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03:25, 11 November 2020: 221.126.240.66 (talk) triggered filter 636, performing the action "edit" on Kenya Colony. Actions taken: none; Filter description: Unexplained removal of sourced content (examine | diff)

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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|British possession in east Africa between 1920 and 1963}} {{EngvarB\|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox country \| conventional_long_name = Colony and Protectorate of Kenya \| native_name = \| common_name = Kenya \| empire = British Empire \| p1 = East Africa Protectorate \| flag_p1 = Flag of Kenya (1895–1921).svg \| s1 = Kenya (1963–1964) \| flag_s1 = Flag of Kenya.svg \| image_flag = Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg \| flag = \| flag_type = [[Flag of Kenya\|Flag of the Colony of Kenya]] \| image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg \| symbol = \| national_anthem = [[God Save the Queen\|God Save the King]] (1920–1952) <br> [[God Save the Queen]] (1952–1963) <center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center> \| image_map = \| image_map_caption = \| capital = Nairobi \| common_languages = English (official)<br>[[Swahili language\|Swahili]], [[Kikuyu language\|Kikuyu]], [[Kamba language\|Kamba]], [[Luhya language\|Luhya]], [[Luo dialect\|Luo]], [[Gusii language\|Gusii]], [[Meru language\|Meru]], [[Nandi–Markweta]] also spoken \| government_type = [[Colony\|Colonial administration]] \| title_leader = [[British monarchy\|Monarch]] \| leader1 = [[George V]] \| year_leader1 = 1920–1936 \| leader2 = [[Edward VIII]] \| year_leader2 = 1936 \| leader3 = [[George VI]] \| year_leader3 = 1936–1952 \| leader4 = [[Elizabeth II]] \| year_leader4 = 1952–1963 \| title_representative = [[List of colonial heads of Kenya\|Commissioner {{nobold\|or}} Governor]] \| representative1 = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)\|Maj-Gen]] [[Edward Northey (British Army officer)\|Sir Edward Northey]] \| year_representative1 = 1920–1922 {{small\|(first)}} \| representative2 = {{nowrap\|[[Air Chief Marshal\|ACM]] [[Robert Brooke-Popham\|Sir Robert Brooke-Popham]]}} \| year_representative2 = 1937–1939 \| representative3 = [[Malcolm MacDonald]] \| year_representative3 = 1963 {{small\|(last)}} \| era = 20th century \| date_start = 11 June 1920 (Colony)<br>13 August 1920 (Protectorate)<ref name="ReferenceA">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 and dated 13 August 1920</ref> \| event_end = Independent as [[Kenya]] \| date_end = 12 December \| year_end = 1963 \| currency = [[East African shilling]] \| stat_year1 = 1924 \| stat_area1 = 639,209 \| stat_pop1 = 2,807,000 \| stat_year2 = 1955 \| stat_area2 = \| stat_pop2 = 6,979,931<ref name="Worldometers">{{cite web\|title=Kenya Population\|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kenya-population/\|website=Worldometers\|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> \| stat_year3 = 1960 \| stat_area3 = \| stat_pop3 = 8,105,440<ref name="Worldometers"/> \| footnotes = Source for 1924 area and population:<ref name=TheEmpirein1924>{{cite web\|title=The British Empire in 1924\|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm\|website=The British Empire\|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> \| today = {{flag\|Kenya}} \| demonym = \| area_km2 = \| area_rank = \| GDP_PPP = \| GDP_PPP_year = \| HDI = \| HDI_year = \| year_start = 1920 }} {{History of Kenya}} The '''Colony and Protectorate of Kenya''', commonly known as '''British Kenya''', was part of the [[British Empire]] in Africa from 1920 until 1963. It was established when the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] was transformed into a [[British Crown colony]] in 1920. Technically, the 'Colony of Kenya' referred to the interior lands, while a {{convert\|10\|mi\|km\|abbr=on\|order=flip\|adj=on}} coastal strip (nominally on lease from the [[sultan of Zanzibar]]) was the 'Protectorate of Kenya' but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when a black majority government was elected for the first time and eventually declared independence as [[Kenya]]. ==History== The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] (except those parts of that Protectorate over which His Majesty the Sultan of Zanzibar had sovereignty) were annexed by the UK.<ref>Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920 and dated 11 June 1920</ref> The Kenya Protectorate was established on 13 August 1920 when the territories of the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] which were not annexed by the UK were established as a British Protectorate.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 and dated 13 August 1920</ref> The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895.<ref>Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343 & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87, p. 968.</ref><ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzTS61nkQPkC&q=Kenya+Annexation+Order&pg=PA783\|title=Kenya Annexation Order, Kenya Gazette 7 Sep 1921\|date=7 September 1921\|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Brennan, James R. “Lowering the Sultan’s Flag: Sovereignty and Decolonization in Coastal Kenya.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (2008): 831–61.</ref> In the 1920s natives objected to the reservation of the [[White Highlands]] for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the natives and the Europeans.<ref>Morgan, W. T. W. "The'white highlands' of Kenya." ''Geographical Journal'' (1963): 140–155. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1792632 in JSTOR]</ref> Describing the period in 1925, the [[African-Americans\|African-American]] historian and [[Pan-Africanism\|Pan-Africanist]] [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] wrote in an article which would be incorporated into the pivotal [[Harlem Renaissance]] text ''[[The New Negro]]'',<ref name="ForeignAffairsDuBois">{{cite magazine\|last=Du Bois\|first=W. E. Burghardt\|authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois\|date=1925-04-01\|title=Worlds of Color\|volume=3\|number=3\|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]\|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/1925-04-01/worlds-color\|issn=0015-7120\|url-access=subscription\|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="TheNewNegroDuBois">{{cite book\|last=DuBois\|first=W. E. B.\|authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois\|editor-last1=Locke\|editor-first1=Alain LeRoy\|editor-link1=Alain LeRoy Locke\|year=1925\|edition=1927\|title=The New Negro: An Interpretation\|chapter=The Negro Mind Reaches Out\|pages=404–405\|publisher=Albert and Charles Boni\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newnegrointerpre00unse/page/436/mode/2up\|lccn=25025228\|oclc=639696145\|lay-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Negro\|df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{quote\|Here was a land largely untainted by the fevers of the tropics and here [[England]] proposed to send her sick and impoverished soldiers of the war. Following the lead of [[South Africa]], she took over five million acres of the best lands from the 3,000,000 natives, herded them gradually toward the swamps and gave them, even there, no sure title; then by taxation she forced sixty percent of the black adults into working for the ten thousand white owners for the lowest wage. Here was opportunity not simply for the great landholder and slave-driver but also for the small trader, and twenty-four thousand Indians came. [[Indians in Kenya\|These Indians]] claimed the rights of free subjects of the empire—a right to buy land, a right to exploit labor, a right to a voice in the government now confined to the handful of whites. Suddenly a great race conflict swept East Africa—orient and occident, white, brown and black, landlord, trader and landless serf. When the Indians asked rights the whites replied that this would injure the rights of the natives. Immediately the natives began to awake. Few of them were educated but they began to form societies and formulate grievances. A black political consciousness arose for the first time in Kenya. Immediately the Indians made a bid for the support of this new force and asked rights and privileges for all British subjects—white, brown and black. As the Indian pressed his case, white South Africa rose in alarm. If the Indian became a recognized man, landholder and voter in Kenya, what of Natal? The British Government speculated and procrastinated and then announced its decision: East Africa was primarily a "trusteeship" for the Africans and not for the Indians. The Indians, then, must be satisfied with limited industrial and political rights, while for the black native--the white Englishman spoke! A conservative Indian leader speaking in England after this decision said that if the Indian problem in South Africa were allowed to fester much longer it would pass beyond the bounds of domestic issue and would become a question of foreign policy upon which the unity of the Empire might founder irretrievably. The Empire could never keep its colored races within it by force, he said, but only by preserving and safeguarding their sentiments.