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{{Short description|Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{For2|hand-held weapons commonly called guns|[[Firearm]]|other uses|[[Gun (disambiguation)]]}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2018}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
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}}
{{wikt|gun}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
[[File:AMX-10RC 017-frein-de-gueule.jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an [[AMX 10 RC]] armored car.]]
[[File:SIG Pro by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|[[SIG Pro]] semi-automatic pistol]]
[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (350).jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of an [[M198 howitzer|M198 155mm howitzer]] venting propellant gases sideways as the howitzer is fired]]
[[File:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|thumb|Battleship [[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS ''Iowa'']] fires a full [[broadside]] from its nine [[16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun|sixteen-inch]] [[naval guns]]]]
A '''gun''' is a [[ranged weapon]] designed to use a shooting tube ([[gun barrel]]) to launch typically solid [[projectile]]s,<ref>The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 199, page 717</ref> but can also project pressurized [[liquid]] (e.g. [[water gun]]s/[[water cannon|cannon]]s, [[spray nozzle|spray gun]]s for [[spray painting|painting]] or [[pressure washing]], [[projected water disruptors]], and technically also [[flamethrower]]s), [[gas]] (e.g. [[light-gas gun]]) or even [[charged particle]]s (e.g. [[plasma torch|plasma gun]]). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with [[bullets]] and [[artillery shell]]s) or tethered (as with [[Taser gun]]s, [[speargun]]s and [[harpoon gun]]s). A large-[[caliber]] gun is also referred to as a '''[[cannon]]'''.


The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally effected [[pneumatic]]ally by a high [[gas pressure]] contained within the barrel tube, produced either through the rapid [[exothermic]] combustion of [[propellant]]s (as with [[firearm]]s), or by mechanical compression (as with [[air gun]]s). The high-pressure gas is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient [[muzzle velocity|launch velocity]] to sustain its further travel towards the target once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]]. Alternatively, new-concept [[linear motor]] weapons may employ an [[electromagnetic field]] to achieve acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by [[guide rail]]s (as in [[railgun]]s) or wrapped with [[magnetic coil]]s (as in [[coilgun]]s).
A '''muzzle brake''' or '''recoil compensator''' is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the [[firearm muzzle|muzzle]] or [[gun barrel|barrel]] of a [[firearm]] or [[cannon]] that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter [[recoil]] and unwanted [[muzzle rise]].<ref>[http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx Muzzle brake] in the NRA Firearms Glossary</ref> Barrels with an integral muzzle brake are often said to be '''ported'''.


The first devices identified as guns appeared in [[History of China|China]] from around CE 1000. By the 12th century, the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author=Judith Herbst|title=The History of Weapons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|year=2005|publisher=Lerner Publications|isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9|page=8|access-date=2016-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|archive-date=2016-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
The concept of a muzzle brake was first introduced for artillery. It was a common feature on many [[anti-tank gun]]s, especially those mounted on [[tank]]s, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for [[Practical shooting|practical pistol]] competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.<ref name="limcat">[http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html STI article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html |date=29 September 2007 }} on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator</ref>


== Rationale ==
==Etymology==
The origin of the English word ''gun'' is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. ''Domina Gunilda'' was the name given to a remarkably large [[ballista]], a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at [[Windsor Castle]] during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from the [[Old Norse]] woman's proper name ''Gunnhildr'' which combines two Norse words referring to battle.<ref>Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). ''The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories.'' Basic Books. pg.207</ref> In any case the term ''[[Hand cannon|gonne]]'' or ''gunne'' was applied to early hand-held firearms by the late 14th or early 15th century.
[[File:MuzzleRise.png|thumb|Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm/height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E]]


==History==
The interchangeable terms [[muzzle rise]], muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.<ref name="Sweeney2012">{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title=The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269|date= 2012|publisher=Gun Digest Books|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-2868-1|page=269}}</ref>
{{Further|History of the firearm}}
[[File:Yuan chinese gun.jpg|thumb|[[Hand cannon]] from the Chinese [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368)]]
[[File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg|thumb|Western European [[handgun]], 1380]]
[[File:Jacob de Gheyn - Wapenhandelinge 4.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[musketeer]] (1608)]]
The first device identified as a gun, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, appeared in [[China]] around AD 1000.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The Chinese had previously invented [[gunpowder]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=2}} "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the context of the studies in this volume."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=7}} "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."</ref><ref name=chase>{{Harvnb|Chase|2003|pp=31–32}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}


An early type of [[firearm]] (or portable gun) is the [[fire lance]], a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a [[flamethrower]]; [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.<ref name="chase"/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=crosby>{{Harvnb|Crosby|2002|p=99}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|pp=8–9}}</ref> The ''De'an Shoucheng Lu'', an account of the [[siege of De'an]] in 1132, records that [[Song Dynasty|Song]] forces used fire-lances against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Needham|1986|p=222}}</ref>
The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm's grip and stock. The [[reactive force]]s from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.<ref name="Sweeney2012"/> If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a [[torque|moment]] or [[torque]] (rotational force) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise. The [[M1946 Sieg automatic rifle]] had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downward, but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic.<ref name="Paulsen2008">{{cite book|last=Paulsen|first=Gary|title=The Rifle|date= 2008|publisher=Paw Prints|isbn=978-1-4395-1757-4|page=277}}</ref>


In due course, the proportion of [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and [[bamboo]] of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.<ref name=chase/> And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal, high-[[nitrate]] gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=10}}</ref>
== Design and construction ==


Breech-loading guns called [[cetbang]] were used by the [[Majapahit]] Empire during the conquest of [[Nusantara]] in 1336–1350. The knowledge of making powder weapons in Java is thought to have originated from the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol invasion in 1293]].<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> These swivel guns mounted on various vessels of the Majapahit navy were used to great effect against traditional boarding-style warfare of other kingdoms in the archipelago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2012|isbn=978-981-4311-96-0}}</ref>
[[File:M47 main gun muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|left|Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank]]
Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the [[90 mm M3 gun]] used on the [[M47 Patton tank]]. This consists of a small length of tubing (mounted at right angles) at the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to '''''redirect and control the burst of combustion gases''''' following the departure of a projectile.


One theory of how gunpowder came to [[Europe]] is that it made its way along the [[Silk Road]] through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Norris|2003|p=11}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=chase58>{{Harvcolnb|Chase|2003|p=58}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} English [[Privy Wardrobe]] accounts list "ribaldis", a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at [[Siege of Calais (1346)|Calais]] in 1346.<ref>David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; {{ISBN|978-1-85532-966-9}}.</ref> The earliest surviving{{clarify|date=March 2016}} firearm in Europe has been found from [[Otepää]], [[Estonia]] and it dates to at least 1396.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim|url=http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|archive-date=2012-06-14|language=et}}</ref>
All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: to partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore at a (generally) perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel. The [[momentum]] of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upward, they will exert a downward force and counteract [[muzzle rise]]. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise.


Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held [[cannon]]s were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the [[Ottoman empire]] used firearms as part of its regular infantry.
[[File:AKM muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|The [[AKM]] rifle's slant-cut muzzle brake]]
Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward. On the [[AKM]] assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil.


The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the [[Gatling Gun]], invented by [[Richard Gatling]] and fielded by the Union forces during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1860s. The [[Maxim gun]], the first [[machine gun]] came shortly thereafter, developed in 1885 by [[Hiram Maxim]].
Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.<ref>[http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html Mag-Na-Port] handgun porting information</ref>


The world's first [[submachine gun]] (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the [[MP 18|MP 18.1]], invented by [[Theodor Bergmann]]. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the [[Stosstruppen]] (assault groups specialized in trench combat).
More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on [[International Practical Shooting Confederation|IPSC]] raceguns.<ref name=limcat />


The first assault rifle was introduced during [[World War II]] by the Germans, known as the [[StG44]]. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder.
== Venting direction ==
[[File:Custom XD-40 V-10.jpg|thumb|[[Springfield Armory, Inc.]], custom {{nowrap|[[Springfield Armory XD|XD]]-40 V-10}} with ported barrel and slide]]
[[File:Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg|thumb|[[DoubleTap derringer|DoubleTap .45ACP derringer]] with ported barrels]]
Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|title=Brownells - Firearms, Reloading Supplies, Gunsmithing Tools, Gun Parts and Accessories|website=www.brownells.com|access-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} KIES linear compensator</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator</ref> Since that is where the [[bullet]] is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm, they are effectively a type of [[muzzle shroud]]. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backward, instead, the effect is similar to the [[reverse thrust]] system on an aircraft jet engine: any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter.


==Operating principle==
When the gases are primarily directed upward, the braking is referred to as ''porting''.{{citation needed|reason=even when using a muzzle brake (see below) it's called porting? Does not make sense.|date=August 2018}} Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the [[gun barrel|barrel]] and [[pistol slide|slide]] on [[pistol]]s. These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Popular Mechanics|author=Hearst Magazines|title=Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On MuzzlePopular Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248|date=August 1932|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=248}}</ref> The concept is an application of [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's third law]]; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity, while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity. Porting has the advantage for faster follow-up shots, especially for [[Burst mode (firearm)|3-round burst]] operation.{{citation needed|reason=it isn't obvious why this would be the case, if it's true|date=August 2018}}
Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of [[gunpowder]]. This principle is similar to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s, except that the bullet leaves the barrel, while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by [[deflagration]] rather than by [[detonation]], and the optimal [[gunpowder]], like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of a [[shock wave]], which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any bullet, and would leave the gun as [[sound]] either through the barrel or the bullet itself rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunlap|first=Roy F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works|title=Gunsmithing|date=June 1963|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0770-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/|title=How Guns Work|website=Pew Pew Tactical|language=en-US}}</ref>


== Effectiveness ==
==Components==


===Barrel===
Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]], in general, a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured. Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well-measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio ([[overbore]] cartridges) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges.
[[Image:105mm tank gun Rifling.jpg|thumb|Rifling of a 105 mm [[Royal Ordnance L7]] tank gun.]]
Barrel types include [[rifling|rifled]]—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and [[smoothbore]] when the projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically, interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in millimetres. Some guns—such as [[shotgun]]s—report the weapon's [[gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]] (which is the number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the weapon's usual projectile.


===Projectile===
Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore [[vermin]] rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a [[telescopic sight]]. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated.
A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the [[Gyrojet]] and certain other types combine the projectile and propellant into a single item.


== Disadvantages ==
==Terminology==
The term gun may refer to any sort of projectile weapon from large cannons to small [[firearm]]s including those that are usually hand-held ([[handgun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|title=Gun - Definition of Gun by Merriam-Webster|access-date=2013-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|archive-date=2013-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The word gun is also commonly used to describe objects which, while they are not themselves weapons, produce an effect or possess a form which is in some way evocative of a handgun or [[long gun]].
[[File:US Navy 090925-N-2915M-052 A U.S. Marine Corps saluting battery detail fires a 17-gun salute during the arrival of Adm. Timothy J. Keating.jpg|thumb|Muzzle flash without muzzle brake]]
[[File:120704-A-IX566-193 (7557291576).jpg|thumb|Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake]]
There are a number of potential downsides to brakes and compensators.


The use of the term "[[cannon]]" is interchangeable with "gun" as words borrowed from the French language during the early 15th century, from [[Old French]] ''canon'', itself a borrowing from the Italian ''cannone'', a "large tube" augmentative of Latin ''canna'' "reed or cane".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|title=cannon - Origin and history of cannon by Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|archive-date=2012-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent scholarship indicates that the term "gun" may have its origins in the [[Norse language|Norse]] woman's name "Gunnildr" (which means "War-sword"), which was often shortened to "Gunna".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339. Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners" and "artillers"{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=30}} Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the gunner's craft was considered a [[black magic|black art]], a point reinforced by the smell of [[sulfur]] on battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the [[muzzle blast]] and accompanying [[Muzzle flash|flash]].{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=32}}
The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and [[lead exposure]]. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid [[Noise-induced hearing loss#Acoustic trauma|hearing damage]] with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on [[sniper team]] fired [[anti-materiel rifle]]s like the [[Barrett M82]].<ref name="Wieland2009">{{cite book|last=Wieland|first=Terry|title=Dangerous-Game Rifles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550|date=15 October 2009|publisher=Down East Books|isbn=978-0-89272-902-9|page=550}}</ref>


The word [[cannon]] is retained in some cases for the actual gun tube but not the weapon system. The title gunner is applied to the member of the team charged with operating, aiming, and firing a gun.
Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10&nbsp;dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160&nbsp;dB(A) ± 3&nbsp;dB.<ref>[http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125&nbsp;dB(A),<ref>{{in lang|de|en}} [http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm |date=28 March 2009 }}</ref> with some references claiming 133&nbsp;dB(A) for the threshold of pain.<ref name="Hearing Protection Basics">{{cite web|url=http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#|title=More About: Shooting/Hunting Hearing Protection|website=www.earplugstore.com}}</ref>


[[Autocannon]]s are automatic guns designed primarily to fire shells and are mounted on a vehicle or other mount. [[Machine guns]] are similar, but usually designed to fire simple projectiles. In some calibers and some usages, these two definitions overlap.
Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.<ref name="Wieland2009"/>


In contemporary military and naval parlance the term ''gun'' has a very specific meaning and refers solely to any large-caliber, direct-fire, high-velocity, flat-trajectory artillery piece employing an explosive-filled hollowed metal [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] or [[Kinetic penetrator|solid bolt]] as its primary projectile.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This later usage contrasts with large-calibre, high-angle, low-velocity, indirect-fire weapons such as [[howitzer]]s, [[Mortar (weapons)|mortar]]s, and [[grenade launcher]]s which invariantly employ explosive-filled shells. In other military use, the term "gun" refers primarily to [[direct fire]] weapons that capitalize on their [[muzzle velocity]] for penetration or range. In modern parlance, these weapons are [[breech-loaded]] and built primarily for long range fire with a low or almost flat [[External ballistics|ballistic]] arc. A variation is the [[howitzer]] or gun-howitzer designed to offer the ability to fire both low or high-angle ballistic arcs. In this use, example guns include [[naval artillery|naval guns]]. A less strict application of the word is to identify one artillery weapon system or non-machine gun projectile armament on aircraft.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
Another problem can occur when [[Sabot (firearms)|sabot]]ed ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS)]], a type of [[Kinetic energy penetrator|long-rod penetrator (LRP)]] (or kinetic energy penetrator) are used.<ref name="Tilstra2011">{{cite book|last=Tilstra|first=Russell C.|title=Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8875-9|page=118}}</ref> Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern [[Tank gun#Smoothbore|main battle tank gun]]s have muzzle brakes.


A related military use of the word is in describing [[gun-type fission weapon]]. In this instance, the "gun" is part of a [[nuclear weapon]] and contains an explosively propelled sub-critical slug of [[fissile material]] within a barrel to be fired into a second sub-critical mass in order to initiate the fission reaction. Potentially confused with this usage are small nuclear devices capable of being fired by artillery or [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|recoilless rifle.]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.<ref name="CarlucciJacobson2007">{{cite book|last1=Carlucci|first1=Donald E.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Sidney S.|title=Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158|date=11 December 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6619-7|page=158}}</ref> Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.<ref name="PressNavy1992">{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=Paladin|last2=Navy|first2=U S|title=Seal Sniper Training Program|year=1992|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-0-87364-683-3|page=66}}</ref> Linear compensators and [[suppressor]]s do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity.


