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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Crewed or uncrewed vehicle designed to fly in outer space}}
{{redirect|Orbiter}}
{{redirect|Orbital vehicle}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg|thumb|275px|[[List of Soyuz missions|More than 100]] Soviet and Russian crewed [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft ([[Soyuz TMA|TMA]] version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the [[International Space Station]].]]
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|275px|The US [[Space Shuttle]] flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, ''Mir'', the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and the ISS. (''Columbia''{{'s}} [[STS-1|maiden launch]], which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission ]]
A '''spacecraft''' is a vehicle or machine designed to [[spaceflight|fly in outer space]]. A type of [[artificial satellite]], spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including [[Telecommunications|communications]], [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]], [[Weather satellite|meteorology]], [[navigation]], [[space colonization]], [[Planetary science|planetary exploration]], and [[Space transport|transportation]] of [[Human spaceflight|humans]] and [[cargo spacecraft|cargo]]. All spacecraft except [[single-stage-to-orbit]] vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a [[launch vehicle]] (carrier rocket).
On a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]], a [[space vehicle]] enters [[outer space|space]] and then returns to the surface, without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full [[orbit]] of the Earth. For [[orbital spaceflight]]s, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the [[Earth]] or around other [[Astronomical object|celestial bodies]]. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit ([[space station]]s) only, whereas those used for [[robotic space mission]]s operate either [[autonomous robot|autonomously]] or [[telerobotics|telerobotically]]. [[Robotic spacecraft]] used to support scientific research are [[space probe]]s. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial [[satellite]]s. To date, only a handful of [[interstellar probe]]s, such as ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' and ''[[Pioneer 11|11]]'', ''[[Voyager 1]]'' and ''[[Voyager 2|2]]'', and ''[[New Horizons]]'', are on trajectories that leave the [[Solar System]].
Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by method of [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]] to Earth into non-winged [[space capsule]]s and winged [[spaceplane]]s.
Humanity has achieved space flight but [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches]]: [[Russia]] ([[Roscosmos State Corporation|RSA]] or "Roscosmos"), the [[United States]] ([[NASA]]), the member states of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), [[Japan]] ([[JAXA]]), [[China]] ([[CNSA]]), [[India]] ([[ISRO]]), [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/taiwanese-navy-accidentally-fires-nuclear-8730387|title=Taiwanese navy fires NUCLEAR MISSILE at fisherman during horrifying accident|first=Sam|last=Adams|date=29 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10,-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873|title=At Mach-10, Taiwan's Hsiung Feng-III 'Anti-China' Missiles could be faster than the BrahMos|website=defencenews.in|access-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807021440/http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10%2C-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/104213/20161021/taiwan-extending-range-hsiung-feng-iii-missiles-world-s-fastest.htm|title=Taiwan Extending the Range of its Hsiung Feng III Missiles to Reach China|first=Arthur Dominic|last=Villasanta|date=21 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Jibu |title=TSMC set to beat Intel to become the world's most advanced chipmaker |url=https://in.pcmag.com/chipsets-processors/120341/tsmc-set-to-beat-intel-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker |website=PCMag India |language=en |date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TSMC is about to become the world's most advanced chipmaker |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2018/04/05/tsmc-is-about-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker |website=The Economist |date=5 April 2018}}</ref> ([[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]], [[National Space Organization|Taiwan National Space Organization (NSPO)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3349525|title=Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... - Taiwan News|first=Taiwan|last=News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21837/Taiwan_To_Upgrade____Cloud_Peak____Medium_range_Missiles_For_Micro_Satellites_Launch|title=Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch|website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacewatch.global/2018/01/taiwans-new-ballistic-missile-capable-launching-microsatellites/|title=Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites - SpaceWatch.Global|first=John|last=Sheldon|website=spacewatch.global}}</ref> [[Israel]] ([[Israel Space Agency|ISA]]), [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]]), and [[North Korea]] ([[National Aerospace Development Administration|NADA]]).
==History==
{{see also|History of spaceflight}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|upright|The first artificial satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], launched by the [[Soviet Union]]]]
A German [[V-2]] became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in [[Peenemünde]], Germany.<ref>''Peenemünde (Dokumentation)'' Berlin: Moewig, 1984.{{ISBN|3-8118-4341-9}}.</ref> [[Sputnik 1]] was the first [[artificial satellite]]. It was launched into an elliptical [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) by the [[Soviet Union]] on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the [[Space Age]].<ref name="test">Dougall, Walter A. (Winter 2010) [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_88.shtml "Shooting the duck"], {{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury|quote=On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.|last1=Swenson|first1=L. Jr.|last2=Grimwood|first2=J. M.|last3=Alexander|first3=C. C.|pages=66-62424}}</ref> Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper [[Earth's atmosphere#Temperature and the atmospheric layers|atmospheric layer]]'s density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on [[radio]]-signal distribution in the [[ionosphere]]. Pressurized [[nitrogen]] in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for [[meteoroid]] detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the [[International Geophysical Year]] from [[Gagarin's Start|Site No.1/5]], at the 5th [[Tyuratam]] range, in [[Kazakh SSR]] (now at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]). The satellite traveled at {{convert|29,000|kph}}, taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 [[MHz]]
While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other man-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the [[Kármán line]]. In particular, in the 1940s there were [[List of V-2 test launches|several test launches]] of the [[V-2 rocket]], some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.
==Spacecraft types==
===Crewed spacecraft===
{{see also|List of crewed spacecraft|Human spaceflight}}
[[File:Apollo 17 Command Module AS17-145-22261HR.jpg|thumb|Apollo 17 command module in Lunar orbit]]
As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China.
The first crewed spacecraft was [[Vostok 1]], which carried Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a [[Vostok spacecraft]].<ref name=EA-vostok>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|title=Vostok|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092837/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|archivedate=2011-06-29}}</ref> The second crewed spacecraft was named [[Mercury-Redstone 3|''Freedom 7'']], and it performed a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] in 1961 carrying American astronaut [[Alan Shepard]] to an altitude of just over {{convert|187|km|sp=us}}. There were five other crewed missions using [[Project Mercury|Mercury spacecraft]].
Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the [[Voskhod spacecraft|Voskhod]], [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]], flown uncrewed as [[Soyuz 7K-L1|Zond/L1]], [[Soyuz 7K-L3|L3]], [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]], and the [[Salyut program|Salyut]] and ''[[Mir]]'' crewed [[space station]]s. Other American crewed spacecraft include the [[Project Gemini|Gemini spacecraft]], [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo spacecraft]] including the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], the [[Skylab]] space station, and the [[Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle]] with undetached European [[Spacelab]] and private US [[Spacehab]] space stations-modules. China developed, but did not fly [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]], and is currently using [[Shenzhou program|Shenzhou]] (its first crewed mission was in 2003).
Except for the Space Shuttle, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were [[space capsule]]s.
<gallery class="center" caption="Crewed space capsules">
File:NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|alt=Drawings of Mercury, Gemini capsules and Apollo spacecraft, with their launch rockets|American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
File:Voskhod 1 and 2.svg|alt=Line drawing of Voskhod capsules|Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
File:Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing.svg|alt=Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing|1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
File:Post S-7 Shenzhou spacecraft.png|alt=Drawing of Shenzhou spacecraft|Chinese Shenzhou
File:Vostok Spacecraft Diagram.svg|Line drawing of Vostok capsule
</gallery>
The [[International Space Station]], crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.
====Spaceplanes====
{{main|Spaceplane}}
[[File:STS-73 landing.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' orbiter landing]]
Some reusable vehicles have been designed only for crewed spaceflight, and these are often called spaceplanes. The first example of such was the [[North American X-15]] spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 km in the 1960s. The first reusable spacecraft, the [[X-15]], was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.
The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the [[Space Shuttle]], was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|Boeing 747 SCA]] and gliding to deadstick landings at [[Edwards AFB, California]]. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', followed by ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''. ''Endeavour'' was built to replace ''Challenger'' when it was [[STS-51-L|lost]] in January 1986. ''Columbia'' [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|broke up]] during reentry in February 2003.
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class shuttle]], launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This [[spaceplane]] was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the [[dissolution of the USSR]], prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.
Per the [[Vision for Space Exploration]], the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by [[SpaceX]] [[Dragon 2]] and [[Boeing]]'s [[CST-100 Starliner]] no earlier than March 2020. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the [[Space Launch System]] and [[United Launch Alliance|ULA]]'s [[Vulcan (rocket)|Vulcan]] rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.
[[Scaled Composites]]' [[SpaceShipOne]] was a reusable suborbital [[spaceplane]] that carried pilots [[Mike Melvill]] and [[Brian Binnie]] on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the [[Ansari X Prize]]. [[The Spaceship Company]] will build its successor [[SpaceShipTwo]]. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by [[Virgin Galactic]] was planned to begin reusable [[private spaceflight]] carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the [[VSS Enterprise crash|crash of VSS ''Enterprise'']].
