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'{{About|the suburb||Fitzroy (disambiguation)}} {{Use Australian English|date=March 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}} {{Infobox Australian place | name = Fitzroy | image = The Fitzroy skyline.jpg | caption = The Fitzroy skyline, with the [[Fitzroy Town Hall]] visible on the far left | state = vic | type = suburb | alternative_location_map = Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne | coordinates = {{coord|37|48|04|S|144|58|44|E|display=inline,title}} | lga = City of Yarra | area = 1.4 | city = Melbourne | est = 1839 | postcode = 3065 | pop = 10,445 | pop_year = 2016 | pop_footnotes = <ref name=Census2016>{{Census 2016 AUS|id=SSC20918|name=Fitzroy (Vic.) (State Suburbs)|accessdate=14 August 2017|quick=on}}</ref> | stategov = [[Electoral district of Richmond (Victoria)|Richmond]] | fedgov = [[Division of Melbourne|Melbourne]] | near-nw = [[Carlton North, Victoria|Carlton North]] | near-n = [[Fitzroy North, Victoria|Fitzroy North]] | near-ne = [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]] | near-w = [[Carlton, Victoria|Carlton]] | near-e = [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] | near-sw = [[Melbourne city centre|Melbourne]] | near-s = [[East Melbourne, Victoria|East Melbourne]] | near-se = [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] | dist1 = 3 | location1 = [[Melbourne city centre|Melbourne CBD]] }} '''Fitzroy''' is an inner suburb of [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia, 3&nbsp;km north-east of the city's [[Melbourne City Centre|Central Business District]] (CBD) and located in the [[Local government areas of Victoria|local government area]] of the [[City of Yarra]]. As of 2016, Fitzroy had a population of 10,445. Planned as Melbourne's first suburb in 1839,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/fitzroy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702011619/http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/multimedia/gazetteer/list/fitzroy.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 July 2004|title=Fitzroy, Victoria|date=2 July 2004|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> it later became one of the city's first areas to gain municipal status, in 1858.<ref name="emelb">{{cite web|title=Municipal Government|url=http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM01028b.htm|website=eMelbourne – The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online|publisher=School of Historical Studies, Department of History, The University of Melbourne|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> It occupies Melbourne's smallest and most densely populated area outside the CBD, just 100 [[Hectare|ha]]. Fitzroy is known as a cultural hub, particularly for its live music scene and street art, and is the main home of the [[Melbourne Fringe Festival]]. Its commercial heart is [[Brunswick Street, Melbourne|Brunswick Street]], one of Melbourne's major retail, culinary, and nightlife strips. Long associated with the working class, Fitzroy has undergone waves of [[urban renewal]] and [[gentrification]] since the 1980s and today is home to a wide variety of socio-economic groups, featuring both some of the most expensive rents in Melbourne and one of its largest [[Public housing in Australia|public housing]] complexes, Atherton Gardens. Its built environment is diverse and features some of the finest examples of [[Victorian era]] architecture in Melbourne. Much of the suburb is a [[historic preservation]] precinct, with many individual buildings and streetscapes covered by [[Heritage Overlay]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/planningschemes/yarra/map.html|title=DELWP|last=DELWP|date=22 May 2017|website=DELWP|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> The most recent changes to Fitzroy are mandated by the [[Melbourne 2030]] Metropolitan Strategy, in which both Brunswick Street and nearby Smith Street are designated for redevelopment as [[Activity centre]]s. It was named after Sir [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy]], the Governor of [[New South Wales]] from 1846 to 1855.<ref name="atoz">{{cite news|last1=First|first1=Jamie|title=The A–Z story of our suburbs|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/the-az-story-of-melbournes-suburbs/news-story/6f7611b7df20e55ad02f5e9615885e21|access-date=27 October 2017|work=Herald Sun|date=7 January 2014}}</ref> It is bordered by Alexandra Parade (north), [[Victoria Street, Melbourne|Victoria Parade]] (south), [[Smith Street, Melbourne|Smith Street]] (east) and [[Nicholson Street, Melbourne|Nicholson Street]]. The [[kulin languages|kulin]] name recorded for the Fitzroy area is ''ngár-go''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The forgotten Aboriginal names for 10 of Melbourne's suburbs |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-10/the-aboriginal-names-for-ten-melbourne-suburbs/9960092 |access-date=26 June 2020 |work=www.abc.net.au |date=9 July 2018 }}</ref> ==History== [[File:Brunswick street fitzroy looking south in 1906.jpg|thumb|left|Looking south down Brunswick Street in 1906]] Fitzroy was Melbourne's first suburb, created in 1839 when the area between Melbourne and Alexandra Parade (originally named Newtown)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10740750 |title=VICTORIAN HISTORY. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=15 October 1909 |access-date=26 September 2013 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> was subdivided into vacant lots and offered for sale. Newtown was later renamed [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emelbourne.net.au/biogs/EM00375b.htm | title = Collingwood | access-date = 25 September 2013 | last = Barnard | first = Jill | date = 25 February 2010 | work = e-Melbourne | publisher = School of Historical Studies Department of History, The University of Melbourne}}</ref> and the area now called Fitzroy (west of Smith Street) was made a ward of the [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne City Council]]. On 9 September 1858, Fitzroy became a municipality in its own right, separate from the City of Melbourne.<ref name="event58">{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65667797 |title=FIRST HALF-YEARLY REPORT OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF FITZROY, FROM 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1858, TO 31ST MARCH, 1859. |newspaper=Fitzroy City Press|location=Victoria |date=20 July 1900 |access-date=25 September 2013 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> In accordance with the Municipal Act, on 28 September 1858, a meeting of ratepayers was held in 'Mr Templeton's schoolroom, George street' to prepare for a local council election, with [[Thomas Embling|Dr Thomas Embling]], [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for Collingwood, presiding.<ref name="event58"/> The council election took place two days later and the first councilors were; Thomas Rae, George Symons, Edward Langton, Henry Groom, Benjamin Bell, Edwin Bennett and Thomas Hargreave.<ref name="event58"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/langton-edward-3990 | title = Langton, Edward (1828–1905) | access-date = 25 September 2013 | last = Cooksley | first = Jean | work = Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University}}</ref> The first council meeting, held after the declaration of election, was at the Exchange Hotel, George Street, and Symons was unanimously elected chair.<ref name="event58"/> Surrounded as it was by a large number of factories and industrial sites in the adjoining suburbs, Fitzroy was ideally suited to working men's housing, and from the 1860s to the 1880s, Fitzroy's working class population rose dramatically. The area's former mansions became boarding houses and slums, and the heightened poverty of the area prompted the establishment of several charitable, religious and philanthropic organisations in the area over the next few decades. A notable local entrepreneur was [[Macpherson Robertson]], whose confectionery factories engulfed several blocks and stand as heritage landmarks today. [[File:VictoriaParade Fitzroy.jpg|right|thumb|[[Victoria Parade, Melbourne|Victoria Parade]], Fitzroy, 1935]] The [[Fitzroy Gasworks]] was erected on Reilly Street (now Alexander Parade) in 1861, dominating the suburb, with the Gasometer Hotel located opposite.<ref name=Circle>R Proudley. ''[[Circle of Influence: A History of the Gas Industry in Victoria]]'', Hargreen/Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria, Melbourne, 1987. p. 40-49.</ref> The establishment of the [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] in 1938 saw swathes of new residences being constructed in Melbourne's outer suburbs. With many of Fitzroy's residents moving to the new accommodation, their places were taken by post-war immigrants, mostly from Italy and Greece and the influx of Italian and Irish immigrants saw a marked shift towards [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] from Fitzroy's traditional [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] roots. The Housing Commission would build two public housing estates in Fitzroy in the 1960s; one in Hanover Street and one at the southern end of Brunswick Street. Before World War I, Fitzroy was a working-class neighbourhood, with a concentration of political radicals already living there. Postwar immigration into the suburb resulted in the area becoming socially diverse. Many working-class Chinese immigrants settled in Fitzroy due to its proximity to [[Chinatown, Melbourne|Chinatown]]. There is also a noticeable Vietnamese community, a small enclave of Africans, and the area (particularly Johnston Street) also serves as a centre of Melbourne's Hispanic community, with many Spanish and Latin American-themed restaurants, clubs, bars and some stores. The Fitzroy Magistrates' Court closed on 1 February 1985.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/19860901-Special-Report-4-Court-Closures-in-Victoria.pdf | title=Special Report No. 4 – Court Closures in Victoria | publisher=Auditor-General of Victoria | date=1986 |pages=79 | access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Like other inner-city suburbs of Melbourne, Fitzroy underwent a process of [[gentrification]] during the 1980s and 1990s. The area's manufacturing and warehouse sites were converted into apartments, and the corresponding rising rents in Fitzroy saw many of the area's residents move to [[Northcote, Victoria|Northcote]] and [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]]. In June 1994, the City of Yarra was created by combining the Cities of Fitzroy, [[City of Collingwood|Collingwood]] and [[City of Richmond|Richmond]]. ==Geography== [[File:Fitzroy Memorial Rotunda.jpg|thumb|right|Fitzroy Memorial Rotunda, in honour of Fitzroy residents who died during World War I.]] Fitzroy's topography is flat. It is laid out in [[grid plan]] and is characterised by a fairly tightly spaced rectangular grid of medium-sized streets, with many of its narrow streets and back lanes facilitating only [[one-way traffic]]. Its built form is a legacy of its early history when a mixture of land uses was allowed to develop close to each other, producing a great diversity of types and scales of building.