}} The population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans, 22,822 Indians, and 10,102 [[Arab]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Historic Mombasa - British Empire in East Africa\|url=http://www.friendsofmombasa.com/british-empire-in-east-africa/\|last=shilling\|first=Flag of the Colony of Kenya Anthem God save the King/Queen Capital Nairobi Languages English Government Colonial administration Monarch-1920–1936 George V.- 1936 Edward VIII- 1936–1952 George VI- 1952–1963 Elizabeth II Commissioner or Governor- 1920–1922Maj-Gen Sir Edward Northey- 1937–1939 ACM Sir Robert Brooke-Popham- 1963Malcolm John MacDonald Historical era 20th century- Established 23 July 1920- Independent as Kenya 12 December 1963 Currency East African\|website=www.friendsofmombasa.com\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kenya Colony - Kenyans247\|url=https://www.kenyans247.com/\|last=Kenyans247\|website=www.kenyans247.com\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> [[Mombasa]], the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time. The Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The [[United Kingdom]] ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneous with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762"/> In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the "[[Dominion]] of Kenya", with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as head of state. [[Jomo Kenyatta\|Mzee Jomo Kenyatta]] was the first prime minister.<ref>[http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya History of Kenya government webpage] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426042539/http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya \|date=26 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 2015-07-24</ref> On 26 May 1963, Kenya had its first elections and a new [[Flag of Kenya\|red, green, black and white flag]] was introduced.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/kenya-granted-independence\|title=Kenya is granted independence\|last=kedibone\|date=2011-11-23\|work=South African History Online\|access-date=2018-03-02\|language=en}}</ref> Exactly 12 months after the establishment of the Dominion, on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762"/> == Administration == In 1948, the Kenyan government consisted of the Governor, the Executive Council advising him, and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council consisted of seven ex-officio members, two appointed Europeans, one appointed European representing African interests, and one appointed Asian (Indian). The Legislative Council consisted of 16 appointed officials and 22 elected unofficial members. <ref>Government of Kenya. ''Annual Report Kenya, 1948'' (London: H.M.S.O.), 1, 93. https://archive.org/details/b31410479</ref> In 1954, the government was reformed to create a Council of Ministers as "the principal instrument of government." This council consisted of six official members from the civil service, two nominated members appointed by the governor, and six unofficial members appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council. Of the unofficial members, three were Europeans, two were Asian, and one was African.<ref>Government of Kenya. ''Annual Report Kenya, 1956'' (London: H.M.S.O.), 135-140. https://archive.org/details/b31410558</ref> The Executive Council continued in existence with all the members of the Council of Ministers also being members of the Executive Council. In addition, the Executive Council also included one Arab and two appointed Africans. The full Executive council retained certain prerogatives, including approving death sentences and reviewing draft legislation.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Legislative Council in 1956 consisted of the Governor as president, a Speaker as vice-president and 56 members. Of the 56, eight sat ex-officio, 18 were appointed by the Governor and took the government whip, 14 were elected Europeans, six were elected Asians, one was an elected Arab, and eight were appointed Africans sitting on the non-government side. There was one appointed Arab sitting on the non-government side.<ref>Ibid.</ref> == See also == * [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952) == References == {{reflist\|30em}} ==Further reading== * Kitching, Gavin N. ''Class and economic change in Kenya: The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905-1970'' (Yale University Press, 1980) * Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. "Coping with the contradictions: the development of the colonial state in Kenya, 1895–1914." ''Journal of African History'' 20#04 (1979): 487–505. * Mungeam, Gordon Hudson. ''British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912'' (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966) * Ochieng, William Robert. ''A history of Kenya'' (Macmillan Kenya, 1985) * Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, eds. ''An economic history of Kenya'' (East African Publishers, 1992) * Wolff, Richard D. ''Britain and Kenya, 1870-1930: The Economics of Colonialism'' (Transafrica Publishers, 1974) == External links == * [http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/kenya.htm The British Empire — Kenya] * {{Commonscat-inline\|War Office Archive – British East Africa}} {{Kenya topics}} {{British overseas territories}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:British Kenya\| Colony]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:East Africa]] [[Category:History of Kenya]] [[Category:1920s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1930s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1940s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1950s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1960s in Kenya]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1920]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1963]] [[Category:1920 establishments in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1963 disestablishments in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1920 establishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:1963 disestablishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:Kenya–United Kingdom relations]] [[Category:Political history of Kenya]] [[Category:20th century in Kenya]] [[Category:Former polities of the Cold War]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|British possession in east Africa between 1920 and 1963}} {{EngvarB\|date=August 2014}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2014}} {{Infobox country \| conventional_long_name = Colony and Protectorate of Kenya \| title_representative \| stat_pop3 = 8,105,440<ref name="Worldometers"/> \| footnotes = Source for 1924 area and population:<ref name=TheEmpirein1924>{{cite web\|title=The British Empire in 1924\|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm\|website=The British Empire\|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> \| today = {{flag\|Kenya}} \| demonym = \| area_km2 = \| area_rank = \| GDP_PPP = \| GDP_PPP_year = \| HDI = \| HDI_year = \| year_start = 1920 }} {{History of Kenya}} The '''Colony and Protectorate of Kenya''', commonly known as '''British Kenya''', was part of the [[British Empire]] in Africa from 1920 until 1963. It was established when the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] was transformed into a [[British Crown colony]] in 1920. Technically, the 'Colony of Kenya' referred to the interior lands, while a {{convert\|10\|mi\|km\|abbr=on\|order=flip\|adj=on}} coastal strip (nominally on lease from the [[sultan of Zanzibar]]) was the 'Protectorate of Kenya' but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when a black majority government was elected for the first time and eventually declared independence as [[Kenya]]. ==History== The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] (except those parts of that Protectorate over which His Majesty the Sultan of Zanzibar had sovereignty) were annexed by the UK.<ref>Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920 and dated 11 June 1920</ref> The Kenya Protectorate was established on 13 August 1920 when the territories of the former [[East Africa Protectorate]] which were not annexed by the UK were established as a British Protectorate.<ref name="ReferenceA">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 and dated 13 August 1920</ref> The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895.<ref>Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343 & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87, p. 968.</ref><ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzTS61nkQPkC&q=Kenya+Annexation+Order&pg=PA783\|title=Kenya Annexation Order, Kenya Gazette 7 Sep 1921\|date=7 September 1921\|accessdate=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Brennan, James R. “Lowering the Sultan’s Flag: Sovereignty and Decolonization in Coastal Kenya.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (2008): 831–61.</ref> In the 1920s natives objected to the reservation of the [[White Highlands]] for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the natives and the Europeans.<ref>Morgan, W. T. W. "The'white highlands' of Kenya." ''Geographical Journal'' (1963): 140–155. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1792632 in JSTOR]</ref> Describing the period in 1925, the [[African-Americans\|African-American]] historian and [[Pan-Africanism\|Pan-Africanist]] [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] wrote in an article which would be incorporated into the pivotal [[Harlem Renaissance]] text ''[[The New Negro]]'',<ref name="ForeignAffairsDuBois">{{cite magazine\|last=Du Bois\|first=W. E. Burghardt\|authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois\|date=1925-04-01\|title=Worlds of Color\|volume=3\|number=3\|magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]]\|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/1925-04-01/worlds-color\|issn=0015-7120\|url-access=subscription\|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="TheNewNegroDuBois">{{cite book\|last=DuBois\|first=W. E. B.\|authorlink=W. E. B. Du Bois\|editor-last1=Locke\|editor-first1=Alain LeRoy\|editor-link1=Alain LeRoy Locke\|year=1925\|edition=1927\|title=The New Negro: An Interpretation\|chapter=The Negro Mind Reaches Out\|pages=404–405\|publisher=Albert and Charles Boni\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newnegrointerpre00unse/page/436/mode/2up\|lccn=25025228\|oclc=639696145\|lay-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Negro\|df=mdy-all}}</ref>{{quote\|Here was a land largely untainted by the fevers of the tropics and here [[England]] proposed to send her sick and impoverished soldiers of the war. Following the lead of [[South Africa]], she took over five million acres of the best lands from the 3,000,000 natives, herded them gradually toward the swamps and gave them, even there, no sure title; then by taxation she forced sixty percent of the black adults into working for the ten thousand white owners for the lowest wage. Here was opportunity not simply for the great landholder and slave-driver but also for the small trader, and twenty-four thousand Indians came. [[Indians in Kenya\|These Indians]] claimed the rights of free subjects of the empire—a right to buy land, a right to exploit labor, a right to a voice in the government now confined to the handful of whites. Suddenly a great race conflict swept East Africa—orient and occident, white, brown and black, landlord, trader and landless serf. When the Indians asked rights the whites replied that this would injure the rights of the natives. Immediately the natives began to awake. Few of them were educated but they began to form societies and formulate grievances. A black political consciousness arose for the first time in Kenya. Immediately the Indians made a bid for the support of this new force and asked rights and privileges for all British subjects—white, brown and black. As the Indian pressed his case, white South Africa rose in alarm. If the Indian became a recognized man, landholder and voter in Kenya, what of Natal? The British Government speculated and procrastinated and then announced its decision: East Africa was primarily a "trusteeship" for the Africans and not for the Indians. The Indians, then, must be satisfied with limited industrial and political rights, while for the black native--the white Englishman spoke! A conservative Indian leader speaking in England after this decision said that if the Indian problem in South Africa were allowed to fester much longer it would pass beyond the bounds of domestic issue and would become a question of foreign policy upon which the unity of the Empire might founder irretrievably. The Empire could never keep its colored races within it by force, he said, but only by preserving and safeguarding their sentiments.}} The population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans, 22,822 Indians, and 10,102 [[Arab]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Historic Mombasa - British Empire in East Africa\|url=http://www.friendsofmombasa.com/british-empire-in-east-africa/\|last=shilling\|first=Flag of the Colony of Kenya Anthem God save the King/Queen Capital Nairobi Languages English Government Colonial administration Monarch-1920–1936 George V.- 1936 Edward VIII- 1936–1952 George VI- 1952–1963 Elizabeth II Commissioner or Governor- 1920–1922Maj-Gen Sir Edward Northey- 1937–1939 ACM Sir Robert Brooke-Popham- 1963Malcolm John MacDonald Historical era 20th century- Established 23 July 1920- Independent as Kenya 12 December 1963 Currency East African\|website=www.friendsofmombasa.com\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kenya Colony - Kenyans247\|url=https://www.kenyans247.com/\|last=Kenyans247\|website=www.kenyans247.com\|language=en\|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> [[Mombasa]], the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time. The Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The [[United Kingdom]] ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneous with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya.<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762"/> In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the "[[Dominion]] of Kenya", with [[Queen Elizabeth II]] as head of state. [[Jomo Kenyatta\|Mzee Jomo Kenyatta]] was the first prime minister.<ref>[http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya History of Kenya government webpage] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426042539/http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya \|date=26 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 2015-07-24</ref> On 26 May 1963, Kenya had its first elections and a new [[Flag of Kenya\|red, green, black and white flag]] was introduced.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/kenya-granted-independence\|title=Kenya is granted independence\|last=kedibone\|date=2011-11-23\|work=South African History Online\|access-date=2018-03-02\|language=en}}</ref> Exactly 12 months after the establishment of the Dominion, on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".<ref name="Kenneth Roberts-Wray 1966. p. 762"/> == Administration == In 1948, the Kenyan government consisted of the Governor, the Executive Council advising him, and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council consisted of seven ex-officio members, two appointed Europeans, one appointed European representing African interests, and one appointed Asian (Indian). The Legislative Council consisted of 16 appointed officials and 22 elected unofficial members. <ref>Government of Kenya. ''Annual Report Kenya, 1948'' (London: H.M.S.O.), 1, 93. https://archive.org/details/b31410479</ref> In 1954, the government was reformed to create a Council of Ministers as "the principal instrument of government." This council consisted of six official members from the civil service, two nominated members appointed by the governor, and six unofficial members appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council. Of the unofficial members, three were Europeans, two were Asian, and one was African.<ref>Government of Kenya. ''Annual Report Kenya, 1956'' (London: H.M.S.O.), 135-140. https://archive.org/details/b31410558</ref> The Executive Council continued in existence with all the members of the Council of Ministers also being members of the Executive Council. In addition, the Executive Council also included one Arab and two appointed Africans. The full Executive council retained certain prerogatives, including approving death sentences and reviewing draft legislation.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Legislative Council in 1956 consisted of the Governor as president, a Speaker as vice-president and 56 members. Of the 56, eight sat ex-officio, 18 were appointed by the Governor and took the government whip, 14 were elected Europeans, six were elected Asians, one was an elected Arab, and eight were appointed Africans sitting on the non-government side. There was one appointed Arab sitting on the non-government side.<ref>Ibid.</ref> == See also == * [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952) == References == {{reflist\|30em}} ==Further reading== * Kitching, Gavin N. ''Class and economic change in Kenya: The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905-1970'' (Yale University Press, 1980) * Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. "Coping with the contradictions: the development of the colonial state in Kenya, 1895–1914." ''Journal of African History'' 20#04 (1979): 487–505. * Mungeam, Gordon Hudson. ''British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912'' (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966) * Ochieng, William Robert. ''A history of Kenya'' (Macmillan Kenya, 1985) * Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, eds. ''An economic history of Kenya'' (East African Publishers, 1992) * Wolff, Richard D. ''Britain and Kenya, 1870-1930: The Economics of Colonialism'' (Transafrica Publishers, 1974) == External links == * [http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/kenya.htm The British Empire — Kenya] * {{Commonscat-inline\|War Office Archive – British East Africa}} {{Kenya topics}} {{British overseas territories}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:British Kenya\| Colony]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]] [[Category:East Africa]] [[Category:History of Kenya]] [[Category:1920s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1930s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1940s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1950s in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1960s in Kenya]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1920]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1963]] [[Category:1920 