===Uncrewed spacecraft===
{{See also|List of uncrewed spacecraft by program|Timeline of spaceflight|Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes|List of Solar System probes|Space probe|Robotic spacecraft|Cargo spacecraft|Satellite}}
[[File:Hubble 01.jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]]]]
[[File:Iss016e034191.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jules Verne ATV|Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)]] approaches the [[International Space Station]] on Monday, March 31, 2008]]
[[File:Mariner 10's encounter with Venus (diagram).jpg|thumb|[[Mariner 10]] diagram of trajectory past planet Venus]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
====Semi-crewed – crewed as space stations or part of space stations====
* [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft
* [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]] – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft and space station module
* [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] (ATV) – uncrewed European cargo spacecraft
* [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] (HTV) – uncrewed Japanese cargo spacecraft
* [[SpaceX Dragon]] – uncrewed private spacecraft
* [[Tianzhou 1]] – China's uncrewed spacecraft
*[[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] – uncrewed private spacecraft
====Earth-orbit satellites====
* [[Explorer 1]] – first US satellite
* [[Project SCORE]] – first communications satellite
* [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO) - orbits the Sun near L1
* [[Sputnik 1]] – world's first artificial satellite
* [[Sputnik 2]] – first animal in orbit ([[Laika]])
* [[Korabl-Sputnik 2]] – first capsule recovered from orbit ([[Vostok programme|Vostok]] precursor) – animals survived
* [[Syncom]] – first geosynchronous communications satellite
* [[Hubble Space Telescope]] – largest orbital observatory
* [[Boeing X-37|X-37]] – spaceplane
====Lunar probes====
* [[Clementine probe|Clementine]] – US Navy mission, orbited Moon, detected hydrogen at the poles
* [[Kaguya (SELENE)|Kaguya]] JPN – lunar orbiter
* [[Luna 1]] – first lunar flyby
* [[Luna 2]] – first lunar impact
* [[Luna 3]] – first images of lunar far side
* [[Luna 9]] – first soft landing on the Moon
* [[Luna 10]] – first lunar orbiter
* [[Luna 16]] – first uncrewed lunar sample retrieval
* [[Lunar Orbiter]] – very successful series of lunar mapping spacecraft
* [[Lunar Prospector]] – confirmed detection of hydrogen at the lunar poles
* [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] – Identifies safe landing sites and locates Moon resources
* [[Lunokhod]] - Soviet lunar rovers
* [[SMART-1]] ESA – Lunar Impact
* [[Surveyor program|Surveyor]] – USA's first soft lander
* [[Chang'e 1]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chang'e 2]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chang'e 3]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chandrayaan 1]] – first Indian Lunar mission
* [[Chandrayaan 2]] – second Indian Lunar mission
====Planetary probes====
[[File:Phoenix landing.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the [[Phoenix spacecraft]] as it lands on [[Mars]]]]
[[File:Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' as it enters [[Saturn]]'s orbit]]
{{see also|List of extraterrestrial orbiters|List of Mars orbiters}}
*''[[Akatsuki (spacecraft)|Akatsuki]]'' JPN – a [[Venus]] orbiter
*''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' – first [[Saturn]] orbiter and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] lander
*[[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']] – Rover sent to Mars by NASA in 2012
*[[Galileo spacecraft|''Galileo'']] – first [[Jupiter]] orbiter and descent probe
*[[IKAROS]] JPN – first [[solar-sail]] spacecraft
*[[Mariner 4]] – first [[Mars]] flyby, first close and high resolution images of Mars
*[[Mariner 9]] – first Mars orbiter
*[[Mariner 10]] – first [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] flyby, first close up images
*[[Mars Exploration Rover]]s (''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'')– Mars rovers
*''[[Mars Express]]'' – Mars orbiter
*''[[Mars Global Surveyor]]'' – Mars orbiter
*[[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (''Mangalyaan'') - India's first Interplanetary probe
*''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' – an advanced climate, imaging, sub-surface radar, and telecommunications Mars orbiter
*''[[MESSENGER]]'' – first Mercury orbiter (arrival 2011)
*''[[Mars Pathfinder]]'' – Mars lander, carrying the ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' rover
*''[[New Horizons]]'' – first [[Pluto]] flyby (arrival 2015)
*''[[Pioneer 10]]'' – first [[Jupiter]] flyby, first close up images
*''[[Pioneer 11]]'' – second [[Jupiter]] flyby and first Saturn flyby (first close up images of Saturn)
*[[Pioneer Venus]] – first [[Venus]] orbiter and landers
*[[Vega 1]] – Balloon release into [[Venus]] atmosphere and lander, mothership continued on to fly by [[Halley's Comet]]. Joint mission with [[Vega 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/comets/vega.html |title=Vega 1 & 2|last=Baalke |first=Ron |publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology]] |access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Venera 4]] – first soft landing on another planet (Venus)
*''[[Viking 1]]'' – first soft landing on Mars
*''[[Voyager 1]]'' - flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]
*''[[Voyager 2]]'' – Jupiter flyby, Saturn flyby, and first flybys/images of [[Neptune]] and [[Uranus]]
====Other – deep space====
{{Main | Space probe}}
* [[Cluster mission|Cluster]]
* [[Deep Space 1]]
* ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]''
* ''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''
* ''[[Hayabusa (spacecraft)|Hayabusa]]''
* [[NEAR Shoemaker|Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous]]
* [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]
* ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''
* [[STEREO]] – Heliospheric and solar sensing; first images of the entire Sun
* [[WMAP]]
====Fastest spacecraft====
*[[Parker Solar Probe|Parker ''Solar Probe'']] (estimated {{convert|343,000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at first sun close pass, will reach {{convert|700000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at final perihelion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html|title=NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|last2=November 6|first2=Space com Senior Writer {{!}}|website=Space.com|access-date=2018-12-16|last3=ET|first3=2018 07:00am}}</ref>
*[[Helios probes|Helios]] I and II ''Solar Probes'' ({{convert|252792|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}})
==== Furthest spacecraft from the Sun ====
* ''[[Voyager 1]]'' at 148.09 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of January 2020, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.58|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT|title=Spacecraft escaping the Solar System|website=www.heavens-above.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' at 122.48 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.52|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Voyager 2]]'' at 122.82 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of January 2020, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.24|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Pioneer 11]]'' at 101.17 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.37|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
===Unfunded and canceled programs===
[[File:Delta Clipper DC-X first flight.jpg|thumb|upright|The first test flight of the Delta Clipper-Experimental Advanced ([[DC-XA]]), a prototype launch system]]
====Crewed spacecraft====
* Chinese [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] capsule
* Soviet [[Soyuz 7K-L1|Zond/L1]] – lunar flyby capsule
* Soviet [[Soyuz 7K-L3|L3]] – capsule and lunar lander
* Soviet [[LK (spacecraft)|LK]] – lunar lander
* Soviet [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]] – space station resupply capsule
* Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|''Buran''-class shuttle]] – spaceplane
* Soviet [[Soyuz Kontakt]] capsule
* Soviet [[Almaz]] space station
* US [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] space station
* US [[Altair (spacecraft)|Altair]] lunar lander
====Multi-stage spaceplanes====
* US [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|X-20]] spaceplane
* Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105|Spiral]] shuttle
* Soviet/Russian [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class shuttle]]
* ESA [[Hermes (shuttle)|Hermes]] shuttle
* [[Kliper]] Russian semi-shuttle/semi-capsule
* Japanese [[HOPE-X]] shuttle
* Chinese [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] [[Project 921-3]] shuttle
====[[SSTO]] spacecraft====
* RR/[[British Aerospace]] [[HOTOL]]
* ESA [[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]] Orbiter
* US [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X|DC-X]] (Delta Clipper)
* US [[Rotary Rocket|Roton]] Rotored-Hybrid
* US [[VentureStar]]
==Spacecraft under development==
[[File:Orion Spacecraft ArtemisI DEC2019 PBS.jpg|thumb|NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019]]
===Crewed===
* (US-NASA; Europe-ESA) [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] – capsule
* (US-SpaceX) [[Dragon 2]] – capsule
* (US-Boeing) [[CST-100]] – capsule
* (US-[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]) [[Dream Chaser]] – orbital [[spaceplane]]
* (US-The SpaceShip company) [[SpaceShipTwo]] suborbital [[spaceplane]]
* (US-[[Blue Origin]]) [[New Shepard]] – [[VTVL]] capsule{{efn|As of 2020, it is flown as an uncrewed spacecraft.}}
* (US-XCOR) [[Lynx rocketplane]] – suborbital spaceplane
* (India-DRDO) [[Avatar RLV]] -Under development, First demonstration flight in 2015.<ref name="Presentation">{{cite web |url=http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html |title=Wednesday, August 03, 2011India's Space Shuttle [Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)] program |work=AA Me, IN |date=2011 |accessdate=2014-10-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022211924/http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html |archivedate=October 22, 2014 }}</ref>
* (India-ISRO) [[ISRO Orbital Vehicle|Gaganyaan]] – capsule
* (India-ISRO) [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme]] – spacecraft
* (US-[[SpaceX]]) [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] – [[VTVL]] spacecraft
* (Russia-RKA) [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]] – capsule
* (Europe-ESA) [[Advanced Crew Transportation System]] – capsule
* (Iranian Space Agency) [[Iranian crewed spacecraft]] – capsule
===Uncrewed===
* [[CNES]] Mars Netlander
* ''[[Darwin (ESA)|Darwin14]]'' ESA probe
* [[James Webb Space Telescope]] (delayed)
* [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] rover
* [[Skylon (spacecraft)|Skylon]] spaceplane
* ''[[StarChip]]'' and ''[[Breakthrough Starshot#StarChip|Sprites]]'' - miniaturized interstellar spacecraft
* [[System F6]]—a [[DARPA]] [[Fractionated Spacecraft]] demonstrator
==Subsystems==
A spacecraft system comprises various subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft's "[[Spacecraft bus|bus]]" and may include attitude determination and control (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), guidance, navigation and control (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), [[spacecraft thermal control|thermal control]] (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically [[payload]]s.
; Life support
: Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a [[life support system]] for the crew.
[[File:Shuttle front RCS.jpg|thumb|[[Reaction control system]] thrusters on the front of the U.S. [[Space Shuttle]]]]
; Attitude control
: A Spacecraft needs an [[attitude control]] subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external [[torque]]s and forces properly. The attitude control subsystem consists of [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.
; GNC
: Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's [[orbital elements]] or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.
; Command and data handling
: The CDH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a [[data recorder]] or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.
