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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '[[File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG|thumb|[[Mississippi State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]]]]
[[File:AngolaLAPrison.jpg|thumb|[[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana]]]]
A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea that they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming
The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.<ref name=Lunau>{{cite web|last=Lunau|first=Kate|title=Canada to shut down all prison farms|url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA198933050|publisher=Maclean's, April 13, 2009}}</ref>
In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being '''farmed out''' through the practice of [[convict lease|convict leasing]] to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor.<ref name="McCall">{{cite web |title=D.A. McCall, Secretary of the Mississippi Baptist Convention Board, Baptizes Convicts on a Prison Farm near Parchman on 18 August 1946 |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX2588900094 |publisher=Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Sources , 2006}}</ref>
Depending on the prevailing doctrine on judicial punishment and [[penal harm]], psychological and/or physical cruelty may be a conscious intent of prison farm labor. Some of the ways that prison farms seem cruel is from the history that the term has From WWII and in America with the Japanese internment camps, even going all the way back to slavery.
[[File:13th Amendment signed by Abraham Lincoln.jpg|thumb|This is the [[13th Amendment (United States)|13th Amendment]] that [[Abraham Lincoln]] Signed.]]
Louisiana State Penitentiary is the largest prison farm covering {{convert|18000|acre|ha|abbr=off}}, and is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River.<ref>{{Cite book|title=2014 Guinness World Records Limited|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132 132]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132}}</ref> Canada has six large prison farms that are currently closed with the possibility of being reopened.
== Convict Leasing ==
''For more information, see [[Convict leasing|Convict Leasing]]''
Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the [[Southern United States]], and widely involved the use of [[African Americans|African-American]] men which was prominently used after the [[American Civil War]]. In this system southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions.<ref name="Convict Leasing">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-01 |title=Convict Leasing |url=https://eji.org/news/history-racial-injustice-convict-leasing/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Equal Justice Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]], prohibited the use of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of a crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented "[[Black Codes (United States)|Black Codes]]" which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for more minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that they can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by [[World War II]], but the loopholes in the 13th Amendment sill permits the use of prisoners to continue to work without pay.<ref name="Convict Leasing"/>
==Other Work Programs==
Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state [[Department of Motor Vehicles]], work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or grounds keeping.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BOP: Work Programs|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/work_programs.jsp|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bop.gov}}</ref> These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.
==In the United States (partial list)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State !! Facility !! Type of work
|-
| Alabama || [[Draper Correctional Facility]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=26 |title=Draper Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alabama || [[G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility]] || Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=17 |title=Fountain Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alabama || [[Limestone Correctional Facility]] || Cattle and Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=10 |title=Limestone Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alaska || Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm || Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.state.ak.us/institutions/point-mackenzie-history |title=Point Mackenzie Correctional Farm History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Correct.state.ak.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Cummins Unit]] || Horse and Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10 Cummins Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235205/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10 |date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[East Arkansas Regional Unit]] || Farming <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13 East Arkansas Regional Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628034614/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13 |date=2011-06-28 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Grimes Unit]] || Agricultural Gardening Program <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=14 Grimes Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || North Central Unit || Garden and Forage Production <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=19 North Central Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || Ouachita River Unit || Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20 Ouachita River Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918014901/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20 |date=2015-09-18 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || Pine Bluff Unit || Horse operation <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=21 Pine Bluff Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Tucker Unit]] || Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=3 Tucker Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Wrightsville Unit]] || Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=1 Wrightsville Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| California || [[California State Prison, Corcoran]] || Dairy/Milk Processing <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html |title=California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430230338/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html |archive-date=April 30, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Central California Women's Facility]] || Farming <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html |title=Central California Women's Facility (CCWF). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423101406/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html |archive-date=April 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Valley State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/VSP.html |title=Valley State Prison (VSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Cdcr.ca.gov |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Wasco State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/WSP.html |title=Wasco State Prison-Reception Center (WSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Cdcr.ca.gov |date=2017-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Buena Vista Correctional Complex || Fish Hatchery <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex BVCC - Buena Vista Correctional Complex | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050041/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Four Mile Correctional Center || Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/fmcc-four-mile-correctional-center FMCC - Four Mile Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804143942/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/fmcc-four-mile-correctional-center |date=August 4, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Rifle Correctional Center || Timber <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center RCC - Rifle Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030711/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || [[Skyline Correctional Center]] || Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center SCC - Skyline Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804060201/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center |date=August 4, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Florida || Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.|| Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region1/101.html |title=Apalachee Correctional Institution, West. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Florida || Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.|| Citrus <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region3/510.html |title=Charlotte Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Florida || [[Union Correctional Institution]] / P.R.I.D.E.|| Beef Cattle, Lumber <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region2/213.html |title=Union Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Arrendale State Prison]] || Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000256.html |title=Arrendale State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Dooly State Prison]] || Farm Services <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000205.html |title=Dooly State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || Montgomery State Prison || Poultry and Egg Production <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000257.html |title=Montgomery State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || Rogers State Prison || Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000191.html |title=Rogers State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Washington State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000209.html |title=Washington State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Hawaii || [[Halawa Correctional Facility]] / Hawaii Correctional Industries|| Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.hawaii.gov/halawa/ |title=Halawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dps.hawaii.gov |date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Hawaii || Waiawa Correctional Facility || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.hawaii.gov/wc/ |title=Waiawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dps.hawaii.gov |date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Louisiana || [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]] (Angola) || Farming
|-
| Mississippi || [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]](Parchman) / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises || Farming<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mission of the Mississippi State Penitentiary |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Agricultural Enterprises (MS)">{{cite web |title=Agricultural Enterprises |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/Agricultural-Enterprises.aspx |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Mississippi || [[South Mississippi Correctional Institution]] / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises || Farming<ref>{{cite web |title=South Mississippi Correctional Institution |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Agricultural Enterprises (MS)" />
|-