establishments in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1963 disestablishments in Kenya\|.]] [[Category:1920 establishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:1963 disestablishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:Kenya–United Kingdom relations]] [[Category:Political history of Kenya]] [[Category:20th century in Kenya]] [[Category:Former polities of the Cold War]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -4,52 +4,6 @@ {{Infobox country \| conventional_long_name = Colony and Protectorate of Kenya -\| native_name = -\| common_name = Kenya -\| empire = British Empire -\| p1 = East Africa Protectorate -\| flag_p1 = Flag of Kenya (1895–1921).svg -\| s1 = Kenya (1963–1964) -\| flag_s1 = Flag of Kenya.svg -\| image_flag = Flag of Kenya (1921–1963).svg -\| flag = -\| flag_type = [[Flag of Kenya\|Flag of the Colony of Kenya]] -\| image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg -\| symbol = -\| national_anthem = [[God Save the Queen\|God Save the King]] (1920–1952) <br> [[God Save the Queen]] (1952–1963) <center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center> -\| image_map = -\| image_map_caption = -\| capital = Nairobi -\| common_languages = English (official)<br>[[Swahili language\|Swahili]], [[Kikuyu language\|Kikuyu]], [[Kamba language\|Kamba]], [[Luhya language\|Luhya]], [[Luo dialect\|Luo]], [[Gusii language\|Gusii]], [[Meru language\|Meru]], [[Nandi–Markweta]] also spoken -\| government_type = [[Colony\|Colonial administration]] -\| title_leader = [[British monarchy\|Monarch]] -\| leader1 = [[George V]] -\| year_leader1 = 1920–1936 -\| leader2 = [[Edward VIII]] -\| year_leader2 = 1936 -\| leader3 = [[George VI]] -\| year_leader3 = 1936–1952 -\| leader4 = [[Elizabeth II]] -\| year_leader4 = 1952–1963 -\| title_representative = [[List of colonial heads of Kenya\|Commissioner {{nobold\|or}} Governor]] -\| representative1 = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)\|Maj-Gen]] [[Edward Northey (British Army officer)\|Sir Edward Northey]] -\| year_representative1 = 1920–1922 {{small\|(first)}} -\| representative2 = {{nowrap\|[[Air Chief Marshal\|ACM]] [[Robert Brooke-Popham\|Sir Robert Brooke-Popham]]}} -\| year_representative2 = 1937–1939 -\| representative3 = [[Malcolm MacDonald]] -\| year_representative3 = 1963 {{small\|(last)}} -\| era = 20th century -\| date_start = 11 June 1920 (Colony)<br>13 August 1920 (Protectorate)<ref name="ReferenceA">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 and dated 13 August 1920</ref> -\| event_end = Independent as [[Kenya]] -\| date_end = 12 December -\| year_end = 1963 -\| currency = [[East African shilling]] -\| stat_year1 = 1924 -\| stat_area1 = 639,209 -\| stat_pop1 = 2,807,000 -\| stat_year2 = 1955 -\| stat_area2 = -\| stat_pop2 = 6,979,931<ref name="Worldometers">{{cite web\|title=Kenya Population\|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kenya-population/\|website=Worldometers\|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> -\| stat_year3 = 1960 -\| stat_area3 = + +\| title_representative \| stat_pop3 = 8,105,440<ref name="Worldometers"/> \| footnotes = Source for 1924 area and population:<ref name=TheEmpirein1924>{{cite web\|title=The British Empire in 1924\|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm\|website=The British Empire\|accessdate=23 July 2018}}</ref> '
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All external links added in the edit (`added_links`)	[]
All external links removed in the edit (`removed_links`)	[ 0 => 'http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kenya-population/' ]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British possession in east Africa between 1920 and 1963</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Colony and Protectorate of Kenya</div><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">1920–{{{year_end}}}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">History</th><td> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td>1920</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td>8,105,440<sup id="cite_ref-Worldometers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worldometers-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Today part of</th><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Source for 1924 area and population:<sup id="cite_ref-TheEmpirein1924_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEmpirein1924-2">[2]</a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><div style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:70%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kenya" title="Category:History of Kenya"><b>a series</b></a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="vcard navbox-title" style="background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History of <span class="fn org label">Kenya</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Keniae.svg" class="image" title="Coat of Arms of Kenya"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/50px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="101" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/75px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Insigne_Keniae.svg/100px-Insigne_Keniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="611" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline</a><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td></td><td> <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Kenya" title="List of years in Kenya">By year</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koobi_Fora" title="Koobi Fora">Koobi Fora Hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olorgesailie" title="Olorgesailie">Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothagam_North_Pillar_Site" title="Lothagam North Pillar Site">Lothagam North Monumental Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalokol_Pillar_Site" title="Kalokol Pillar Site">Kalokol Pillar Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmenteitan" title="Elmenteitan">Elmenteitan Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Cushitic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirikwa_culture" title="Sirikwa culture">Sirikwa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urewe" title="Urewe">Urewe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimlich_Ohinga" title="Thimlich Ohinga">Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_(Mijikenda)" title="Kaya (Mijikenda)">Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_of_Gedi" title="Ruins of Gedi">Ruins of Gedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">Imperial British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya-Uganda_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya-Uganda Railway">Kenya-Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_Resistance" title="Nandi Resistance">Nandi Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekatilili_Wa_Menza" title="Mekatilili Wa Menza">Mekatilili Wa Menza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Thuku" title="Harry Thuku">Harry Thuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau Rebellion">Mau Mau Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Airlift" title="The Kennedy Airlift">The Kennedy Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Conferences_(Kenya)" title="Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oginga_Odinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Oginga Odinga">Oginga Odinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_People%27s_Union" title="Kenya People's Union">Kenya People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pio_Gama_Pinto" title="Pio Gama Pinto">Pio Gama Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisumu_massacre" title="Kisumu massacre">Kisumu Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta">Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Arap_Moi" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Arap Moi">Daniel Arap Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27etat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'etat attempt">1982 coup d'etat attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagalla_massacre" title="Wagalla massacre">Wagalla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Kenyan general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Daniel_Moi" title="Presidency of Daniel Moi">Presidency of Daniel Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Kenyan_general_election" title="2002 Kenyan general election">2002 Kenyan general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007-2008_Kenyan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007-2008 Kenyan crisis">2007-2008 Kenyan crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raila_Odinga" title="Raila Odinga">Raila Odinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mwai_Kibaki" title="Presidency of Mwai Kibaki">Presidency of Mwai Kibaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Uhuru Kenyatta">Uhuru Kenyatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Uhuru_Kenyatta" title="Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta">Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold"> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Kenya.