{{further|On-Board Data Handling}}
; Communications
: Spacecraft, both [[Robotic spacecraft|robotic]] and [[Human spaceflight|crewed]], utilize various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations as well as for communication between spacecraft in space. Technologies utilized include [[Radio-frequency communication|RF]] and [[Free-space optical communication|optical]] communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground [[Commsat|communication]] using [[Bent pipe|receiver/retransmitter]] electronic technologies.
; Power
: Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the [[Sun]], [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example [[Jupiter]], might employ a [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]] (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is [[eclipsed]] by Earth.
; Thermal control
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and the [[space environment]]. They must operate in a [[vacuum]] with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees [[Celsius]] as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as [[beryllium]] and [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) [[tungsten]] or [[Ablation|ablative]] carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The [[thermal control subsystem]] can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain [[actuators]] such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.
; [[Spacecraft propulsion]]
: Spacecraft may or may not have a [[Spacecraft propulsion|propulsion]] subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The [[Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|''Swift'']] spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and [[inclination]] adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and [[Rocket engine|thruster]]s. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.
; Structures
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere of another planetary body]], and landing on the surface of another planetary body.
; Payload
: The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments ([[camera]]s, [[telescope]]s, or [[particle detector]]s, for example), cargo, or a [[Human spaceflight|human crew]].
; Ground segment
{{main|Ground segment}}
: The [[ground segment]], though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, [[Earth station|ground stations]] to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.<ref name="Rosettaground">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |title=The Rosetta ground segment |work=ESA.int |date=2004-02-17 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184637/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |archivedate=2008-03-11 }}</ref>
; Launch vehicle
: The [[launch vehicle]] propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the [[atmosphere]], and into an [[orbit]], the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] or [[Reusable launch system|reusable]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Astrionics]]
*[[Flying saucer]]
*[[List of fictional spacecraft]]
*[[NewSpace]]
*[[Spacecraft design]]
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space launch]]
*[[Space suit]]
*[[List of spaceflight records|Spaceflight records]]
*[[Starship]]
*[[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
*[[U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623 |title=Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself |work=New Scientist |first=Will |last=Knight |date=January 23, 2006|accessdate=February 11, 2008}}
* {{cite book |title=Space Mission Analysis and Design |publisher=Microcosm |location=Torrance, California |first=James |last=Wertz |author2=Larson, Wiley J |edition=3rd |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-881883-10-4}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Spacecraft|v=no|q=no|b=no|s=no|n=no}}
* {{Britannica|557506}}
*[http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions]
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form]
*[https://archive.is/20060323034258/http://www.planet-surveyor.com/content-cat-1.html Early History of Spacecraft]
*[http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/ Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech]
*[http://ismuseum.org/ International Spaceflight Museum]
{{Spaceflight|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Astronautics]]
[[Category:Spacecraft| ]]
[[Category:Pressure vessels]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Crewed or uncrewed vehicle designed to fly in outer space}}
{{redirect|Orbiter}}
{{redirect|Orbital vehicle}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg|thumb|275px|[[List of Soyuz missions|More than 100]] Soviet and Russian crewed [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft ([[Soyuz TMA|TMA]] version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the [[International Space Station]].]]
[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|2<ref></ref>75px|The US [[Space Shuttle]] flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, ''Mir'', the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and the ISS. (''Columbia''{{'s}} [[STS-1|maiden launch]], which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission ]]
A '''spacecraft''' is a vehicle or machine designed to [[spaceflight|fly in outer space]]. A type of [[artificial satellite]], spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including [[Telecommunications|communications]], [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]], [[Weather satellite|meteorology]], [[navigation]], [[space colonization]], [[Planetary science|planetary exploration]], and [[Space transport|transportation]] of [[Human spaceflight|humans]] and [[cargo spacecraft|cargo]]. All spacecraft except [[single-stage-to-orbit]] vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a [[launch vehicle]] (carrier rocket).
On a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]], a [[space vehicle]] enters [[outer space|space]] and then returns to the surface, without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full [[orbit]] of the Earth. For [[orbital spaceflight]]s, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the [[Earth]] or around other [[Astronomical object|celestial bodies]]. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit ([[space station]]s) only, whereas those used for [[robotic space mission]]s operate either [[autonomous robot|autonomously]] or [[telerobotics|telerobotically]]. [[Robotic spacecraft]] used to support scientific research are [[space probe]]s. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial [[satellite]]s. To date, only a handful of [[interstellar probe]]s, such as ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' and ''[[Pioneer 11|11]]'', ''[[Voyager 1]]'' and ''[[Voyager 2|2]]'', and ''[[New Horizons]]'', are on trajectories that leave the [[Solar System]].
Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by method of [[Atmospheric entry|reentry]] to Earth into non-winged [[space capsule]]s and winged [[spaceplane]]s.
Humanity has achieved space flight but [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches]]: [[Russia]] ([[Roscosmos State Corporation|RSA]] or "Roscosmos"), the [[United States]] ([[NASA]]), the member states of the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), [[Japan]] ([[JAXA]]), [[China]] ([[CNSA]]), [[India]] ([[ISRO]]), [[Taiwan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/taiwanese-navy-accidentally-fires-nuclear-8730387|title=Taiwanese navy fires NUCLEAR MISSILE at fisherman during horrifying accident|first=Sam|last=Adams|date=29 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10,-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873|title=At Mach-10, Taiwan's Hsiung Feng-III 'Anti-China' Missiles could be faster than the BrahMos|website=defencenews.in|access-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807021440/http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10%2C-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/104213/20161021/taiwan-extending-range-hsiung-feng-iii-missiles-world-s-fastest.htm|title=Taiwan Extending the Range of its Hsiung Feng III Missiles to Reach China|first=Arthur Dominic|last=Villasanta|date=21 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Jibu |title=TSMC set to beat Intel to become the world's most advanced chipmaker |url=https://in.pcmag.com/chipsets-processors/120341/tsmc-set-to-beat-intel-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker |website=PCMag India |language=en |date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TSMC is about to become the world's most advanced chipmaker |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2018/04/05/tsmc-is-about-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker |website=The Economist |date=5 April 2018}}</ref> ([[National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology]], [[National Space Organization|Taiwan National Space Organization (NSPO)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3349525|title=Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... - Taiwan News|first=Taiwan|last=News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21837/Taiwan_To_Upgrade____Cloud_Peak____Medium_range_Missiles_For_Micro_Satellites_Launch|title=Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch|website=www.defenseworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://spacewatch.global/2018/01/taiwans-new-ballistic-missile-capable-launching-microsatellites/|title=Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites - SpaceWatch.Global|first=John|last=Sheldon|website=spacewatch.global}}</ref> [[Israel]] ([[Israel Space Agency|ISA]]), [[Iran]] ([[Iranian Space Agency|ISA]]), and [[North Korea]] ([[National Aerospace Development Administration|NADA]]).
==History==
{{see also|History of spaceflight}}
[[File:Sputnik asm.jpg|thumb|upright|The first artificial satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], launched by the [[Soviet Union]]]]
A German [[V-2]] became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in [[Peenemünde]], Germany.<ref>''Peenemünde (Dokumentation)'' Berlin: Moewig, 1984.{{ISBN|3-8118-4341-9}}.</ref> [[Sputnik 1]] was the first [[artificial satellite]]. It was launched into an elliptical [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) by the [[Soviet Union]] on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the [[Space Age]].<ref name="test">Dougall, Walter A. (Winter 2010) [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_88.shtml "Shooting the duck"], {{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]''</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury|quote=On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.|last1=Swenson|first1=L. Jr.|last2=Grimwood|first2=J. M.|last3=Alexander|first3=C. C.|pages=66-62424}}</ref> Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper [[Earth's atmosphere#Temperature and the atmospheric layers|atmospheric layer]]'s density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on [[radio]]-signal distribution in the [[ionosphere]]. Pressurized [[nitrogen]] in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for [[meteoroid]] detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the [[International Geophysical Year]] from [[Gagarin's Start|Site No.1/5]], at the 5th [[Tyuratam]] range, in [[Kazakh SSR]] (now at the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]). The satellite traveled at {{convert|29,000|kph}}, taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 [[MHz]]
While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other man-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the [[Kármán line]]. In particular, in the 1940s there were [[List of V-2 test launches|several test launches]] of the [[V-2 rocket]], some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.
==Spacecraft types==
===Crewed spacecraft===
{{see also|List of crewed spacecraft|Human spaceflight}}
[[File:Apollo 17 Command Module AS17-145-22261HR.jpg|thumb|Apollo 17 command module in Lunar orbit]]
As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China.
The first crewed spacecraft was [[Vostok 1]], which carried Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]] into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a [[Vostok spacecraft]].<ref name=EA-vostok>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|title=Vostok|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092837/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm|archivedate=2011-06-29}}</ref> The second crewed spacecraft was named [[Mercury-Redstone 3|''Freedom 7'']], and it performed a [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] in 1961 carrying American astronaut [[Alan Shepard]] to an altitude of just over {{convert|187|km|sp=us}}. There were five other crewed missions using [[Project Mercury|Mercury spacecraft]].
Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the [[Voskhod spacecraft|Voskhod]], [[Soyuz spacecraft|Soyuz]], flown uncrewed as [[Soyuz 7K-L1|Zond/L1]], [[Soyuz 7K-L3|L3]], [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]], and the [[Salyut program|Salyut]] and ''[[Mir]]'' crewed [[space station]]s. Other American crewed spacecraft include the [[Project Gemini|Gemini spacecraft]], [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo spacecraft]] including the [[Apollo Lunar Module]], the [[Skylab]] space station, and the [[Space Shuttle orbiter|Space Shuttle]] with undetached European [[Spacelab]] and private US [[Spacehab]] space stations-modules. China developed, but did not fly [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]], and is currently using [[Shenzhou program|Shenzhou]] (its first crewed mission was in 2003).