<ref>"Fitzroy : Melbourne's first suburb / Cutten History Committee of the Fitzroy History Society. Published South Yarra, Vic. : Hyland House, 198 {{ISBN|0-947062-52-1}}"</ref> [[File:Melbourne skyline from Fitzroy.jpg|thumb|center|500px|The skyline of Melbourne from Brunswick Street Oval, Fitzroy.]] ==Demographics== In the 2016 Australian Census conducted by the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], Fitzroy had a population of 10,445. The median age (33) was younger than the national average (38), while the median weekly individual income (AU$925 per week) was higher than the national average (AU$662). Only 24.9% of Fitzroy's population are married, compared to 48.1% nationwide. 53.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 3.9%, Vietnam 3.3%, New Zealand 2.9%, China 2.7% and United States of America 1.2%. 61.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Vietnamese 4.1%, Mandarin 2.5%, Cantonese 2.1%, Arabic 2.0% and Greek 1.6%. The most common response for religion was No Religion at 48.2%.<ref name=Census2016/> ===Housing=== [[File:Terrace housing on nicholson street fitzroy.jpg|thumb|Terrace housing along Nicholson Street]] Fitzroy's housing is diverse. It has some of Melbourne's earliest surviving houses and one of Melbourne's most extensive stands of [[terrace house|terraced housing]], along with a mix of converted industrial and commercial buildings, walk-up flats, modern apartments and public housing. Among the earliest homes are Royal Terrace (1853–1858) on Nicholson Street. Overlooking the [[Carlton Gardens, Melbourne|Carlton Gardens]], Royal Terrace was one of the first of its kind in Melbourne. Fitzroy's "character housing" (pre-war) is now mostly gentrified and highly sought after real estate.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} As early as 1923, the [[City of Fitzroy]] was accused of 'creating slums' by allowing inappropriate development such as three houses on a 31-foot by 100-foot block.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2008139 |title=CREATING SLUMS. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=23 May 1923 |access-date=26 September 2013 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> By 1953, the state Housing Minister Thomas Hayes, said that ''Camp Pell'' in Royal Park, [[Parkville, Victoria]], which had been a temporary military camp for United States forces during the Second World War, 'might become a permanent emergency housing settlement' and 'Fitzroy slum dwellers who had refused offers of alternative accommodation by the housing Commission because they would have to pay higher rents would probably' be moved there.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23221542 |title=Camp may be "for keeps". |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=10 January 1953 |access-date=26 September 2013 |page=5 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Two years later the headline was 'Outcry Rages Over Fitzroy Slums', as the state government accused the Commonwealth of bringing in immigrants that the states had nowhere to house, arguing that the 'Awful, dilapidated buildings in Fitzroy, crowded beyond description with exploited New Australians were a grave danger to the heath of the community.'<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71700780 |title=OUTCRY RAGES OVER THE FITZROY SLUMS. |newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne |date=12 October 1955 |access-date=26 September 2013 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The Atherton Gardens high-rise public housing estate, on the corner of Brunswick and [[Gertrude Street, Melbourne|Gertrude Street]]s, is one of Melbourne's largest, built by the [[Housing Commission of Victoria]] as part of its controversial "[[slum clearance]]" [[urban renewal]] program in the 1960s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} The commission was established by the ''Housing Act 1937'' in response to [[slum]] housing in [[Melbourne]], and operated under the ''Slum Reclamation and Housing Act 1938''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A130356b.htm |title=Burt, Walter Oswald (Ossie) (1893–1969) Biographical Entry |website=Adb.online.anu.edu.au |access-date=2008-07-27 }}</ref> Due to its desirability as a place to live, Fitzroy faces increasing pressure for residential development. Recent residential projects in Fitzroy have sought to express a sense of Fitzroy's [[Neighbourhood character|urban character]] in various ways and have been hotly contested in some cases.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/09/1047144868351.html theage.com.au]: "There goes the neighbourhood?"