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/16px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/24px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Kenya portal</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Kenya" title="Template:History of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:History of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Kenya&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Colony and Protectorate of Kenya</b>, commonly known as <b>British Kenya</b>, was part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in Africa from 1920 until 1963. It was established when the former <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a> was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/British_Crown_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown colony">British Crown colony</a> in 1920. Technically, the 'Colony of Kenya' referred to the interior lands, while a 16 km (10 mi) coastal strip (nominally on lease from the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Zanzibar">sultan of Zanzibar</a>) was the 'Protectorate of Kenya' but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when a black majority government was elected for the first time and eventually declared independence as <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Administration"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a> (except those parts of that Protectorate over which His Majesty the Sultan of Zanzibar had sovereignty) were annexed by the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The Kenya Protectorate was established on 13 August 1920 when the territories of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a> which were not annexed by the UK were established as a British Protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4">[4]</a></sup> The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p> In the 1920s natives objected to the reservation of the <a href="/wiki/White_Highlands" title="White Highlands">White Highlands</a> for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the natives and the Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Describing the period in 1925, the <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-American</a> historian and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> wrote in an article which would be incorporated into the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Negro" title="The New Negro">The New Negro</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ForeignAffairsDuBois_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForeignAffairsDuBois-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheNewNegroDuBois_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNewNegroDuBois-11">[11]</a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r960796168">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here was a land largely untainted by the fevers of the tropics and here <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> proposed to send her sick and impoverished soldiers of the war. Following the lead of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, she took over five million acres of the best lands from the 3,000,000 natives, herded them gradually toward the swamps and gave them, even there, no sure title; then by taxation she forced sixty percent of the black adults into working for the ten thousand white owners for the lowest wage. Here was opportunity not simply for the great landholder and slave-driver but also for the small trader, and twenty-four thousand Indians came. <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya" title="Indians in Kenya">These Indians</a> claimed the rights of free subjects of the empire—a right to buy land, a right to exploit labor, a right to a voice in the government now confined to the handful of whites. </p><p>Suddenly a great race conflict swept East Africa—orient and occident, white, brown and black, landlord, trader and landless serf. When the Indians asked rights the whites replied that this would injure the rights of the natives. Immediately the natives began to awake. Few of them were educated but they began to form societies and formulate grievances. A black political consciousness arose for the first time in Kenya. Immediately the Indians made a bid for the support of this new force and asked rights and privileges for all British subjects—white, brown and black. As the Indian pressed his case, white South Africa rose in alarm. If the Indian became a recognized man, landholder and voter in Kenya, what of Natal? </p><p> The British Government speculated and procrastinated and then announced its decision: East Africa was primarily a "trusteeship" for the Africans and not for the Indians. The Indians, then, must be satisfied with limited industrial and political rights, while for the black native--the white Englishman spoke! A conservative Indian leader speaking in England after this decision said that if the Indian problem in South Africa were allowed to fester much longer it would pass beyond the bounds of domestic issue and would become a question of foreign policy upon which the unity of the Empire might founder irretrievably. The Empire could never keep its colored races within it by force, he said, but only by preserving and safeguarding their sentiments.</p></blockquote> <p>The population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans, 22,822 Indians, and 10,102 <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time. </p><p>The Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneous with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762-6">[6]</a></sup> In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the "<a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of Kenya", with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> as head of state. <a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Mzee Jomo Kenyatta</a> was the first prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> On 26 May 1963, Kenya had its first elections and a new <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">red, green, black and white flag</a> was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Exactly 12 months after the establishment of the Dominion, on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".<sup id="cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Administration">Administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In 1948, the Kenyan government consisted of the Governor, the Executive Council advising him, and the Legislative Council. The Executive Council consisted of seven ex-officio members, two appointed Europeans, one appointed European representing African interests, and one appointed Asian (Indian). The Legislative Council consisted of 16 appointed officials and 22 elected unofficial members. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the government was reformed to create a Council of Ministers as "the principal instrument of government." This council consisted of six official members from the civil service, two nominated members appointed by the governor, and six unofficial members appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council. Of the unofficial members, three were Europeans, two were Asian, and one was African.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>The Executive Council continued in existence with all the members of the Council of Ministers also being members of the Executive Council. In addition, the Executive Council also included one Arab and two appointed Africans. The full Executive council retained certain prerogatives, including approving death sentences and reviewing draft legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> </p><p>The Legislative Council in 1956 consisted of the Governor as president, a Speaker as vice-president and 56 members. Of the 56, eight sat ex-officio, 18 were appointed by the Governor and took the government whip, 14 were elected Europeans, six were elected Asians, one was an elected Arab, and eight were appointed Africans sitting on the non-government side. There was one appointed Arab sitting on the non-government side.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a> (1952)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Worldometers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worldometers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Worldometers</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>). </span></li> <li id="cite_note-TheEmpirein1924-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheEmpirein1924_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm">"The British Empire in 1924"</a>. <i>The British Empire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Empire&rft.atitle=The+British+Empire+in+1924&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishempire.co.uk%2Ftimeline%2Fcolonies1924.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920 and dated 11 June 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 and dated 13 August 1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343 & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87, p. 968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenneth_Roberts-Wray_1966._p._762_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Commonwealth and Colonial Law" by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 762</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzTS61nkQPkC&q=Kenya+Annexation+Order&pg=PA783">"Kenya Annexation Order, Kenya Gazette 7 Sep 1921"</a>. 