Except for the Space Shuttle, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were [[space capsule]]s.
<gallery class="center" caption="Crewed space capsules">
File:NASA spacecraft comparison.jpg|alt=Drawings of Mercury, Gemini capsules and Apollo spacecraft, with their launch rockets|American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
File:Voskhod 1 and 2.svg|alt=Line drawing of Voskhod capsules|Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
File:Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing.svg|alt=Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing|1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
File:Post S-7 Shenzhou spacecraft.png|alt=Drawing of Shenzhou spacecraft|Chinese Shenzhou
File:Vostok Spacecraft Diagram.svg|Line drawing of Vostok capsule
</gallery>
The [[International Space Station]], crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.
====Spaceplanes====
{{main|Spaceplane}}
[[File:STS-73 landing.jpg|thumb|''Columbia'' orbiter landing]]
Some reusable vehicles have been designed only for crewed spaceflight, and these are often called spaceplanes. The first example of such was the [[North American X-15]] spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 km in the 1960s. The first reusable spacecraft, the [[X-15]], was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.
The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the [[Space Shuttle]], was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of [[Yuri Gagarin]]'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]]'' was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a [[Shuttle Carrier Aircraft|Boeing 747 SCA]] and gliding to deadstick landings at [[Edwards AFB, California]]. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was ''[[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', followed by ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]''. ''Endeavour'' was built to replace ''Challenger'' when it was [[STS-51-L|lost]] in January 1986. ''Columbia'' [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|broke up]] during reentry in February 2003.
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class shuttle]], launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This [[spaceplane]] was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the [[dissolution of the USSR]], prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.
Per the [[Vision for Space Exploration]], the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by [[SpaceX]] [[Dragon 2]] and [[Boeing]]'s [[CST-100 Starliner]] no earlier than March 2020. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the [[Space Launch System]] and [[United Launch Alliance|ULA]]'s [[Vulcan (rocket)|Vulcan]] rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.
[[Scaled Composites]]' [[SpaceShipOne]] was a reusable suborbital [[spaceplane]] that carried pilots [[Mike Melvill]] and [[Brian Binnie]] on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the [[Ansari X Prize]]. [[The Spaceship Company]] will build its successor [[SpaceShipTwo]]. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by [[Virgin Galactic]] was planned to begin reusable [[private spaceflight]] carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the [[VSS Enterprise crash|crash of VSS ''Enterprise'']].
===Uncrewed spacecraft===
{{See also|List of uncrewed spacecraft by program|Timeline of spaceflight|Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes|List of Solar System probes|Space probe|Robotic spacecraft|Cargo spacecraft|Satellite}}
[[File:Hubble 01.jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope]]]]
[[File:Iss016e034191.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jules Verne ATV|Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)]] approaches the [[International Space Station]] on Monday, March 31, 2008]]
[[File:Mariner 10's encounter with Venus (diagram).jpg|thumb|[[Mariner 10]] diagram of trajectory past planet Venus]]
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
====Semi-crewed – crewed as space stations or part of space stations====
* [[Progress spacecraft|Progress]] – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft
* [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]] – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft and space station module
* [[Automated Transfer Vehicle]] (ATV) – uncrewed European cargo spacecraft
* [[H-II Transfer Vehicle]] (HTV) – uncrewed Japanese cargo spacecraft
* [[SpaceX Dragon]] – uncrewed private spacecraft
* [[Tianzhou 1]] – China's uncrewed spacecraft
*[[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] – uncrewed private spacecraft
====Earth-orbit satellites====
* [[Explorer 1]] – first US satellite
* [[Project SCORE]] – first communications satellite
* [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory]] (SOHO) - orbits the Sun near L1
* [[Sputnik 1]] – world's first artificial satellite
* [[Sputnik 2]] – first animal in orbit ([[Laika]])
* [[Korabl-Sputnik 2]] – first capsule recovered from orbit ([[Vostok programme|Vostok]] precursor) – animals survived
* [[Syncom]] – first geosynchronous communications satellite
* [[Hubble Space Telescope]] – largest orbital observatory
* [[Boeing X-37|X-37]] – spaceplane
====Lunar probes====
* [[Clementine probe|Clementine]] – US Navy mission, orbited Moon, detected hydrogen at the poles
* [[Kaguya (SELENE)|Kaguya]] JPN – lunar orbiter
* [[Luna 1]] – first lunar flyby
* [[Luna 2]] – first lunar impact
* [[Luna 3]] – first images of lunar far side
* [[Luna 9]] – first soft landing on the Moon
* [[Luna 10]] – first lunar orbiter
* [[Luna 16]] – first uncrewed lunar sample retrieval
* [[Lunar Orbiter]] – very successful series of lunar mapping spacecraft
* [[Lunar Prospector]] – confirmed detection of hydrogen at the lunar poles
* [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] – Identifies safe landing sites and locates Moon resources
* [[Lunokhod]] - Soviet lunar rovers
* [[SMART-1]] ESA – Lunar Impact
* [[Surveyor program|Surveyor]] – USA's first soft lander
* [[Chang'e 1]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chang'e 2]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chang'e 3]] – China's Chang'e lunar mission
* [[Chandrayaan 1]] – first Indian Lunar mission
* [[Chandrayaan 2]] – second Indian Lunar mission
====Planetary probes====
[[File:Phoenix landing.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the [[Phoenix spacecraft]] as it lands on [[Mars]]]]
[[File:Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' as it enters [[Saturn]]'s orbit]]
{{see also|List of extraterrestrial orbiters|List of Mars orbiters}}
*''[[Akatsuki (spacecraft)|Akatsuki]]'' JPN – a [[Venus]] orbiter
*''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' – first [[Saturn]] orbiter and [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] lander
*[[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'']] – Rover sent to Mars by NASA in 2012
*[[Galileo spacecraft|''Galileo'']] – first [[Jupiter]] orbiter and descent probe
*[[IKAROS]] JPN – first [[solar-sail]] spacecraft
*[[Mariner 4]] – first [[Mars]] flyby, first close and high resolution images of Mars
*[[Mariner 9]] – first Mars orbiter
*[[Mariner 10]] – first [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] flyby, first close up images
*[[Mars Exploration Rover]]s (''[[Spirit (rover)|Spirit]]'' and ''[[Opportunity (rover)|Opportunity]]'')– Mars rovers
*''[[Mars Express]]'' – Mars orbiter
*''[[Mars Global Surveyor]]'' – Mars orbiter
*[[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (''Mangalyaan'') - India's first Interplanetary probe
*''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' – an advanced climate, imaging, sub-surface radar, and telecommunications Mars orbiter
*''[[MESSENGER]]'' – first Mercury orbiter (arrival 2011)
*''[[Mars Pathfinder]]'' – Mars lander, carrying the ''[[Sojourner (rover)|Sojourner]]'' rover
*''[[New Horizons]]'' – first [[Pluto]] flyby (arrival 2015)
*''[[Pioneer 10]]'' – first [[Jupiter]] flyby, first close up images
*''[[Pioneer 11]]'' – second [[Jupiter]] flyby and first Saturn flyby (first close up images of Saturn)
*[[Pioneer Venus]] – first [[Venus]] orbiter and landers
*[[Vega 1]] – Balloon release into [[Venus]] atmosphere and lander, mothership continued on to fly by [[Halley's Comet]]. Joint mission with [[Vega 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/comets/vega.html |title=Vega 1 & 2|last=Baalke |first=Ron |publisher= [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology]] |access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>
*[[Venera 4]] – first soft landing on another planet (Venus)
*''[[Viking 1]]'' – first soft landing on Mars
*''[[Voyager 1]]'' - flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]
*''[[Voyager 2]]'' – Jupiter flyby, Saturn flyby, and first flybys/images of [[Neptune]] and [[Uranus]]
====Other – deep space====
{{Main | Space probe}}
* [[Cluster mission|Cluster]]
* [[Deep Space 1]]
* ''[[Deep Impact (spacecraft)|Deep Impact]]''
* ''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''
* ''[[Hayabusa (spacecraft)|Hayabusa]]''
* [[NEAR Shoemaker|Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous]]
* [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]
* ''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''
* [[STEREO]] – Heliospheric and solar sensing; first images of the entire Sun
* [[WMAP]]
====Fastest spacecraft====
*[[Parker Solar Probe|Parker ''Solar Probe'']] (estimated {{convert|343,000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at first sun close pass, will reach {{convert|700000|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}} at final perihelion)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html|title=NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!|last=Bartels|first=Meghan|last2=November 6|first2=Space com Senior Writer {{!}}|website=Space.com|access-date=2018-12-16|last3=ET|first3=2018 07:00am}}</ref>
*[[Helios probes|Helios]] I and II ''Solar Probes'' ({{convert|252792|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=or}})
==== Furthest spacecraft from the Sun ====
* ''[[Voyager 1]]'' at 148.09 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of January 2020, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.58|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT|title=Spacecraft escaping the Solar System|website=www.heavens-above.com|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* ''[[Pioneer 10]]'' at 122.48 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.52|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Voyager 2]]'' at 122.82 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of January 2020, traveling outward at about {{cvt|3.24|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
*''[[Pioneer 11]]'' at 101.17 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] as of December 2018, traveling outward at about {{cvt|2.37|AU/yr|kph mph}}<ref name=":0" />
===Unfunded and canceled programs===
[[File:Delta Clipper DC-X first flight.jpg|thumb|upright|The first test flight of the Delta Clipper-Experimental Advanced ([[DC-XA]]), a prototype launch system]]
====Crewed spacecraft====
* Chinese [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] capsule
* Soviet [[Soyuz 7K-L1|Zond/L1]] – lunar flyby capsule
* Soviet [[Soyuz 7K-L3|L3]] – capsule and lunar lander
* Soviet [[LK (spacecraft)|LK]] – lunar lander
* Soviet [[TKS spacecraft|TKS]] – space station resupply capsule
* Soviet [[Buran (spacecraft)|''Buran''-class shuttle]] – spaceplane
* Soviet [[Soyuz Kontakt]] capsule
* Soviet [[Almaz]] space station
* US [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory]] space station
* US [[Altair (spacecraft)|Altair]] lunar lander
====Multi-stage spaceplanes====
* US [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|X-20]] spaceplane
* Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105|Spiral]] shuttle
* Soviet/Russian [[Buran programme|''Buran''-class shuttle]]
* ESA [[Hermes (shuttle)|Hermes]] shuttle
* [[Kliper]] Russian semi-shuttle/semi-capsule
* Japanese [[HOPE-X]] shuttle
* Chinese [[Shuguang (spacecraft)|Shuguang]] [[Project 921-3]] shuttle
====[[SSTO]] spacecraft====
* RR/[[British Aerospace]] [[HOTOL]]
* ESA [[Hopper (spacecraft)|Hopper]] Orbiter
* US [[McDonnell Douglas DC-X|DC-X]] (Delta Clipper)
