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'{{For|the organization that coordinated pre-state Jewish immigration|Mossad Le'aliyah Bet}} {{Infobox Govt Agency | agency_name = The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations | nativename = | nativename_a = '''מדינת ישראל'''<br />המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים<br /><br />الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة | nativename_r = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | seal = Mossad seal.png | seal_width = 125 px | seal_caption = <small><font face="Georgia">"Where no stratagem is, the people fall; but in the multitude of counsellors there is salvation."</font> ([[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 11:14)</small><br />Seal of The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations | formed = December 13, 1949 as the Central Institute for Coordination | preceding1 = | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | jurisdiction = | headquarters = | employees = 1,200 (est) | budget = | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | chief1_name = [[Meir Dagan]] | chief1_position = Director | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | parent_agency = [[Prime Minister of Israel|Office of the Prime Minister]] | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | website = [http://www.mossad.gov.il//Eng/ mossad.gov.il//Eng/] | footnotes =}} The '''Mossad''' ({{lang-he|המוסד}}, {{lang-ar|الموساد}}), known in full as the '''Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations''' ({{lang-he|המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים}} ''HaMossad leModi'in uleTafkidim Meyuchadim'', {{lang-ar|الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة}} ''al-Mūssād li'l-Istikhbārāt wa'l-Mahāmm al-Khāṣṣa'') is the national [[intelligence agency]] of [[Israel]]. "Mossad" is a Hebrew word for institute or institution. The Mossad is responsible for [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence collection]] and [[covert operation]]s including [[paramilitary]] activities. It is one of the main entities in the [[Israeli Intelligence Community]], along with [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Aman]] ([[military intelligence]]) and [[Shin Bet]] (internal security), but its director reports directly to the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]]. ==Prior to Israel's formation== The "[[Mossad Le'aliyah Bet]]" was a small, unorthodox [[Zionist]] organization whose mission in [[1938]] was to bring Jews to the [[British mandate of Palestine]]. This was done to subvert the British quotas on Jewish immigration. The Mossad's modes of operation, its ideology, and politics resulted in the creation of the intelligence agency for the Israeli government once it was established in 1948. The agency consisted of several of the existing members who had worked to establish Israel as a Jewish state. ==Organization== ===Executive offices=== The largest department of the Mossad is Collections, tasked with many aspects of conducting espionage overseas. Employees in the Collections Department operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial.<ref name="Globalsecurity">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm Mossad profile], Globalsecurity.org, Retrieved October 28, 2006.</ref> Their field intelligence officers, called [[katsa]]s, are similar to [[agent handling|case officers]] of the CIA. Thirty to forty operate at a time, mainly in Europe and the Middle East.<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception">Ostrovsky, Victor. ''By Way of Deception-The making and unmaking of a Mossad Officer''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. ISBN 0-9717595-0-2</ref> The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for working both with allied foreign intelligence services, and with nations that have no normal diplomatic relations with Israel.<ref name="Globalsecurity"/> Among the departments of the Mossad is the Special Operations Division or '"Metsada" (''see'' [[Kidon]]), which is involved in assassination, paramilitary operations, sabotage, and psychological warfare.<ref name="Globalsecurity"/> Psychological warfare is also a concern of the Lochamah Psichologit Department, which conducts propaganda and deception activities as well.<ref name="Globalsecurity"/> Additionally, the Mossad has a Research Department, tasked with intelligence production, and a Technology Department concerned with the development of tools for Mossad activities.