In civilian use, the [[captive bolt pistol]] is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm animals for slaughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|title=Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law - How it applies to you|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|archive-date=2014-04-05}}</ref>
The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high-pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced [[paranasal sinuses|sinus cavity]] concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for [[anti-materiel rifle]] shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to [[retinal detachment]] when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.<ref name="Boatman2004">{{cite book|last=Boatman|first=Robert H.|title=Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle|year=2004|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-58160-440-5|page=86}}</ref>


[[Shotgun]]s are normally civilian weapons used primarily for hunting. These weapons are typically smooth bored and fire a shell containing small lead or steel balls. Variations use rifled barrels or fire other projectiles including solid lead slugs, a [[Taser]] [[XREP]] projectile capable of stunning a target, or other payloads. In military versions, these weapons are often used to burst door hinges or locks in addition to antipersonnel uses.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
==Examples==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Flickr - ~Steve Z~ - S^W 500 Magnum (1).jpg|The [[S&W Model 500]] revolver features a muzzle brake
File:Muzzle break 30mm mauser machine canon.jpg|The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser [[autocannon]]
File:Air force female sniper.jpg|The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle
File:PGM-Hecate-seul-img 1008.jpg|The prominent muzzle brake of the [[PGM Hecate II]]
File:Muzzle of a .375H&H Rifle.JPG|Integral muzzle brake or porting on a [[Blaser R93]] hunting rifle.
</gallery>


==Types==
== US legislation and regulation ==
The State of California outlaws [[flash suppressor]]s on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.<ref>{{cite web|publisher =California Department of Justice|title=Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines|url=http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf|quote=“flash suppressor” means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).|date=1999}}</ref>


===Military===
The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the [[SIG Sauer MPX#MPX-C (Carbine variant)|SIG Sauer MPX Carbine]], adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version's [[suppressor]] and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake, constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX-C a Title II [[National Firearms Act|NFA weapon]]. [[SIG Sauer]], the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392 | title=SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer | work=Seacoastonline.com | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=29 December 2014 | author=Dinan, Elizabeth}}</ref> In September 2015, Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF's ruling; despite SIG successfully establishing that the weapon did not suppress the weapon's sound, the ATF successfully established that it was ''intended'' to suppress the sound, which was legally sufficient.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/ ''Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit: It’s a silencer''], Guns.com, 25 September 2015</ref>
*[[Long gun]]
**[[Arquebus]]
**[[Blunderbuss]]
**[[Musket]]
***[[Musketoon]]
***[[Wall gun]]
***[[Grenade launcher]]
**[[Submachine gun]]
***[[Personal defense weapon]]
**[[Rifle]]
***[[Lever-action rifle]]
***[[Bolt-action rifle]]
***[[Assault rifle]]
***[[Battle rifle]]
***[[Carbine]]
***[[Designated marksman rifle]]
***[[Service rifle]]
***[[Sniper rifle]]
**[[Shotgun]]
***[[Combat shotgun]]
***[[Semi-automatic shotgun]]
***[[Automatic shotgun]]


== See also ==
===Handguns===
* [[Flash suppressor]]
*[[Handgun]]
* [[Muzzle booster]]
** [[Derringer]]
* [[Muzzle shroud]]
** [[Pistol]]
* [[Silencer (firearms)]]
***[[Machine pistol]]
***[[Service pistol]]
**[[Revolver]][[File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG|thumb|[[IOF .32 Revolver]] chambered in .32 S&W Long]][[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|Smith & Wesson "Military and Police" [[revolver]]]]
***[[Service revolver]]


== References ==
===Hunting===
*[[Air gun]]
**[[BB gun]]
*[[Elephant gun]]
*[[Express rifle]]
*[[Rimfire rifle]]
*[[Speargun]]
*[[Varmint rifle]]


===Machine guns===
{{reflist|30em}}
*[[Gatling gun]]
**[[Minigun]]
[[File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg|thumb|The [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5]] submachine gun is widely used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.]]
*[[Nordenfelt gun]]
*[[Metal Storm Limited|Metal Storm]]
*[[Mitrailleuse]]
*[[Submachine gun]]
**[[Machine pistol]]
*[[Machine gun]]
**[[General-purpose machine gun]]
**[[Light machine gun]]
***[[Squad Automatic Weapon]]
***[[Infantry Automatic Rifle]]
**[[Medium machine gun]]
**[[Heavy machine gun]]


===Autocannon===
== External links ==
*[[Autocannon]]
{{Commons category|Muzzle brakes}}
*[[Chain gun]]
* [http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html High speed photography on muzzle brakes]
*[[Revolver cannon]]
* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm Chuck Hawks'] article on muzzle brakes
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm Pictures of various muzzle brake types]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes Adventures with muzzle brakes]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm Glock's page on Compensated Pistols]


===Artillery===
[[Category:Firearm muzzle devices]]
[[Category:Artillery components]]
*[[Artillery|Artillery gun]]
**[[Cannon]]
**[[Carronade]]
**[[Falconet (cannon)|Falconet]]
**[[Field gun]]
**[[Howitzer]]

===Tank===
*[[Tank gun]]

===Rescue equipment===
* [[Flare gun]]
* [[Lyle gun]]

===Training and entertainment===
* [[Airsoft gun]]
* [[Drill Purpose Rifle]]
* [[Paintball marker|Paintball gun]]
* [[Potato cannon]]
* [[Spud gun (toy)|Spud gun]]
* [[Cap gun]]
* [[Water gun]]
* [[Nerf Blasters|Nerf gun]]

===Energy===
* [[Directed-energy weapon]]

==See also==
* [[Coilgun]]
* [[Firearm]]
* [[Gun control]]
* [[Gun cultures]]
* [[Gun ownership]]
* [[Gun Quarter]]
* [[Gun safety]]
* [[Overview of gun laws by nation]]
* [[Railgun]]
* [[Electroshock weapon|Stun gun]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==References==
{{wiktionary|gun}}
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Brenda | title = Gunpowder, explosives and the state : a technological history | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, VT | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-351-93190-8 }}
*{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Jack|title=Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7867-3900-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Lee|first=R. Geoffrey|title=Introduction to Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology|year=1981|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=0080270433}}
*{{cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | title = Science and civilisation in China | publisher = University Press | location = Cambridge England | orig-year = 1954 |year=1986 | isbn = 978-0-521-30358-3 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Firearms]]
[[Category:Projectile weapons]]
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Gunpowder]]