| North Carolina || Caledonia Correctional Institution ([[Caledonia State Prison Farm]]) || Farming and Cannery <ref>{{cite web |title=Caledonia Correctional Institution |url=https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Caledonia-Correctional-Institution |website=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hart |first1=John |title=Caledonia: Where prisoners have grown their food for 125 years |url=https://www.farmprogress.com/corn/caledonia-where-prisoners-have-grown-their-food-125-years |website=FarmProgress |publisher=Informa Markets |access-date=19 May 2019 |date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| North Carolina || Dan River Prison Work Farm || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Dan River Prison Work Farm -- Farming operations |url=https://www.doc.state.nc.us/DOP/DanRiver/farm.htm |website=North Carolina Department of Correction Division of Prisons |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| North Carolina || Tyrrell Prison Work Farm || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Tyrrell Prison Work Farm |url=https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Tyrrell-Prison-Work-Farm |website=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || George Beto Unit ([[Beto Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beto (B) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Dolph Briscoe Unit || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Briscoe (DB) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/db.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || James "Jay" H. Byrd Unit ([[Byrd Unit]]) || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Byrd (DU) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/du.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Clemens Unit]] || Beef Cattle, Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Clemens (CN) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/cn.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || William P. Clements Unit ([[Clements Unit]]) || Beef Processing <ref>{{cite web |title=Clements (BC) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/bc.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || H. H. Coffield Unit ([[Coffield Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coffield (CO) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/co.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Christina Melton Crain Unit ([[Crain Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing<ref>{{cite web |title=Crain (GV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Price Daniel Unit || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel (DL)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/dl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Darrington Unit]] || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, and Swine Finishing Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Darrington (DA)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/da.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Eastham Unit]] || Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Eastham (EA)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ea.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || O.B. Ellis Unit ([[Ellis Unit]]) || Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Ellis (E)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || W. J. "Jim" Estelle Unit ([[Estelle Unit]]) || Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Estelle (E2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Jim Ferguson Unit ([[Ferguson Unit]]) || Farming, Bull Management, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Ferguson (FE)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/fe.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Glen Ray Goodman Transfer Facility || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Goodman (GG) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gg.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Thomas Goree Unit ([[Goree Unit]]) || Horse Breeding <ref>{{cite web |title=Goree (GR)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gr.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Joe F. Gurney Transfer Facility ([[Gurney Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurney (ND)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nd.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Hilltop Unit]] || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Hilltop (HT)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ht.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || William P. Hobby Unit ([[Hobby Unit]]) || Farming and Peach Orchard <ref>{{cite web |title=Hobby (HB)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/hb.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Reverend C.A. Holliday Transfer Facility ([[Holliday Unit]]) || Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <ref>{{cite web |title=Holliday (NF)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nf.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Alfred D. Hughes Unit ([[Hughes Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Hughes (AH)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ah.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Beauford H. Jester I Unit ([[Jester I Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Jester I (J1)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Beauford H. Jester III Unit ([[Jester III Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Jester III (J3)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j3.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Clyde M. Johnston Unit || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Johnston (JT) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/jt.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || O.L. Luther Unit || Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <ref>{{cite web |title=Luther (P2) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Mark W. Michael Unit ([[Michael Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael (MI)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mi.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Mountain View Unit]] || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain View (MV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Dr. Lane Murray Unit ([[Murray Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Murray (LM)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/lm.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Nathaniel J. Neal Unit || Beef Processing <ref>{{cite web |title=Neal (KN)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/kn.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Wallace Pack Unit ([[Pack Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <ref>{{cite web |title=Pack (P1) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Allan B. Polunsky Unit ([[Polunsky unit]]) || Tree Farm <ref>{{cite web |title=Polunsky (TL) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/tl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Louis C. Powledge Unit ([[Powledge Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Powledge (B2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || W. F. Ramsey Unit ([[Ramsey Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Ramsey (R1)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Wayne Scott Unit ([[Scott Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Farming, Farm Shop, and Grain Storage <ref>{{cite web |title=Scott (RV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/rv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || A.M. "Mac" Stringfellow Unit ([[Stringfellow Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Stringfellow (R2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Barry B. Telford Unit ([[Telford Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations and Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Telford (TO)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/to.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || C.T. Terrell Unit ([[Terrell Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Terrell (R3)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r3.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Carol S. Vance Unit ([[Vance Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Vance (J2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Daniel Webster Wallace Unit || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Wallace (WL)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || John M. Wynne Unit ([[Wynne Unit]]) || Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <ref>{{cite web |title=Wynne (WY)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wy.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|}
==Canadian Prison Farm System==
Foreign prison farm systems such as [[Canada]] had shut down six of their major prison farms in 2009. Canada used their Prison farms as a way to generate revenue as well as to give prisoners skills post-release. In 2009 the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] in Canada had announced that the skills that prison farms have given inmates are outdated and should shift prison labor to something with more modern skills.
The Canadian Prison farm system has been shut down since 2009, However the debate of whether or not the farms should reopen is still a common discussion in Canada with groups such as the group called Save our Prison Farms (SOPF), a group that is trying to keep prison farms around and strong since they did not want to pay for farm labor. The prison farms in Canada exposed a lot of Canada's inequalities with an incarceration rate of First nations people of Canada vs. non- aboriginals that is ten times different for the indigenous people of Canada.
[[File:Report of the Minister of Justice as to Penitentiaries of Canada, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913. (IA 1914v48i27p34 1053).pdf|thumb|Canadian parliament on penitentiaries.]]
In 2009 the Prison farm Program in Canada was about to shut down, the [[Government of Canada]] gave three reasons to cut the program. The first reason the Canadian government had to shut it down was because of how dangerous the conditions were for the people that worked on the farm. The second reason was that they thought the program was an out of date and ineffective type of correction giving non modern skills to inmates for their post release. Finally the third reason the Canadian government decided to close the Prison Farm Program was because it was losing money. The six prisons revenue was 7.5 million while the expenses were 11.5 million, losing the government about 4 million dollars on a useless program. Overall the Canadian Prison Farm Program was found to not be effective in Canada and seemed to display a good reasoning other than the inequalities that are within them to shut down all the prisons that were across Canada.
==Legal framework==
The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]], which ended slavery, specifically perpetuated the concept of [[penal servitude]] – i.e., forced and unpaid labor as a punishment for a crime. This exemption only affected those who have been convicted of crimes, not those who were still awaiting trial.
[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] had a long history of penal servitude even before passage of the [[Penal Servitude Act]] of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve as slaves for a term of years as [[indentured servitude|indentured servants]].
In [[World War II|WWII]] the legality of prison farm labor was completely unjust enslaving people into servitude over religion during the holocaust. America has also been a part of this injustice with the use of Japanese internment camps which forced the labor of Japanese people in America illegally.
==Scope==
[[File:ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg|thumb|The [[Clemens Unit]], a prison farm in [[Brazoria County, Texas]]]]
[[File:CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg|thumb|The [[Cummins Unit]], a prison farm in [[Lincoln County, Arkansas]]]]
This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes the prison system of the U.S. state of North Carolina in the early twentieth century:
<blockquote>"The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between the ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the [[Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School]], was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the [[Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School]] for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of the different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded, and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities."</blockquote>
In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that the state of Rhode Island had a farm of {{convert|667|acre|km2}} in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from):
<blockquote>"the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of the state reform school."<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cranston |volume=7 |page=378}}</ref></blockquote>
There are prison farms in other countries. Canada had six prison farms, where up to 800 inmates did everything from tending pigs to milking cows until they were closed in 2010 by the Conservative government. In 2015, the Liberal government began conducting feasibility studies to determine if the program can be restarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/strong-support-for-reopening-prison-farms-government-consultation-finds-1.3153380 |title='Strong support' for reopening prison farms, government consultation finds | CTV News |publisher=Ctvnews.ca |date=2016-11-09 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> In 2018, the Liberal government announced plans to reopen 2 of the prison farms previously closed by the end of 2019.