<ref>[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/israel/mossad/index.html the Mossad profile], Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved October 28, 2006</ref> {{Israelis}} ===Directors of Mossad=== * [[Reuven Shiloah]], 1949–1952 * [[Isser Harel]], 1953–1963 * [[Meir Amit]], 1963–1968 * [[Zvi Zamir]], 1968–1974 * [[Yitzhak Hofi]], 1974–1982 * [[Nahum Admoni]], 1982–1989 * [[Shabtai Shavit]], 1989–1996 * [[Danny Yatom]], 1996–1998 * [[Efraim Halevy]], 1998–2002 * [[Meir Dagan]], 2002–present ==Organizational history== The Mossad was formed on December 13, 1949 as the "Central Institute for Coordination", at the recommendation of [[Reuven Shiloah]] to Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]]. Shiloah wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services– the army's intelligence department (AMAN), the General Security Service (GSS or "Shin Bet") and the foreign office's "political department". In March 1951, it was reorganized and made a part of the prime minister's office, reporting directly to the prime minister. Mossad's former motto: be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh (Hebrew: בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): "For by wise guidance you can wage your war, and in abundance of counselors there is victory" (NRSV). (In Hebrew, "tachbūlōt" - "wise guidance" in English - can also be translated as "cunning", "trick", or "deception") The motto was changed recently as part of the Mossad's public 'coming out' to another Proverbs passage: be-'éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō'éts (Hebrew: באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ) (Proverbs 11:14). This is translated by NRSV as: "Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety." <!-- Please contribute to the corresponding section in the discussion before you change this back (nos. 40 and 42)! These are not claimed to be Biblical quotes, they actually ARE Biblical quotes. The opinion of an online translator is secondary to the opinion of a proper reference, so cite something useful if you want to present an alternative reading (Aniboker) --> ==Suspected activities== {{dynamic list}} ===South America=== ====Argentina==== In 1960, the Mossad discovered that [[Nazi]] [[War crime|war criminal]] [[Adolf Eichmann]] was in [[Argentina]] and through [[surveillance]], they confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement. He was captured by a team of Mossad agents on May 11, 1960, and subsequently smuggled to Israel where he was tried and executed. Argentina protested what it considered as the violation of its sovereignty, and the [[United Nations]] [[Security Council]] noted that "repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace" while also acknowledging that "Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused" and that "this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused."<ref>Argentina claimed, quite plausibly, that the "illicit and clandestine transfer of Eichmann from Argentine territory constitutes a flagrant violation of the Argentine State's right of sovereignty[.]" Bass, Gary J. (2004.) The Adolf Eichmann Case: Universal and National Jurisdiction. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes''. (ch.4) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. In Eichmann's case, the most salient feature from the perspective of international law was the fact of Israeli law enforcement action in another state's territory without consent; the human element includes the dramatic circumstances of the capture by Mossad agents and the ensuing custody and transfer to Israel[.] Damrosch, Lori F. (2004.) Connecting the Threads in the Fabric of International Law. In Stephen Macedo (ed,) ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes''. (ch.5) Philadelphia: U.Penn. Press. The principle of territorial integrity (in Art. 2(4) UN Charter) At its most obvious level this means that the exercise of enforcement jurisdiction within the territory of another state will be a violation of territorial integrity <SUP>32</SUP> Note 32: E.g. after Adolf Eichmann [...] was abducted from Argentina by a group of Israelis, now known to be from the Israeli Secret Service (Mossad), the Argentine Government lodged a complaint with the UN Security Council [...] It is however unclear whether as a matter of international law the obligation to make reparation for a violation of territorial sovereignty such as that involved in the Eichmann case includes an obligation to return the offender. [[Rosalyn Higgins|Higgins, Rosalyn]] and Maurice Floy. (1997). ''Terrorism and International Law.'' UK: Routledge. (p. 48)</ref><ref>[http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1960/scres60.htm Security Council Resolution 138, "Question Relating to the Case of Adolf Eichmann"]</ref> Mossad abandoned a second operation, intended to capture [[Josef Mengele]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} ====Uruguay==== Assassination of [[Latvian]] [[Nazi]] collaborator [[Herberts Cukurs]] in 1965. ===Europe=== ====Belgium==== The Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the assassination of [[Canada|Canadian]] engineer and [[ballistics]] expert [[Gerald Bull]] outside his [[Brussels]] apartment March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his apartment.<ref>{{cite web | title = Murdered by the Mossad? | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = February 12, 1991 | url = http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3361/ | format = asf | accessdate = 30 August 2009}}</ref> Bull was at the time working for [[Iraq]] on the [[Project Babylon]] [[supergun]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Who killed Gerald Bull? (Video) - CBC|author=Frum, Barbara|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/national_security/clips/3359/|accessdate=2009-07-15|date=1990-04-05}}</ref> ====Bosnia and Herzegovina==== Assisted in air and overland evacuations of the Jews from war-torn [[Sarajevo]] to Israel in 1992 and 1993. ====Cyprus==== The assassination of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia, Cyprus, in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary">[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/hits.html Israeli “Hits” On Terrorists], Jewish Virtual Library, last updated December 18, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.