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'{{Multiple issues| {{More footnotes|date=April 2018}} {{Original research|date=January 2021}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} [[File:AMX-10RC 017-frein-de-gueule.jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an [[AMX 10 RC]] armored car.]] [[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (350).jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of an [[M198 howitzer|M198 155mm howitzer]] venting propellant gases sideways as the howitzer is fired]] A '''muzzle brake''' or '''recoil compensator''' is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the [[firearm muzzle|muzzle]] or [[gun barrel|barrel]] of a [[firearm]] or [[cannon]] that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter [[recoil]] and unwanted [[muzzle rise]].<ref>[http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx Muzzle brake] in the NRA Firearms Glossary</ref> Barrels with an integral muzzle brake are often said to be '''ported'''. The concept of a muzzle brake was first introduced for artillery. It was a common feature on many [[anti-tank gun]]s, especially those mounted on [[tank]]s, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for [[Practical shooting|practical pistol]] competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.<ref name="limcat">[http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html STI article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html |date=29 September 2007 }} on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator</ref> == Rationale == [[File:MuzzleRise.png|thumb|Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm/height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E]] The interchangeable terms [[muzzle rise]], muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.<ref name="Sweeney2012">{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title=The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269|date= 2012|publisher=Gun Digest Books|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-2868-1|page=269}}</ref> The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm's grip and stock. The [[reactive force]]s from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.<ref name="Sweeney2012"/> If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a [[torque|moment]] or [[torque]] (rotational force) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise. The [[M1946 Sieg automatic rifle]] had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downward, but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic.<ref name="Paulsen2008">{{cite book|last=Paulsen|first=Gary|title=The Rifle|date= 2008|publisher=Paw Prints|isbn=978-1-4395-1757-4|page=277}}</ref> == Design and construction == [[File:M47 main gun muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|left|Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank]] Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the [[90 mm M3 gun]] used on the [[M47 Patton tank]]. This consists of a small length of tubing (mounted at right angles) at the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to '''''redirect and control the burst of combustion gases''''' following the departure of a projectile. All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: to partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore at a (generally) perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel. The [[momentum]] of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upward, they will exert a downward force and counteract [[muzzle rise]]. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise. [[File:AKM muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|The [[AKM]] rifle's slant-cut muzzle brake]] Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward. On the [[AKM]] assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil. Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.<ref>[http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html Mag-Na-Port] handgun porting information</ref> More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on [[International Practical Shooting Confederation|IPSC]] raceguns.<ref name=limcat /> == Venting direction == [[File:Custom XD-40 V-10.jpg|thumb|[[Springfield Armory, Inc.]], custom {{nowrap|[[Springfield Armory XD|XD]]-40 V-10}} with ported barrel and slide]] [[File:Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg|thumb|[[DoubleTap derringer|DoubleTap .45ACP derringer]] with ported barrels]] Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|title=Brownells - Firearms, Reloading Supplies, Gunsmithing Tools, Gun Parts and Accessories|website=www.brownells.com|access-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} KIES linear compensator</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator</ref> Since that is where the [[bullet]] is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm, they are effectively a type of [[muzzle shroud]]. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backward, instead, the effect is similar to the [[reverse thrust]] system on an aircraft jet engine: any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter. When the gases are primarily directed upward, the braking is referred to as ''porting''.{{citation needed|reason=even when using a muzzle brake (see below) it's called porting? Does not make sense.|date=August 2018}} Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the [[gun barrel|barrel]] and [[pistol slide|slide]] on [[pistol]]s. These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Popular Mechanics|author=Hearst Magazines|title=Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On MuzzlePopular Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248|date=August 1932|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=248}}</ref> The concept is an application of [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's third law]]; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity, while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity. Porting has the advantage for faster follow-up shots, especially for [[Burst mode (firearm)|3-round burst]] operation.{{citation needed|reason=it isn't obvious why this would be the case, if it's true|date=August 2018}} == Effectiveness == Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]], in general, a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured. Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well-measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio ([[overbore]] cartridges) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges. Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore [[vermin]] rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a [[telescopic sight]]. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated. == Disadvantages == [[File:US Navy 090925-N-2915M-052 A U.S. Marine Corps saluting battery detail fires a 17-gun salute during the arrival of Adm. Timothy J. Keating.jpg|thumb|Muzzle flash without muzzle brake]] [[File:120704-A-IX566-193 (7557291576).jpg|thumb|Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake]] There are a number of potential downsides to brakes and compensators. The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and [[lead exposure]]. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid [[Noise-induced hearing loss#Acoustic trauma|hearing damage]] with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on [[sniper team]] fired [[anti-materiel rifle]]s like the [[Barrett M82]].<ref name="Wieland2009">{{cite book|last=Wieland|first=Terry|title=Dangerous-Game Rifles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550|date=15 October 2009|publisher=Down East Books|isbn=978-0-89272-902-9|page=550}}</ref> Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10&nbsp;dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160&nbsp;dB(A) ± 3&nbsp;dB.<ref>[http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125&nbsp;dB(A),<ref>{{in lang|de|en}} [http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm |date=28 March 2009 }}</ref> with some references claiming 133&nbsp;dB(A) for the threshold of pain.<ref name="Hearing Protection Basics">{{cite web|url=http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#|title=More About: Shooting/Hunting Hearing Protection|website=www.earplugstore.com}}</ref> Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.<ref name="Wieland2009"/> Another problem can occur when [[Sabot (firearms)|sabot]]ed ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS)]], a type of [[Kinetic energy penetrator|long-rod penetrator (LRP)]] (or kinetic energy penetrator) are used.<ref name="Tilstra2011">{{cite book|last=Tilstra|first=Russell C.|title=Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8875-9|page=118}}</ref> Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern [[Tank gun#Smoothbore|main battle tank gun]]s have muzzle brakes. A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.<ref name="CarlucciJacobson2007">{{cite book|last1=Carlucci|first1=Donald E.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Sidney S.|title=Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158|date=11 December 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6619-7|page=158}}</ref> Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.<ref name="PressNavy1992">{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=Paladin|last2=Navy|first2=U S|title=Seal Sniper Training Program|year=1992|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-0-87364-683-3|page=66}}</ref> Linear compensators and [[suppressor]]s do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity. The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high-pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced [[paranasal sinuses|sinus cavity]] concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for [[anti-materiel rifle]] shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to [[retinal detachment]] when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.<ref name="Boatman2004">{{cite book|last=Boatman|first=Robert H.|title=Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle|year=2004|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-58160-440-5|page=86}}</ref> ==Examples== <gallery widths=180> File:Flickr - ~Steve Z~ - S^W 500 Magnum (1).jpg|The [[S&W Model 500]] revolver features a muzzle brake File:Muzzle break 30mm mauser machine canon.jpg|The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser [[autocannon]] File:Air force female sniper.jpg|The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle File:PGM-Hecate-seul-img 1008.jpg|The prominent muzzle brake of the [[PGM Hecate II]] File:Muzzle of a .375H&H Rifle.JPG|Integral muzzle brake or porting on a [[Blaser R93]] hunting rifle. </gallery> == US legislation and regulation == The State of California outlaws [[flash suppressor]]s on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.<ref>{{cite web|publisher =California Department of Justice|title=Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines|url=http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf|quote=“flash suppressor” means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).|date=1999}}</ref> The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the [[SIG Sauer MPX#MPX-C (Carbine variant)|SIG Sauer MPX Carbine]], adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version's [[suppressor]] and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake, constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX-C a Title II [[National Firearms Act|NFA weapon]]. [[SIG Sauer]], the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392 | title=SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer | work=Seacoastonline.com | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=29 December 2014 | author=Dinan, Elizabeth}}</ref> In September 2015, Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF's ruling; despite SIG successfully establishing that the weapon did not suppress the weapon's sound, the ATF successfully established that it was ''intended'' to suppress the sound, which was legally sufficient.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/ ''Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit: It’s a silencer''], Guns.com, 25 September 2015</ref> == See also == * [[Flash suppressor]] * [[Muzzle booster]] * [[Muzzle shroud]] * [[Silencer (firearms)]] == References == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Commons category|Muzzle brakes}} * [http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html High speed photography on muzzle brakes] * [http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm Chuck Hawks'] article on muzzle brakes * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm Pictures of various muzzle brake types] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes Adventures with muzzle brakes] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm Glock's page on Compensated Pistols] [[Category:Firearm muzzle devices]] [[Category:Artillery components]]'
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'{{Short description|Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles}} {{For2|hand-held weapons commonly called guns|[[Firearm]]|other uses|[[Gun (disambiguation)]]}} {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{wikt|gun}} {{more citations needed|date=December 2012}} [[File:SIG Pro by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|[[SIG Pro]] semi-automatic pistol]] [[File:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|thumb|Battleship [[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS ''Iowa'']] fires a full [[broadside]] from its nine [[16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun|sixteen-inch]] [[naval guns]]]] A '''gun''' is a [[ranged weapon]] designed to use a shooting tube ([[gun barrel]]) to launch typically solid [[projectile]]s,<ref>The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 199, page 717</ref> but can also project pressurized [[liquid]] (e.g. [[water gun]]s/[[water cannon|cannon]]s, [[spray nozzle|spray gun]]s for [[spray painting|painting]] or [[pressure washing]], [[projected water disruptors]], and technically also [[flamethrower]]s), [[gas]] (e.g. [[light-gas gun]]) or even [[charged particle]]s (e.g. [[plasma torch|plasma gun]]). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with [[bullets]] and [[artillery shell]]s) or tethered (as with [[Taser gun]]s, [[speargun]]s and [[harpoon gun]]s). A large-[[caliber]] gun is also referred to as a '''[[cannon]]'''. The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally effected [[pneumatic]]ally by a high [[gas pressure]] contained within the barrel tube, produced either through the rapid [[exothermic]] combustion of [[propellant]]s (as with [[firearm]]s), or by mechanical compression (as with [[air gun]]s). The high-pressure gas is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient [[muzzle velocity|launch velocity]] to sustain its further travel towards the target once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]]. Alternatively, new-concept [[linear motor]] weapons may employ an [[electromagnetic field]] to achieve acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by [[guide rail]]s (as in [[railgun]]s) or wrapped with [[magnetic coil]]s (as in [[coilgun]]s). The first devices identified as guns appeared in [[History of China|China]] from around CE 1000. By the 12th century, the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author=Judith Herbst|title=The History of Weapons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|year=2005|publisher=Lerner Publications|isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9|page=8|access-date=2016-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|archive-date=2016-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Etymology== The origin of the English word ''gun'' is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. ''Domina Gunilda'' was the name given to a remarkably large [[ballista]], a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at [[Windsor Castle]] during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from the [[Old Norse]] woman's proper name ''Gunnhildr'' which combines two Norse words referring to battle.<ref>Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). ''The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories.'' Basic Books. pg.207</ref> In any case the term ''[[Hand cannon|gonne]]'' or ''gunne'' was applied to early hand-held firearms by the late 14th or early 15th century. ==History== {{Further|History of the firearm}} [[File:Yuan chinese gun.jpg|thumb|[[Hand cannon]] from the Chinese [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368)]] [[File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg|thumb|Western European [[handgun]], 1380]] [[File:Jacob de Gheyn - Wapenhandelinge 4.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[musketeer]] (1608)]] The first device identified as a gun, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, appeared in [[China]] around AD 1000.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The Chinese had previously invented [[gunpowder]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=2}} "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the context of the studies in this volume."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=7}} "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."</ref><ref name=chase>{{Harvnb|Chase|2003|pp=31–32}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} An early type of [[firearm]] (or portable gun) is the [[fire lance]], a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a [[flamethrower]]; [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.<ref name="chase"/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=crosby>{{Harvnb|Crosby|2002|p=99}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|pp=8–9}}</ref> The ''De'an Shoucheng Lu'', an account of the [[siege of De'an]] in 1132, records that [[Song Dynasty|Song]] forces used fire-lances against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Needham|1986|p=222}}</ref> In due course, the proportion of [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and [[bamboo]] of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.<ref name=chase/> And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal, high-[[nitrate]] gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=10}}</ref> Breech-loading guns called [[cetbang]] were used by the [[Majapahit]] Empire during the conquest of [[Nusantara]] in 1336–1350. The knowledge of making powder weapons in Java is thought to have originated from the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol invasion in 1293]].<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> These swivel guns mounted on various vessels of the Majapahit navy were used to great effect against traditional boarding-style warfare of other kingdoms in the archipelago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2012|isbn=978-981-4311-96-0}}</ref> One theory of how gunpowder came to [[Europe]] is that it made its way along the [[Silk Road]] through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Norris|2003|p=11}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=chase58>{{Harvcolnb|Chase|2003|p=58}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} English [[Privy Wardrobe]] accounts list "ribaldis", a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at [[Siege of Calais (1346)|Calais]] in 1346.<ref>David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; {{ISBN|978-1-85532-966-9}}.</ref> The earliest surviving{{clarify|date=March 2016}} firearm in Europe has been found from [[Otepää]], [[Estonia]] and it dates to at least 1396.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim|url=http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|archive-date=2012-06-14|language=et}}</ref> Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held [[cannon]]s were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the [[Ottoman empire]] used firearms as part of its regular infantry. The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the [[Gatling Gun]], invented by [[Richard Gatling]] and fielded by the Union forces during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1860s. The [[Maxim gun]], the first [[machine gun]] came shortly thereafter, developed in 1885 by [[Hiram Maxim]]. The world's first [[submachine gun]] (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the [[MP 18|MP 18.1]], invented by [[Theodor Bergmann]]. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the [[Stosstruppen]] (assault groups specialized in trench combat). The first assault rifle was introduced during [[World War II]] by the Germans, known as the [[StG44]]. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder. ==Operating principle== Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of [[gunpowder]]. This principle is similar to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s, except that the bullet leaves the barrel, while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by [[deflagration]] rather than by [[detonation]], and the optimal [[gunpowder]], like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of a [[shock wave]], which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any bullet, and would leave the gun as [[sound]] either through the barrel or the bullet itself rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunlap|first=Roy F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works|title=Gunsmithing|date=June 1963|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0770-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/|title=How Guns Work|website=Pew Pew Tactical|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Components== ===Barrel=== [[Image:105mm tank gun Rifling.jpg|thumb|Rifling of a 105 mm [[Royal Ordnance L7]] tank gun.]] Barrel types include [[rifling|rifled]]—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and [[smoothbore]] when the projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically, interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in millimetres. Some guns—such as [[shotgun]]s—report the weapon's [[gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]] (which is the number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the weapon's usual projectile. ===Projectile=== A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the [[Gyrojet]] and certain other types combine the projectile and propellant into a single item. ==Terminology== The term gun may refer to any sort of projectile weapon from large cannons to small [[firearm]]s including those that are usually hand-held ([[handgun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|title=Gun - Definition of Gun by Merriam-Webster|access-date=2013-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|archive-date=2013-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The word gun is also commonly used to describe objects which, while they are not themselves weapons, produce an effect or possess a form which is in some way evocative of a handgun or [[long gun]]. The use of the term "[[cannon]]" is interchangeable with "gun" as words borrowed from the French language during the early 15th century, from [[Old French]] ''canon'', itself a borrowing from the Italian ''cannone'', a "large tube" augmentative of Latin ''canna'' "reed or cane".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|title=cannon - Origin and history of cannon by Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|archive-date=2012-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent scholarship indicates that the term "gun" may have its origins in the [[Norse language|Norse]] woman's name "Gunnildr" (which means "War-sword"), which was often shortened to "Gunna".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339. Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners" and "artillers"{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=30}} Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the gunner's craft was considered a [[black magic|black art]], a point reinforced by the smell of [[sulfur]] on battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the [[muzzle blast]] and accompanying [[Muzzle flash|flash]].{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=32}} The word [[cannon]] is retained in some cases for the actual gun tube but not the weapon system. The title gunner is applied to the member of the team charged with operating, aiming, and firing a gun. [[Autocannon]]s are automatic guns designed primarily to fire shells and are mounted on a vehicle or other mount. [[Machine guns]] are similar, but usually designed to fire simple projectiles. In some calibers and some usages, these two definitions overlap. In contemporary military and naval parlance the term ''gun'' has a very specific meaning and refers solely to any large-caliber, direct-fire, high-velocity, flat-trajectory artillery piece employing an explosive-filled hollowed metal [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] or [[Kinetic penetrator|solid bolt]] as its primary projectile.