==In fiction==
Films and television shows featuring prison farms and forced prison labor:
* ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang]]'' is a movie released in 1932, which depicted the degrading and inhumane treatment on [[chain gang]]s in the post–[[World War I]] era.
* ''[[Hell's Highway (1932 film)|Hell's Highway]]'' (1932)
* ''[[Prison Farm (film)|Prison Farm]]'' (1938)
* ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) scenes of Scarlett O'Hara's leased convicts at work in her lumber mills
* ''[[Sullivan's Travels]]'' (1941)
* ''[[City Without Men]]'' (1943)
* ''Chain Gang'' (1950) starred [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)]] as a reporter working as a guard to expose corruption and brutality.<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/70569/Chain-Gang/ Chain Gang (1950)] Turner Classic Movies</ref>
* ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sounder (film)|Sounder]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Papillon (1973 film)|Papillon]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Scarecrow (1973 film)|Scarecrow]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Nightmare in Badham County]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Buckstone County Prison]]'' (1978)
* ''[[They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Brubaker]]'' (1980)
* ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|MacGyver]]'' (1988), "Jack of Spies", Season 3. Mac's friend Jack Dalton tricks him to be arrested by a corrupt police officer to be incarcerated in a prison farm that uses the inmates to work in an underground gold mine to find a stash of hidden money.
* ''[[Life (1999 film)|Life]]'' (1999)
* ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Civil Brand]]'' (2002)
* In "[[Les Misérables]]" by [[Victor Hugo]], which has had several movie adaptations, the character [[Jean Valjean]] is part of a chain gang ("le bagne", which is usually translated as "the galleys" or "the prison hulks") as part of his punishment for stealing bread.
==See also==
* [[Care farming]]
* [[Chain gang]]
* [[Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony]]
* [[Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/ippf.html|title= Iwahig Penal Farm|publisher=Philippine Bureau of Corrections:accessdate=21 Nov 2017}}</ref>
* [[Tom Murton]]
* [[Trusty system (prison)|Trusty system]]
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Prison |display=Prison § ''Prison Industries'' |volume=22 |page=369}}
==Further reading==
* Thomas, Nicki (Producer: Scott Croteau) "[http://www.capitalnews.ca/index.php/news/prison-farms-facing-execution Prison farms facing execution]." ''[[Capital News Online]]''. [[Carleton University]] School of Journalism and Communication. March 5, 2010.
* [[David M. Oshinsky]], "Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] Justice," On the origins of the penal farm in Mississippi and the preceding [[convict lease]] system.
* Sample, Albert. ''Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy.'' Austin: Eakin Press, 1984.
==External links==
{{Incarceration}}
[[Category:Types of farms]]
[[Category:Prisons]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Penal labour]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:ParchmanGathgbggggggggggggeNewPhoto.JPG|thumb|[[Mississippi State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]]]]
[[File:AngolaLAPrisongyyyyyytffbhgh.jpg|thumb|[[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana]]]]
A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of aggggggggggg productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea thhjjhat they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming
The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.<ref name=Lunau>{{cite web|last=Lunau|first=Kate|title=Canada to shut down all prison farms|url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA198933050|publisher=Maclean's, April 13, 2009}}</ref>
In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being '''farmed out''' through the practice of [[convict lease|convict leasing]] to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor.<ref name="McCall">{{cite web |title=D.A. McCall, Secretary of the Mississippi Baptist Convention Board, Baptizes Convicts on a Prison Farm near Parchman on 18 August 1946 |url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX2588900094 |publisher=Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Sources , 2006}}</ref>
Depending on the prevailing doctrine on judicial punishment and [[penal harm]], psychological and/or physical cruelty may be a conscious intent of prison farm labor. Some of the ways that prison farms seem cruel is from the history that the term has From WWII and in America with the Japanese internment camps, even going all the way back to slavery.
[[File:13th Amendment signed by Abraham Lincoln.jpg|thumb|This is the [[13th Amendment (United States)|13th Amendment]] that [[Abraham Lincoln]] Signed.]]
Louisiana State Penitentiary is the largest prison farm covering {{convert|18000|acre|ha|abbr=off}}, and is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River.<ref>{{Cite book|title=2014 Guinness World Records Limited|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132 132]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132}}</ref> Canada has six large prison farms that are currently closed with the possibility of being reopened.
== Convict Leasing ==
''For more information, see [[Convict leasing|Convict Leasing]]''
Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the [[Southern United States]], and widely involved the use of [[African Americans|African-American]] men which was prominently used after the [[American Civil War]]. In this system southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions.<ref name="Convict Leasing">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-01 |title=Convict Leasing |url=https://eji.org/news/history-racial-injustice-convict-leasing/ |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=Equal Justice Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref>
The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]], prohibited the use of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of a crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented "[[Black Codes (United States)|Black Codes]]" which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for more minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that they can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by [[World War II]], but the loopholes in the 13th Amendment sill permits the use of prisoners to continue to work without pay.<ref name="Convict Leasing"/>
==Other Work Programs==
Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state [[Department of Motor Vehicles]], work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or grounds keeping.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BOP: Work Programs|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/work_programs.jsp|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bop.gov}}</ref> These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.