* US [[Rotary Rocket|Roton]] Rotored-Hybrid
* US [[VentureStar]]
==Spacecraft under development==
[[File:Orion Spacecraft ArtemisI DEC2019 PBS.jpg|thumb|NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019]]
===Crewed===
* (US-NASA; Europe-ESA) [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion]] – capsule
* (US-SpaceX) [[Dragon 2]] – capsule
* (US-Boeing) [[CST-100]] – capsule
* (US-[[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]) [[Dream Chaser]] – orbital [[spaceplane]]
* (US-The SpaceShip company) [[SpaceShipTwo]] suborbital [[spaceplane]]
* (US-[[Blue Origin]]) [[New Shepard]] – [[VTVL]] capsule{{efn|As of 2020, it is flown as an uncrewed spacecraft.}}
* (US-XCOR) [[Lynx rocketplane]] – suborbital spaceplane
* (India-DRDO) [[Avatar RLV]] -Under development, First demonstration flight in 2015.<ref name="Presentation">{{cite web |url=http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html |title=Wednesday, August 03, 2011India's Space Shuttle [Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)] program |work=AA Me, IN |date=2011 |accessdate=2014-10-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022211924/http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html |archivedate=October 22, 2014 }}</ref>
* (India-ISRO) [[ISRO Orbital Vehicle|Gaganyaan]] – capsule
* (India-ISRO) [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme]] – spacecraft
* (US-[[SpaceX]]) [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] – [[VTVL]] spacecraft
* (Russia-RKA) [[Orel (spacecraft)|Orel]] – capsule
* (Europe-ESA) [[Advanced Crew Transportation System]] – capsule
* (Iranian Space Agency) [[Iranian crewed spacecraft]] – capsule
===Uncrewed===
* [[CNES]] Mars Netlander
* ''[[Darwin (ESA)|Darwin14]]'' ESA probe
* [[James Webb Space Telescope]] (delayed)
* [[Perseverance (rover)|Perseverance]] rover
* [[Skylon (spacecraft)|Skylon]] spaceplane
* ''[[StarChip]]'' and ''[[Breakthrough Starshot#StarChip|Sprites]]'' - miniaturized interstellar spacecraft
* [[System F6]]—a [[DARPA]] [[Fractionated Spacecraft]] demonstrator
==Subsystems==
A spacecraft system comprises various subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft's "[[Spacecraft bus|bus]]" and may include attitude determination and control (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), guidance, navigation and control (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), [[spacecraft thermal control|thermal control]] (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically [[payload]]s.
; Life support
: Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a [[life support system]] for the crew.
[[File:Shuttle front RCS.jpg|thumb|[[Reaction control system]] thrusters on the front of the U.S. [[Space Shuttle]]]]
; Attitude control
: A Spacecraft needs an [[attitude control]] subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external [[torque]]s and forces properly. The attitude control subsystem consists of [[sensor]]s and [[actuator]]s, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.
; GNC
: Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's [[orbital elements]] or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.
; Command and data handling
: The CDH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a [[data recorder]] or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.
{{further|On-Board Data Handling}}
; Communications
: Spacecraft, both [[Robotic spacecraft|robotic]] and [[Human spaceflight|crewed]], utilize various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations as well as for communication between spacecraft in space. Technologies utilized include [[Radio-frequency communication|RF]] and [[Free-space optical communication|optical]] communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground [[Commsat|communication]] using [[Bent pipe|receiver/retransmitter]] electronic technologies.
; Power
: Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the [[Sun]], [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]] are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example [[Jupiter]], might employ a [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]] (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is [[eclipsed]] by Earth.
; Thermal control
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]] and the [[space environment]]. They must operate in a [[vacuum]] with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees [[Celsius]] as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as [[beryllium]] and [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) [[tungsten]] or [[Ablation|ablative]] carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The [[thermal control subsystem]] can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain [[actuators]] such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.
; [[Spacecraft propulsion]]
: Spacecraft may or may not have a [[Spacecraft propulsion|propulsion]] subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The [[Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission|''Swift'']] spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and [[inclination]] adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and [[Rocket engine|thruster]]s. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.
; Structures
: Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere of another planetary body]], and landing on the surface of another planetary body.
; Payload
: The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments ([[camera]]s, [[telescope]]s, or [[particle detector]]s, for example), cargo, or a [[Human spaceflight|human crew]].
; Ground segment
{{main|Ground segment}}
: The [[ground segment]], though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, [[Earth station|ground stations]] to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.<ref name="Rosettaground">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |title=The Rosetta ground segment |work=ESA.int |date=2004-02-17 |accessdate=2008-02-11 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184637/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html |archivedate=2008-03-11 }}</ref>
; Launch vehicle
: The [[launch vehicle]] propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the [[atmosphere]], and into an [[orbit]], the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] or [[Reusable launch system|reusable]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Astrionics]]
*[[Flying saucer]]
*[[List of fictional spacecraft]]
*[[NewSpace]]
*[[Spacecraft design]]
*[[Space exploration]]
*[[Space launch]]
*[[Space suit]]
*[[List of spaceflight records|Spaceflight records]]
*[[Starship]]
*[[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
*[[U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623 |title=Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself |work=New Scientist |first=Will |last=Knight |date=January 23, 2006|accessdate=February 11, 2008}}
* {{cite book |title=Space Mission Analysis and Design |publisher=Microcosm |location=Torrance, California |first=James |last=Wertz |author2=Larson, Wiley J |edition=3rd |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-881883-10-4}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links|commons=Category:Spacecraft|v=no|q=no|b=no|s=no|n=no}}
* {{Britannica|557506}}
*[http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions]
*[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form]
*[https://archive.is/20060323034258/http://www.planet-surveyor.com/content-cat-1.html Early History of Spacecraft]
*[http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/ Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech]
*[http://ismuseum.org/ International Spaceflight Museum]
{{Spaceflight|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}} DIE YOU SUCK
[[Category:Astronautics]]
[[Category:Spacecraft| ]]
[[Category:Pressure vessels]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2edit1.jpg|thumb|275px|[[List of Soyuz missions|More than 100]] Soviet and Russian crewed [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft ([[Soyuz TMA|TMA]] version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the [[International Space Station]].]]
-[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|275px|The US [[Space Shuttle]] flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, ''Mir'', the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and the ISS. (''Columbia''{{'s}} [[STS-1|maiden launch]], which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission ]]
+[[File:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|2<ref></ref>75px|The US [[Space Shuttle]] flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, ''Mir'', the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and the ISS. (''Columbia''{{'s}} [[STS-1|maiden launch]], which had a white external tank, shown)|alt=Columbia's first launch on the mission ]]
A '''spacecraft''' is a vehicle or machine designed to [[spaceflight|fly in outer space]]. A type of [[artificial satellite]], spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including [[Telecommunications|communications]], [[Earth observation satellite|Earth observation]], [[Weather satellite|meteorology]], [[navigation]], [[space colonization]], [[Planetary science|planetary exploration]], and [[Space transport|transportation]] of [[Human spaceflight|humans]] and [[cargo spacecraft|cargo]]. All spacecraft except [[single-stage-to-orbit]] vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a [[launch vehicle]] (carrier rocket).
@@ -303,7 +303,8 @@
{{Spaceflight|state=collapsed}}
-{{Authority control}}
+{{Authority control}} DIE YOU SUCK
+
[[Category:Astronautics]]
[[Category:Spacecraft| ]]
[[Category:Pressure vessels]]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crewed or uncrewed vehicle designed to fly in outer space</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Orbiter" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orbiter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orbiter (disambiguation)">Orbiter (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Orbital vehicle" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orbital_vehicle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Orbital vehicle (disambiguation)">Orbital vehicle (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:277px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/275px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/413px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/550px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1506" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">More than 100</a> Soviet and Russian crewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA" title="Soyuz TMA">TMA</a> version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Columbia's first launch on the mission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/220px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/330px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg/440px-Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6084" data-file-height="6084" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Shuttle_Columbia_launching.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The US <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting Spacelab, <i>Mir</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, and the ISS. (<i>Columbia</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">maiden launch</a>, which had a white external tank, shown)</div></div></div>
<p>A <b>spacecraft</b> is a vehicle or machine designed to <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">fly in outer space</a>. A type of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a>, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications">communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">meteorology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary exploration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Space transport">transportation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">humans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" title="Cargo spacecraft">cargo</a>. All spacecraft except <a href="/wiki/Single-stage-to-orbit" title="Single-stage-to-orbit">single-stage-to-orbit</a> vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> (carrier rocket).