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This later usage contrasts with large-calibre, high-angle, low-velocity, indirect-fire weapons such as [[howitzer]]s, [[Mortar (weapons)|mortar]]s, and [[grenade launcher]]s which invariantly employ explosive-filled shells. In other military use, the term "gun" refers primarily to [[direct fire]] weapons that capitalize on their [[muzzle velocity]] for penetration or range. In modern parlance, these weapons are [[breech-loaded]] and built primarily for long range fire with a low or almost flat [[External ballistics|ballistic]] arc. A variation is the [[howitzer]] or gun-howitzer designed to offer the ability to fire both low or high-angle ballistic arcs. In this use, example guns include [[naval artillery|naval guns]]. A less strict application of the word is to identify one artillery weapon system or non-machine gun projectile armament on aircraft.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} A related military use of the word is in describing [[gun-type fission weapon]]. In this instance, the "gun" is part of a [[nuclear weapon]] and contains an explosively propelled sub-critical slug of [[fissile material]] within a barrel to be fired into a second sub-critical mass in order to initiate the fission reaction. Potentially confused with this usage are small nuclear devices capable of being fired by artillery or [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|recoilless rifle.]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In civilian use, the [[captive bolt pistol]] is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm animals for slaughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|title=Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law - How it applies to you|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|archive-date=2014-04-05}}</ref> [[Shotgun]]s are normally civilian weapons used primarily for hunting. These weapons are typically smooth bored and fire a shell containing small lead or steel balls. Variations use rifled barrels or fire other projectiles including solid lead slugs, a [[Taser]] [[XREP]] projectile capable of stunning a target, or other payloads. In military versions, these weapons are often used to burst door hinges or locks in addition to antipersonnel uses.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} ==Types== ===Military=== *[[Long gun]] **[[Arquebus]] **[[Blunderbuss]] **[[Musket]] ***[[Musketoon]] ***[[Wall gun]] ***[[Grenade launcher]] **[[Submachine gun]] ***[[Personal defense weapon]] **[[Rifle]] ***[[Lever-action rifle]] ***[[Bolt-action rifle]] ***[[Assault rifle]] ***[[Battle rifle]] ***[[Carbine]] ***[[Designated marksman rifle]] ***[[Service rifle]] ***[[Sniper rifle]] **[[Shotgun]] ***[[Combat shotgun]] ***[[Semi-automatic shotgun]] ***[[Automatic shotgun]] ===Handguns=== *[[Handgun]] ** [[Derringer]] ** [[Pistol]] ***[[Machine pistol]] ***[[Service pistol]] **[[Revolver]][[File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG|thumb|[[IOF .32 Revolver]] chambered in .32 S&W Long]][[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|Smith & Wesson "Military and Police" [[revolver]]]] ***[[Service revolver]] ===Hunting=== *[[Air gun]] **[[BB gun]] *[[Elephant gun]] *[[Express rifle]] *[[Rimfire rifle]] *[[Speargun]] *[[Varmint rifle]] ===Machine guns=== *[[Gatling gun]] **[[Minigun]] [[File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg|thumb|The [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5]] submachine gun is widely used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.]] *[[Nordenfelt gun]] *[[Metal Storm Limited|Metal Storm]] *[[Mitrailleuse]] *[[Submachine gun]] **[[Machine pistol]] *[[Machine gun]] **[[General-purpose machine gun]] **[[Light machine gun]] ***[[Squad Automatic Weapon]] ***[[Infantry Automatic Rifle]] **[[Medium machine gun]] **[[Heavy machine gun]] ===Autocannon=== *[[Autocannon]] *[[Chain gun]] *[[Revolver cannon]] ===Artillery=== *[[Artillery|Artillery gun]] **[[Cannon]] **[[Carronade]] **[[Falconet (cannon)|Falconet]] **[[Field gun]] **[[Howitzer]] ===Tank=== *[[Tank gun]] ===Rescue equipment=== * [[Flare gun]] * [[Lyle gun]] ===Training and entertainment=== * [[Airsoft gun]] * [[Drill Purpose Rifle]] * [[Paintball marker|Paintball gun]] * [[Potato cannon]] * [[Spud gun (toy)|Spud gun]] * [[Cap gun]] * [[Water gun]] * [[Nerf Blasters|Nerf gun]] ===Energy=== * [[Directed-energy weapon]] ==See also== * [[Coilgun]] * [[Firearm]] * [[Gun control]] * [[Gun cultures]] * [[Gun ownership]] * [[Gun Quarter]] * [[Gun safety]] * [[Overview of gun laws by nation]] * [[Railgun]] * [[Electroshock weapon|Stun gun]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|33em}} ==References== {{wiktionary|gun}} {{refbegin|indent=yes}} *{{cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Brenda | title = Gunpowder, explosives and the state : a technological history | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, VT | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-351-93190-8 }} *{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Jack|title=Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7867-3900-4}} *{{cite book|last=Lee|first=R. Geoffrey|title=Introduction to Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology|year=1981|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=0080270433}} *{{cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | title = Science and civilisation in China | publisher = University Press | location = Cambridge England | orig-year = 1954 |year=1986 | isbn = 978-0-521-30358-3 }} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Firearms]] [[Category:Projectile weapons]] [[Category:Chinese inventions]] [[Category:Gunpowder]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,97 +1,193 @@ -{{Multiple issues| -{{More footnotes|date=April 2018}} -{{Original research|date=January 2021}} -}} -{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} -[[File:AMX-10RC 017-frein-de-gueule.jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an [[AMX 10 RC]] armored car.]] -[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (350).jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of an [[M198 howitzer|M198 155mm howitzer]] venting propellant gases sideways as the howitzer is fired]] +{{Short description|Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles}} +{{For2|hand-held weapons commonly called guns|[[Firearm]]|other uses|[[Gun (disambiguation)]]}} +{{pp-semi|small=yes}} +{{pp-move-indef}} +{{wikt|gun}} +{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}} +[[File:SIG Pro by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|[[SIG Pro]] semi-automatic pistol]] +[[File:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|thumb|Battleship [[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS ''Iowa'']] fires a full [[broadside]] from its nine [[16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun|sixteen-inch]] [[naval guns]]]] +A '''gun''' is a [[ranged weapon]] designed to use a shooting tube ([[gun barrel]]) to launch typically solid [[projectile]]s,<ref>The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 199, page 717</ref> but can also project pressurized [[liquid]] (e.g. [[water gun]]s/[[water cannon|cannon]]s, [[spray nozzle|spray gun]]s for [[spray painting|painting]] or [[pressure washing]], [[projected water disruptors]], and technically also [[flamethrower]]s), [[gas]] (e.g. [[light-gas gun]]) or even [[charged particle]]s (e.g. [[plasma torch|plasma gun]]). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with [[bullets]] and [[artillery shell]]s) or tethered (as with [[Taser gun]]s, [[speargun]]s and [[harpoon gun]]s). A large-[[caliber]] gun is also referred to as a '''[[cannon]]'''. -A '''muzzle brake''' or '''recoil compensator''' is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the [[firearm muzzle|muzzle]] or [[gun barrel|barrel]] of a [[firearm]] or [[cannon]] that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter [[recoil]] and unwanted [[muzzle rise]].<ref>[http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx Muzzle brake] in the NRA Firearms Glossary</ref> Barrels with an integral muzzle brake are often said to be '''ported'''. +The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally effected [[pneumatic]]ally by a high [[gas pressure]] contained within the barrel tube, produced either through the rapid [[exothermic]] combustion of [[propellant]]s (as with [[firearm]]s), or by mechanical compression (as with [[air gun]]s). The high-pressure gas is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient [[muzzle velocity|launch velocity]] to sustain its further travel towards the target once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]]. Alternatively, new-concept [[linear motor]] weapons may employ an [[electromagnetic field]] to achieve acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by [[guide rail]]s (as in [[railgun]]s) or wrapped with [[magnetic coil]]s (as in [[coilgun]]s). -The concept of a muzzle brake was first introduced for artillery. It was a common feature on many [[anti-tank gun]]s, especially those mounted on [[tank]]s, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for [[Practical shooting|practical pistol]] competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.<ref name="limcat">[http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html STI article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html |date=29 September 2007 }} on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator</ref> +The first devices identified as guns appeared in [[History of China|China]] from around CE 1000. By the 12th century, the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author=Judith Herbst|title=The History of Weapons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|year=2005|publisher=Lerner Publications|isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9|page=8|access-date=2016-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|archive-date=2016-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref> -== Rationale == -[[File:MuzzleRise.png|thumb|Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm/height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E]] +==Etymology== +The origin of the English word ''gun'' is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. ''Domina Gunilda'' was the name given to a remarkably large [[ballista]], a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at [[Windsor Castle]] during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from the [[Old Norse]] woman's proper name ''Gunnhildr'' which combines two Norse words referring to battle.<ref>Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). ''The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories.'' Basic Books. pg.207</ref> In any case the term ''[[Hand cannon|gonne]]'' or ''gunne'' was applied to early hand-held firearms by the late 14th or early 15th century. -The interchangeable terms [[muzzle rise]], muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.<ref name="Sweeney2012">{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title=The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269|date= 2012|publisher=Gun Digest Books|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-2868-1|page=269}}</ref> +==History== +{{Further|History of the firearm}} +[[File:Yuan chinese gun.jpg|thumb|[[Hand cannon]] from the Chinese [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368)]] +[[File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg|thumb|Western European [[handgun]], 1380]] +[[File:Jacob de Gheyn - Wapenhandelinge 4.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[musketeer]] (1608)]] +The first device identified as a gun, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, appeared in [[China]] around AD 1000.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The Chinese had previously invented [[gunpowder]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=2}} "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the context of the studies in this volume."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=7}} "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."</ref><ref name=chase>{{Harvnb|Chase|2003|pp=31–32}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} -The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm's grip and stock. The [[reactive force]]s from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.<ref name="Sweeney2012"/> If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a [[torque|moment]] or [[torque]] (rotational force) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise. The [[M1946 Sieg automatic rifle]] had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downward, but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic.<ref name="Paulsen2008">{{cite book|last=Paulsen|first=Gary|title=The Rifle|date= 2008|publisher=Paw Prints|isbn=978-1-4395-1757-4|page=277}}</ref> +An early type of [[firearm]] (or portable gun) is the [[fire lance]], a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a [[flamethrower]]; [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.<ref name="chase"/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=crosby>{{Harvnb|Crosby|2002|p=99}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|pp=8–9}}</ref> The ''De'an Shoucheng Lu'', an account of the [[siege of De'an]] in 1132, records that [[Song Dynasty|Song]] forces used fire-lances against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Needham|1986|p=222}}</ref> -== Design and construction == +In due course, the proportion of [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and [[bamboo]] of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.<ref name=chase/> And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal, high-[[nitrate]] gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=10}}</ref> -[[File:M47 main gun muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|left|Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank]] -Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the [[90 mm M3 gun]] used on the [[M47 Patton tank]]. This consists of a small length of tubing (mounted at right angles) at the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to '''''redirect and control the burst of combustion gases''''' following the departure of a projectile. +Breech-loading guns called [[cetbang]] were used by the [[Majapahit]] Empire during the conquest of [[Nusantara]] in 1336–1350. The knowledge of making powder weapons in Java is thought to have originated from the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol invasion in 1293]].<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> These swivel guns mounted on various vessels of the Majapahit navy were used to great effect against traditional boarding-style warfare of other kingdoms in the archipelago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2012|isbn=978-981-4311-96-0}}</ref> -All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: to partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore at a (generally) perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel. The [[momentum]] of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upward, they will exert a downward force and counteract [[muzzle rise]]. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise. +One theory of how gunpowder came to [[Europe]] is that it made its way along the [[Silk Road]] through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Norris|2003|p=11}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=chase58>{{Harvcolnb|Chase|2003|p=58}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} English [[Privy Wardrobe]] accounts list "ribaldis", a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at [[Siege of Calais (1346)|Calais]] in 1346.<ref>David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; {{ISBN|978-1-85532-966-9}}.</ref> The earliest surviving{{clarify|date=March 2016}} firearm in Europe has been found from [[Otepää]], [[Estonia]] and it dates to at least 1396.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim|url=http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|archive-date=2012-06-14|language=et}}</ref> -[[File:AKM muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|The [[AKM]] rifle's slant-cut muzzle brake]] -Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward. On the [[AKM]] assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil. +Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held [[cannon]]s were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the [[Ottoman empire]] used firearms as part of its regular infantry. -Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.<ref>[http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html Mag-Na-Port] handgun porting information</ref> +The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the [[Gatling Gun]], invented by [[Richard Gatling]] and fielded by the Union forces during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1860s. The [[Maxim gun]], the first [[machine gun]] came shortly thereafter, developed in 1885 by [[Hiram Maxim]]. -More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on [[International Practical Shooting Confederation|IPSC]] raceguns.<ref name=limcat /> +The world's first [[submachine gun]] (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the [[MP 18|MP 18.1]], invented by [[Theodor Bergmann]]. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the [[Stosstruppen]] (assault groups specialized in trench combat). -== Venting direction == -[[File:Custom XD-40 V-10.jpg|thumb|[[Springfield Armory, Inc.]], custom {{nowrap|[[Springfield Armory XD|XD]]-40 V-10}} with ported barrel and slide]] -[[File:Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg|thumb|[[DoubleTap derringer|DoubleTap .45ACP derringer]] with ported barrels]] -Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|title=Brownells - Firearms, Reloading Supplies, Gunsmithing Tools, Gun Parts and Accessories|website=www.brownells.com|access-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} KIES linear compensator</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator</ref> Since that is where the [[bullet]] is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm, they are effectively a type of [[muzzle shroud]]. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backward, instead, the effect is similar to the [[reverse thrust]] system on an aircraft jet engine: any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter. +The first assault rifle was introduced during [[World War II]] by the Germans, known as the [[StG44]]. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder. -When the gases are primarily directed upward, the braking is referred to as ''porting''.{{citation needed|reason=even when using a muzzle brake (see below) it's called porting? Does not make sense.|date=August 2018}} Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the [[gun barrel|barrel]] and [[pistol slide|slide]] on [[pistol]]s. These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Popular Mechanics|author=Hearst Magazines|title=Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On MuzzlePopular Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248|date=August 1932|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=248}}</ref> The concept is an application of [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's third law]]; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity, while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity. Porting has the advantage for faster follow-up shots, especially for [[Burst mode (firearm)|3-round burst]] operation.{{citation needed|reason=it isn't obvious why this would be the case, if it's true|date=August 2018}} +==Operating principle== +Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of [[gunpowder]]. This principle is similar to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s, except that the bullet leaves the barrel, while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by [[deflagration]] rather than by [[detonation]], and the optimal [[gunpowder]], like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of a [[shock wave]], which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any bullet, and would leave the gun as [[sound]] either through the barrel or the bullet itself rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunlap|first=Roy F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works|title=Gunsmithing|date=June 1963|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0770-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/|title=How Guns Work|website=Pew Pew Tactical|language=en-US}}</ref> -== Effectiveness == +==Components== -Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]], in general, a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured. Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well-measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio ([[overbore]] cartridges) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges. +===Barrel=== +[[Image:105mm tank gun Rifling.jpg|thumb|Rifling of a 105 mm [[Royal Ordnance L7]] tank gun.]] +Barrel types include [[rifling|rifled]]—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and [[smoothbore]] when the projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically, interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in millimetres. Some guns—such as [[shotgun]]s—report the weapon's [[gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]] (which is the number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the weapon's usual projectile. -Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore [[vermin]] rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a [[telescopic sight]]. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated. +===Projectile=== +A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the [[Gyrojet]] and certain other types combine the projectile and propellant into a single item. -== Disadvantages == -[[File:US Navy 090925-N-2915M-052 A U.S. Marine Corps saluting battery detail fires a 17-gun salute during the arrival of Adm. Timothy J. Keating.jpg|thumb|Muzzle flash without muzzle brake]] -[[File:120704-A-IX566-193 (7557291576).jpg|thumb|Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake]] -There are a number of potential downsides to brakes and compensators. +==Terminology== +The term gun may refer to any sort of projectile weapon from large cannons to small [[firearm]]s including those that are usually hand-held ([[handgun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|title=Gun - Definition of Gun by Merriam-Webster|access-date=2013-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|archive-date=2013-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The word gun is also commonly used to describe objects which, while they are not themselves weapons, produce an effect or possess a form which is in some way evocative of a handgun or [[long gun]]. -The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and [[lead exposure]]. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid [[Noise-induced hearing loss#Acoustic trauma|hearing damage]] with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on [[sniper team]] fired [[anti-materiel rifle]]s like the [[Barrett M82]].<ref name="Wieland2009">{{cite book|last=Wieland|first=Terry|title=Dangerous-Game Rifles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550|date=15 October 2009|publisher=Down East Books|isbn=978-0-89272-902-9|page=550}}</ref> +The use of the term "[[cannon]]" is interchangeable with "gun" as words borrowed from the French language during the early 15th century, from [[Old French]] ''canon'', itself a borrowing from the Italian ''cannone'', a "large tube" augmentative of Latin ''canna'' "reed or cane".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|title=cannon - Origin and history of cannon by Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|archive-date=2012-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent scholarship indicates that the term "gun" may have its origins in the [[Norse language|Norse]] woman's name "Gunnildr" (which means "War-sword"), which was often shortened to "Gunna".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339. Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners" and "artillers"{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=30}} Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the gunner's craft was considered a [[black magic|black art]], a point reinforced by the smell of [[sulfur]] on battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the [[muzzle blast]] and accompanying [[Muzzle flash|flash]].{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=32}} -Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10&nbsp;dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160&nbsp;dB(A) ± 3&nbsp;dB.<ref>[http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125&nbsp;dB(A),<ref>{{in lang|de|en}} [http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm |date=28 March 2009 }}</ref> with some references claiming 133&nbsp;dB(A) for the threshold of pain.