==In the United States (partial list)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State !! Facility !! Type of work
|-
| Alabama || [[Draper Correctional Facility]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=26 |title=Draper Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alabama || [[G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility]] || Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=17 |title=Fountain Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alabama || [[Limestone Correctional Facility]] || Cattle and Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=10 |title=Limestone Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Doc.state.al.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Alaska || Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm || Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.correct.state.ak.us/institutions/point-mackenzie-history |title=Point Mackenzie Correctional Farm History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Correct.state.ak.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Cummins Unit]] || Horse and Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10 Cummins Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235205/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10 |date=2016-03-18 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[East Arkansas Regional Unit]] || Farming <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13 East Arkansas Regional Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628034614/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13 |date=2011-06-28 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Grimes Unit]] || Agricultural Gardening Program <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=14 Grimes Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || North Central Unit || Garden and Forage Production <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=19 North Central Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || Ouachita River Unit || Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20 Ouachita River Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918014901/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20 |date=2015-09-18 }}</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || Pine Bluff Unit || Horse operation <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=21 Pine Bluff Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Tucker Unit]] || Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=3 Tucker Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| Arkansas || [[Wrightsville Unit]] || Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations <ref>[http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=1 Wrightsville Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015]</ref>
|-
| California || [[California State Prison, Corcoran]] || Dairy/Milk Processing <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html |title=California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430230338/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html |archive-date=April 30, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Central California Women's Facility]] || Farming <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html |title=Central California Women's Facility (CCWF). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423101406/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html |archive-date=April 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Valley State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/VSP.html |title=Valley State Prison (VSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Cdcr.ca.gov |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| California || [[Wasco State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/WSP.html |title=Wasco State Prison-Reception Center (WSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Cdcr.ca.gov |date=2017-04-04 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Buena Vista Correctional Complex || Fish Hatchery <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex BVCC - Buena Vista Correctional Complex | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050041/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Four Mile Correctional Center || Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/fmcc-four-mile-correctional-center FMCC - Four Mile Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804143942/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/fmcc-four-mile-correctional-center |date=August 4, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || Rifle Correctional Center || Timber <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center RCC - Rifle Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030711/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center |date=June 10, 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Colorado || [[Skyline Correctional Center]] || Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep <ref>[http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center SCC - Skyline Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804060201/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center |date=August 4, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Florida || Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.|| Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region1/101.html |title=Apalachee Correctional Institution, West. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Florida || Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.|| Citrus <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region3/510.html |title=Charlotte Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Florida || [[Union Correctional Institution]] / P.R.I.D.E.|| Beef Cattle, Lumber <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region2/213.html |title=Union Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dc.state.fl.us |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Arrendale State Prison]] || Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000256.html |title=Arrendale State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Dooly State Prison]] || Farm Services <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000205.html |title=Dooly State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || Montgomery State Prison || Poultry and Egg Production <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000257.html |title=Montgomery State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || Rogers State Prison || Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000191.html |title=Rogers State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Georgia || [[Washington State Prison]] || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000209.html |title=Washington State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dcor.state.ga.us |date=2000-01-01 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Hawaii || [[Halawa Correctional Facility]] / Hawaii Correctional Industries|| Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.hawaii.gov/halawa/ |title=Halawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dps.hawaii.gov |date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Hawaii || Waiawa Correctional Facility || Farming <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dps.hawaii.gov/wc/ |title=Waiawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015 |publisher=Dps.hawaii.gov |date=2018-03-08 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>
|-
| Louisiana || [[Louisiana State Penitentiary]] (Angola) || Farming
|-
| Mississippi || [[Mississippi State Penitentiary]](Parchman) / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises || Farming<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mission of the Mississippi State Penitentiary |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Agricultural Enterprises (MS)">{{cite web |title=Agricultural Enterprises |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/Agricultural-Enterprises.aspx |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Mississippi || [[South Mississippi Correctional Institution]] / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises || Farming<ref>{{cite web |title=South Mississippi Correctional Institution |url=https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp |website=Mississippi Department of Corrections |publisher=Mississippi Department of Corrections |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Agricultural Enterprises (MS)" />
|-
| North Carolina || Caledonia Correctional Institution ([[Caledonia State Prison Farm]]) || Farming and Cannery <ref>{{cite web |title=Caledonia Correctional Institution |url=https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Caledonia-Correctional-Institution |website=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hart |first1=John |title=Caledonia: Where prisoners have grown their food for 125 years |url=https://www.farmprogress.com/corn/caledonia-where-prisoners-have-grown-their-food-125-years |website=FarmProgress |publisher=Informa Markets |access-date=19 May 2019 |date=4 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| North Carolina || Dan River Prison Work Farm || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Dan River Prison Work Farm -- Farming operations |url=https://www.doc.state.nc.us/DOP/DanRiver/farm.htm |website=North Carolina Department of Correction Division of Prisons |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| North Carolina || Tyrrell Prison Work Farm || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Tyrrell Prison Work Farm |url=https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Tyrrell-Prison-Work-Farm |website=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |publisher=North Carolina Department of Public Safety |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || George Beto Unit ([[Beto Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beto (B) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Dolph Briscoe Unit || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Briscoe (DB) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/db.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || James "Jay" H. Byrd Unit ([[Byrd Unit]]) || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Byrd (DU) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/du.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Clemens Unit]] || Beef Cattle, Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Clemens (CN) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/cn.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || William P. Clements Unit ([[Clements Unit]]) || Beef Processing <ref>{{cite web |title=Clements (BC) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/bc.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || H. H. Coffield Unit ([[Coffield Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coffield (CO) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/co.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Christina Melton Crain Unit ([[Crain Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing<ref>{{cite web |title=Crain (GV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Price Daniel Unit || Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel (DL)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/dl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Darrington Unit]] || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, and Swine Finishing Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Darrington (DA)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/da.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Eastham Unit]] || Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Eastham (EA)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ea.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || O.B. Ellis Unit ([[Ellis Unit]]) || Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Ellis (E)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || W. J. "Jim" Estelle Unit ([[Estelle Unit]]) || Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Estelle (E2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Jim Ferguson Unit ([[Ferguson Unit]]) || Farming, Bull Management, and Swine Operations <ref>{{cite web |title=Ferguson (FE)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/fe.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Glen Ray Goodman Transfer Facility || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Goodman (GG) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gg.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Thomas Goree Unit ([[Goree Unit]]) || Horse Breeding <ref>{{cite web |title=Goree (GR)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gr.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Joe F. Gurney Transfer Facility ([[Gurney Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurney (ND)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nd.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Hilltop Unit]] || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Hilltop (HT)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ht.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || William P. Hobby Unit ([[Hobby Unit]]) || Farming and Peach Orchard <ref>{{cite web |title=Hobby (HB)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/hb.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Reverend C.A. Holliday Transfer Facility ([[Holliday Unit]]) || Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <ref>{{cite web |title=Holliday (NF)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nf.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Alfred D. Hughes Unit ([[Hughes Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Hughes (AH)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ah.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Beauford H. Jester I Unit ([[Jester I Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Jester I (J1)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Beauford H. Jester III Unit ([[Jester III Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Jester III (J3)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j3.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Clyde M. Johnston Unit || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Johnston (JT) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/jt.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || O.L. Luther Unit || Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <ref>{{cite web |title=Luther (P2) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Mark W. Michael Unit ([[Michael Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Michael (MI)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mi.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || [[Mountain View Unit]] || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Mountain View (MV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Dr. Lane Murray Unit ([[Murray Unit]]) || Farming, Swine Finishing <ref>{{cite web |title=Murray (LM)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/lm.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Nathaniel J. Neal Unit || Beef Processing <ref>{{cite web |title=Neal (KN)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/kn.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Wallace Pack Unit ([[Pack Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <ref>{{cite web |title=Pack (P1) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Allan B. Polunsky Unit ([[Polunsky unit]]) || Tree Farm <ref>{{cite web |title=Polunsky (TL) |url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/tl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Louis C. Powledge Unit ([[Powledge Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Powledge (B2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || W. F. Ramsey Unit ([[Ramsey Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Ramsey (R1)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r1.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Wayne Scott Unit ([[Scott Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Farming, Farm Shop, and Grain Storage <ref>{{cite web |title=Scott (RV)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/rv.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || A.M. "Mac" Stringfellow Unit ([[Stringfellow Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Stringfellow (R2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Barry B. Telford Unit ([[Telford Unit]]) || Cow/Calf Operations and Farming <ref>{{cite web |title=Telford (TO)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/to.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || C.T. Terrell Unit ([[Terrell Unit]]) || Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <ref>{{cite web |title=Terrell (R3)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r3.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Carol S. Vance Unit ([[Vance Unit]]) || Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <ref>{{cite web |title=Vance (J2)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j2.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || Daniel Webster Wallace Unit || Hay Production <ref>{{cite web |title=Wallace (WL)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wl.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Texas || John M. Wynne Unit ([[Wynne Unit]]) || Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <ref>{{cite web |title=Wynne (WY)|url=https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wy.html |website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |publisher=Texas Department of Criminal Justice |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref>
|}
==Canadian Prison Farm System==
Foreign prison farm systems such as [[Canada]] had shut down six of their major prison farms in 2009. Canada used their Prison farms as a way to generate revenue as well as to give prisoners skills post-release. In 2009 the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] in Canada had announced that the skills that prison farms have given inmates are outdated and should shift prison labor to something with more modern skills.