</p><p>On a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Space_vehicle" title="Space vehicle">space vehicle</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> and then returns to the surface, without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> of the Earth. For <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital spaceflights</a>, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or around other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial bodies</a>. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (<a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>) only, whereas those used for <a href="/wiki/Robotic_space_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic space mission">robotic space missions</a> operate either <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomously</a> or <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">telerobotically</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> used to support scientific research are <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">space probes</a>. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>. To date, only a handful of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_probe" title="Interstellar probe">interstellar probes</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i>, are on trajectories that leave the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.
</p><p>Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by method of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">reentry</a> to Earth into non-winged <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a> and winged <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplanes</a>.
</p><p>Humanity has achieved space flight but <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches</a>: <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roscosmos_State_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscosmos State Corporation">RSA</a> or "Roscosmos"), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>), the member states of the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>), <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/CNSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNSA">CNSA</a>), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISRO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/National_Chung-Shan_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology">National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Organization" title="National Space Organization">Taiwan National Space Organization (NSPO)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a>), and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a>).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Spacecraft_types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Spacecraft types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Crewed_spacecraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crewed spacecraft</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Spaceplanes"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Spaceplanes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Uncrewed_spacecraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Uncrewed spacecraft</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Semi-crewed_–_crewed_as_space_stations_or_part_of_space_stations"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Semi-crewed – crewed as space stations or part of space stations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Earth-orbit_satellites"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Earth-orbit satellites</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lunar_probes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lunar probes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Planetary_probes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Planetary probes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_–_deep_space"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other – deep space</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Fastest_spacecraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Fastest spacecraft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Furthest spacecraft from the Sun</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Unfunded_and_canceled_programs"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Unfunded and canceled programs</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Crewed_spacecraft_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crewed spacecraft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Multi-stage_spaceplanes"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Multi-stage spaceplanes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#SSTO_spacecraft"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">SSTO spacecraft</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Spacecraft_under_development"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Spacecraft under development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Crewed"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crewed</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Uncrewed"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Uncrewed</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Subsystems"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Subsystems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History of spaceflight</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/170px-Sputnik_asm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/255px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sputnik_asm.jpg/340px-Sputnik_asm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="896" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sputnik_asm.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The first artificial satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a>, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></div></div>
<p>A German <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a>. It was launched into an elliptical <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-test_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere#Temperature_and_the_atmospheric_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric layer</a>'s density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>-signal distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. Pressurized <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a> detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Site No.1/5</a>, at the 5th <a href="/wiki/Tyuratam" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a> range, in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (now at the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>). The satellite traveled at 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph), taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002 <a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a>
</p><p>While Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other man-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>. In particular, in the 1940s there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_V-2_test_launches" title="List of V-2 test launches">several test launches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Spacecraft_types">Spacecraft types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spacecraft types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crewed_spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2364" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Command_Module_AS17-145-22261HR.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Apollo 17 command module in Lunar orbit</div></div></div>
<p>As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China.
The first crewed spacecraft was <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a>, which carried Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a <a href="/wiki/Vostok_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok spacecraft">Vostok spacecraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-vostok_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-vostok-12">[12]</a></sup> The second crewed spacecraft was named <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a>, and it performed a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">sub-orbital spaceflight</a> in 1961 carrying American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> to an altitude of just over 187 kilometers (116 mi). There were five other crewed missions using <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury spacecraft</a>.
</p><p>Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Voskhod spacecraft">Voskhod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz</a>, flown uncrewed as <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond/L1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-L3">L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> crewed <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a>. Other American crewed spacecraft include the <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle</a> with undetached European <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab</a> and private US <a href="/wiki/Spacehab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacehab">Spacehab</a> space stations-modules. China developed, but did not fly <a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a>, and is currently using <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou</a> (its first crewed mission was in 2003).
</p><p>Except for the Space Shuttle, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a>.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center">
<li class="gallerycaption">Crewed space capsules</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:29.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Drawings of Mercury, Gemini capsules and Apollo spacecraft, with their launch rockets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/120px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/180px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg/240px-NASA_spacecraft_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4669" data-file-height="3559" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Voskhod_1_and_2.svg" class="image"><img alt="Line drawing of Voskhod capsules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/92px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/138px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Voskhod_1_and_2.svg/185px-Voskhod_1_and_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="665" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:41px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_7K-OK(A)_drawing.svg" class="image"><img alt="Soyuz 7K-OK(A) drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg/120px-Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg/180px-Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg/240px-Soyuz_7K-OK%28A%29_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="225" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png" class="image"><img alt="Drawing of Shenzhou spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png/118px-Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png/177px-Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png/236px-Post_S-7_Shenzhou_spacecraft.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="785" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Chinese Shenzhou
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:32.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/120px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/180px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg/240px-Vostok_Spacecraft_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="524" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Line drawing of Vostok capsule
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Spaceplanes">Spaceplanes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spaceplanes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-73_landing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/220px-STS-73_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/330px-STS-73_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/STS-73_landing.jpg/440px-STS-73_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="1704" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:STS-73_landing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Columbia</i> orbiter landing</div></div></div>
<p>Some reusable vehicles have been designed only for crewed spaceflight, and these are often called spaceplanes. The first example of such was the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 km in the 1960s. The first reusable spacecraft, the <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a>, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.
</p><p>The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, a winged non-capsule, the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise">Enterprise</a></i> was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Carrier_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Carrier Aircraft">Boeing 747 SCA</a> and gliding to deadstick landings at <a href="/wiki/Edwards_AFB,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards AFB, California">Edwards AFB, California</a>. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Columbia</a></i>, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis">Atlantis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Endeavour" title="Space Shuttle Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i>. <i>Endeavour</i> was built to replace <i>Challenger</i> when it was <a href="/wiki/STS-51-L" title="STS-51-L">lost</a> in January 1986. <i>Columbia</i> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">broke up</a> during reentry in February 2003.
</p><p>The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme"><i>Buran</i>-class shuttle</a>, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the USSR">dissolution of the USSR</a>, prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.
</p><p>Per the <a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a>, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2" title="Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CST-100_Starliner" class="mw-redirect" title="CST-100 Starliner">CST-100 Starliner</a> no earlier than March 2020. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">ULA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(rocket)" title="Vulcan (rocket)">Vulcan</a> rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a>' <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> was a reusable suborbital <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> that carried pilots <a href="/wiki/Mike_Melvill" title="Mike Melvill">Mike Melvill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Binnie" title="Brian Binnie">Brian Binnie</a> on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the <a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_Prize" title="Ansari X Prize">Ansari X Prize</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spaceship_Company" title="The Spaceship Company">The Spaceship Company</a> will build its successor <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a>. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Galactic" title="Virgin Galactic">Virgin Galactic</a> was planned to begin reusable <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">private spaceflight</a> carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the <a href="/wiki/VSS_Enterprise_crash" title="VSS Enterprise crash">crash of VSS <i>Enterprise</i></a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uncrewed_spacecraft">Uncrewed spacecraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uncrewed spacecraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_spacecraft_by_program" title="List of uncrewed spacecraft by program">List of uncrewed spacecraft by program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_satellites_and_space_probes" title="Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes">Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargo_spacecraft" title="Cargo spacecraft">Cargo spacecraft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/220px-Hubble_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/330px-Hubble_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hubble_01.jpg/440px-Hubble_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iss016e034191.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/170px-Iss016e034191.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/255px-Iss016e034191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Iss016e034191.jpg/340px-Iss016e034191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="2040" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Iss016e034191.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV">Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)</a> approaches the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> on Monday, March 31, 2008</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_(diagram).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_%28diagram%29.jpg/220px-Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_%28diagram%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_%28diagram%29.jpg/330px-Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_%28diagram%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_%28diagram%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="346" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariner_10%27s_encounter_with_Venus_(diagram).