</ref><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/05/31/1022569832148.html theage.com.au]: "Fitzroy gets set for new development battle"</ref><ref>[http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31051/20021007/users.bigpond.net.au/buzzadam/index.html pandora.nla.gov.au]: "'Urban Joke' campaign against 'Urban Jazz' "</ref> ==Governance== [[File:Fitzroy Town Hall 01a.jpg|thumb|upright|Former Fitzroy Town Hall, now functions as secondary offices for the City of Yarra]] Fitzroy's traditional representation at all levels of government reflects the area's working class and bohemianism, [[Left-wing politics]] dominates.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} The [[Australian Labor Party]] and more recently the [[Australian Greens]] both have a very strong political presence. At a local level, Fitzroy is part of the City of Yarra Local Government Area. The Fitzroy area falls within the wards of Langridge and Nicholls, both of these wards are currently represented by the Australian Greens. At a state level, Fitzroy is within the [[Electoral district of Richmond (Victoria)|Electoral district of Richmond]], traditionally a safe Australian Labor Party seat. At federal level, it is within the [[Division of Melbourne]], which was taken from Labor by the Australian Greens in 2010. ===Former City of Fitzroy and Fitzroy Town Hall=== {{Further|City of Fitzroy}} {{Further|Fitzroy Town Hall}} The area formerly had its own municipal status from 1858, with the City of Fitzroy meeting at Fitzroy Town Hall on Napier Street. The Town Hall is on the [[Victorian Heritage Register]] for its state historical and architectural significance.<ref name=hc>{{cite web |url=http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/vhd/heritagevic#detail_places;471|title=Fitzroy Town Hall|work= Victorian Heritage Database |access-date=14 October 2008 |publisher=Heritage Council of Victoria}}</ref> The building was constructed in stages (1863, 1887 and 1890) to comprise municipal [[offices]], [[meeting hall]], [[police station]], [[courthouse]] and [[clock tower]]. Since the amalgamation of the City of Fitzroy with the City of Collingwood and the City of Richmond in 1994 to form the City of Yarra, the Town Hall has functioned as secondary offices for the City of Yarra, and other occupants including the Fitzroy Legal Service, currently at Level 4, Moor Street entrance. ==Culture== ===Art=== [[File:Fitzroy street art.jpg|thumb|Various kinds of street art adorn many buildings throughout Fitzroy]] There are many small [[art gallery|commercial art galleries]], [[artist-run space]]s and artist [[studio]]s located within the suburb. Fitzroy has a thriving [[street art]] community and is also the home of [[Gertrude Contemporary Art Spaces]] and the [[Centre for Contemporary Photography]]. ===Live performance=== Fitzroy was the primary home of the [[little band scene]], an experimental [[post-punk]] scene which thrived from 1978 to 1981. Initially led by local groups the [[Primitive Calculators]] and [[Whirlywirld]], it helped foster the careers of a number of notable musicians, including members of [[Dead Can Dance]] and [[Hunters & Collectors]].<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/stories/2010/2946102.htm Do That Dance! Australian Post Punk 1977–1983], abc.net.au. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> Today Fitzroy is a hub for live music in Melbourne, and plays host to several prominent venues; [[The Old Bar – Fitzroy|The Old Bar]], Bar Open, the Evelyn Hotel, Gertrudes Brown Couch, and Cape Live. The well-known Punters Club was also located in the area; however, it was forced to close in 2002. ===Heritage=== [[File:High victorian architecture brunswick street fitzroy.jpg|thumb|Fitzroy is home to many Victorian era buildings.]] The [[Moran and Cato]] warehouse designed by [[Robert Lawson (architect)|R.A. Lawson]] is considered to be of high architectural merit. The Champion Hotel is notable for its fanciful Edwardian design.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} A number of buildings and sites have been included on the [[Victorian Heritage Inventory]] (VHI) or classified by the [[National Trust of Australia|National Trust]] (NT). These include: {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * ''Aqua Profonda'' sign, Fitzroy Swimming Pool, 160-122 Alexandra Parade.(VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|4742|''Aqua Profonda'' sign, Fitzroy Swimming Pool}}</ref> * Cordial Factory, 12–16 Argyle Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|4555|Cordial Factory}}</ref> * Exhibition High School Residence, 17 Bell Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|445|Former Exhibition High School Residence}}</ref> * National School, 40–48 Bell Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|446|Former National School}}</ref> * Dodgshun House, 7–9 Brunswick Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|448|Dodgshun House}}</ref> * The Terrace, 11 Brunswick Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|449|The Terrace}}</ref> * Shop & residence, 13 Brunswick Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|450|Shop & residence}}</ref> * Cathedral Hall, 20 Brunswick Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|4583|Cathedral Hall}}</ref> * Melbourne Veterinary College, 38–40 Brunswick Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|4585|Melbourne Veterinary College}}</ref> * Royal Terrace, 39–49 Brunswick Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|102459|Royal Terrace}}</ref> * Shops, 