</ref> ====France==== The alleged assassination of [[Zuheir Mohsen]] in 1979.<ref>Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (HarperCollins Publishers, 1998, 2nd ed.), p. 118</ref> The alleged assassination of [[Atef Bseiso]] in Paris in 1992. French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at point blank range.<ref>Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response, ISBN 0-8129-7463-8</ref> The assassination of [[Yehia El-Mashad]] in 1980.<ref>Ford, Peter S., Major, USAF, "Israel's Attack on Osiraq: A Model for Future Preventive Strikes?", INSS Occasional Paper 59, USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy, Colorado, July 2005, p. 15</ref> The assassination of Dr. Mahmoud Hamshari with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The assassination of Dr. Basil Al-Kubaissi in Paris in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The assassination of Mohammad Boudia in Paris in 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> ====Germany==== [[Operation Plumbat]] (1968) was an operation by [[Lekem]]-Mossad to further Israel's nuclear program. The German freighter "Scheersberg A", disappeared on its way from [[Antwerp]] to [[Genoa]] along with its cargo of 200 tons of [[yellowcake]], after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship.<ref name=bs>[http://intellit.muskingum.edu/israel_folder/israelplumbat.html ISRAEL The Plumbat Operation (1968)] retrieved 10/12/2008</ref> The sending of [[letter bombs]] during the [[Operation Wrath of God]] campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. Some of the more famous examples of the Mossad letter bombs were those sent to Nazi war-criminal [[Alois Brunner]].<ref>Henley, Jon. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/nazis/article/0,2763,445717,00.html French court strikes blow against fugitive Nazi]", ''The Guardian'', March 3, 2001. Retrieved October 27, 2006</ref> The alleged assassination of Dr [[Wadie Haddad]], using poisoned chocolate, in 1978. The PFLP-EO movement dissolved after his assassination.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r|title=Poisoned Mossad chocolate killed PFLP leader in 1977, says book|publisher=[[Middle East Times]]|date=2006-05-05|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060517211510/http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060505-102327-8910r|archivedate=2006-05-17}}</ref> ====Greece==== The assassination of Zaiad Muchasi by an explosion in his Athens hotel room, 1973.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The assassination of the DFLP military commander Khaled Nazzal on 9 June 1986 in Athens.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} ====Italy==== The abduction of nuclear technician [[Mordechai Vanunu]] in 1986 after [[American Jews|American-Israeli]] agent [[Cheryl Bentov]] lured him from the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>Martin, Susan Taylor. "[http://www.sptimes.com/2004/03/21/Worldandnation/The_spy___and_the_man.shtml The spy - and the man she busted]", ''St. Petersburg Times'', March 21, 2004. Retrieved October 27, 2006</ref> The assassination of [[Wael Zwaiter]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/arts/design/13jaci.html "Material for a Palestinian’s Life and Death", Ken Johnson, New York Times, Feb 12, 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/20/60II/main318655.shtml "An Eye for an Eye", Bob Simon, CBS News, November 21, 2001]</ref> ====Malta==== The assassination of [[Fathi Shiqaqi]]. Shiqaqi a leader of the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]], was shot multiple times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in [[Sliema]], [[Malta]].<ref>[http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file=PIJ-Organization.htm Military.com Resources<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> ====Norway==== {{Main|Lillehammer affair}} On July 21, 1973, [[Ahmed Bouchiki]], a [[Morocco|Moroccan]] waiter in [[Lillehammer]], [[Norway]], was killed by Mossad while walking with his pregnant wife. He had been mistaken for [[Ali Hassan Salameh]], one of the leaders of [[Black September (group)|Black September]], the [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] group responsible for the [[Munich massacre]], who had been given shelter in Norway. The Mossad agents had used fake [[Passport Canada|Canadian passports]], which angered the Canadian government. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident became known as the [[Lillehammer affair]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E6DA1639F93BA15752C0A960958260 Israelis to Compensate Family of Slain Waiter - New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903989,00.html?internalid=ACA Fatal Error]</ref><ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y]</ref> ====United Kingdom==== In 1986, Mossad used an undercover agent to lure nuclear whistleblower [[Mordechai Vanunu]] from the United Kingdom to Italy where he was abducted and transported to Israel where he was tried for treason because of his role in exposing [[Israel's nuclear program]].