The Canadian Prison farm system has been shut down since 2009, However the debate of whether or not the farms should reopen is still a common discussion in Canada with groups such as the group called Save our Prison Farms (SOPF), a group that is trying to keep prison farms around and strong since they did not want to pay for farm labor. The prison farms in Canada exposed a lot of Canada's inequalities with an incarceration rate of First nations people of Canada vs. non- aboriginals that is ten times different for the indigenous people of Canada.
[[File:Report of the Minister of Justice as to Penitentiaries of Canada, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913. (IA 1914v48i27p34 1053).pdf|thumb|Canadian parliament on penitentiaries.]]
In 2009 the Prison farm Program in Canada was about to shut down, the [[Government of Canada]] gave three reasons to cut the program. The first reason the Canadian government had to shut it down was because of how dangerous the conditions were for the people that worked on the farm. The second reason was that they thought the program was an out of date and ineffective type of correction giving non modern skills to inmates for their post release. Finally the third reason the Canadian government decided to close the Prison Farm Program was because it was losing money. The six prisons revenue was 7.5 million while the expenses were 11.5 million, losing the government about 4 million dollars on a useless program. Overall the Canadian Prison Farm Program was found to not be effective in Canada and seemed to display a good reasoning other than the inequalities that are within them to shut down all the prisons that were across Canada.
==Legal framework==
The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution]], which ended slavery, specifically perpetuated the concept of [[penal servitude]] – i.e., forced and unpaid labor as a punishment for a crime. This exemption only affected those who have been convicted of crimes, not those who were still awaiting trial.
[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] had a long history of penal servitude even before passage of the [[Penal Servitude Act]] of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve as slaves for a term of years as [[indentured servitude|indentured servants]].
In [[World War II|WWII]] the legality of prison farm labor was completely unjust enslaving people into servitude over religion during the holocaust. America has also been a part of this injustice with the use of Japanese internment camps which forced the labor of Japanese people in America illegally.
==Scope==
[[File:ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg|thumb|The [[Clemens Unit]], a prison farm in [[Brazoria County, Texas]]]]
[[File:CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg|thumb|The [[Cummins Unit]], a prison farm in [[Lincoln County, Arkansas]]]]
This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes the prison system of the U.S. state of North Carolina in the early twentieth century:
<blockquote>"The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between the ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the [[Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School]], was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the [[Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School]] for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of the different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded, and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities."</blockquote>
In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that the state of Rhode Island had a farm of {{convert|667|acre|km2}} in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from):
<blockquote>"the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of the state reform school."<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cranston |volume=7 |page=378}}</ref></blockquote>
There are prison farms in other countries. Canada had six prison farms, where up to 800 inmates did everything from tending pigs to milking cows until they were closed in 2010 by the Conservative government. In 2015, the Liberal government began conducting feasibility studies to determine if the program can be restarted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/strong-support-for-reopening-prison-farms-government-consultation-finds-1.3153380 |title='Strong support' for reopening prison farms, government consultation finds | CTV News |publisher=Ctvnews.ca |date=2016-11-09 |access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref> In 2018, the Liberal government announced plans to reopen 2 of the prison farms previously closed by the end of 2019.
==In fiction==
Films and television shows featuring prison farms and forced prison labor:
* ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang]]'' is a movie released in 1932, which depicted the degrading and inhumane treatment on [[chain gang]]s in the post–[[World War I]] era.
* ''[[Hell's Highway (1932 film)|Hell's Highway]]'' (1932)
* ''[[Prison Farm (film)|Prison Farm]]'' (1938)
* ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) scenes of Scarlett O'Hara's leased convicts at work in her lumber mills
* ''[[Sullivan's Travels]]'' (1941)
* ''[[City Without Men]]'' (1943)
* ''Chain Gang'' (1950) starred [[Douglas Kennedy (actor)]] as a reporter working as a guard to expose corruption and brutality.<ref>[http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/70569/Chain-Gang/ Chain Gang (1950)] Turner Classic Movies</ref>
* ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sounder (film)|Sounder]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Papillon (1973 film)|Papillon]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Scarecrow (1973 film)|Scarecrow]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Nightmare in Badham County]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Buckstone County Prison]]'' (1978)
* ''[[They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Brubaker]]'' (1980)
* ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)|MacGyver]]'' (1988), "Jack of Spies", Season 3. Mac's friend Jack Dalton tricks him to be arrested by a corrupt police officer to be incarcerated in a prison farm that uses the inmates to work in an underground gold mine to find a stash of hidden money.
* ''[[Life (1999 film)|Life]]'' (1999)
* ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Civil Brand]]'' (2002)
* In "[[Les Misérables]]" by [[Victor Hugo]], which has had several movie adaptations, the character [[Jean Valjean]] is part of a chain gang ("le bagne", which is usually translated as "the galleys" or "the prison hulks") as part of his punishment for stealing bread.