236–252 Brunswick Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|452|Shops}}</ref> * Fitzroy Cricket Club Grandstand, Edinburgh Gardens. (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|66965|Fitzroy Cricket Club Grandstand}}</ref> * Devonshire Arms Hotel, 38 Fitzroy Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|453|Devonshire Arms Hotel}}</ref> * Christian Israelite Sanctuary, 185–193 Fitzroy Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|14049|Christian Israelite Sanctuary}}</ref> * St Mark's Church of England, 268 George Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|455|St Mark's Church of England}}</ref> * Glass Terrace, 64–78 Gertrude Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|457|Glass Terrace}}</ref> * Shops & Residence, 177–183 Gertrude Street. (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|67054|Shops & Residence}}</ref> * Shops, 181–183 Gertrude Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|458|Shops}}</ref> * Holyrood Terrace, 331 Gore Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|466|Holyrood Terrace}}</ref> * Cobden Terrace, 209–221 Gore Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|459|Cobden Terrace}}</ref> * Residence, 35 Hanover Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|469|Residence}}</ref> * All Saints Church Hall, 95 King William Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|4051|All Saints Church Hall}}</ref> * Falconer Terrace, 36–50 Napier Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|476|Falconer Terrace}}</ref> * Fitzroy Town Hall, 201 Napier Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|471|Fitzroy Town Hall}}</ref> * Cable Tram Engine House, Cnr Nicholson & Gertrude Streets. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|456|Cable Tram Engine House}}</ref> * Osborne House, 40 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|480|Osborne House}}</ref> * Royal Terrace, 50–68 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|481|Royal Terrace}}</ref> * Mercy Convent, 88 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|482|Mercy Convent}}</ref> * Cairo Flats, unit 1–36, 98 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|2093|Cairo Flats}}</ref> * Denny house, 122 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|483|Denny house}}</ref> * Avon Butter Factory, 218–222 Nicholson Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|12856|Avon Butter Factory}}</ref> * Methodist Church, 472 Nicholson Street. (VHI)<ref>{{cite VHD|479|Methodist Church}}</ref> * Post Office, 251 St Georges Road. (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|67194|Post Office}}</ref> * Union Bank of Australia, 165–167 Smith Street. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|486|Union Bank of Australia}}</ref> * Eastern Hill Hotel, 77 Victoria Parade. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|489|Eastern Hill Hotel}}</ref> * McClelland house, 203 Victoria Parade. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|496|McClelland house}}</ref> * Blanche Terrace, 163–183 Victoria Parade. (VHI) & (NT)<ref>{{cite VHD|494|Blanche Terrace}}</ref> }} ===Pubs=== [[File:Devonshire Arms Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Devonshire Arms, Fitzroy|Devonshire Arms]], built in 1843, is the oldest extant building in Fitzroy.]] Fitzroy has a large number of [[pub]]s for such a small suburb. The former [[Devonshire Arms, Fitzroy|Devonshire Arms]] hotel was located in Fitzroy Street and remains the oldest building in Fitzroy. There are many other pubs in Fitzroy. ===Cafés=== The tiny suburb of Fitzroy has many [[Coffeehouse|cafés]]. Only one of the original three cafés is still standing – Marios. Bakers relocated north, and closed in 2007, while The Black Cat has transformed itself into a bar, but still retains its onstreet garden.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In fact Silas is the oldest café, located between King William and Moore Streets, on the west side. With the advance of gentrification, a variety of cafés in different styles have opened up and down Brunswick Street, on Smith Street, parts of Gertrude Street and in some of the back streets, in former [[milk bar]]s and warehouse sites.<ref>{{citation|url= http://www.howitravel.co/the-15-coolest-neighborhoods-in-the-world-in-2016/ |title=The 15 Coolest Neighborhoods in the World in 2016 |access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref> ==Sport== [[File:Fitzroy Cricket Ground Grandstand.jpg|thumb|Heritage-listed grandstand at [[Brunswick Street Oval]], used primarily for [[cricket]] and [[Australian rules football]]]] Formed in 1883, the [[Fitzroy Football Club]], an [[Australian rules football]] club, went on to play in the [[Victorian Football League (1897–1989)|Victorian Football League]] (now known as the Australian Football League). The club had some early success before relocating its home games several times and finally running into financial difficulties in the 1980s, forcing it to cede its AFL operations to [[Brisbane Bears]] at the end of 1996, upon which Brisbane changed their name to form the [[Brisbane Lions]]. Fitzroy came out of administration after the Brisbane merger in 1998, and the clubs shareholders voted for it to continue with the goal of resuming its playing operations. After sponsoring various local clubs, Fitzroy merged with the University Reds and