<ref>http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=%20417663&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y</ref> Mossad assisted the UK Intelligence organization MI5 following the [[7/7]] bombings in London. According to the 2007 edition of a book about the Mossad entitled “Gideon’s Spies,” shortly after the 7/7 London underground bombings, the British domestic intelligence agency MI5 gathered evidence that a senior al-Qaeda operative known only by the alias Mustafa travelled in and out of England shortly before the 7/7 bombings. For months, the real identity of Mustafa remained unknown, but in early October 2005, Mossad told MI5 that this person was, in fact, Azhari Husin, a bomb-making expert with Jemaah Islamiyah, the main al-Qaeda affiliate in Southeast Asia. Husin studied in Britain and reports claim that he met the main 7/7 bomber, Mohammad Sidique Khan, in late 2001 in a militant training camp in the Philippines (see Late 2001). Meir Dagan, the head of Mossad, apparently also told MI5 that Husin helped plan and recruit volunteers for the bombings. Mossad claimed that Husin may have been in London at the time of the bombings, and then fled to al-Qaeda’s main safe haven in the tribal area of Pakistan, where he sometimes hid after bombings. Husin was killed in a shootout in Indonesia in November 2005. [Thomas, 2007, pp.&nbsp;520, 522] Later official British government reports about the 7/7 bombings did not mention Husin. http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=israel_institute_for_intelligence_and_special_tasks ====Soviet Union/Russia==== In February 1956, a friendly member of the [[Politburo]] provided the Mossad with a copy of [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s speech denouncing [[Joseph Stalin]]. The Mossad passed it on to the United States, which published the speech, embarrassing the [[USSR]]. This was a major intelligence coup that raised the prestige of the organization.<ref>[http://zionism-israel.com/Israel_espionage_timeline_1948.htm Timeline:Israeli intelligence and covert operations From the War of Independence to 1956]</ref> In the summer of 2009 the Mossad was reported to have been involved in the case of the ''[[MV Arctic Sea]]'', allegedly carrying Russian missiles to Iran in the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Franchetti |coauthors=Mahnaimi, Uzi |title=Channel pirate ship carried arms for Iran |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6823300.ece |publisher=The Times |date=2009-09-06 |accessdate=2009-09-06}}</ref> ===Middle East=== ====Egypt==== *In what was later known as the [[Lavon affair]], Israeli agents attempted to discredit Egypt's government, headed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]], in 1954, by bombing theaters, post offices and U.S. and British institutions in Cairo. The operation failed and the Israeli defence minister was forced to resign as a consequence.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1127384.html - 01/01/2009]</ref> *Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo ,1956 *Directed missions for Israeli spy [[Wolfgang Lotz]] in Egypt 1957-1965. *Provision of intelligence on the [[Egyptian Air Force]] for [[Operation Focus]], the opening airstrike of the [[Six-Day War]]. *[[Operation Bulmus 6]] - Intelligence assistance in the Commando Assault on [[Green Island, Egypt]] during the [[War of Attrition]]. ====Iran==== =====Iran during the 1960s===== Prior to the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1978–79 in Iran, [[SAVAK]] (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian [[secret police]] and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957 to protect the regime of the [[Mohammad Reza Shah|shah]] by arresting, torturing, and executing the dissidents (especially Leftists). After security relations between the [[United States]] and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the [[CIA]] training team to leave [[Iran]], Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, "training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK."<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/index.isc?Article=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v5f3/v5f3a002.html CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) IN PERSIA.] In ''[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]''. Retrieved July 03, 2008</ref><ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ir0187) SAVAK], ''Library of Congress Country Studies''. Retrieved July 03, 2008</ref> =====Iran during 2007===== It was alleged by private intelligence agency [[Stratfor]], based on "sources close to Israeli intelligence", that Dr. [[Ardeshir Hosseinpour]], a scientist involved in the [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iranian nuclear program]], was killed by the Mossad on January 15, 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfor.com/products/premium/read_article.php?id=283793 |title=Geopolitical Diary: Israeli Covert Operations in Iran |accessdate=2007-02-04 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2007-02-02 |year= |month= |work= |publisher=[[Stratfor]] |pages= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=}} (requires premium subscription)</ref> A US intelligence official told ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general [[Ali Reza Askari]] on February 7, 2007.