==See also==
* [[Care farming]]
* [[Chain gang]]
* [[Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony]]
* [[Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/ippf.html|title= Iwahig Penal Farm|publisher=Philippine Bureau of Corrections:accessdate=21 Nov 2017}}</ref>
* [[Tom Murton]]
* [[Trusty system (prison)|Trusty system]]
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Prison |display=Prison § ''Prison Industries'' |volume=22 |page=369}}
==Further reading==
* Thomas, Nicki (Producer: Scott Croteau) "[http://www.capitalnews.ca/index.php/news/prison-farms-facing-execution Prison farms facing execution]." ''[[Capital News Online]]''. [[Carleton University]] School of Journalism and Communication. March 5, 2010.
* [[David M. Oshinsky]], "Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] Justice," On the origins of the penal farm in Mississippi and the preceding [[convict lease]] system.
* Sample, Albert. ''Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy.'' Austin: Eakin Press, 1984.
==External links==
{{Incarceration}}
[[Category:Types of farms]]
[[Category:Prisons]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Penal labour]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-[[File:ParchmanGateNewPhoto.JPG|thumb|[[Mississippi State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]]]]
-[[File:AngolaLAPrison.jpg|thumb|[[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana]]]]
-A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea that they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming
+[[File:ParchmanGathgbggggggggggggeNewPhoto.JPG|thumb|[[Mississippi State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[Sunflower County, Mississippi]]]]
+[[File:AngolaLAPrisongyyyyyytffbhgh.jpg|thumb|[[Louisiana State Penitentiary]], an American prison farm in [[West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana]]]]
+A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of aggggggggggg productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea thhjjhat they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming
The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.<ref name=Lunau>{{cite web|last=Lunau|first=Kate|title=Canada to shut down all prison farms|url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA198933050|publisher=Maclean's, April 13, 2009}}</ref>
' |
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2 => 'A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of aggggggggggg productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea thhjjhat they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming'
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2 => 'A '''prison farm''' (also known as a '''penal farm''') refers to a large [[correctional facility]] where [[penal labor]] convicts are forced to work on a ''[[farm]]'' legally and illegally (in the wide sense of a productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and [[labor camp]] overlap with the idea that they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a [[penal colony]] which is another name for prison farming'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=ParchmanGathgbggggggggggggeNewPhoto.JPG" class="new" title="File:ParchmanGathgbggggggggggggeNewPhoto.JPG">File:ParchmanGathgbggggggggggggeNewPhoto.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary" title="Mississippi State Penitentiary">Mississippi State Penitentiary</a>, an American prison farm in <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_County,_Mississippi" title="Sunflower County, Mississippi">Sunflower County, Mississippi</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=AngolaLAPrisongyyyyyytffbhgh.jpg" class="new" title="File:AngolaLAPrisongyyyyyytffbhgh.jpg">File:AngolaLAPrisongyyyyyytffbhgh.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary" title="Louisiana State Penitentiary">Louisiana State Penitentiary</a>, an American prison farm in <a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana</a></div></div></div>
<p>A <b>prison farm</b> (also known as a <b>penal farm</b>) refers to a large <a href="/wiki/Correctional_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Correctional facility">correctional facility</a> where <a href="/wiki/Penal_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal labor">penal labor</a> convicts are forced to work on a <i><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a></i> legally and illegally (in the wide sense of aggggggggggg productive unit), usually for manual labor, largely in the open air, such as in agriculture, logging, quarrying, and mining as well as many others. All of this forced labor has been given the right from the thirteenth amendment in the United States, however other parts of the world have made penal labor illegal. The concepts of prison farm and <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camp</a> overlap with the idea thhjjhat they are forced to work. The historical equivalent on a very large scale was called a <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a> which is another name for prison farming
</p><p>The agricultural goods produced by prison farms are generally used primarily to feed the prisoners themselves and other wards of the state (residents of orphanages, asylums, etc.), and secondarily, to be sold for whatever profit the state may be able to obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-Lunau_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lunau-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>In addition to being forced to labor directly for the government on a prison farm or in a penal colony, inmates may be forced to do farm work for private enterprises by being <b>farmed out</b> through the practice of <a href="/wiki/Convict_lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict lease">convict leasing</a> to work on private agricultural lands or related industries (fishing, lumbering, etc.). The party purchasing their labor from the government generally does so at a steep discount from the cost of free labor.<sup id="cite_ref-McCall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCall-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Depending on the prevailing doctrine on judicial punishment and <a href="/wiki/Penal_harm" title="Penal harm">penal harm</a>, psychological and/or physical cruelty may be a conscious intent of prison farm labor. Some of the ways that prison farms seem cruel is from the history that the term has From WWII and in America with the Japanese internment camps, even going all the way back to slavery.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/220px-13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/330px-13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/440px-13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3203" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_Amendment_signed_by_Abraham_Lincoln.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This is the <a href="/wiki/13th_Amendment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Amendment (United States)">13th Amendment</a> that <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> Signed.</div></div></div>
<p>Louisiana State Penitentiary is the largest prison farm covering 18,000 acres (7,300 hectares), and is bordered on three sides by the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Canada has six large prison farms that are currently closed with the possibility of being reopened.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Convict_Leasing"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Convict Leasing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_Work_Programs"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Other Work Programs</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#In_the_United_States_(partial_list)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">In the United States (partial list)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Canadian_Prison_Farm_System"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Canadian Prison Farm System</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Legal_framework"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legal framework</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Scope"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_fiction"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In fiction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Convict_Leasing">Convict Leasing</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Convict Leasing">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><i>For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict Leasing</a></i>
</p><p>Convict leasing was a system of penal labor that was primarily practiced in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and widely involved the use of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> men which was prominently used after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In this system southern states leased prisoners to large plantations and private mines or railways. This system led to the states earning a profit, while the prisoners earned no pay and faced dangerous working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Convict_Leasing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convict_Leasing-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">United States Constitution</a>, prohibited the use of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and involuntary servitude but explicitly exempts those who have been convicted of a crime. In response to this, the southern state legislatures implemented "<a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a>" which were laws that explicitly applied to African-Americans and subjected them to criminal prosecution for more minor offenses like breaking curfew, loitering, and not carrying proof of employment. These new laws led to more prisoners for the penal system that could all be leased by the state so that they can use their labor for profit. Widespread convict leasing ended by <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but the loopholes in the 13th Amendment sill permits the use of prisoners to continue to work without pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Convict_Leasing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Convict_Leasing-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_Work_Programs">Other Work Programs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other Work Programs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Convicts may also be leased for non-agricultural work, either directly to state entities, or to private industry. For example, prisoners may make license plates under contract to the state <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Motor Vehicles">Department of Motor Vehicles</a>, work in textile or other state-run factories, or may perform data processing for outside firms. Other types of work include food service or grounds keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> These laborers are typically considered to be a part of prison industries and not prison farms.