finally returned the playing field after a 13-year absence, participating in the 2009 [[Victorian Amateur Football Association]] season with its home games played out of [[Edinburgh Gardens, Melbourne|Brunswick Street Oval]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/sport/afl/story/0,26576,24771588-19742,00.html | work=Herald Sun | first=Damian | last=Barrett| title=The old Lion roars again as Fitzroy is reborn | date=9 December 2008}}</ref> Since that time, Fitzroy have doubled their membership and achieved promotion twice within the VAFA. The club currently plays in the premier B division and are the only football club to have played in the VFA, VFL, AFL, and VAFA competitions of Australian Rules football. Their home games are noted for their passion and community atmosphere, and in 2013 the club celebrated its 130th birthday. The Fitzroy Stars Football Club are an Indigenous club that joined the [[Northern Football League (Australia)|Northern Football League]] in 2008. They currently play their home games at Crispe Park in [[Reservoir, Victoria|Reservoir]] with the club's off-field administration still based in Fitzroy. Fitzroy United Alexander Football Club, now [[Heidelberg United FC|Heidelberg United]], was Fitzroy's first ever sporting club to play at a national level. Founded by Melbourne's inner eastern [[Greek community of Melbourne|Greek community]], the club was relocated to the [[Brunswick Street Oval]] in early 1971 but later departed by late 1978. Whilst the club was based in Fitzroy, the club was initially participating in the [[National Premier Leagues Victoria|Victorian State League]] where it was crowned state champions in the 1975 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Clubs/H/HeidelbergUnitedDH.html|title=Heidelberg United – Divisional History|website=Ozfootball.net|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> With the club's on and off-field strength, Fitzroy was invited to be an inaugural participant of the [[National Soccer League]], the former highest level of [[soccer]] in Australia, where the club became the suburb's first national sporting team. Although administration and club training was based at Fitzroy, the club used various venues in [[Melbourne]] for its home matches. The suburb's first domestic first tier sporting match of any code was played at the Brunswick Street Oval on 2 May 1977, with Fitzroy United defeating [[Queensland Lions FC|Brisbane Lions]] 4–1 in front of over 4000 attendees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/NSL/1977/Round05.html|title=1977 National Soccer League results|website=Ozfootball.net|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> The club participated in the [[1977 National Soccer League|1977]] and [[1978 National Soccer League|1978]] seasons as 'Fitzroy' finishing third and fifth respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neososmos.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/soccer-at-fitzroy-cricket-ground.html|title=Neos Osmos: Soccer at the Fitzroy Cricket Ground|first=Ian|last=Syson|date=5 July 2013|website=Neososmos.blogspot.com.au|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> In late 1978, the club and its administration was relocated to [[Olympic Park (Village)|Olympic Village Stadium]] in [[Heidelberg West, Victoria|Heidelberg West]] prior to the [[1979 National Soccer League|1979]], with name being changed to Heidelberg United FC as a result of a better stadium deal and there being a larger Greek community in Heidelberg West than Fitzroy. [[Fitzroy City|Fitzroy City Serbia Soccer Club]], a soccer club formed in 1953 by [[Serbs|Serbian]] migrants, is based in Fitzroy. The club is currently playing in the [[Victorian State League Division 3|Victorian State League Division 3 South-East]] and play their home games at Fairfield Park, with the club's off-field administration still based in Fitzroy. The [[Fitzroy Baseball Club]], known as the Fitzroy Lions, is a baseball club founded in 1889 to represent Fitzroy.<ref name="Founding">[https://archive.is/20130124220246/http://picasaweb.google.com/fitzroybaseball16/120YearCelebrationPhotos%235431665883901564562#5431665883901564562]</ref> The club has five senior teams competing in the [[Baseball Victoria Summer League]], as well as junior sides representing the club at every age level. The Melbourne Chess Club, the oldest chess club in the southern hemisphere (est. 1866).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbournechessclub.org/|title=Melbourne Chess Club|website=Melbournechessclub.org|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/battle-of-the-titans-kicks-off-the-melbourne-chess-clubs-150th-year-20160102-gly5ml.html|title=Battle of the titans kicks off the Melbourne Chess Club's 150th year|first=Patrick|last=Hatch|date=2 January 2016|website=The Age|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> ==In popular culture== [[File:Fitzroy Pool.jpg|thumb|upright|The heritage-listed "Aqua Profonda" sign made famous in [[Helen Garner]]'s 1977 novel ''[[Monkey Grip (novel)|Monkey Grip]]''.]] The 1977 cult classic novel ''[[Monkey Grip (novel)|Monkey Grip]]'' by [[Helen Garner]] took place mostly in Fitzroy and Carlton. Many of the central characters frequent the Fitzroy local swimming pool in the summer, referred to as the "Fitzroy baths", and the heritage-listed "Aqua Profonda" sign at the deep end of the