<ref>Linzer, Dafna. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/07/AR2007030702241.html Former Iranian Defense Official Talks to Western Intelligence]", ''The Washington Post'', March 8, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2007.</ref> This has been denied by Israeli spokesman [[Mark Regev]]. ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left only when his cover was about to be blown.<ref>Mahnaimi, Uzi. "[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article1497034.ece Defector spied on Iran for years]", ''The Sunday Times'', March 11, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007.</ref> ====Iraq==== Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of [[Munir Redfa]], an [[Iraq]]i pilot who defected and flew his [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG 21]] to Israel in 1966. Operation Sphinx<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception"/> - Between 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq's [[Osirak]] [[nuclear reactor]] by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France. On April 5, 1979, the Mossad destroyed 60 percent of the Iraqi reactor components being built in France; "[An] environmental organization named ''Groupe des écologistes français'', unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast."<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception"/> The reactor was subsequently destroyed by [[Operation Opera|an Israeli air strike]] in 1981.<ref name="By_Way_of_Deception"/><ref>"[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0611FF385C0C738DDDAF0894D9484D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIraq FRANCE PROTESTS TO ISRAEL ON RAID]", ''The New York Times,'' June 10, 1981. Retrieved November 16, 2006</ref> The alleged assassination of [[Canada|Canadian]] scientist [[Gerald Bull]], developer of the [[Project Babylon|Iraqi supergun]], in 1990. The most common theory is that the Mossad was responsible, and its representatives have all but claimed responsibility for his assassination. Others, including Bull's son, believe that the Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes. The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA. Iraq and [[Iran]] are also candidates for suspicion.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-74-626/people/gerald_bull/ Dr. Gerald Bull: Scientist, Weapons Maker, Dreamer] at CBC.ca</ref> ====Jordan==== In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal, the Hamas representative in Jordan<ref>[[Khaled Mashal#Assassination attempt]] Wikipedia entry for Khaled Mashal</ref>. On the 25th September, 1997, Mr Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been the synthetic opiate Fentanyl<ref name="nytimes.com">[http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/the-daring-attack-that-blew-up-in-israel-s-face.html?pagewanted=all] NY Times article: The Daring attack that blew up in Israels face</ref>). Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and detained a further six. The fall out from the failed assassination eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin, the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Mr. Netanyahu flew into Amman on the 29th September to apologize personally to King Hussein, but was met instead by the Kings brother, Crown Prince Hassan<ref name="nytimes.com"/>. ====Lebanon==== The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in 1973 [[Operation Spring of Youth]] special forces raid on [[Beirut]]. *The sending of [[letter bombs]] to PFLP member [[Bassam Abu Sharif]].<ref>Guerin, Orla. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2072849.stm Arafat: On borrowed time]", ''BBC News'', June 29, 2002. Retrieved October 27, 2006</ref> The targeted killing of [[Ali Hassan Salameh]], the leader of [[Black September]], on January 22, 1979 in [[Beirut]] by a car bomb.<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F20F1EFD3B5C0C738DDDAE0894DB484D81 Life and Death of a Terrorist], ''New York Times'', July 10, 1983.</ref><ref>Shalev, Noam [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/4627388.stm 'The hunt for Black September'], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', 26 January 2006, accessed 14 March 2006.</ref> The assassination of [[Ghassan Kanafani]].<ref name=Harlow>{{cite journal|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0164-2472%28198624%2F21%290%3A13%2F14%3C3%3ARTH%22TB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R|author=Barbara Harlow|title=Return to Haifa: "Opening the Borders" in Palestinian Literature|journal=Social Text|bolume=No. 13/14|date=Winter - Spring, 1986|pages=3–23}}</ref> The assassination of [[Abbas Musawi]], secretary general of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 1992.<ref name="JVLibrary"/> The alleged assassination of [[Jihad Ahmed Jibril]], the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |last=Blanford |first=Nicholas |title=Lebanon exposes deadly Israeli spy ring |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-2227831,00.html |publisher=The Times UK |date=15 June 2006 |accessdate=14 August 2006 | location=London}}</ref> ====Syria==== [[Eli Cohen]], a spy for the Mossad, infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a close friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense. He was captured and executed in the first half of the 60s.