</p>
<h2><span id="In_the_United_States_.28partial_list.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_United_States_(partial_list)">In the United States (partial list)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the United States (partial list)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>State</th>
<th>Facility</th>
<th>Type of work
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alabama</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Draper_Correctional_Facility" title="Draper Correctional Facility">Draper Correctional Facility</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alabama</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/G.K._Fountain_Correctional_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility">G.K. Fountain Correctional Facility</a></td>
<td>Cattle and Agricultural Operations, and Vegetable Gardens <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alabama</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Correctional_Facility" title="Limestone Correctional Facility">Limestone Correctional Facility</a></td>
<td>Cattle and Farming <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alaska</td>
<td>Point MacKenzie Correctional Farm</td>
<td>Hogs, Cattle, Turkeys, and Chickens, Produce Operations, and Hydroponics Program <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Cummins_Unit" title="Cummins Unit">Cummins Unit</a></td>
<td>Horse and Agricultural Operations <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/East_Arkansas_Regional_Unit" title="East Arkansas Regional Unit">East Arkansas Regional Unit</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Unit" title="Grimes Unit">Grimes Unit</a></td>
<td>Agricultural Gardening Program <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td>North Central Unit</td>
<td>Garden and Forage Production <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td>Ouachita River Unit</td>
<td>Livestock and Forage Production, Gravel Harvesting <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td>Pine Bluff Unit</td>
<td>Horse operation <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Unit" title="Tucker Unit">Tucker Unit</a></td>
<td>Agricultural Operations <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Arkansas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wrightsville_Unit" title="Wrightsville Unit">Wrightsville Unit</a></td>
<td>Horse Operations, Agricultural Operations <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>California</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/California_State_Prison,_Corcoran" title="California State Prison, Corcoran">California State Prison, Corcoran</a></td>
<td>Dairy/Milk Processing <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>California</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Central_California_Women%27s_Facility" title="Central California Women's Facility">Central California Women's Facility</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>California</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Valley_State_Prison" title="Valley State Prison">Valley State Prison</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>California</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Wasco_State_Prison" title="Wasco State Prison">Wasco State Prison</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Colorado</td>
<td>Buena Vista Correctional Complex</td>
<td>Fish Hatchery <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Colorado</td>
<td>Four Mile Correctional Center</td>
<td>Dairy, Wild Horse Inmate Program <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Colorado</td>
<td>Rifle Correctional Center</td>
<td>Timber <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Colorado</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Skyline_Correctional_Center" title="Skyline Correctional Center">Skyline Correctional Center</a></td>
<td>Fish Hatchery, Farming, Vineyard, Goat and Water Buffalo Dairy, Mountain Sheep <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Florida</td>
<td>Apalachee Correctional Institution, West Unit / P.R.I.D.E.</td>
<td>Beef Cattle, Lumber, Agricultural <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Florida</td>
<td>Charlotte Correctional Institution / P.R.I.D.E.</td>
<td>Citrus <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Florida</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Union_Correctional_Institution" title="Union Correctional Institution">Union Correctional Institution</a> / P.R.I.D.E.</td>
<td>Beef Cattle, Lumber <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Arrendale_State_Prison" title="Arrendale State Prison">Arrendale State Prison</a></td>
<td>Cattle and Swine, Hay Farming <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dooly_State_Prison" title="Dooly State Prison">Dooly State Prison</a></td>
<td>Farm Services <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td>Montgomery State Prison</td>
<td>Poultry and Egg Production <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td>Rogers State Prison</td>
<td>Dairy, Beef Cattle, Swine, Farming <sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Georgia</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Prison" title="Washington State Prison">Washington State Prison</a></td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hawaii</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Halawa_Correctional_Facility" title="Halawa Correctional Facility">Halawa Correctional Facility</a> / Hawaii Correctional Industries</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hawaii</td>
<td>Waiawa Correctional Facility</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Louisiana</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary" title="Louisiana State Penitentiary">Louisiana State Penitentiary</a> (Angola)</td>
<td>Farming
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mississippi</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary" title="Mississippi State Penitentiary">Mississippi State Penitentiary</a>(Parchman) / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises</td>
<td>Farming<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)-37">[37]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Mississippi</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/South_Mississippi_Correctional_Institution" title="South Mississippi Correctional Institution">South Mississippi Correctional Institution</a> / Mississippi Prison Agricultural Enterprises</td>
<td>Farming<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)-37">[37]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North Carolina</td>
<td>Caledonia Correctional Institution (<a href="/wiki/Caledonia_State_Prison_Farm" title="Caledonia State Prison Farm">Caledonia State Prison Farm</a>)</td>
<td>Farming and Cannery <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North Carolina</td>
<td>Dan River Prison Work Farm</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North Carolina</td>
<td>Tyrrell Prison Work Farm</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>George Beto Unit (<a href="/wiki/Beto_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Beto Unit">Beto Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Dolph Briscoe Unit</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>James "Jay" H. Byrd Unit (<a href="/wiki/Byrd_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrd Unit">Byrd Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Hay Production <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Unit" title="Clemens Unit">Clemens Unit</a></td>
<td>Beef Cattle, Farming, Swine Finishing <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>William P. Clements Unit (<a href="/wiki/Clements_Unit" title="Clements Unit">Clements Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Beef Processing <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>H. H. Coffield Unit (<a href="/wiki/Coffield_Unit" title="Coffield Unit">Coffield Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, Swine Farrowing etc.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Christina Melton Crain Unit (<a href="/wiki/Crain_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Crain Unit">Crain Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Swine Finishing<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Price Daniel Unit</td>
<td>Farming <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Darrington_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Darrington Unit">Darrington Unit</a></td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, and Swine Finishing Operations <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eastham_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastham Unit">Eastham Unit</a></td>
<td>Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>O.B. Ellis Unit (<a href="/wiki/Ellis_Unit" title="Ellis Unit">Ellis Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>W. J. "Jim" Estelle Unit (<a href="/wiki/Estelle_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Estelle Unit">Estelle Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Cotton Gin, Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, and Swine Operations <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Jim Ferguson Unit (<a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Unit" title="Ferguson Unit">Ferguson Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Bull Management, and Swine Operations <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Glen Ray Goodman Transfer Facility</td>
<td>Hay Production <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Thomas Goree Unit (<a href="/wiki/Goree_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goree Unit">Goree Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Horse Breeding <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Joe F. Gurney Transfer Facility (<a href="/wiki/Gurney_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurney Unit">Gurney Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_Unit" title="Hilltop Unit">Hilltop Unit</a></td>