7 September 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenya+Annexation+Order%2C+Kenya+Gazette+7+Sep+1921&rft.date=1921-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzTS61nkQPkC%26q%3DKenya%2BAnnexation%2BOrder%26pg%3DPA783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brennan, James R. “Lowering the Sultan’s Flag: Sovereignty and Decolonization in Coastal Kenya.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 50, no. 4 (2008): 831–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, W. T. W. "The'white highlands' of Kenya." <i>Geographical Journal</i> (1963): 140–155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1792632">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForeignAffairsDuBois-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ForeignAffairsDuBois_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1925" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt</a> (April 1, 1925). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/africa/1925-04-01/worlds-color">"Worlds of Color"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. Vol. 3 no. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Worlds+of+Color&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1925-04-01&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+Burghardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fafrica%2F1925-04-01%2Fworlds-color&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewNegroDuBois-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheNewNegroDuBois_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">DuBois, W. E. B.</a> (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newnegrointerpre00unse/page/436/mode/2up">"The Negro Mind Reaches Out"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alain_LeRoy_Locke" title="Alain LeRoy Locke">Locke, Alain LeRoy</a> (ed.). <i>The New Negro: An Interpretation</i> (1927 ed.). Albert and Charles Boni. pp. 404–405. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/25025228">25025228</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/639696145">639696145</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Negro">Lay summary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Negro+Mind+Reaches+Out&rft.btitle=The+New+Negro%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.pages=404-405&rft.edition=1927&rft.pub=Albert+and+Charles+Boni&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639696145&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F25025228&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewnegrointerpre00unse%2Fpage%2F436%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFshilling" class="citation web cs1">shilling, Flag of the Colony of Kenya Anthem God save the King/Queen Capital Nairobi Languages English Government Colonial administration Monarch-1920–1936 George V.- 1936 Edward VIII- 1936–1952 George VI- 1952–1963 Elizabeth II Commissioner or Governor- 1920–1922Maj-Gen Sir Edward Northey- 1937–1939 ACM Sir Robert Brooke-Popham- 1963Malcolm John MacDonald Historical era 20th century- Established 23 July 1920- Independent as Kenya 12 December 1963 Currency East African. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofmombasa.com/british-empire-in-east-africa/">"Historic Mombasa - British Empire in East Africa"</a>. <i>www.friendsofmombasa.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.friendsofmombasa.com&rft.atitle=Historic+Mombasa+-+British+Empire+in+East+Africa&rft.aulast=shilling&rft.aufirst=Flag+of+the+Colony+of+Kenya+Anthem+God+save+the+King%2FQueen+Capital+Nairobi+Languages+English+Government+Colonial+administration+Monarch-1920%E2%80%931936+George+V.-+1936+Edward+VIII-+1936%E2%80%931952+George+VI-+1952%E2%80%931963+Elizabeth+II+Commissioner+or+Governor-+1920%E2%80%931922Maj-Gen+Sir+Edward+Northey-+1937%E2%80%931939+ACM+Sir+Robert+Brooke-Popham-+1963Malcolm+John+MacDonald+Historical+era+20th+century-+Established+23+July+1920-+Independent+as+Kenya+12+December+1963+Currency+East+African&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofmombasa.com%2Fbritish-empire-in-east-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKenyans247" class="citation web cs1">Kenyans247. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kenyans247.com/">"Kenya Colony - Kenyans247"</a>. <i>www.kenyans247.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kenyans247.com&rft.atitle=Kenya+Colony+-+Kenyans247&rft.au=Kenyans247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyans247.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya">History of Kenya government webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426042539/http://www.brandkenya.go.ke/history-of-kenya">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2015-07-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFkedibone2011" class="citation news cs1">kedibone (23 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/kenya-granted-independence">"Kenya is granted independence"</a>. <i>South African History Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=Kenya+is+granted+independence&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft.au=kedibone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fdated-event%2Fkenya-granted-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKenya+Colony" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Kenya. <i>Annual Report Kenya, 1948</i> (London: H.M.S.O.), 1, 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/b31410479">https://archive.org/details/b31410479</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Kenya. <i>Annual Report Kenya, 1956</i> (London: H.M.S.O.), 135-140. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/b31410558">https://archive.org/details/b31410558</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid.</span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Kitching, Gavin N. <i>Class and economic change in Kenya: The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905-1970</i> (Yale University Press, 1980)</li> <li>Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. "Coping with the contradictions: the development of the colonial state in Kenya, 1895–1914." <i>Journal of African History</i> 20#04 (1979): 487–505.</li> <li>Mungeam, Gordon Hudson. <i>British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912</i> (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1966)</li> <li>Ochieng, William Robert. <i>A history of Kenya</i> (Macmillan Kenya, 1985)</li> <li>Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, eds. <i>An economic history of Kenya</i> (East African Publishers, 1992)</li> <li>Wolff, Richard D. <i>Britain and Kenya, 1870-1930: The Economics of Colonialism</i> (Transafrica Publishers, 1974)</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenya_Colony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/kenya.htm">The British Empire — Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_Office_Archive_%E2%80%93_British_East_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War Office Archive – British East Africa"><span style="">War Office Archive – British East Africa</span></a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kenya_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none 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href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenya Colony in World War II">In World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilemi_Triangle" title="Ilemi Triangle">Ilemi Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising" title="Mau Mau Uprising">Mau Mau Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">1982 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenberg_scandal" title="Goldenberg scandal">Goldenberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_general_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan general election, 1992">1992 Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007–2008 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_constitutional_referendum,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010">2010 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_general_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan general election, 2013"> 2013 Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kenya (Official).