<ref>Our Man in Damascus, 1969.</ref> The assassination of [[Hamas]] leader [[Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil]] in [[Damascus]] in 2004. The alleged assassination of Mohammed Suleiman, the alleged head of Syria's nuclear program, in 2008. Suleiman was killed by an offshore sniper while on a beach near Tartous in Syria.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7028736.ece Assassinations: the work of Mossad?] From Times, February 16, 2010</ref> The alleged assassination of [[Imad Mughniyah]], a senior leader of Hezbollah, with an exploding [[headrest]] in Damascus in 2008.<ref name=SundayTimes>{{cite news |first=Uzi |last=Mahnaimi |coauthors=Jaber, Hala; Swain, Jon |title=Israel kills terror chief with headrest bomb |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3382343.ece |publisher=The Sunday Times |date=2008-02-17 |accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref> ====United Arab Emirates==== {{Main|Assassination of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh}} The Mossad is suspected of assassinating [[Mahmoud al-Mabhouh]], a senior Hamas military commander, in January 2010 at [[Dubai]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the basis of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents travelling on bogus passports. The killers entered al-Mabhouh's hotel room, where Mabhouh was electrocuted and interrogated. His veins were then probably injected with a poison whose chemical composition has yet to be disclosed. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/02/16/mahmoud-al-mabhouh-murder_n_463667.html Dubai Releases Video Of Alleged Assassins In Hamas Chief Killing] ''[[Huffington Post]]'' 16 Feb 2010, attributed to Associated Press</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=168786 UAE: European team killed Mabhouh] Jerusalem Post and Associated Press, 15 Feb 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Yaakov |last=Katz |title=Analysis: Another blow to the ‘axis of evil’ |url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=167344 |publisher=''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' |date=2010-01-31 |accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref><ref name=Haaretz20100202>{{cite news |first=Avi |last=Issacharoff |title=Who killed Mahmoud al-Mabhouh? / Many wanted Hamas man dead |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1146911.html |publisher=''[[Haaretz]]'' |date=2010-02-02 |accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref><ref>Melman, Yossi (2010-02-11). "[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1149042.html 10 agents including 3 women, took part in Dubai Hamas assassination]" ''Haaretz'', retrieved 2010-02-11</ref> Although the UAR police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the assassination, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found. The agents' bogus passports included six British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai; five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals;<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai suspects had five fake Irish passports |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0218/dubai.html |publisher='' [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTE News]]'' |date=2010-02-18 |accessdate=2010-02-21}}</ref> forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft;<ref>{{cite news |title=Man in photo on Hamas leader hit squad passport not my son, says mum |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/man-in-photo-on-hamas-leader-hit-squad-passport-not-my-son-says-mum/story-fn3dxity-1225834378569 |publisher=''[[The Australian]]'' |date=25 Feb 2010|accessdate=25 Feb 2010}}</ref> a genuine German passport and a false French passport. Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport.<ref>'[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1152610.html U.K. police in Israel to probe passports used in Dubai hit]' (''Haaretz'', 27 Feb 2010</ref><ref>'[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1150754.html Interpol adds suspected Dubai assassins to most wanted list]' ''Haaretz'' 22 Feb 2010)</ref>. Dubai's police chief has said "I am now completely sure that it was Mossad," adding: "I have presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the arrest of (Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad," for the murder.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/israeli-pms-arrest-sought-over-murder/story-e6frfku0-1225836329886 Israeli PM's arrest sought over murder] News.com, 3 Mar 2010</ref> ===South Asia=== ====Pakistan==== In a September 2003 news article, it was alleged by [[rediff.com|Rediff News]] that [[Zia-ul-Haq|General Zia-ul-Haq]], the then [[President of Pakistan]], decided to establish a clandestine relationship between [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in [[Washington, DC]]. The article further claimed that the ISI had offered Mossad information about Libyan, Syrian, Jordanian and Saudi Arabian military which it had acquired through officers on official military deputations on those countries.