American film) *''[[Black Rain (Japanese film)|Black Rain]]'' (1989 Japanese film) *''[[Hiroshima (film)|Hiroshima]]'' (1995 film) *''[[Hiroshima Diary (novel)]]'' (2005 novel) *''[[Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms]]'' (2003 [[manga]], 2007 novel and film) *''[[Hiroshima (documentary)|Hiroshima]]'' (2005 documentary/docudrama film) *''[[White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'' (2007 documentary film) *''[[Boushi (TV drama)|Boushi]]'' (2008 TV drama) *''[[Hibakusha (film)|Hibakusha]]'' (2012 animated short film) ==See also== *[[SCOJ 2005 No.1977]] ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *[[Studs Terkel|Terkel, Studs]], ''[[The Good War]]'', Random House:New York, 1984. ISBN 0-394-53103-5 *[[John Hersey|Hersey, John]], ''[[Hiroshima (book)|Hiroshima]]'', A.A. Knopf: New York, 1985. ISBN 0-679-72103-7 ==External links== *[http://e.nagasaki.mapping.jp/ Nagasaki Archive] *[http://www.hbo.com/docs/programs/whitelightblackrain/index.html ''White Light/Black Rain'' official website] (film) *[http://www.geocities.jp/s20hibaku/voshn/index.html Voices of the survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki] *[http://www.inicom.com/hibakusha/ Voice of Hibakusha] "Eye-witness accounts of the bombing of Hiroshima" *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-71-1794-12163/conflict_war/hiroshima/clip7 Hibakusha, fifteen years after the bomb] (CBC TV news report) *[http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/visit_e/est_e/panel/A6/6204.htm Virtual Museum] "Hibakusha testimonies, coupled with photographs, memoirs and paintings, give a human face to the tragedy of the A-bombing. Starting in 1986, the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation initiated a project to record hibakusha giving testimonies on video. In each year since, the testimonies of 50 people have been recorded and edited into 20-minute segments per person" *[http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/index.shtml The Voice of Hibakusha] *[http://www7.nationalacademies.org/archives/ABCC_1945-1982.html Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission [[Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission|ABCC]]] *[http://www.rerf.or.jp/index_e.html Radiation Effects Research Foundation website] *[http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/25409 "Survival in Nagasaki."] *[http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/25531/ "Living with a double A-bomb surviving parent."] *[http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/27876/ "Fight against the A-bomb."] *[http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/10069/28510/ "Contribute actively to peace."] *[http://www.peoplesdecade.org/resource/testimonies/ Hibakusha Testimonies - Online reprints of published sources including excerpts from the Japan Times.] *[http://www.hibakushastories.org/ Hibakusha Stories] "Initiative of Youth Arts New York in partnership with [[Peace Boat]], the [[Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation]], the [[United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs]], and [[New York Theatre Workshop]]." *[http://www.peoplesdecade.org/decade/survivors/ A-Bomb Survivors: Women Speak Out for Peace - Online DVD Testimonies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hibakusha with subtitles in 6 different languages.] [[Category:Nuclear warfare]] [[Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] [[Category:Radiation health effects]] [[Category:Hibakusha|*]] [[Category:Japanese people]] [[Category:Anti–nuclear weapons movement]]'