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> diagram of trajectory past planet Venus</div></div></div>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2011</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h4><span id="Semi-crewed_.E2.80.93_crewed_as_space_stations_or_part_of_space_stations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Semi-crewed_–_crewed_as_space_stations_or_part_of_space_stations">Semi-crewed – crewed as space stations or part of space stations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Semi-crewed – crewed as space stations or part of space stations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress spacecraft">Progress</a> – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a> – uncrewed USSR/Russia cargo spacecraft and space station module</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (ATV) – uncrewed European cargo spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H-II_Transfer_Vehicle" title="H-II Transfer Vehicle">H-II Transfer Vehicle</a> (HTV) – uncrewed Japanese cargo spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon" title="SpaceX Dragon">SpaceX Dragon</a> – uncrewed private spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_1" title="Tianzhou 1">Tianzhou 1</a> – China's uncrewed spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(spacecraft)" title="Cygnus (spacecraft)">Cygnus</a> – uncrewed private spacecraft</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Earth-orbit_satellites">Earth-orbit satellites</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earth-orbit satellites">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">Explorer 1</a> – first US satellite</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_SCORE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project SCORE">Project SCORE</a> – first communications satellite</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> (SOHO) - orbits the Sun near L1</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> – world's first artificial satellite</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a> – first animal in orbit (<a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korabl-Sputnik_2" title="Korabl-Sputnik 2">Korabl-Sputnik 2</a> – first capsule recovered from orbit (<a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> precursor) – animals survived</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Syncom" title="Syncom">Syncom</a> – first geosynchronous communications satellite</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> – largest orbital observatory</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">X-37</a> – spaceplane</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunar_probes">Lunar probes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lunar probes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine probe">Clementine</a> – US Navy mission, orbited Moon, detected hydrogen at the poles</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kaguya_(SELENE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaguya (SELENE)">Kaguya</a> JPN – lunar orbiter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a> – first lunar flyby</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> – first lunar impact</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a> – first images of lunar far side</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> – first soft landing on the Moon</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a> – first lunar orbiter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a> – first uncrewed lunar sample retrieval</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbiter">Lunar Orbiter</a> – very successful series of lunar mapping spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> – confirmed detection of hydrogen at the lunar poles</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> – Identifies safe landing sites and locates Moon resources</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod">Lunokhod</a> - Soviet lunar rovers</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> ESA – Lunar Impact</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a> – USA's first soft lander</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> – China's Chang'e lunar mission</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> – China's Chang'e lunar mission</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> – China's Chang'e lunar mission</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan 1">Chandrayaan 1</a> – first Indian Lunar mission</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan 2">Chandrayaan 2</a> – second Indian Lunar mission</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Planetary_probes">Planetary probes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Planetary probes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/220px-Phoenix_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/330px-Phoenix_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/440px-Phoenix_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="4800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Artist's conception of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix spacecraft">Phoenix spacecraft</a> as it lands on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg/220px-Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg/330px-Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg/440px-Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassini_Saturn_Orbit_Insertion.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Artist's conception of <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> as it enters <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s orbit</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></div>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> JPN – a <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbiter</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> – first <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> orbiter and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> lander</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> – Rover sent to Mars by NASA in 2012</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo spacecraft"><i>Galileo</i></a> – first <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> orbiter and descent probe</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a> JPN – first <a href="/wiki/Solar-sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-sail">solar-sail</a> spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> flyby, first close and high resolution images of Mars</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a> – first Mars orbiter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> flyby, first close up images</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i>)– Mars rovers</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> – Mars orbiter</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i> – Mars orbiter</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> (<i>Mangalyaan</i>) - India's first Interplanetary probe</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> – an advanced climate, imaging, sub-surface radar, and telecommunications Mars orbiter</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i> – first Mercury orbiter (arrival 2011)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i> – Mars lander, carrying the <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a></i> rover</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> – first <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> flyby (arrival 2015)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> – first <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> flyby, first close up images</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> – second <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> flyby and first Saturn flyby (first close up images of Saturn)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Venus">Pioneer Venus</a> – first <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbiter and landers</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a> – Balloon release into <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> atmosphere and lander, mothership continued on to fly by <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>. Joint mission with <a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> – first soft landing on another planet (Venus)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i> – first soft landing on Mars</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> - flybys of Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> – Jupiter flyby, Saturn flyby, and first flybys/images of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li></ul>
<h4><span id="Other_.E2.80.93_deep_space"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_–_deep_space">Other – deep space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other – deep space">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster mission">Cluster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayabusa (spacecraft)">Hayabusa</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> – Heliospheric and solar sensing; first images of the entire Sun</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/WMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="WMAP">WMAP</a></li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Fastest_spacecraft">Fastest spacecraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fastest spacecraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker <i>Solar Probe</i></a> (estimated 343,000 km/h or 213,000 mph at first sun close pass, will reach 700,000 km/h or 430,000 mph at final perihelion)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helios_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="Helios probes">Helios</a> I and II <i>Solar Probes</i> (252,792 km/h or 157,078 mph)</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Furthest_spacecraft_from_the_Sun">Furthest spacecraft from the Sun</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Furthest spacecraft from the Sun">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> at 148.09 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of January 2020, traveling outward at about 3.58 AU/a (61,100 km/h; 38,000 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i> at 122.48 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.52 AU/a (43,000 km/h; 26,700 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ul>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> at 122.82 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of January 2020, traveling outward at about 3.24 AU/a (55,300 km/h; 34,400 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i> at 101.17 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> as of December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.37 AU/a (40,400 km/h; 25,100 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unfunded_and_canceled_programs">Unfunded and canceled programs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unfunded and canceled programs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg/170px-Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg/255px-Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg/340px-Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_Clipper_DC-X_first_flight.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The first test flight of the Delta Clipper-Experimental Advanced (<a href="/wiki/DC-XA" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-XA">DC-XA</a>), a prototype launch system</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Crewed_spacecraft_2">Crewed spacecraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> capsule</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond/L1</a> – lunar flyby capsule</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L3" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-L3">L3</a> – capsule and lunar lander</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a> – lunar lander</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/TKS_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="TKS spacecraft">TKS</a> – space station resupply capsule</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)"><i>Buran</i>-class shuttle</a> – spaceplane</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_Kontakt" title="Soyuz Kontakt">Soyuz Kontakt</a> capsule</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> space station</li>
<li>US <a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a> space station</li>
<li>US <a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a> lunar lander</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Multi-stage_spaceplanes">Multi-stage spaceplanes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Multi-stage spaceplanes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>US <a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-20_Dyna-Soar" title="Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20</a> spaceplane</li>
<li>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a> shuttle</li>
<li>Soviet/Russian <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme"><i>Buran</i>-class shuttle</a></li>
<li>ESA <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(shuttle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes (shuttle)">Hermes</a> shuttle</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a> Russian semi-shuttle/semi-capsule</li>
<li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/HOPE-X" title="HOPE-X">HOPE-X</a> shuttle</li>
<li>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_921-3" title="Project 921-3">Project 921-3</a> shuttle</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="SSTO_spacecraft"><a href="/wiki/SSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="SSTO">SSTO</a> spacecraft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: SSTO spacecraft">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<ul><li>RR/<a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace" title="British Aerospace">British Aerospace</a> <a href="/wiki/HOTOL" class="mw-redirect" title="HOTOL">HOTOL</a></li>
<li>ESA <a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a> Orbiter</li>
<li>US <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-X" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-X">DC-X</a> (Delta Clipper)</li>
<li>US <a href="/wiki/Rotary_Rocket" title="Rotary Rocket">Roton</a> Rotored-Hybrid</li>
<li>US <a href="/wiki/VentureStar" title="VentureStar">VentureStar</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Spacecraft_under_development">Spacecraft under development</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spacecraft under development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/220px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/330px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg/440px-Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1246" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_Spacecraft_ArtemisI_DEC2019_PBS.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>NASA's Orion Spacecraft for the Artemis 1 mission seen in Plum Brook On December 1, 2019</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crewed">Crewed</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crewed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>(US-NASA; Europe-ESA) <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(US-SpaceX) <a href="/wiki/Dragon_2" title="Dragon 2">Dragon 2</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(US-Boeing) <a href="/wiki/CST-100" class="mw-redirect" title="CST-100">CST-100</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(US-<a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_Corporation" title="Sierra Nevada Corporation">Sierra Nevada Corporation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Dream_Chaser" title="Dream Chaser">Dream Chaser</a> – orbital <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a></li>
<li>(US-The SpaceShip company) <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipTwo" title="SpaceShipTwo">SpaceShipTwo</a> suborbital <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a></li>
<li>(US-<a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin" title="Blue Origin">Blue Origin</a>) <a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a> – <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">VTVL</a> capsule<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a></sup></li>
<li>(US-XCOR) <a href="/wiki/Lynx_rocketplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx rocketplane">Lynx rocketplane</a> – suborbital spaceplane</li>
<li>(India-DRDO) <a href="/wiki/Avatar_RLV" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatar RLV">Avatar RLV</a> -Under development, First demonstration flight in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Presentation_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presentation-17">[16]</a></sup></li>
<li>(India-ISRO) <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Orbital_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Orbital Vehicle">Gaganyaan</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(India-ISRO) <a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a> – spacecraft</li>
<li>(US-<a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>) <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a> – <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">VTVL</a> spacecraft</li>
<li>(Russia-RKA) <a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(Europe-ESA) <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Crew_Transportation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Crew Transportation System">Advanced Crew Transportation System</a> – capsule</li>
<li>(Iranian Space Agency) <a href="/wiki/Iranian_crewed_spacecraft" title="Iranian crewed spacecraft">Iranian crewed spacecraft</a> – capsule</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uncrewed">Uncrewed</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uncrewed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> Mars Netlander</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(ESA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin (ESA)">Darwin14</a></i> ESA probe</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (delayed)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a> rover</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</a> spaceplane</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/StarChip" class="mw-redirect" title="StarChip">StarChip</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot#StarChip" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Sprites</a></i> - miniaturized interstellar spacecraft</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/System_F6" class="mw-redirect" title="System F6">System F6</a>—a <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Fractionated_Spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractionated Spacecraft">Fractionated Spacecraft</a> demonstrator</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subsystems">Subsystems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsystems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A spacecraft system comprises various subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft's "<a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacecraft bus">bus</a>" and may include attitude determination and control (variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS), guidance, navigation and control (GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_thermal_control" title="Spacecraft thermal control">thermal control</a> (TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payloads</a>.