<ref name="Hearing Protection Basics">{{cite web|url=http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#|title=More About: Shooting/Hunting Hearing Protection|website=www.earplugstore.com}}</ref> +The word [[cannon]] is retained in some cases for the actual gun tube but not the weapon system. The title gunner is applied to the member of the team charged with operating, aiming, and firing a gun. -Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.<ref name="Wieland2009"/> +[[Autocannon]]s are automatic guns designed primarily to fire shells and are mounted on a vehicle or other mount. [[Machine guns]] are similar, but usually designed to fire simple projectiles. In some calibers and some usages, these two definitions overlap. -Another problem can occur when [[Sabot (firearms)|sabot]]ed ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS)]], a type of [[Kinetic energy penetrator|long-rod penetrator (LRP)]] (or kinetic energy penetrator) are used.<ref name="Tilstra2011">{{cite book|last=Tilstra|first=Russell C.|title=Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8875-9|page=118}}</ref> Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern [[Tank gun#Smoothbore|main battle tank gun]]s have muzzle brakes. +In contemporary military and naval parlance the term ''gun'' has a very specific meaning and refers solely to any large-caliber, direct-fire, high-velocity, flat-trajectory artillery piece employing an explosive-filled hollowed metal [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] or [[Kinetic penetrator|solid bolt]] as its primary projectile.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This later usage contrasts with large-calibre, high-angle, low-velocity, indirect-fire weapons such as [[howitzer]]s, [[Mortar (weapons)|mortar]]s, and [[grenade launcher]]s which invariantly employ explosive-filled shells. In other military use, the term "gun" refers primarily to [[direct fire]] weapons that capitalize on their [[muzzle velocity]] for penetration or range. In modern parlance, these weapons are [[breech-loaded]] and built primarily for long range fire with a low or almost flat [[External ballistics|ballistic]] arc. A variation is the [[howitzer]] or gun-howitzer designed to offer the ability to fire both low or high-angle ballistic arcs. In this use, example guns include [[naval artillery|naval guns]]. A less strict application of the word is to identify one artillery weapon system or non-machine gun projectile armament on aircraft.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} -A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.<ref name="CarlucciJacobson2007">{{cite book|last1=Carlucci|first1=Donald E.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Sidney S.|title=Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158|date=11 December 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6619-7|page=158}}</ref> Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.<ref name="PressNavy1992">{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=Paladin|last2=Navy|first2=U S|title=Seal Sniper Training Program|year=1992|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-0-87364-683-3|page=66}}</ref> Linear compensators and [[suppressor]]s do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity. +A related military use of the word is in describing [[gun-type fission weapon]]. In this instance, the "gun" is part of a [[nuclear weapon]] and contains an explosively propelled sub-critical slug of [[fissile material]] within a barrel to be fired into a second sub-critical mass in order to initiate the fission reaction. Potentially confused with this usage are small nuclear devices capable of being fired by artillery or [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|recoilless rifle.]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} -The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high-pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced [[paranasal sinuses|sinus cavity]] concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for [[anti-materiel rifle]] shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to [[retinal detachment]] when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.<ref name="Boatman2004">{{cite book|last=Boatman|first=Robert H.|title=Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle|year=2004|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-58160-440-5|page=86}}</ref> +In civilian use, the [[captive bolt pistol]] is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm animals for slaughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|title=Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law - How it applies to you|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|archive-date=2014-04-05}}</ref> -==Examples== -<gallery widths=180> -File:Flickr - ~Steve Z~ - S^W 500 Magnum (1).jpg|The [[S&W Model 500]] revolver features a muzzle brake -File:Muzzle break 30mm mauser machine canon.jpg|The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser [[autocannon]] -File:Air force female sniper.jpg|The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle -File:PGM-Hecate-seul-img 1008.jpg|The prominent muzzle brake of the [[PGM Hecate II]] -File:Muzzle of a .375H&H Rifle.JPG|Integral muzzle brake or porting on a [[Blaser R93]] hunting rifle. -</gallery> +[[Shotgun]]s are normally civilian weapons used primarily for hunting. These weapons are typically smooth bored and fire a shell containing small lead or steel balls. Variations use rifled barrels or fire other projectiles including solid lead slugs, a [[Taser]] [[XREP]] projectile capable of stunning a target, or other payloads. In military versions, these weapons are often used to burst door hinges or locks in addition to antipersonnel uses.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} -== US legislation and regulation == -The State of California outlaws [[flash suppressor]]s on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.<ref>{{cite web|publisher =California Department of Justice|title=Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines|url=http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf|quote=“flash suppressor” means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).|date=1999}}</ref> +==Types== -The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the [[SIG Sauer MPX#MPX-C (Carbine variant)|SIG Sauer MPX Carbine]], adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version's [[suppressor]] and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake, constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX-C a Title II [[National Firearms Act|NFA weapon]]. [[SIG Sauer]], the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392 | title=SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer | work=Seacoastonline.com | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=29 December 2014 | author=Dinan, Elizabeth}}</ref> In September 2015, Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF's ruling; despite SIG successfully establishing that the weapon did not suppress the weapon's sound, the ATF successfully established that it was ''intended'' to suppress the sound, which was legally sufficient.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/ ''Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit: It’s a silencer''], Guns.com, 25 September 2015</ref> +===Military=== +*[[Long gun]] +**[[Arquebus]] +**[[Blunderbuss]] +**[[Musket]] +***[[Musketoon]] +***[[Wall gun]] +***[[Grenade launcher]] +**[[Submachine gun]] +***[[Personal defense weapon]] +**[[Rifle]] +***[[Lever-action rifle]] +***[[Bolt-action rifle]] +***[[Assault rifle]] +***[[Battle rifle]] +***[[Carbine]] +***[[Designated marksman rifle]] +***[[Service rifle]] +***[[Sniper rifle]] +**[[Shotgun]] +***[[Combat shotgun]] +***[[Semi-automatic shotgun]] +***[[Automatic shotgun]] -== See also == -* [[Flash suppressor]] -* [[Muzzle booster]] -* [[Muzzle shroud]] -* [[Silencer (firearms)]] +===Handguns=== +*[[Handgun]] +** [[Derringer]] +** [[Pistol]] +***[[Machine pistol]] +***[[Service pistol]] +**[[Revolver]][[File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG|thumb|[[IOF .32 Revolver]] chambered in .32 S&W Long]][[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|Smith & Wesson "Military and Police" [[revolver]]]] +***[[Service revolver]] -== References == +===Hunting=== +*[[Air gun]] +**[[BB gun]] +*[[Elephant gun]] +*[[Express rifle]] +*[[Rimfire rifle]] +*[[Speargun]] +*[[Varmint rifle]] -{{reflist|30em}} +===Machine guns=== +*[[Gatling gun]] +**[[Minigun]] +[[File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg|thumb|The [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5]] submachine gun is widely used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.]] +*[[Nordenfelt gun]] +*[[Metal Storm Limited|Metal Storm]] +*[[Mitrailleuse]] +*[[Submachine gun]] +**[[Machine pistol]] +*[[Machine gun]] +**[[General-purpose machine gun]] +**[[Light machine gun]] +***[[Squad Automatic Weapon]] +***[[Infantry Automatic Rifle]] +**[[Medium machine gun]] +**[[Heavy machine gun]] -== External links == -{{Commons category|Muzzle brakes}} -* [http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html High speed photography on muzzle brakes] -* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm Chuck Hawks'] article on muzzle brakes -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm Pictures of various muzzle brake types] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes Adventures with muzzle brakes] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm Glock's page on Compensated Pistols] +===Autocannon=== +*[[Autocannon]] +*[[Chain gun]] +*[[Revolver cannon]] -[[Category:Firearm muzzle devices]] -[[Category:Artillery components]] +===Artillery=== +*[[Artillery|Artillery gun]] +**[[Cannon]] +**[[Carronade]] +**[[Falconet (cannon)|Falconet]] +**[[Field gun]] +**[[Howitzer]] + +===Tank=== +*[[Tank gun]] + +===Rescue equipment=== +* [[Flare gun]] +* [[Lyle gun]] + +===Training and entertainment=== +* [[Airsoft gun]] +* [[Drill Purpose Rifle]] +* [[Paintball marker|Paintball gun]] +* [[Potato cannon]] +* [[Spud gun (toy)|Spud gun]] +* [[Cap gun]] +* [[Water gun]] +* [[Nerf Blasters|Nerf gun]] + +===Energy=== +* [[Directed-energy weapon]] + +==See also== +* [[Coilgun]] +* [[Firearm]] +* [[Gun control]] +* [[Gun cultures]] +* [[Gun ownership]] +* [[Gun Quarter]] +* [[Gun safety]] +* [[Overview of gun laws by nation]] +* [[Railgun]] +* [[Electroshock weapon|Stun gun]] + +==Notes== +{{Reflist|33em}} + +==References== +{{wiktionary|gun}} +{{refbegin|indent=yes}} +*{{cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Brenda | title = Gunpowder, explosives and the state : a technological history | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, VT | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-351-93190-8 }} +*{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Jack|title=Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7867-3900-4}} +*{{cite book|last=Lee|first=R. Geoffrey|title=Introduction to Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology|year=1981|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=0080270433}} +*{{cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | title = Science and civilisation in China | publisher = University Press | location = Cambridge England | orig-year = 1954 |year=1986 | isbn = 978-0-521-30358-3 }} +{{refend}} + +{{Authority control}} + +[[Category:Firearms]] +[[Category:Projectile weapons]] +[[Category:Chinese inventions]] +[[Category:Gunpowder]] '
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[ 0 => '{{Short description|Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles}}', 1 => '{{For2|hand-held weapons commonly called guns|[[Firearm]]|other uses|[[Gun (disambiguation)]]}}', 2 => '{{pp-semi|small=yes}}', 3 => '{{pp-move-indef}}', 4 => '{{wikt|gun}}', 5 => '{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}', 6 => '[[File:SIG Pro by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|[[SIG Pro]] semi-automatic pistol]]', 7 => '[[File:Uss iowa bb-61 pr.jpg|thumb|Battleship [[USS Iowa (BB-61)|USS ''Iowa'']] fires a full [[broadside]] from its nine [[16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun|sixteen-inch]] [[naval guns]]]]', 8 => 'A '''gun''' is a [[ranged weapon]] designed to use a shooting tube ([[gun barrel]]) to launch typically solid [[projectile]]s,<ref>The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 199, page 717</ref> but can also project pressurized [[liquid]] (e.g. [[water gun]]s/[[water cannon|cannon]]s, [[spray nozzle|spray gun]]s for [[spray painting|painting]] or [[pressure washing]], [[projected water disruptors]], and technically also [[flamethrower]]s), [[gas]] (e.g. [[light-gas gun]]) or even [[charged particle]]s (e.g. [[plasma torch|plasma gun]]). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with [[bullets]] and [[artillery shell]]s) or tethered (as with [[Taser gun]]s, [[speargun]]s and [[harpoon gun]]s). A large-[[caliber]] gun is also referred to as a '''[[cannon]]'''.', 9 => 'The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally effected [[pneumatic]]ally by a high [[gas pressure]] contained within the barrel tube, produced either through the rapid [[exothermic]] combustion of [[propellant]]s (as with [[firearm]]s), or by mechanical compression (as with [[air gun]]s). The high-pressure gas is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient [[muzzle velocity|launch velocity]] to sustain its further travel towards the target once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]]. Alternatively, new-concept [[linear motor]] weapons may employ an [[electromagnetic field]] to achieve acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by [[guide rail]]s (as in [[railgun]]s) or wrapped with [[magnetic coil]]s (as in [[coilgun]]s).', 10 => 'The first devices identified as guns appeared in [[History of China|China]] from around CE 1000. By the 12th century, the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author=Judith Herbst|title=The History of Weapons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|year=2005|publisher=Lerner Publications|isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9|page=8|access-date=2016-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8|archive-date=2016-07-29|url-status=live}}</ref>', 11 => '==Etymology==', 12 => 'The origin of the English word ''gun'' is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. ''Domina Gunilda'' was the name given to a remarkably large [[ballista]], a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at [[Windsor Castle]] during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from the [[Old Norse]] woman's proper name ''Gunnhildr'' which combines two Norse words referring to battle.<ref>Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). ''The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories.'' Basic Books. pg.207</ref> In any case the term ''[[Hand cannon|gonne]]'' or ''gunne'' was applied to early hand-held firearms by the late 14th or early 15th century.', 13 => '==History==', 14 => '{{Further|History of the firearm}}', 15 => '[[File:Yuan chinese gun.jpg|thumb|[[Hand cannon]] from the Chinese [[Yuan Dynasty]] (1271–1368)]]', 16 => '[[File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg|thumb|Western European [[handgun]], 1380]]', 17 => '[[File:Jacob de Gheyn - Wapenhandelinge 4.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[musketeer]] (1608)]]', 18 => 'The first device identified as a gun, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, appeared in [[China]] around AD 1000.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The Chinese had previously invented [[gunpowder]] in the 9th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=2}} "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the context of the studies in this volume."</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=7}} "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."</ref><ref name=chase>{{Harvnb|Chase|2003|pp=31–32}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}', 19 => 'An early type of [[firearm]] (or portable gun) is the [[fire lance]], a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a [[flamethrower]]; [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.<ref name="chase"/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=crosby>{{Harvnb|Crosby|2002|p=99}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|pp=8–9}}</ref> The ''De'an Shoucheng Lu'', an account of the [[siege of De'an]] in 1132, records that [[Song Dynasty|Song]] forces used fire-lances against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchens]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Needham|1986|p=222}}</ref>', 20 => 'In due course, the proportion of [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and [[bamboo]] of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.<ref name=chase/> And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.<ref name=crosby/>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal, high-[[nitrate]] gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.<ref>{{Harvnb|Needham|1986|p=10}}</ref>', 21 => 'Breech-loading guns called [[cetbang]] were used by the [[Majapahit]] Empire during the conquest of [[Nusantara]] in 1336–1350. The knowledge of making powder weapons in Java is thought to have originated from the [[Mongol invasion of Java|Mongol invasion in 1293]].<ref>Song Lian. [[History of Yuan]].</ref> These swivel guns mounted on various vessels of the Majapahit navy were used to great effect against traditional boarding-style warfare of other kingdoms in the archipelago.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|last=Ooi|first=Keat Gin|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|isbn=9781576077702}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2012|isbn=978-981-4311-96-0}}</ref>', 22 => 'One theory of how gunpowder came to [[Europe]] is that it made its way along the [[Silk Road]] through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the [[Mongol invasion of Europe|Mongol invasion]] in the first half of the 13th century.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Norris|2003|p=11}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref name=chase58>{{Harvcolnb|Chase|2003|p=58}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2019}} English [[Privy Wardrobe]] accounts list "ribaldis", a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at [[Siege of Calais (1346)|Calais]] in 1346.<ref>David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; {{ISBN|978-1-85532-966-9}}.</ref> The earliest surviving{{clarify|date=March 2016}} firearm in Europe has been found from [[Otepää]], [[Estonia]] and it dates to at least 1396.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim|url=http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59|archive-date=2012-06-14|language=et}}</ref>', 23 => 'Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held [[cannon]]s were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the [[Ottoman empire]] used firearms as part of its regular infantry.', 24 => 'The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the [[Gatling Gun]], invented by [[Richard Gatling]] and fielded by the Union forces during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1860s. The [[Maxim gun]], the first [[machine gun]] came shortly thereafter, developed in 1885 by [[Hiram Maxim]].', 25 => 'The world's first [[submachine gun]] (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the [[MP 18|MP 18.1]], invented by [[Theodor Bergmann]]. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the [[Stosstruppen]] (assault groups specialized in trench combat).', 26 => 'The first assault rifle was introduced during [[World War II]] by the Germans, known as the [[StG44]]. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder.', 27 => '==Operating principle==', 28 => 'Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of [[gunpowder]]. This principle is similar to that of [[internal combustion engine]]s, except that the bullet leaves the barrel, while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by [[deflagration]] rather than by [[detonation]], and the optimal [[gunpowder]], like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of a [[shock wave]], which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any bullet, and would leave the gun as [[sound]] either through the barrel or the bullet itself rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunlap|first=Roy F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works|title=Gunsmithing|date=June 1963|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0770-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/|title=How Guns Work|website=Pew Pew Tactical|language=en-US}}</ref>', 29 => '==Components==', 30 => '===Barrel===', 31 => '[[Image:105mm tank gun Rifling.jpg|thumb|Rifling of a 105 mm [[Royal Ordnance L7]] tank gun.]]', 32 => 'Barrel types include [[rifling|rifled]]—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and [[smoothbore]] when the projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically, interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in millimetres. Some guns—such as [[shotgun]]s—report the weapon's [[gauge (bore diameter)|gauge]] (which is the number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the weapon's usual projectile.', 33 => '===Projectile===', 34 => 'A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the [[Gyrojet]] and certain other types combine the projectile and propellant into a single item.', 35 => '==Terminology==', 36 => 'The term gun may refer to any sort of projectile weapon from large cannons to small [[firearm]]s including those that are usually hand-held ([[handgun]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|title=Gun - Definition of Gun by Merriam-Webster|access-date=2013-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun|archive-date=2013-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> The word gun is also commonly used to describe objects which, while they are not themselves weapons, produce an effect or possess a form which is in some way evocative of a handgun or [[long gun]].', 37 => 'The use of the term "[[cannon]]" is interchangeable with "gun" as words borrowed from the French language during the early 15th century, from [[Old French]] ''canon'', itself a borrowing from the Italian ''cannone'', a "large tube" augmentative of Latin ''canna'' "reed or cane".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|title=cannon - Origin and history of cannon by Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=2008-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none|archive-date=2012-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent scholarship indicates that the term "gun" may have its origins in the [[Norse language|Norse]] woman's name "Gunnildr" (which means "War-sword"), which was often shortened to "Gunna".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339. Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss".{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=31}} Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners" and "artillers"{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=30}} Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the gunner's craft was considered a [[black magic|black art]], a point reinforced by the smell of [[sulfur]] on battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the [[muzzle blast]] and accompanying [[Muzzle flash|flash]].{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=32}}', 38 => 'The word [[cannon]] is retained in some cases for the actual gun tube but not the weapon system. The title gunner is applied to the member of the team charged with operating, aiming, and firing a gun.', 39 => '[[Autocannon]]s are automatic guns designed primarily to fire shells and are mounted on a vehicle or other mount. [[Machine guns]] are similar, but usually designed to fire simple projectiles. In some calibers and some usages, these two definitions overlap.', 40 => 'In contemporary military and naval parlance the term ''gun'' has a very specific meaning and refers solely to any large-caliber, direct-fire, high-velocity, flat-trajectory artillery piece employing an explosive-filled hollowed metal [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] or [[Kinetic penetrator|solid bolt]] as its primary projectile.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This later usage contrasts with large-calibre, high-angle, low-velocity, indirect-fire weapons such as [[howitzer]]s, [[Mortar (weapons)|mortar]]s, and [[grenade launcher]]s which invariantly employ explosive-filled shells. In other military use, the term "gun" refers primarily to [[direct fire]] weapons that capitalize on their [[muzzle velocity]] for penetration or range. In modern parlance, these weapons are [[breech-loaded]] and built primarily for long range fire with a low or almost flat [[External ballistics|ballistic]] arc. A variation is the [[howitzer]] or gun-howitzer designed to offer the ability to fire both low or high-angle ballistic arcs. In this use, example guns include [[naval artillery|naval guns]]. A less strict application of the word is to identify one artillery weapon system or non-machine gun projectile armament on aircraft.