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="695" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biosphere reserves in Kenya">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Kenya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Kenya" title="List of ecoregions in Kenya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kenya" title="Environmental issues in Kenya">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kenya" title="List of lakes of Kenya">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Kenya" title="Category:Mountains of Kenya">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kenya" title="List of rivers of Kenya">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya" title="List of volcanoes in Kenya">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya" title="Wildlife of Kenya">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kenya" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Kenya">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kenya">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">Counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kenya" title="Elections in Kenya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya" title="Intersex rights in Kenya">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kenya" title="Judiciary of Kenya">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kenya" title="List of political parties in Kenya">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_Kenya" title="Deputy President of Kenya">Deputy President</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Prime Minister <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kenya" title="Agriculture in Kenya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry of Kenya">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenyan_society" title="Category:Kenyan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya" title="Crime in Kenya">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kenya" title="Prostitution in Kenya">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ee_Mungu_Nguvu_Yetu" title="Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenyan_names" title="Category:Kenyan names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kenya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kenya" title="List of museums in Kenya">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kenya" title="Public holidays in Kenya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Kenya">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kenya" title="Outline of Kenya">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenya" title="Category:Kenya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template" 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</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1542–1800 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> <small>(integrated into UK)</small></li> <li>1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li> <li>Since 1713 <u><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></u></li> <li>1800–1813 <i><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta (Protectorate)</a></i></li> <li>1813–1964 <i><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta (Colony)</a></i></li> <li>1807–1890 <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a></li> <li>1809–1864 <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a></i></li> <li>1921–1937 <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li>Since 1960 <u><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox_with_columns&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">17th century and before</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">18th century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th and 20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1579 <a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a></li> <li>16th c.–1880 <a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li>1583–1907 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a></li> <li>1605–1979 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></i></li> <li>1607–1776 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li>Since 1619 <u><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></u></li> <li>1620–1691 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a></li> <li>1623–1883 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a></li> <li>1624–1966 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></i></li> <li>1625–1650 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a></li> <li>1627–1979 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></i></li> <li>1628–1883 <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a></li> <li>1629–1691 <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li>1632–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li>since 1632 <u><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></u></li> <li>1632–1860 <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a></li> <li>1635–1644 <a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a></li> <li>1636–1776 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a></li> <li>1637–1662 <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1643–1860 <a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a></li> <li>Since 1650 <u><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></u></li> <li>1655–1860 <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li>1655–1962 <i><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></i></li> <li>1663–1712 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a></li> <li>1664–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New-York</a></li> <li>1665–1674 and 1702–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New-Jersey</a></li> <li>Since 1666 <u><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></u></li> <li>Since 1670 <u><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></u></li> <li>1670–1973 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></i></li> <li>1670–1870 <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></li> <li>1671–1816 <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a></li> <li>1674–1702 <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a></li> <li>1680–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li>1681–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1686–1689 <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a></li> <li>1691–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts-Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1701–1776 <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North-Carolina</a></li> <li>1712–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South-Carolina</a></li> <li>1713–1867 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li>1733–1776 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li>1754–1820 <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a></li> <li>1762–1974 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a></i></li> <li>1763–1978 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a></i></li> <li>1763–1873 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li>1763–1791 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763–91)">Quebec</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li>1763–1783 <a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a></li> <li>1784–1867 <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li> <li>1791–1841 <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></li> <li>Since 1799 <u><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></u></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1818–1846 <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li> <li>1833–1960 <a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li>1841–1867 <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>1843 <a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a></li> <li>1849–1866 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li>1853–1863 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></li> <li>1858–1866 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)">British Columbia</a></li> <li>1859–1870 <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a></li> <li>1860–1981 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">British Antigua and Barbuda</a></i></li> <li>1862–1863 <a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></li> <li>1866–1871 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)">British Columbia</a></li> <li>1867–1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion of Canada</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li>1871–1964 <a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li>1882–1983 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></i></li> <li>1889–1962 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></i></li> <li>1907–1949 <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li>1958–1962 <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li>1967–1983 <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">West Indies Associated States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Occupied jointly</a> with the United States.</li> <li>2. In 1931, Canada and other British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> obtained self-government through the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada</a>.</li> <li>3. Gave up <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">self-rule</a> in 1934, but remained a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Dominion until it <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">joined Canada</a> in 1949.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1631–1641 <a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a></li> <li>1651–1667 <a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a></li> <li>1670–1688 <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li>1831–1966 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a></i></li> <li>Since 1833 <u><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></u><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>4. Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department of Colombia</a>.</li> <li>5. Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox_with_columns&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1792–1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a></i></li> <li>1795–1803 <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>Since 1815 <u><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>1806–1910 <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a></li> <li>1807–1808 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li>1810–1968 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a></i></li> <li>1816–1965 <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a></li> <li>1856–1910 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a></li> <li>1862–1906 <a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a></li> <li>1868–1966 <a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a></li> <li>1874–1957 <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li>1882–1922 <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1884–1900 <a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a></li> <li>1884–1966 <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a></li> <li>1884–1960 <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li>1887–1897 <a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a></li> <li>1890–1962 <i><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></i></li> <li>1890–1963 <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li>1891–1964 <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a></li> <li>1891–1907 <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a></li> <li>1893–1968 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a></i></li> <li>1895–1920 <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a></li> <li>1899–1956 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1900–1914 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1914 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a></li> <li>1900–1910 <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a></li> <li>1903–1976 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></i></li> <li>1910–1931 <i><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></i></li> <li>1914–1960 <i><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a></i></li> <li>1915–1931 <a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a></li> <li>1919–1961 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a></i><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1920–1963 <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kenya</a></i></li> <li>1922–1961 <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li>1923–1965 and 1979–1980 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>7</sup></li> <li>1924–1964 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>6. <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>.</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox_with_columns&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1685–1824 <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a></li> <li>1702–1705 <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a></li> <li>1757–1947 <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a></li> <li>1762–1764 <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a></li> <li>1781–1784 and 1795–1819 <a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a></li> <li>1786–1946 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a></li> <li>1795–1948 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a></i></li> <li>1796–1965 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1811–1816 <a href="/wiki/Java_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Island">Java</a></li> <li>1812–1824 <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a></li> <li>1819–1826 <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li>1824–1948 <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>1826–1946 <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></li> <li>1839–1967 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a></li> <li>1839–1842 <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a></li> <li>1841–1997 <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li>1841–1946 <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li>1848–1946 <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li>1858–1947 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></i></li> <li>1874–1963 <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1879–1919 <a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1882–1963 <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li>1885–1946 <a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a></li> <li>1888–1984 <i><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a></i></li> <li>1891–1971 <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li>1892–1971 <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a></li> <li>1895–1946 <a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</a></li> <li>1898–1930 <a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a></li> <li>1878–1960 <i><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1907–1949 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate)</li> <li>1918–1961 <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li>1920–1932 <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Mesopotamia_(legal_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate for Mesopotamia (legal instrument)">Mesopotamia</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1921–1946 <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a><sup><small>8</small></sup></li> <li>1923–1948 <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>8</sup></li> <li>1945–1946 <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li>1946–1963 <i><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a></i></li> <li>1946–1948 <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a></li> <li>1948–1957 <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a></li> <li>Since 1960 <u><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li>Since 1965 <u><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></u> (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>8</sup> <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox_with_columns&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1788–1901 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li>1803–1901 <a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li>1807–1863 <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1824–1980 <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a></li> <li>1824–1901 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li>1829–1901 <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li> <li>1836–1901 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li>since 1838 <u><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></u></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1841–1907 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>1846-1847 <a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a></li> <li>1851–1901 <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li>1874–1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a></i><sup></sup></li> <li>1877–1976 <a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a></li> <li>1884–1949 <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a></li> <li>1888–1901 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1889–1948 <a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1892–1979 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>11</sup></li> <li>1893–1978 <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a><sup>12</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li>1900–1970 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li>1900–1974 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>9</sup></li> <li>1901–1942 <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Australia (1901–45)">Australia</a></i></li> <li>1907–1947 <i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></i></li> <li>1914–1962 <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a></li> <li>1919–1942 and 1945–1968 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li>1919–1949 <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li>1949–1975 <i><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a></i><sup>13</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>9. Now part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></i>.</li> <li>10. Suspended member.</li> <li>11. Now <i><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></i>.</li> <li>12. Now the <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></i>.</li> <li>13. Now *<i><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>Since 1658 <u><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1815 <u><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1816 <u><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></u><sup>14</sup></li> <li>Since 1833 <u><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></u></li> <li>1841–1933 <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</small></li> <li>1841–1947 <i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i> <small>(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</small></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></u><sup>15</sup></li> <li>Since 1908 <u><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></u><sup>15</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>14. Since 2009 part of <u><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></u>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li>15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a><br /></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British Empire"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	1605065121