</p>
<dl><dt>Life support</dt>
<dd>Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support system</a> for the crew.</dd></dl>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/220px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/330px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg/440px-Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1378" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuttle_front_RCS.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">Reaction control system</a> thrusters on the front of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></div></div></div>
<dl><dt>Attitude control</dt>
<dd>A Spacecraft needs an <a href="/wiki/Attitude_control" title="Attitude control">attitude control</a> subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> and forces properly. The attitude control subsystem consists of <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuators</a>, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>GNC</dt>
<dd>Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a> or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Command and data handling</dt>
<dd>The CDH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a <a href="/wiki/Data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Data recorder">data recorder</a> or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.</dd></dl>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/On-Board_Data_Handling" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Board Data Handling">On-Board Data Handling</a></div>
<dl><dt>Communications</dt>
<dd>Spacecraft, both <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed</a>, utilize various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations as well as for communication between spacecraft in space. Technologies utilized include <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio-frequency communication">RF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">optical</a> communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground <a href="/wiki/Commsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Commsat">communication</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bent_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent pipe">receiver/retransmitter</a> electronic technologies.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Power</dt>
<dd>Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, might employ a <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a> (RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is <a href="/wiki/Eclipsed" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsed">eclipsed</a> by Earth.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Thermal control</dt>
<dd>Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Space_environment" title="Space environment">space environment</a>. They must operate in a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a> as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_carbon%E2%80%93carbon" title="Reinforced carbon–carbon">reinforced carbon–carbon</a> or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablative</a> carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_control_subsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal control subsystem">thermal control subsystem</a> can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain <a href="/wiki/Actuators" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuators">actuators</a> such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a></dt>
<dd>Spacecraft may or may not have a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The <a href="/wiki/Swift_Gamma-Ray_Burst_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission"><i>Swift</i></a> spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">inclination</a> adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">thrusters</a>. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Structures</dt>
<dd>Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmosphere of another planetary body</a>, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Payload</dt>
<dd>The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (<a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>, for example), cargo, or a <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human crew</a>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Ground segment</dt></dl>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></div>
<dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a>, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, <a href="/wiki/Earth_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station">ground stations</a> to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosettaground_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosettaground-18">[17]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<dl><dt>Launch vehicle</dt>
<dd>The <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and into an <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" title="Reusable launch system">reusable</a>.</dd></dl>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">Astrionics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">List of fictional spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace" title="NewSpace">NewSpace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Starship" title="Starship">Starship</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Exploration_History_on_U.S._Stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps">U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><b>Notes</b>
</p>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of 2020, it is flown as an uncrewed spacecraft.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p><b>Citations</b>
</p>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation web">Adams, Sam (29 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/taiwanese-navy-accidentally-fires-nuclear-8730387">"Taiwanese navy fires NUCLEAR MISSILE at fisherman during horrifying accident"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+navy+fires+NUCLEAR+MISSILE+at+fisherman+during+horrifying+accident&rft.date=2016-08-29&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Ftaiwanese-navy-accidentally-fires-nuclear-8730387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807021440/http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10%2C-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873">"At Mach-10, Taiwan's Hsiung Feng-III 'Anti-China' Missiles could be faster than the BrahMos"</a>. <i>defencenews.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defencenews.in/article/At-Mach-10,-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873">the original</a> on 2017-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defencenews.in&rft.atitle=At+Mach-10%2C+Taiwan%27s+Hsiung+Feng-III+%27Anti-China%27+Missiles+could+be+faster+than+the+BrahMos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefencenews.in%2Farticle%2FAt-Mach-10%2C-Taiwans-Hsiung-Feng-III-Anti-China-Missiles-could-be-faster-than-the-BrahMos-18873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVillasanta2016" class="citation web">Villasanta, Arthur Dominic (21 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/104213/20161021/taiwan-extending-range-hsiung-feng-iii-missiles-world-s-fastest.htm">"Taiwan Extending the Range of its Hsiung Feng III Missiles to Reach China"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Extending+the+Range+of+its+Hsiung+Feng+III+Missiles+to+Reach+China&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft.aulast=Villasanta&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Dominic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatopix.com%2Farticles%2F104213%2F20161021%2Ftaiwan-extending-range-hsiung-feng-iii-missiles-world-s-fastest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElias2018" class="citation web">Elias, Jibu (10 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.pcmag.com/chipsets-processors/120341/tsmc-set-to-beat-intel-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker">"TSMC set to beat Intel to become the world's most advanced chipmaker"</a>. <i>PCMag India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCMag+India&rft.atitle=TSMC+set+to+beat+Intel+to+become+the+world%27s+most+advanced+chipmaker&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.aulast=Elias&rft.aufirst=Jibu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.pcmag.com%2Fchipsets-processors%2F120341%2Ftsmc-set-to-beat-intel-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/business/2018/04/05/tsmc-is-about-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker">"TSMC is about to become the world's most advanced chipmaker"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=TSMC+is+about+to+become+the+world%27s+most+advanced+chipmaker&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2F04%2F05%2Ftsmc-is-about-to-become-the-worlds-most-advanced-chipmaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNews" class="citation web">News, Taiwan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3349525">"Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... - Taiwan News"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan%27s+upgraded+%27Cloud+Peak%27+mi...+-+Taiwan+News&rft.aulast=News&rft.aufirst=Taiwan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fen%2Fnews%2F3349525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenseworld.net/news/21837/Taiwan_To_Upgrade____Cloud_Peak____Medium_range_Missiles_For_Micro_Satellites_Launch">"Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch"</a>. <i>www.defenseworld.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.defenseworld.net&rft.atitle=Taiwan+To+Upgrade+%27Cloud+Peak%27+Medium-range+Missiles+For+Micro-Satellites+Launch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseworld.net%2Fnews%2F21837%2FTaiwan_To_Upgrade____Cloud_Peak____Medium_range_Missiles_For_Micro_Satellites_Launch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon" class="citation web">Sheldon, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacewatch.global/2018/01/taiwans-new-ballistic-missile-capable-launching-microsatellites/">"Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites - SpaceWatch.Global"</a>. <i>spacewatch.global</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spacewatch.global&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+New+Ballistic+Missile+Capable+of+Launching+Microsatellites+-+SpaceWatch.Global&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacewatch.global%2F2018%2F01%2Ftaiwans-new-ballistic-missile-capable-launching-microsatellites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Peenemünde (Dokumentation)</i> Berlin: Moewig, 1984.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8118-4341-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-8118-4341-9">3-8118-4341-9</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-test-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-test_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dougall, Walter A. (Winter 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2010/4/2010_4_88.shtml">"Shooting the duck"</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander" class="citation book">Swenson, L. Jr.; Grimwood, J. M.; Alexander, C. C. <i>This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury</i>. pp. 66–62424. <q>On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+New+Ocean%2C+A+History+of+Project+Mercury&rft.pages=66-62424&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=L.+Jr.&rft.au=Grimwood%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EA-vostok-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EA-vostok_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092837/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm">"Vostok"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craft/vostok.htm">the original</a> on 2011-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vostok&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fcraft%2Fvostok.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBartelsNovember_6ET" class="citation web">Bartels, Meghan; November 6, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2018 07:00am. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html">"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Parker+Solar+Probe+Just+Made+Its+First+Close+Pass+by+the+Sun%21&rft.aulast=Bartels&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft.au=November+6%2C+Space+com+Senior+Writer+%7C&rft.au=ET%2C+2018+07%3A00am&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F42344-parker-solar-probe-first-sun-flyby-close-approach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT">"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"</a>. <i>www.heavens-above.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heavens-above.com&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+escaping+the+Solar+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heavens-above.com%2FSolarEscape.aspx%3Flat%3D0%26lng%3D0%26loc%3DUnspecified%26alt%3D0%26tz%3DUCT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Presentation-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Presentation_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html">"Wednesday, August 03, 2011India's Space Shuttle [Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)] program"</a>. <i>AA Me, IN</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022211924/http://www.aame.in/2011/08/india-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AA+Me%2C+IN&rft.atitle=Wednesday%2C+August+03%2C+2011India%27s+Space+Shuttle+%5BReusable+Launch+Vehicle+%28RLV%29%5D+program&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aame.in%2F2011%2F08%2Findia-space-shuttle-reusable-launch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rosettaground-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosettaground_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html">"The Rosetta ground segment"</a>. <i>ESA.int</i>. 2004-02-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184637/http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Rosetta/SEMDV71PGQD_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.int&rft.atitle=The+Rosetta+ground+segment&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FRosetta%2FSEMDV71PGQD_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<p><b>Bibliography</b>
</p>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKnight2006" class="citation journal">Knight, Will (January 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientistspace.com/article.ns?id=dn8623">"Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Spacecraft+skin+%27heals%27+itself&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientistspace.com%2Farticle.ns%3Fid%3Ddn8623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFWertzLarson,_Wiley_J1999" class="citation book">Wertz, James; Larson, Wiley J (1999). <i>Space Mission Analysis and Design</i> (3rd ed.). Torrance, California: Microcosm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881883-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881883-10-4"><bdi>978-1-881883-10-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Mission+Analysis+and+Design&rft.place=Torrance%2C+California&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Microcosm&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-881883-10-4&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Larson%2C+Wiley+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpacecraft" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacecraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0; background:#f9f9f9;"><div style="padding: 0.75em 0; text-align: center;"><b style="display:block;">Spacecraft</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding: 0.75em 0; width:217px; margin:0 auto;"><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spacecraft" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Spacecraft">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span>
</li><li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spacecraft" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spacecraft">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span>
</li></ul>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/557506">Spacecraft</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/phase.html">NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp">NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20060323034258/http://www.planet-surveyor.com/content-cat-1.html">Early History of Spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/">Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismuseum.org/">International Spaceflight Museum</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Spaceflight&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Asian_national_space_programs" title="Comparison of Asian national space programs">Asian Space Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Space policy of the European Union">European Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:MAVENnMars.jpg" class="image"><img alt="MAVENnMars.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MAVENnMars.jpg/105px-MAVENnMars.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="81" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MAVENnMars.jpg/158px-MAVENnMars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/MAVENnMars.jpg/210px-MAVENnMars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electrically_powered_spacecraft_propulsion" title="Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" title="Reusable launch system">reusable launch systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pass_(spaceflight)" title="Pass (spaceflight)">Pass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Actividades_Espaciales" title="Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales">CoNAE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration" title="National Aerospace Development Administration">NADA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">SUPARCO</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div>
<ul><li> <img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></b></li>
<li> <img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></b></li>
<li> <img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spaceflight" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spaceflight">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048579-1">4048579-1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85125971">sh85125971</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p> DIE YOU SUCK</p>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1587653791 |