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}', 41 => 'A related military use of the word is in describing [[gun-type fission weapon]]. In this instance, the "gun" is part of a [[nuclear weapon]] and contains an explosively propelled sub-critical slug of [[fissile material]] within a barrel to be fired into a second sub-critical mass in order to initiate the fission reaction. Potentially confused with this usage are small nuclear devices capable of being fired by artillery or [[Davy Crockett (nuclear device)|recoilless rifle.]]{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}', 42 => 'In civilian use, the [[captive bolt pistol]] is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm animals for slaughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|title=Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law - How it applies to you|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en|archive-date=2014-04-05}}</ref>', 43 => '[[Shotgun]]s are normally civilian weapons used primarily for hunting. These weapons are typically smooth bored and fire a shell containing small lead or steel balls. Variations use rifled barrels or fire other projectiles including solid lead slugs, a [[Taser]] [[XREP]] projectile capable of stunning a target, or other payloads. In military versions, these weapons are often used to burst door hinges or locks in addition to antipersonnel uses.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}', 44 => '==Types==', 45 => '===Military===', 46 => '*[[Long gun]]', 47 => '**[[Arquebus]]', 48 => '**[[Blunderbuss]]', 49 => '**[[Musket]]', 50 => '***[[Musketoon]]', 51 => '***[[Wall gun]]', 52 => '***[[Grenade launcher]]', 53 => '**[[Submachine gun]]', 54 => '***[[Personal defense weapon]]', 55 => '**[[Rifle]]', 56 => '***[[Lever-action rifle]]', 57 => '***[[Bolt-action rifle]]', 58 => '***[[Assault rifle]]', 59 => '***[[Battle rifle]]', 60 => '***[[Carbine]]', 61 => '***[[Designated marksman rifle]]', 62 => '***[[Service rifle]]', 63 => '***[[Sniper rifle]]', 64 => '**[[Shotgun]]', 65 => '***[[Combat shotgun]]', 66 => '***[[Semi-automatic shotgun]]', 67 => '***[[Automatic shotgun]]', 68 => '===Handguns===', 69 => '*[[Handgun]]', 70 => '** [[Derringer]]', 71 => '** [[Pistol]]', 72 => '***[[Machine pistol]]', 73 => '***[[Service pistol]]', 74 => '**[[Revolver]][[File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG|thumb|[[IOF .32 Revolver]] chambered in .32 S&W Long]][[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|Smith & Wesson "Military and Police" [[revolver]]]]', 75 => '***[[Service revolver]]', 76 => '===Hunting===', 77 => '*[[Air gun]]', 78 => '**[[BB gun]]', 79 => '*[[Elephant gun]]', 80 => '*[[Express rifle]]', 81 => '*[[Rimfire rifle]]', 82 => '*[[Speargun]]', 83 => '*[[Varmint rifle]]', 84 => '===Machine guns===', 85 => '*[[Gatling gun]]', 86 => '**[[Minigun]]', 87 => '[[File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg|thumb|The [[Heckler & Koch]] [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5]] submachine gun is widely used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.]]', 88 => '*[[Nordenfelt gun]]', 89 => '*[[Metal Storm Limited|Metal Storm]]', 90 => '*[[Mitrailleuse]]', 91 => '*[[Submachine gun]]', 92 => '**[[Machine pistol]]', 93 => '*[[Machine gun]]', 94 => '**[[General-purpose machine gun]]', 95 => '**[[Light machine gun]]', 96 => '***[[Squad Automatic Weapon]]', 97 => '***[[Infantry Automatic Rifle]]', 98 => '**[[Medium machine gun]]', 99 => '**[[Heavy machine gun]]', 100 => '===Autocannon===', 101 => '*[[Autocannon]]', 102 => '*[[Chain gun]]', 103 => '*[[Revolver cannon]]', 104 => '===Artillery===', 105 => '*[[Artillery|Artillery gun]]', 106 => '**[[Cannon]]', 107 => '**[[Carronade]]', 108 => '**[[Falconet (cannon)|Falconet]]', 109 => '**[[Field gun]]', 110 => '**[[Howitzer]]', 111 => '', 112 => '===Tank===', 113 => '*[[Tank gun]]', 114 => '', 115 => '===Rescue equipment===', 116 => '* [[Flare gun]]', 117 => '* [[Lyle gun]]', 118 => '', 119 => '===Training and entertainment===', 120 => '* [[Airsoft gun]]', 121 => '* [[Drill Purpose Rifle]]', 122 => '* [[Paintball marker|Paintball gun]]', 123 => '* [[Potato cannon]]', 124 => '* [[Spud gun (toy)|Spud gun]]', 125 => '* [[Cap gun]]', 126 => '* [[Water gun]]', 127 => '* [[Nerf Blasters|Nerf gun]]', 128 => '', 129 => '===Energy===', 130 => '* [[Directed-energy weapon]]', 131 => '', 132 => '==See also==', 133 => '* [[Coilgun]]', 134 => '* [[Firearm]]', 135 => '* [[Gun control]]', 136 => '* [[Gun cultures]]', 137 => '* [[Gun ownership]]', 138 => '* [[Gun Quarter]]', 139 => '* [[Gun safety]]', 140 => '* [[Overview of gun laws by nation]]', 141 => '* [[Railgun]]', 142 => '* [[Electroshock weapon|Stun gun]]', 143 => '', 144 => '==Notes==', 145 => '{{Reflist|33em}}', 146 => '', 147 => '==References==', 148 => '{{wiktionary|gun}}', 149 => '{{refbegin|indent=yes}}', 150 => '*{{cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Brenda | title = Gunpowder, explosives and the state : a technological history | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, VT | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-351-93190-8 }}', 151 => '*{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=Jack|title=Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C|year=2004|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7867-3900-4}}', 152 => '*{{cite book|last=Lee|first=R. Geoffrey|title=Introduction to Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology|year=1981|publisher=Brassey's Defence Publishers|location=Oxford|isbn=0080270433}}', 153 => '*{{cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | title = Science and civilisation in China | publisher = University Press | location = Cambridge England | orig-year = 1954 |year=1986 | isbn = 978-0-521-30358-3 }}', 154 => '{{refend}}', 155 => '', 156 => '{{Authority control}}', 157 => '', 158 => '[[Category:Firearms]]', 159 => '[[Category:Projectile weapons]]', 160 => '[[Category:Chinese inventions]]', 161 => '[[Category:Gunpowder]]' ]
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[ 0 => '{{Multiple issues|', 1 => '{{More footnotes|date=April 2018}}', 2 => '{{Original research|date=January 2021}}', 3 => '}}', 4 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}', 5 => '[[File:AMX-10RC 017-frein-de-gueule.jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of the 105mm main gun on an [[AMX 10 RC]] armored car.]]', 6 => '[[File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - www.Army.mil (350).jpg|thumb|The muzzle brake of an [[M198 howitzer|M198 155mm howitzer]] venting propellant gases sideways as the howitzer is fired]]', 7 => 'A '''muzzle brake''' or '''recoil compensator''' is a device connected to, or a feature integral to the construction of, the [[firearm muzzle|muzzle]] or [[gun barrel|barrel]] of a [[firearm]] or [[cannon]] that is intended to redirect a portion of propellant gases to counter [[recoil]] and unwanted [[muzzle rise]].<ref>[http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx Muzzle brake] in the NRA Firearms Glossary</ref> Barrels with an integral muzzle brake are often said to be '''ported'''. ', 8 => 'The concept of a muzzle brake was first introduced for artillery. It was a common feature on many [[anti-tank gun]]s, especially those mounted on [[tank]]s, in order to reduce the area needed to take up the strokes of recoil and kickback. They have been used in various forms for rifles and pistols to help control recoil and the rising of the barrel that normally occurs after firing. They are used on pistols for [[Practical shooting|practical pistol]] competitions, and are usually called compensators in this context.<ref name="limcat">[http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html STI article] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html |date=29 September 2007 }} on Limcat Undergas Bypass Turbo System recoil compensator</ref>', 9 => '== Rationale ==', 10 => '[[File:MuzzleRise.png|thumb|Illustration of forces in muzzle rise. Projectile and propellant gases act on barrel along barrel center line A. The shooter resists the forces by contact with the gun at grips and stock B. The height difference between barrel centerline and average point of contact is height C. The forces A and B operating over moment arm/height C create torque or moment D, which rotates the firearm's muzzle up as illustrated at E]]', 11 => 'The interchangeable terms [[muzzle rise]], muzzle flip, or muzzle climb refer to the tendency of a handheld firearm's front end (the muzzle end of the barrel) to rise after firing. Firearms with less height from the grip line to the barrel centerline tend to experience less muzzle rise.<ref name="Sweeney2012">{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Sweeney (gunsmith)|title=The Gun Digest Book of the AR-15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269|date= 2012|publisher=Gun Digest Books|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-2868-1|page=269}}</ref>', 12 => 'The muzzle rises primarily because, for most firearms, the centerline of the barrel is above the center of contact between the shooter and the firearm's grip and stock. The [[reactive force]]s from the fired bullet and propellant gases exiting the muzzle act directly down the centerline of the barrel.<ref name="Sweeney2012"/> If that line of force is above the center of the contact points, this creates a [[torque|moment]] or [[torque]] (rotational force) that causes the firearm to rotate and the muzzle to rise. The [[M1946 Sieg automatic rifle]] had an unusual muzzle brake that made the rifle climb downward, but enabled the user to fire it with one hand in full automatic.<ref name="Paulsen2008">{{cite book|last=Paulsen|first=Gary|title=The Rifle|date= 2008|publisher=Paw Prints|isbn=978-1-4395-1757-4|page=277}}</ref>', 13 => '== Design and construction ==', 14 => '[[File:M47 main gun muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|left|Muzzle brake on M47 Patton tank]]', 15 => 'Muzzle brakes are simple in concept, such as the one employed on the [[90 mm M3 gun]] used on the [[M47 Patton tank]]. This consists of a small length of tubing (mounted at right angles) at the end of the barrel. Brakes most often utilize slots, vents, holes, baffles, and similar devices. The strategy of a muzzle brake is to '''''redirect and control the burst of combustion gases''''' following the departure of a projectile.', 16 => 'All muzzle brake designs share a basic principle: to partially divert combustion gases from the muzzle end of the bore at a (generally) perpendicular angle to the long axis of the barrel. The [[momentum]] of the diverted gases thus does not add to the recoil. The angle toward which the gases are directed will fundamentally affect how the brake behaves. If gases are directed upward, they will exert a downward force and counteract [[muzzle rise]]. Any device that is attached to the end of the muzzle will also add mass, increasing its inertia and moving its center of mass forward; the former will reduce recoil and the latter will reduce muzzle rise.', 17 => '[[File:AKM muzzle brake.jpg|thumb|The [[AKM]] rifle's slant-cut muzzle brake]]', 18 => 'Construction of a muzzle brake or compensator can be as simple as a diagonal cut at the muzzle end of the barrel to direct some of the escaping gas upward. On the [[AKM]] assault rifle, the brake also angles slightly to the right to counteract the sideways movement of the rifle under recoil.', 19 => 'Another simple method is porting, where holes or slots are machined into the barrel near the muzzle to allow the gas to escape.<ref>[http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html Mag-Na-Port] handgun porting information</ref>', 20 => 'More advanced designs use baffles and expansion chambers to slow escaping gases. This is the basic principle behind a linear compensator. Ports are often added to the expansion chambers, producing the long, multi-chambered recoil compensators often seen on [[International Practical Shooting Confederation|IPSC]] raceguns.<ref name=limcat />', 21 => '== Venting direction ==', 22 => '[[File:Custom XD-40 V-10.jpg|thumb|[[Springfield Armory, Inc.]], custom {{nowrap|[[Springfield Armory XD|XD]]-40 V-10}} with ported barrel and slide]]', 23 => '[[File:Heizer-DoubleTap.jpg|thumb|[[DoubleTap derringer|DoubleTap .45ACP derringer]] with ported barrels]]', 24 => 'Most linear compensators redirect the gases forward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|title=Brownells - Firearms, Reloading Supplies, Gunsmithing Tools, Gun Parts and Accessories|website=www.brownells.com|access-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm |archive-date=19 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} KIES linear compensator</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w HERA ARMS linear compensator</ref> Since that is where the [[bullet]] is going, they typically work by allowing the gases to expand into the compensator, which surrounds the muzzle but only has holes facing forward; like any device which allows the gases to expand before leaving the firearm, they are effectively a type of [[muzzle shroud]]. They reduce muzzle rise similarly to the mechanism by which a sideways brake does: since all the gas is escaping in the same direction, any muzzle rise would need to alter the velocity of the gas, which costs kinetic energy. When the brake redirects the gases directly backward, instead, the effect is similar to the [[reverse thrust]] system on an aircraft jet engine: any blast energy coming back at the shooter is pushing "against" the recoil, effectively reducing the actual amount of recoil on the shooter. Of course, this also means the gases are directed toward the shooter.', 25 => 'When the gases are primarily directed upward, the braking is referred to as ''porting''.{{citation needed|reason=even when using a muzzle brake (see below) it's called porting? Does not make sense.|date=August 2018}} Porting typically involves precision-drilled ports or holes in the forward top part of the [[gun barrel|barrel]] and [[pistol slide|slide]] on [[pistol]]s. These holes divert a portion of the gases expelled prior to the departure of the projectile in a direction that reduces the tendency of the firearm to rise.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Popular Mechanics|author=Hearst Magazines|title=Jump Is Taken Out Of Guns By Cylinders On MuzzlePopular Mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248|date=August 1932|publisher=Hearst Magazines|page=248}}</ref> The concept is an application of [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's third law]]; the exhaust directed upward causes a reciprocal force downward. This is why firearms are never ported on the bottom of the barrel, as that would exacerbate muzzle rise, rather than mitigate it. Porting has the undesired consequences of shortening the effective barrel length and reducing muzzle velocity, while a muzzle brake is an extension added to the barrel and does not reduce muzzle velocity. Porting has the advantage for faster follow-up shots, especially for [[Burst mode (firearm)|3-round burst]] operation.{{citation needed|reason=it isn't obvious why this would be the case, if it's true|date=August 2018}}', 26 => '== Effectiveness ==', 27 => 'Though there are numerous ways to measure the energy of a recoil [[Impulse (physics)|impulse]], in general, a 10% to 50% reduction can be measured. Some muzzle brake manufacturers claim greater recoil reduction percentages. Muzzle brakes need sufficient propellant gas volume and high gas pressure at the muzzle of the firearm to achieve well-measured recoil reduction percentages. This means cartridges with a small bore area to case volume ratio ([[overbore]] cartridges) combined with a high operating pressure benefit more from recoil reduction with muzzle brakes than smaller standard cartridges.', 28 => 'Besides reducing felt recoil, one of the primary advantages of a muzzle brake is the reduction of muzzle rise. This lets a shooter realign a weapon's sights more quickly. This is relevant for fully automatic weapons. Muzzle rise can theoretically be eliminated by an efficient design. Because the rifle moves rearward less, the shooter has little to compensate for. Muzzle brakes benefit rapid-fire, fully automatic fire, and large-bore hunting rifles. They are also common on small-bore [[vermin]] rifles, where reducing the muzzle rise lets the shooter see the bullet impact through a [[telescopic sight]]. A reduction in recoil also reduces the chance of undesired (painful) contacts between the shooter's head and the ocular of a telescopic sight or other aiming components that must be positioned near the shooter's eye (often referred to as "scope eye"). Another advantage of a muzzle brake is a reduction of recoil fatigue during extended practice sessions, enabling the shooter to consecutively fire more rounds accurately. Further, flinch (involuntary pre-trigger-release anxiety behavior resulting in inaccurate aiming and shooting) caused by excessive recoil may be reduced or eliminated.', 29 => '== Disadvantages ==', 30 => '[[File:US Navy 090925-N-2915M-052 A U.S. Marine Corps saluting battery detail fires a 17-gun salute during the arrival of Adm. Timothy J. Keating.jpg|thumb|Muzzle flash without muzzle brake]]', 31 => '[[File:120704-A-IX566-193 (7557291576).jpg|thumb|Redirected muzzle flash with muzzle brake]]', 32 => 'There are a number of potential downsides to brakes and compensators.', 33 => 'The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and [[lead exposure]]. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid [[Noise-induced hearing loss#Acoustic trauma|hearing damage]] with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on [[sniper team]] fired [[anti-materiel rifle]]s like the [[Barrett M82]].<ref name="Wieland2009">{{cite book|last=Wieland|first=Terry|title=Dangerous-Game Rifles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550|date=15 October 2009|publisher=Down East Books|isbn=978-0-89272-902-9|page=550}}</ref>', 34 => 'Measurements indicate that on a rifle, a muzzle brake adds 5 to 10&nbsp;dB to the normal noise level perceived by the shooter, increasing total noise levels up to 160&nbsp;dB(A) ± 3&nbsp;dB.<ref>[http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf Summary of a Finnish government report (1992) on silencers, muzzle brakes and noise levels]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Painful discomfort occurs at approximately 120 to 125&nbsp;dB(A),<ref>{{in lang|de|en}} [http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm Schalldämpfer = Gehörschützer für Jäger, data collected on noise levels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm |date=28 March 2009 }}</ref> with some references claiming 133&nbsp;dB(A) for the threshold of pain.<ref name="Hearing Protection Basics">{{cite web|url=http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#|title=More About: Shooting/Hunting Hearing Protection|website=www.earplugstore.com}}</ref>', 35 => 'Brakes and compensators also add length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of a firearm, where it most influences its handling and may interfere with accuracy as muzzle rise will occur when the brake is removed and shooting without the brake can throw off the strike of the round.<ref name="Wieland2009"/>', 36 => 'Another problem can occur when [[Sabot (firearms)|sabot]]ed ammunition is used as the sabot tends to break up inside the brake. The problem is particularly pronounced when [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot (APFSDS)]], a type of [[Kinetic energy penetrator|long-rod penetrator (LRP)]] (or kinetic energy penetrator) are used.<ref name="Tilstra2011">{{cite book|last=Tilstra|first=Russell C.|title=Small Arms for Urban Combat: A Review of Modern Handguns, Submachine Guns, Personal Defense Weapons, Carbines, Assault Rifles, Sniper Rifles, Anti-Materiel Rifles, Machine Guns, Combat Shotguns, Grenade Launchers and Other Weapons Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8875-9|page=118}}</ref> Since these APFSDS rounds are the most common armour-piercing ammunition currently, virtually no modern [[Tank gun#Smoothbore|main battle tank gun]]s have muzzle brakes.', 37 => 'A serious tactical disadvantage of muzzle brakes on both small arms and artillery is that, depending on their designs, they may cause escaping gases to throw up dust and debris clouds that impair visibility and reveal one's position, not to mention posing a hazard to individuals without eye protection.<ref name="CarlucciJacobson2007">{{cite book|last1=Carlucci|first1=Donald E.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Sidney S.|title=Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158|date=11 December 2007|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-6619-7|page=158}}</ref> Troops often wet the ground in front of antitank guns in defensive emplacements to prevent this, and snipers are specially trained in techniques for suppressing or concealing the magnified effects of lateral muzzle blast when firing rifles with such brakes.<ref name="PressNavy1992">{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=Paladin|last2=Navy|first2=U S|title=Seal Sniper Training Program|year=1992|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-0-87364-683-3|page=66}}</ref> Linear compensators and [[suppressor]]s do not have the disadvantages of a redirected muzzle blast; they actually reduce the blast by venting high pressure gas forward at reduced velocity.', 38 => 'The redirection of larger amounts of escaping high-pressure gas can cause discomfort caused by blast-induced [[paranasal sinuses|sinus cavity]] concussion. Such discomfort can especially become a problem for [[anti-materiel rifle]] shooters due to the bigger than normal cartridges with accompanying large case capacities and propellant volumes these rifles use and can be a reason for promoting accelerated shooter fatigue and flinching. Furthermore, the redirected blast may direct pressure waves toward the eye, potentially leading to [[retinal detachment]] when repeated shooting is performed with anti-materiel and large caliber weapons.<ref name="Boatman2004">{{cite book|last=Boatman|first=Robert H.|title=Living with the Big .50: The Shooter's Guide to the World's Most Powerful Rifle|year=2004|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=978-1-58160-440-5|page=86}}</ref>', 39 => '==Examples==', 40 => '<gallery widths=180>', 41 => 'File:Flickr - ~Steve Z~ - S^W 500 Magnum (1).jpg|The [[S&W Model 500]] revolver features a muzzle brake', 42 => 'File:Muzzle break 30mm mauser machine canon.jpg|The muzzle brake of a 30mm Mauser [[autocannon]]', 43 => 'File:Air force female sniper.jpg|The arrowhead-shaped muzzle brake on the Barrett M82 anti-materiel/sniper rifle', 44 => 'File:PGM-Hecate-seul-img 1008.jpg|The prominent muzzle brake of the [[PGM Hecate II]]', 45 => 'File:Muzzle of a .375H&H Rifle.JPG|Integral muzzle brake or porting on a [[Blaser R93]] hunting rifle.', 46 => '</gallery>', 47 => '== US legislation and regulation ==', 48 => 'The State of California outlaws [[flash suppressor]]s on semiautomatic rifles with detachable magazines, but allows muzzle brakes to be used instead.<ref>{{cite web|publisher =California Department of Justice|title=Department of Justice Regulations for Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines|url=http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf|quote=“flash suppressor” means any device that reduces or conceals the visible light or flash created when a firearm is fired. This definition includes flash hiders, but does not include compensators and muzzle brakes (devices attached to or integral with the muzzle barrel to utilize propelling gasses for counter-recoil).|date=1999}}</ref>', 49 => 'The [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF) made a regulatory determination in 2013 that the muzzle device of the [[SIG Sauer MPX#MPX-C (Carbine variant)|SIG Sauer MPX Carbine]], adapted from the baffle core of the integrally suppressed version's [[suppressor]] and claimed by SIG to be a muzzle brake, constituted a silencer and rendered the MPX-C a Title II [[National Firearms Act|NFA weapon]]. [[SIG Sauer]], the rifle's maker, sued the ATF in 2014 to have the designation overturned.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392 | title=SIG Sauer sues ATF for calling its 'muzzle brake' a gun silencer | work=Seacoastonline.com | date=10 April 2014 | access-date=29 December 2014 | author=Dinan, Elizabeth}}</ref> In September 2015, Federal Judge Paul Barbadora upheld the ATF's ruling; despite SIG successfully establishing that the weapon did not suppress the weapon's sound, the ATF successfully established that it was ''intended'' to suppress the sound, which was legally sufficient.<ref>[http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/ ''Judge favors ATF in Sig lawsuit: It’s a silencer''], Guns.com, 25 September 2015</ref>', 50 => '== See also ==', 51 => '* [[Flash suppressor]]', 52 => '* [[Muzzle booster]]', 53 => '* [[Muzzle shroud]]', 54 => '* [[Silencer (firearms)]]', 55 => '== References ==', 56 => '{{reflist|30em}}', 57 => '== External links ==', 58 => '{{Commons category|Muzzle brakes}}', 59 => '* [http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html High speed photography on muzzle brakes]', 60 => '* [http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm Chuck Hawks'] article on muzzle brakes', 61 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm Pictures of various muzzle brake types]', 62 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes Adventures with muzzle brakes]', 63 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm Glock's page on Compensated Pistols]', 64 => '[[Category:Firearm muzzle devices]]', 65 => '[[Category:Artillery components]]' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[ 0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8', 1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8', 2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59', 3 => 'http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59', 4 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works', 5 => 'https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/', 6 => 'http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun', 7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun', 8 => 'http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none', 9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none', 10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en', 11 => 'http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en', 12 => '//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22', 13 => '//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia', 14 => '//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks', 15 => '//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia', 16 => '//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muzzle+brake%22', 17 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muzzle+brake%22&acc=on&wc=on', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C' ]