pool is the title of the novel's first chapter, used as a metaphor for the central character's deeply troubled romantic relationship with a man. The inclusion of the sign and the pool itself gave it some degree of iconic status&ndash;its use in the novel was even mentioned in the statement of significance for the sign's heritage listing in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aqua Profonda" sign, Fitzroy Pool|work=Victorian Heritage Database|access-date=11 December 2017|url=http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/4742}}</ref> The 2010 Australian television show ''[[Offspring (TV series)|Offspring]]'' was set almost entirely in Fitzroy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/-/entertainment/7730782/offspring-in-the-air-/|title=au.news.yahoo.com|website=Au.news.yahoo.com|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718133920/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/entertainment/a/-/entertainment/7730782/offspring-in-the-air-/|archive-date=18 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The main characters of the show were often seen at the Black Cat, a Brunswick Street bar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ten.com.au/offspring-offspring-photos-episode-2.htm|title=tenplay|first=Network|last=Ten|website=TenPlay – tenplay|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> Fitzroy has also featured in episodes of a number of Australian TV shows, including ''[[City Homicide]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savanahdesign.com.au/blog/?p=669|title=Murder at Savanah Design – Design in the mind|website=Savanahdesign.com.au|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Rush (series 3)|Rush]]'' (notably in Season 3, where the team shot at Fitzroy Town Hall to commemorate the death of a former colleague). The movie series and television series, [[Jack Irish]], is filmed in Fitzroy. Based on the Peter Temple novels, it features many Fitzroy cultural icons. Australian musicians have also made mention of Fitzroy in their lyrics. [[Clare Bowditch]] made a reference to Fitzroy in the song Divorcee by 23,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.songmeanings.net/songs/view/3530822107858620615/|title=Clare Bowditch and the Feeding Set – Divorcee by 23 Lyrics – SongMeanings|website=SongMeanings|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> as did the musical comedian [[The Bedroom Philosopher]] in the song Northcote (So Hungover).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bedroomphilosopher.com/2010/03/18/northcote-so-hungover-lyrics/|title=Northcote (So Hungover) lyrics. – The Bedroom Philosopher|website=Bedroomphilosopher.com|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> In his song "Slater", American [[rapper]] [[Tyler, The Creator]] mentions skating to Fitzroy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Tyler-the-creator-slater-lyrics/|title=Tyler, The Creator (Ft. Frank Ocean) – Slater|website=Genius.com|access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref> Most notably, ARIA award winner [[Dan Sultan]] has the song Old Fitzroy, the black and white video for which is shot entirely in Fitzroy, featuring shots of and from Atherton Gardens, as well as shots of a number of Fitzroy pubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64uRvg86uXU|title=Dan Sultan – Old Fitzroy|last=Metropolitan Groove Merchants|date=30 August 2010|access-date=26 August 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> [[Brody Dalle]] sings about growing up in Fitzroy in [[The Distillers]] song "Young Crazed Peeling." [[Birds of Tokyo]] in their song "Good Lord" reference drinking in Fitzroy pubs. ==Social and community services== The health needs of Fitzroy residents and other Melburnians is served by [[St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne|St Vincent's Hospital]]. There are two primary schools in Fitzroy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217204240/http://fitzroyprimaryschool.vic.edu.au/ Fitzroy Primary School] (government school) and [http://www.shsfitzroy.catholic.edu.au/ Sacred Heart Primary School] (Catholic school). [http://www.fitzroyhs.vic.edu.au/ Fitzroy High School] is located in [[Fitzroy North, Victoria|Fitzroy North]]. A long tradition of community activism and civil society with many social and community service organisations having been based in Fitzroy. Organisations currently operating in the suburb include; the Fitzroy Legal Service, Yarra Community Housing Limited, [[Society of Saint Vincent de Paul#Australia|Society of Saint Vincent de Paul]], [[Brotherhood of St Laurence]] and the Tenants Union of Victoria, a free legal service for residential tenants. ==Transport== [[File:Fitzroy Melbourne.jpg|thumb|Brunswick Street]] [[File:A1 245 at St Vincents Plaza on route 112 (tram).jpg|thumb|St Vincents Plaza tram interchange]] Fitzroy's major road arterials are Brunswick Street (north-south) and Johnston Street (east-west). Other main roads include Victoria Parade, Nicholson Street, Smith Street and Alexandra Parade, which circumnavigate the suburb. It is characterised by a fairly tightly spaced rectangular grid of medium-sized streets, with many of its narrow streets and back lanes facilitating only one-way traffic. Traffic and parking congestion is a problem<ref>Millar, Royce [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/09/1047144868351.html "There goes the neighbourhood?"] The Age 10 March 2003</ref> and Fitzroy and local councils have implemented strategies to keep this traffic off residential side streets. It has been the site of several controversial inner city freeway proposals, particularly in the 1950s, however none of which have proceeded. There are no railway stations located in Fitzroy itself, with the nearest train stations being {{stnlnk|Rushall}} in Fitzroy North, and {{stnlnk|Collingwood}} and {{stnlnk|Parliament}} Stations. An underground railway line running between the [[City Loop, Melbourne|City Loop]] and [[Clifton Hill railway station, Melbourne|Clifton Hill]], with stations located beneath Brunswick Street and Smith Street, has been proposed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Three tram lines pass through Fitzroy or its boundaries: * [[Melbourne tram route 86|Route 86]] ([[Bundoora, Victoria|Bundoora]] – [[Docklands, Victoria|Docklands]]): travels along Nicholson Street, Gertrude Street and Smith Street. * [[Melbourne tram route 96|Route 96]] ([[Brunswick East, Victoria|East Brunswick]] – [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]]): travels along Nicholson Street. * [[Melbourne tram route 11|Route 11]] ([[Preston, Victoria|West Preston]] – [[Docklands, Victoria#Victoria Harbour|Victoria Harbour Docklands]]): bisects Fitzroy along Brunswick Street. The St Vincents Plaza tram interchange, in adjacent [[East Melbourne, Victoria|East Melbourne]], is at the junction of Victoria Parade and Brunswick Street and handles tram routes [[Melbourne tram route 24|24]], [[Melbourne tram route 30|30]], 86, [[Melbourne tram route 109|109]] and 11. [[File:Critical Mass Melbourne - Brunswick St.JPG|thumb|right|[[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] Melbourne at Brunswick Street]] Cycling is a very popular form of transport in Fitzroy,{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} as with much of the City of Yarra. A station for the Melbourne Bicycle Share scheme is located near the St Vincents Plaza tram interchange. The City of Yarra also supports a [[car sharing]] service, which has several locations in Fitzroy. ==Notable people== * [[Sir Doug Nicholls]] (1906–1908) – Aboriginal activist, pastor, and sportsman * [[Francis Birtles]] (1881–1941) – adventurer * [[Jack Cooper (Australian rules footballer, born 1889)|Jack Cooper]] (1889–1917) – Australian rules footballer. * [[Brody Dalle]] (1979–) – lead singer of [[The Distillers]]. * [[Bruce Dawe]] (1930–) – poet * [[Alfred Deakin]] (1856–1919) – second Prime Minister of Australia. * [[Arthur Drakeford]] (1878–1957) – politician * [[Florrie Forde]] (1875–1940) – music hall artist, popular singer and entertainer. * [[E. Phillips Fox]] (1865–1915) – painter, associated with the [[Heidelberg School]]. * James Andrew Kershaw (1866–1946) – scientist * David William Bresbane (1888–1960) – engineer * [[Sir (William) Keith Hancock|Keith Hancock]] (1898–1988) – historian * [[Harvey brothers]] – cricketing family ** [[Neil Harvey]] (1928–) – Test cricketer, captained one Test. ** [[Merv Harvey]] (1918–1995) – Test cricketer. ** [[Ray Harvey]] (1926–) – first-class cricketer. ** [[Mick Harvey (umpire)|Mick Harvey]] (1921–2016) – first-class cricketer and Test umpire. * [[Donald Alaster Macdonald]] (1859–1932) – journalist, nature writer and sports commentator. * [[Bertram Mackennal]] (1863–1931) – sculptor * [[Mary MacKillop]] (1842–1909) – Roman Catholic nun and the only Australian saint, born on Brunswick Street. * [[Laurie Nash]] (1910–1986) – Test cricketer. * [[Bert Newton]] (1938–) – television personality. * [[Charles Nuttall]] (1872–1934) – painter, cartoonist and illustrator. * [[Jack O'Hagan]] (1898–1987) – musician * [[Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson]] (1870–1946) – author * [[Ben Simmons]] (1996-) – [[National Basketball Association]] player * [[Alma Thorpe]] (1935-) – an indigenous elder * [[Frank S. Williamson]] (1865–1936) – poet * [[Alfred H. Horsfall]] (1871–1944) – military surgeon<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/horsfall-alfred-herbert-6737|title = Horsfall, Alfred Herbert (1871-1944)|date = 1983|access-date = 30 March 2015|website = Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher = Australian National University|last = White|first = Anthony D.}}</ref> * [[Anne Phelan]] (1948–2019) – actress Steven Rangiwahia - chef ==See also== * [[City of Fitzroy]] – A former local government area ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons|Fitzroy, Victoria}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150702103843/http://indolentdandy.net/fitzroyalty/ Fitzroyalty] Fitzroy based local blog *[http://shawfactor.com/gazetteer/victoria/fitzroy/ Local History of Fitzroy] *[http://cv.vic.gov.au/stories/built-environment/macrobertsons-confectionery-factory/walking-the-white-city-video/ Walking the White City - film of the industrial history of Fitzroy] on Culture Victoria *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Fitzroy |short=x}} *[https://qikicuisines.com.au/cafes/fitzroy-3065 The Culture of Cafes in Fitzroy] {{City of Yarra suburbs}} {{Melbourne landmarks}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzroy, Victoria}} [[Category:Fitzroy, Victoria| ]] [[Category:Suburbs of Melbourne]] [[Category:Hipster neighborhoods]] [[Category:Slums in Australia]]'