<ref>Anonymous: [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and Mossad: The secret link] at Rediff.com, 8 Sep 2003</ref> ===Africa=== ====Ethiopia==== Assistance in [[Operation Moses]], the immigration of [[Ethiopian Jews]] to Israel in 1984, and has a relationship with the Ethiopian government. ====Morocco==== According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', the Mossad was involved in what is known as the Ben Barka Affair (see [[Mehdi Ben Barka]]). ====Tunisia==== The 1988 assassination of [[Khalil al-Wazir]] (Abu Jihad) .<ref name="Intifada">{{cite book |last=Aburish |first=Said K. |authorlink=Said K. Aburish |title=From Defender to Dictator |year=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=203–210 |location=New York |isbn=1-58234-049-8 }}</ref> The alleged assassination of [[Salah Khalaf]].<ref name="Abu Iyad">{{cite book |last=Aburish |first=Said K. |authorlink=Said K. Aburish |coauthors= |title=From Defender to Dictator |year=1998 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=New York |isbn=1-58234-049-8 }}</ref> ====Uganda==== The provision of intelligence regarding [[Entebbe International Airport]] and grant of refueling rights in [[Kenya]] for [[Operation Entebbe]] in 1976. ===Oceania=== ====New Zealand==== {{See|Israel-New Zealand relations}} In July 2004, [[New Zealand]] imposed [[International sanctions|diplomatic sanctions]] on Israel over an [[2004 Israel-New Zealand spy scandal|incident]] in which two Australian based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain [[New Zealand passport]]s by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Minister [[Silvan Shalom]] later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/index.cfm?c_id=1&ObjectID=10332767 Israeli government apologises to New Zealand - 26 Jun 2005 - NZ Herald: New Zealand National news<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six month sentences and, upon release, were [[deportation|deported]] to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze'ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended.<ref>Hallel, Amir, [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/israeli-spy-case/news/article.cfm?c_id=606&objectid=3596863 At home with the Mossad men], ''The New Zealand Herald''</ref> ==Criticism== Mossad has often come under criticism for perceived excessive actions against Israel's enemies.<ref>name="espionageinfo">[http://www.espionageinfo.com/Lo-Mo/Mossad.html Mossd]</ref> ==See also== *[[Shin Bet]], Israel's internal security service *[[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Aman]] - Israeli's military intelligence agency *''[[The Spy Machine]]'' *[[List of Israeli assassinations]] *[[Eli Cohen]] *[[Secret Intelligence Service ]] (MI6) ==Books== *[[Juval Aviv|Yuval Aviv]] - ''[[Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team]]'' *[[Ari Ben-Menashe]] * Black, Ian and Morris, Benny. [[Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services]]. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. 603 pages. *[[Victor Ostrovsky]] - ''[[By Way of Deception]]'' and ''[[The Other Side of Deception]]'' *Parsi, Rita. ''Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States'', Yale University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-300-12057-5. *Central Intelligence Agency. "Israel. Foreign Intelligence and Security Services, 1979". Included in the volume "Documents from the US Espionage Den", Tehran, 1982. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * Shimron, Gad 2007, "Mossad Exodus: The Daring Undercover Rescue of the Lost Jewish Tribe", Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-403-6 * Ross, Michael 2007, "The Volunteer: The Incredible True Story of an Israeli Spy on the Trail of International Terrorists", Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1602391321 ==External links== *[http://www.mossad.gov.il/Eng/AboutUs.aspx Official website] *[http://www.mossad.gov.il Official website] {{he icon}} *[http://www.mossad.gov.il/Arabic/AboutTheMossad.aspx Official website] {{ar icon}} *[http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/israel/mossad.htm GlobalSecurity.org entry for Mossad] {{Israeli Intelligence Community}} {{External national intelligence agencies}} [[Category:Government agencies established in 1949]] [[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]] [[Category:Israeli intelligence agencies]] [[Category:Mossad| ]] {{Link GA|ru}} [[ar:موساد]] [[az:Mossad]] [[bs:Mossad]] [[br:Mossad]] [[bg:Мосад]] [[ca:Mossad]] [[cs:Mosad]] [[cy:Mossad]] [[da:Mossad]] [[de:Mossad]] [[et:Mossad]] [[el:Μοσάντ]] [[es:Mosad]] [[eo:Mosado]] [[eu:Mossad]] [[fa:موساد]] [[fr:Mossad]] [[fy:Mossad]] [[ko:모사드]] [[hr:Mossad]] [[id:Mossad]] [[is:Mossad]] [[it:Mossad]] [[he:המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים]] [[jv:Mossad]] [[ka:მოსადი]] [[ht:Mossad]] [[lv:Mossad]] [[lt:Mosad]] [[hu:Moszad]] [[ml:മൊസാദ്]] [[arz:موساد]] [[ms:Mossad]] [[nl:Mossad]] [[new:मोसाद]] [[ja:イスラエル諜報特務局]] [[no:Mossad]] [[nn:Mossad]] [[ps:موساد]] [[pl:Mossad]] [[pt:Mossad]] [[ro:Mosad]] [[ru:Моссад]] [[sq:Mossad]] [[simple:Mossad]] [[sk:Mosad]] [[sl:Mosad]] [[sr:Мосад]] [[fi:Mossad]] [[sv:Mossad]] [[tr:Mossad]] [[uk:Моссад]] [[ur:موساد]] [[vi:Mossad]] [[yi:מוסד (אגענטור)]] [[zh:摩薩德]]'