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links)
[ 0 => 'http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html', 1 => 'http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf', 2 => 'http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR', 3 => 'http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm', 4 => 'http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#', 5 => 'http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/', 6 => 'http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm', 7 => 'http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf', 8 => 'http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm', 9 => 'http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html', 10 => 'http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx', 11 => 'http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392', 12 => 'http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html', 13 => 'https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm', 14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248', 15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550', 16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158', 17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118', 19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm', 20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html', 21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR', 22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm', 23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes', 24 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm', 25 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w' ]
All external links in the new text (all_links)
[ 0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8', 1 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&pg=PA8', 2 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59', 3 => 'http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&Itemid=59', 4 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&q=how+a+gun+works', 5 => 'https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/', 6 => 'http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun', 7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun', 8 => 'http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none', 9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&searchmode=none', 10 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en', 11 => 'http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en', 12 => '//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22', 13 => '//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia', 14 => '//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks', 15 => '//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia', 16 => '//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muzzle+brake%22', 17 => 'https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muzzle+brake%22&acc=on&wc=on', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C' ]
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
[ 0 => 'http://kuulapaa.com/home/highspeed.html', 1 => 'http://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/regs/propregs.pdf', 2 => 'http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR', 3 => 'http://www.chuckhawks.com/muzzle_brakes.htm', 4 => 'http://www.earplugstore.com/morabshootea.html#', 5 => 'http://www.guns.com/2015/09/25/judge-rules-in-sigs-case-against-atf-its-a-silencer/', 6 => 'http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm', 7 => 'http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/PDF/Finnish-Government-Silencer-Summary.pdf', 8 => 'http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm', 9 => 'http://www.magnaport.com/hgun.html', 10 => 'http://www.nraila.org/glossary.aspx', 11 => 'http://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140410/News/404100392', 12 => 'http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html', 13 => 'https://archive.is/20131219041345/http://www.joeboboutfitters.com/KIES_Blast_Master_Linear_Compensator_p/kies-blst%20mstr22.htm', 14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=7-EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA248', 15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=gn0YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT550', 16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=pX9Tzs7VuSoC&pg=PA158', 17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=qTh5yxEVqdoC&pg=PA269', 18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=sjmNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118', 19 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020435/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Englisch/Muzzle-Brake.htm', 20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070929024448/http://www.stiguns.com/USPress/gungames/limcat.html', 21 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185156/http://www.brownells.com/aspx/ns/store/ProductDetail.aspx?p=5594&title=AR-15+LEVANG+LINEAR+COMPENSATOR', 22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080208152215/http://www.glock.com/english/pistols_c-models.htm', 23 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080411111759/http://www.rvbprecision.com/articles/10/adventures-with-muzzle-brakes', 24 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090328141932/http://lima-wiederladetechnik.de/Schalldaempfer/Schalldaempfer.htm', 25 => 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PY4-fmql19w' ]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ranged weapon that shoots projectiles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For hand-held weapons commonly called guns, see <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gun (disambiguation)">Gun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gun">gun</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Muzzle+brake%22">"Muzzle brake"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Muzzle+brake%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Muzzle+brake%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muzzle+brake%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muzzle+brake%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/220px-SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/330px-SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/440px-SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SIG_Pro_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/SIG_Pro" title="SIG Pro">SIG Pro</a> semi-automatic pistol</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/220px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/330px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/440px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5695" data-file-height="4480" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS <i>Iowa</i></a> fires a full <a href="/wiki/Broadside" title="Broadside">broadside</a> from its nine <a href="/wiki/16%22/50_caliber_Mark_7_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="16&quot;/50 caliber Mark 7 gun">sixteen-inch</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval guns">naval guns</a></div></div></div> <p>A <b>gun</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Ranged_weapon" title="Ranged weapon">ranged weapon</a> designed to use a shooting tube (<a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">gun barrel</a>) to launch typically solid <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectiles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> but can also project pressurized <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Water_gun" title="Water gun">water guns</a>/<a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">cannons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spray_nozzle" title="Spray nozzle">spray guns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">painting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">pressure washing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Projected_water_disruptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Projected water disruptors">projected water disruptors</a>, and technically also <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Light-gas_gun" title="Light-gas gun">light-gas gun</a>) or even <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Plasma_torch" title="Plasma torch">plasma gun</a>). Solid projectiles may be free-flying (as with <a href="/wiki/Bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullets">bullets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">artillery shells</a>) or tethered (as with <a href="/wiki/Taser_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Taser gun">Taser guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">spearguns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harpoon_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpoon gun">harpoon guns</a>). A large-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> gun is also referred to as a <b><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a></b>. </p><p>The means of projectile propulsion vary according to designs, but are traditionally effected <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatically</a> by a high <a href="/wiki/Gas_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas pressure">gas pressure</a> contained within the barrel tube, produced either through the rapid <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> combustion of <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a> (as with <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>), or by mechanical compression (as with <a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">air guns</a>). The high-pressure gas is introduced behind the projectile, pushing and accelerating it down the length of the tube, imparting sufficient <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">launch velocity</a> to sustain its further travel towards the target once the propelling gas ceases acting upon it after it exits the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">muzzle</a>. Alternatively, new-concept <a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">linear motor</a> weapons may employ an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a> to achieve acceleration, in which case the barrel may be substituted by <a href="/wiki/Guide_rail" title="Guide rail">guide rails</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">railguns</a>) or wrapped with <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic coil">magnetic coils</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">coilguns</a>). </p><p>The first devices identified as guns appeared in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a> from around CE 1000. By the 12th century, the technology was spreading through the rest of Asia, and into Europe by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Operating_principle"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Operating principle</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Components"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Components</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Barrel"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Barrel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Projectile"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Projectile</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Handguns"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Handguns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Hunting"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hunting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Machine_guns"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Machine guns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Autocannon"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Autocannon</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Artillery"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Artillery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Tank"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Tank</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Rescue_equipment"><span class="tocnumber">6.8</span> <span class="toctext">Rescue equipment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Training_and_entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">6.9</span> <span class="toctext">Training and entertainment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Energy"><span class="tocnumber">6.10</span> <span class="toctext">Energy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The origin of the English word <i>gun</i> is considered to derive from the name given to a particular historical weapon. <i>Domina Gunilda</i> was the name given to a remarkably large <a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">ballista</a>, a mechanical bolt throwing weapon of enormous size, mounted at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> during the 14th century. This name in turn may have derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> woman's proper name <i>Gunnhildr</i> which combines two Norse words referring to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> In any case the term <i><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">gonne</a></i> or <i>gunne</i> was applied to early hand-held firearms by the late 14th or early 15th century. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History of the firearm</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/220px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/330px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/440px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">Hand cannon</a> from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> (1271–1368)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/220px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/330px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg/440px-HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="1147" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:HandBombardWesternEurope1380.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Western European <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a>, 1380</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/220px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/330px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/440px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1992" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Musketeer" title="Musketeer">musketeer</a> (1608)</div></div></div> <p>The first device identified as a gun, a bamboo tube that used gunpowder to fire a spear, appeared in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> around AD 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> The Chinese had previously invented <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chase_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>An early type of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> (or portable gun) is the <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lance</a>, a black-powder–filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_(fragment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrapnel (fragment)">shrapnel</a> was sometimes placed in the barrel so that it would fly out together with the flames.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crosby_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The earliest depiction of a gunpowder weapon is the illustration of a fire-lance on a mid-10th century silk banner from Dunhuang.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> The <i>De'an Shoucheng Lu</i>, an account of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_De%27an" title="Siege of De&#39;an">siege of De'an</a> in 1132, records that <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</a> forces used fire-lances against the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In due course, the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">saltpeter</a> in the propellant was increased to maximise its explosive power.<sup id="cite_ref-crosby_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> To better withstand that explosive power, the paper and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> of which fire-lance barrels were originally made came to be replaced by metal.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> And to take full advantage of that power, the shrapnel came to be replaced by projectiles whose size and shape filled the barrel more closely.<sup id="cite_ref-crosby_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosby-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> With this, the three basic features of a gun were put in place: a barrel made of metal, high-<a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> gunpowder, and a projectile which totally occludes the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">muzzle</a> so that the powder charge exerts its full potential in propellant effect.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Breech-loading guns called <a href="/wiki/Cetbang" title="Cetbang">cetbang</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> Empire during the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Nusantara" title="Nusantara">Nusantara</a> in 1336–1350. The knowledge of making powder weapons in Java is thought to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion in 1293</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> These swivel guns mounted on various vessels of the Majapahit navy were used to great effect against traditional boarding-style warfare of other kingdoms in the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>One theory of how gunpowder came to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is that it made its way along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> through the Middle East; another is that it was brought to Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a> in the first half of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-chase58_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase58-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> English <a href="/wiki/Privy_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Wardrobe">Privy Wardrobe</a> accounts list "ribaldis", a type of cannon, in the 1340s, and siege guns were used by the English at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Calais (1346)">Calais</a> in 1346.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> The earliest surviving<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> firearm in Europe has been found from <a href="/wiki/Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Otepää">Otepää</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and it dates to at least 1396.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Around the late 14th century in Europe, smaller and portable hand-held <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> were developed, creating in effect the first smooth-bore personal firearm. In the late 15th century the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empire</a> used firearms as part of its regular infantry. </p><p>The first successful rapid-fire firearm is the <a href="/wiki/Gatling_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatling Gun">Gatling Gun</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gatling" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Gatling">Richard Gatling</a> and fielded by the Union forces during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in the 1860s. The <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine gun</a> came shortly thereafter, developed in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Maxim" title="Hiram Maxim">Hiram Maxim</a>. </p><p>The world's first <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a> (a fully automatic firearm which fires pistol cartridges) able to be maneuvered by a single soldier is the <a href="/wiki/MP_18" title="MP 18">MP 18.1</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Bergmann" title="Theodor Bergmann">Theodor Bergmann</a>. It was introduced into service in 1918 by the German Army during World War I as the primary weapon of the <a href="/wiki/Stosstruppen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stosstruppen">Stosstruppen</a> (assault groups specialized in trench combat). </p><p>The first assault rifle was introduced during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the Germans, known as the <a href="/wiki/StG44" class="mw-redirect" title="StG44">StG44</a>. It was the first firearm to bridge the gap between long range rifles, machine guns, and short range submachine guns. Since the mid-20th century, guns that fire beams of energy rather than solid projectiles have been developed, and also guns that can be fired by means other than the use of gunpowder. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operating_principle">Operating principle</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Operating principle">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Most guns use compressed gas confined by the barrel to propel the bullet up to high speed, though devices operating in other ways are sometimes called guns. In firearms the high-pressure gas is generated by combustion, usually of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. This principle is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>, except that the bullet leaves the barrel, while the piston transfers its motion to other parts and returns down the cylinder. As in an internal combustion engine, the combustion propagates by <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagration</a> rather than by <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>, and the optimal <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>, like the optimal motor fuel, is resistant to detonation. This is because much of the energy generated in detonation is in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a>, which can propagate from the gas to the solid structure and heat or damage the structure, rather than staying as heat to propel the piston or bullet. The shock wave at such high temperature and pressure is much faster than that of any bullet, and would leave the gun as <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> either through the barrel or the bullet itself rather than contributing to the bullet's velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Barrel">Barrel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Barrel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/220px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/330px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg/440px-105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1492" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:105mm_tank_gun_Rifling.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rifling of a 105 mm <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ordnance_L7" title="Royal Ordnance L7">Royal Ordnance L7</a> tank gun.</div></div></div> <p>Barrel types include <a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">rifled</a>—a series of spiraled grooves or angles within the barrel—when the projectile requires an induced spin to stabilize it, and <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> when the projectile is stabilized by other means or rifling is undesired or unnecessary. Typically, interior barrel diameter and the associated projectile size is a means to identify gun variations. Bore diameter is reported in several ways. The more conventional measure is reporting the interior diameter (bore) of the barrel in decimal fractions of the inch or in millimetres. Some guns—such as <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotguns</a>—report the weapon's <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge (bore diameter)">gauge</a> (which is the number of shot pellets having the same diameter as the bore produced from one English pound (454g) of lead) or—as in some British ordnance—the weight of the weapon's usual projectile. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Projectile">Projectile</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Projectile">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A gun projectile may be a simple, single-piece item like a bullet, a casing containing a payload like a shotshell or explosive shell, or complex projectile like a sub-caliber projectile and sabot. The propellant may be air, an explosive solid, or an explosive liquid. Some variations like the <a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a> and certain other types combine the projectile and propellant into a single item. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The term gun may refer to any sort of projectile weapon from large cannons to small <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> including those that are usually hand-held (<a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> The word gun is also commonly used to describe objects which, while they are not themselves weapons, produce an effect or possess a form which is in some way evocative of a handgun or <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long gun</a>. </p><p>The use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>" is interchangeable with "gun" as words borrowed from the French language during the early 15th century, from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>canon</i>, itself a borrowing from the Italian <i>cannone</i>, a "large tube" augmentative of Latin <i>canna</i> "reed or cane".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> Recent scholarship indicates that the term "gun" may have its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse language">Norse</a> woman's name "Gunnildr" (which means "War-sword"), which was often shortened to "Gunna".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200431_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200431-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> The earliest recorded use of the term "gonne" was in a Latin document circa 1339. Other names for guns during this era were "schioppi" (Italian translation-"thunderers"), and "donrebusse" (Dutch translation-"thunder gun") which was incorporated into the English language as "blunderbuss".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200431_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200431-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> Artillerymen were often referred to as "gonners" and "artillers"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200430_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200430-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> Early guns and the men who used them were often associated with the devil and the gunner's craft was considered a <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black art</a>, a point reinforced by the smell of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> on battlefields created from the firing of guns along with the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">muzzle blast</a> and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flash" title="Muzzle flash">flash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200432_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200432-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The word <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> is retained in some cases for the actual gun tube but not the weapon system. The title gunner is applied to the member of the team charged with operating, aiming, and firing a gun. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannons</a> are automatic guns designed primarily to fire shells and are mounted on a vehicle or other mount. <a href="/wiki/Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine guns">Machine guns</a> are similar, but usually designed to fire simple projectiles. In some calibers and some usages, these two definitions overlap. </p><p>In contemporary military and naval parlance the term <i>gun</i> has a very specific meaning and refers solely to any large-caliber, direct-fire, high-velocity, flat-trajectory artillery piece employing an explosive-filled hollowed metal <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_penetrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic penetrator">solid bolt</a> as its primary projectile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> This later usage contrasts with large-calibre, high-angle, low-velocity, indirect-fire weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar (weapons)">mortars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launchers</a> which invariantly employ explosive-filled shells. In other military use, the term "gun" refers primarily to <a href="/wiki/Direct_fire" title="Direct fire">direct fire</a> weapons that capitalize on their <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> for penetration or range. In modern parlance, these weapons are <a href="/wiki/Breech-loaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loaded">breech-loaded</a> and built primarily for long range fire with a low or almost flat <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">ballistic</a> arc. A variation is the <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> or gun-howitzer designed to offer the ability to fire both low or high-angle ballistic arcs. In this use, example guns include <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval guns</a>. A less strict application of the word is to identify one artillery weapon system or non-machine gun projectile armament on aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>A related military use of the word is in describing <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type fission weapon</a>. In this instance, the "gun" is part of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> and contains an explosively propelled sub-critical slug of <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a> within a barrel to be fired into a second sub-critical mass in order to initiate the fission reaction. Potentially confused with this usage are small nuclear devices capable of being fired by artillery or <a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(nuclear_device)" title="Davy Crockett (nuclear device)">recoilless rifle.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In civilian use, the <a href="/wiki/Captive_bolt_pistol" title="Captive bolt pistol">captive bolt pistol</a> is used in agriculture to humanely stun farm animals for slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> are normally civilian weapons used primarily for hunting. These weapons are typically smooth bored and fire a shell containing small lead or steel balls. Variations use rifled barrels or fire other projectiles including solid lead slugs, a <a href="/wiki/Taser" title="Taser">Taser</a> <a href="/wiki/XREP" class="mw-redirect" title="XREP">XREP</a> projectile capable of stunning a target, or other payloads. In military versions, these weapons are often used to burst door hinges or locks in addition to antipersonnel uses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">Arquebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">Blunderbuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musketoon" title="Musketoon">Musketoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_gun" title="Wall gun">Wall gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">Grenade launcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defense_weapon" title="Personal defense weapon">Personal defense weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lever-action_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lever-action rifle">Lever-action rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt-action_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt-action rifle">Bolt-action rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Designated marksman rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_rifle" title="Service rifle">Service rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper rifle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_shotgun" title="Semi-automatic shotgun">Semi-automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Handguns">Handguns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Handguns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handgun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_pistol" title="Service pistol">Service pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/IOF-32-REV-1.JPG/220px-IOF-32-REV-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/IOF-32-REV-1.JPG/330px-IOF-32-REV-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/IOF-32-REV-1.JPG/440px-IOF-32-REV-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:IOF-32-REV-1.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/IOF_.32_Revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="IOF .32 Revolver">IOF .32 Revolver</a> chambered in .32 S&amp;W Long</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M%26Prevolver.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/M%26Prevolver.jpg/220px-M%26Prevolver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/M%26Prevolver.jpg/330px-M%26Prevolver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/M%26Prevolver.jpg/440px-M%26Prevolver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="359" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:M%26Prevolver.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Smith &amp; Wesson "Military and Police" <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolver</a></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="Service revolver">Service revolver</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hunting">Hunting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Hunting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">BB gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimfire rifle">Rimfire rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint rifle</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Machine_guns">Machine guns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Machine guns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minigun" class="mw-redirect" title="Minigun">Minigun</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/220px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/330px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg/440px-Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="267" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch" title="Heckler &amp; Koch">Heckler &amp; Koch</a> <a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5" title="Heckler &amp; Koch MP5">MP5</a> submachine gun is widely used by law enforcement tactical teams and military forces.</div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordenfelt_gun" title="Nordenfelt gun">Nordenfelt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_Storm_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal Storm Limited">Metal Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrailleuse" title="Mitrailleuse">Mitrailleuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_machine_gun" title="General-purpose machine gun">General-purpose machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light machine gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_Automatic_Weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Squad Automatic Weapon">Squad Automatic Weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_Automatic_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry Automatic Rifle">Infantry Automatic Rifle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy machine gun</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Autocannon">Autocannon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Autocannon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">Autocannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_gun" title="Chain gun">Chain gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver_cannon" title="Revolver cannon">Revolver cannon</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artillery">Artillery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Artillery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">Carronade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">Falconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">Field gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">Howitzer</a></li></ul></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tank">Tank</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Tank">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rescue_equipment">Rescue equipment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Rescue equipment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_gun" title="Lyle gun">Lyle gun</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Training_and_entertainment">Training and entertainment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Training and entertainment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airsoft_gun" title="Airsoft gun">Airsoft gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Purpose_Rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Drill Purpose Rifle">Drill Purpose Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintball_marker" title="Paintball marker">Paintball gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_cannon" title="Potato cannon">Potato cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spud_gun_(toy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spud gun (toy)">Spud gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_gun" title="Cap gun">Cap gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gun" title="Water gun">Water gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_Blasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerf Blasters">Nerf gun</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy weapon</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Gun ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Quarter" title="Gun Quarter">Gun Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroshock_weapon" title="Electroshock weapon">Stun gun</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chambers Dictionary, Allied Chambers - 199, page 717</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Herbst2005" class="citation book cs1">Judith Herbst (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&amp;pg=PA8"><i>The History of Weapons</i></a>. Lerner Publications. p.&#160;8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-3805-9"><bdi>978-0-8225-3805-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729014040/https://books.google.com/books?id=U-5T2Zs5qG8C&amp;pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Weapons&amp;rft.pages=8&amp;rft.pub=Lerner+Publications&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8225-3805-9&amp;rft.au=Judith+Herbst&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-5T2Zs5qG8C%26pg%3DPA8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster, Inc. (1990). <i>The Merriam-Webster's New Book of Word Histories.</i> Basic Books. pg.207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchanan2006">Buchanan 2006</a>, p.&#160;2 "With its ninth century AD origins in China, the knowledge of gunpowder emerged from the search by alchemists for the secrets of life, to filter through the channels of Middle Eastern culture, and take root in Europe with consequences that form the context of the studies in this volume."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p.&#160;7 "Without doubt it was in the previous century, around +850, that the early alchemical experiments on the constituents of gunpowder, with its self-contained oxygen, reached their climax in the appearance of the mixture itself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chase_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chase_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chase_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>, pp.&#160;31–32<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChase2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crosby-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crosby_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p.&#160;99<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCrosby2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, pp.&#160;8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>:222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1986">Needham 1986</a>, p.&#160;10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Song Lian. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077702" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077702"><bdi>9781576077702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9781576077702&amp;rft.aulast=Ooi&amp;rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReid2012" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (2012). <i>Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-96-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4311-96-0"><bdi>978-981-4311-96-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Anthony+Reid+and+the+Study+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Past&amp;rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-4311-96-0&amp;rft.aulast=Reid&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris2003">Norris 2003</a>:11<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFNorris2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase58-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chase58_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChase2003">Chase 2003</a>:58<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcolnb error: no target: CITEREFChase2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle, Crécy 1346: Triumph of the longbow, Osprey Publishing; June 25, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-966-9">978-1-85532-966-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614001329/http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&amp;catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&amp;Itemid=59">"Ain Mäesalu: Otepää püss on maailma vanim"</a> (in Estonian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teemapark.otepaa.ee/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=53:otepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv&amp;catid=37:linnamaee-artiklid&amp;Itemid=59">the original</a> on 2012-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ain+M%C3%A4esalu%3A+Otep%C3%A4%C3%A4+p%C3%BCss+on+maailma+vanim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteemapark.otepaa.ee%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D53%3Aotepaeae-puess-on-maailma-vanim-kaesitulirelv%26catid%3D37%3Alinnamaee-artiklid%26Itemid%3D59&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1963" class="citation book cs1">Dunlap, Roy F. (June 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ab12fHr8y0C&amp;q=how+a+gun+works"><i>Gunsmithing</i></a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0770-1"><bdi>978-0-8117-0770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gunsmithing&amp;rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&amp;rft.date=1963-06&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8117-0770-1&amp;rft.aulast=Dunlap&amp;rft.aufirst=Roy+F.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Ab12fHr8y0C%26q%3Dhow%2Ba%2Bgun%2Bworks&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewpewtactical.com/how-guns-work/">"How Guns Work"</a>. <i>Pew Pew Tactical</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pew+Pew+Tactical&amp;rft.atitle=How+Guns+Work&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewpewtactical.com%2Fhow-guns-work%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun">"Gun - Definition of Gun by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130404232706/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gun">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gun+-+Definition+of+Gun+by+Merriam-Webster&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgun&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&amp;searchmode=none">"cannon - Origin and history of cannon by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812053005/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=cannon&amp;searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=cannon+-+Origin+and+history+of+cannon+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dcannon%26searchmode%3Dnone&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200431-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200431_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200431_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p.&#160;31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200430-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200430_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200432-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200432_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2004">Kelly 2004</a>, p.&#160;32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405002316/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en">"Captive Bolt Stunning Equipment and the Law - How it applies to you"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/ahw/animalwelfare/livestockwelfare/welfareofanimalsatslaughter/slaughtermanslicence/captiveboltstunningequipment/?lang=en">the original</a> on 2014-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Captive+Bolt+Stunning+Equipment+and+the+Law+-+How+it+applies+to+you&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Fenvironmentcountryside%2Fahw%2Fanimalwelfare%2Flivestockwelfare%2Fwelfareofanimalsatslaughter%2Fslaughtermanslicence%2Fcaptiveboltstunningequipment%2F%3Flang%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzzle_brake&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gun">gun</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011217839">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2006" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Brenda (2006). <i>Gunpowder, explosives and the state&#160;: a technological history</i>. Aldershot, England Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-93190-8"><bdi>978-1-351-93190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gunpowder%2C+explosives+and+the+state+%3A+a+technological+history&amp;rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England+Burlington%2C+VT&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-351-93190-8&amp;rft.aulast=Buchanan&amp;rft.aufirst=Brenda&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKelly2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Jack (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xfs8tC8Ow0C"><i>Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive That Changed the World</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3900-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3900-4"><bdi>978-0-7867-3900-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gunpowder%3A+Alchemy%2C+Bombards%2C+and+Pyrotechnics%3A+The+History+of+the+Explosive+That+Changed+the+World&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3900-4&amp;rft.aulast=Kelly&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xfs8tC8Ow0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLee1981" class="citation book cs1">Lee, R. Geoffrey (1981). <i>Introduction to Battlefield Weapons Systems and Technology</i>. Oxford: Brassey's Defence Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080270433" title="Special:BookSources/0080270433"><bdi>0080270433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Battlefield+Weapons+Systems+and+Technology&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Brassey%27s+Defence+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=0080270433&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+Geoffrey&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1986" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1986) [1954]. <i>Science and civilisation in China</i>. Cambridge England: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30358-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China&amp;rft.place=Cambridge+England&amp;rft.pub=University+Press&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-30358-3&amp;rft.aulast=Needham&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuzzle+brake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1630556946
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/30767847"