<td>Farming, Swine Finishing <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>William P. Hobby Unit (<a href="/wiki/Hobby_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobby Unit">Hobby Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming and Peach Orchard <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Reverend C.A. Holliday Transfer Facility (<a href="/wiki/Holliday_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Holliday Unit">Holliday Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Alfred D. Hughes Unit (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Unit">Hughes Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Swine Finishing <sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Beauford H. Jester I Unit (<a href="/wiki/Jester_I_Unit" title="Jester I Unit">Jester I Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Beauford H. Jester III Unit (<a href="/wiki/Jester_III_Unit" title="Jester III Unit">Jester III Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Clyde M. Johnston Unit</td>
<td>Hay Production <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>O.L. Luther Unit</td>
<td>Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Mark W. Michael Unit (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Unit">Michael Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Unit" title="Mountain View Unit">Mountain View Unit</a></td>
<td>Farming, Swine Finishing <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Dr. Lane Murray Unit (<a href="/wiki/Murray_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray Unit">Murray Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Swine Finishing <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Nathaniel J. Neal Unit</td>
<td>Beef Processing <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Wallace Pack Unit (<a href="/wiki/Pack_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack Unit">Pack Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Cow/Calf Operations, Farming, Swine Operations, and Buffalo Ranch <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Allan B. Polunsky Unit (<a href="/wiki/Polunsky_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Polunsky unit">Polunsky unit</a>)</td>
<td>Tree Farm <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Louis C. Powledge Unit (<a href="/wiki/Powledge_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Powledge Unit">Powledge Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Poultry Laying Operations, Pork Processing, and Swine Farrowing etc.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>W. F. Ramsey Unit (<a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Unit" title="Ramsey Unit">Ramsey Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Wayne Scott Unit (<a href="/wiki/Scott_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Unit">Scott Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Cow/Calf Operations, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Farming, Farm Shop, and Grain Storage <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>A.M. "Mac" Stringfellow Unit (<a href="/wiki/Stringfellow_Unit" title="Stringfellow Unit">Stringfellow Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Barry B. Telford Unit (<a href="/wiki/Telford_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Telford Unit">Telford Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Cow/Calf Operations and Farming <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>C.T. Terrell Unit (<a href="/wiki/Terrell_Unit" title="Terrell Unit">Terrell Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Cow/Calf Operations, Cotton Gin, Farm Shop, Vegetable Cannery, Grain Storage, Swine Operations, and Alfalfa Dehydrator <sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Carol S. Vance Unit (<a href="/wiki/Vance_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vance Unit">Vance Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Swine Finishing, Mechanical Shop, and Combine Shed <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>Daniel Webster Wallace Unit</td>
<td>Hay Production <sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Texas</td>
<td>John M. Wynne Unit (<a href="/wiki/Wynne_Unit" title="Wynne Unit">Wynne Unit</a>)</td>
<td>Farming, Egg Operations, Swine Operations, Horse Breeding Operations, and Veterinary Services <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Canadian_Prison_Farm_System">Canadian Prison Farm System</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canadian Prison Farm System">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Foreign prison farm systems such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> had shut down six of their major prison farms in 2009. Canada used their Prison farms as a way to generate revenue as well as to give prisoners skills post-release. In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> in Canada had announced that the skills that prison farms have given inmates are outdated and should shift prison labor to something with more modern skills.
</p><p>The Canadian Prison farm system has been shut down since 2009, However the debate of whether or not the farms should reopen is still a common discussion in Canada with groups such as the group called Save our Prison Farms (SOPF), a group that is trying to keep prison farms around and strong since they did not want to pay for farm labor. The prison farms in Canada exposed a lot of Canada's inequalities with an incarceration rate of First nations people of Canada vs. non- aboriginals that is ten times different for the indigenous people of Canada.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada,_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31,_1913._(IA_1914v48i27p34_1053).pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf/page1-220px-Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf/page1-330px-Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf/page1-440px-Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada%2C_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31%2C_1913._%28IA_1914v48i27p34_1053%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="900" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Report_of_the_Minister_of_Justice_as_to_Penitentiaries_of_Canada,_for_the_fiscal_year_ended_March_31,_1913._(IA_1914v48i27p34_1053).pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Canadian parliament on penitentiaries.</div></div></div>
<p>In 2009 the Prison farm Program in Canada was about to shut down, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> gave three reasons to cut the program. The first reason the Canadian government had to shut it down was because of how dangerous the conditions were for the people that worked on the farm. The second reason was that they thought the program was an out of date and ineffective type of correction giving non modern skills to inmates for their post release. Finally the third reason the Canadian government decided to close the Prison Farm Program was because it was losing money. The six prisons revenue was 7.5 million while the expenses were 11.5 million, losing the government about 4 million dollars on a useless program. Overall the Canadian Prison Farm Program was found to not be effective in Canada and seemed to display a good reasoning other than the inequalities that are within them to shut down all the prisons that were across Canada.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legal framework">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which ended slavery, specifically perpetuated the concept of <a href="/wiki/Penal_servitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal servitude">penal servitude</a> – i.e., forced and unpaid labor as a punishment for a crime. This exemption only affected those who have been convicted of crimes, not those who were still awaiting trial.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> had a long history of penal servitude even before passage of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Servitude_Act" title="Penal Servitude Act">Penal Servitude Act</a> of 1853, and routinely used convict labor to settle its conquests, either through penal colonies or by selling convicts to settlers to serve as slaves for a term of years as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured servants</a>.
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a> the legality of prison farm labor was completely unjust enslaving people into servitude over religion during the holocaust. America has also been a part of this injustice with the use of Japanese internment camps which forced the labor of Japanese people in America illegally.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scope">Scope</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scope">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg/220px-ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg/330px-ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg/440px-ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ClemensUnitBrazoriaCoTX.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Clemens_Unit" title="Clemens Unit">Clemens Unit</a>, a prison farm in <a href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County, Texas</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg/220px-CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg/330px-CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="238" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CumminsUnitSignArk.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Cummins_Unit" title="Cummins Unit">Cummins Unit</a>, a prison farm in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Arkansas" title="Lincoln County, Arkansas">Lincoln County, Arkansas</a></div></div></div>
<p>This type of penal institution has mainly been implanted in rural regions of vast countries. For example, the following passage describes the prison system of the U.S. state of North Carolina in the early twentieth century:
</p>
<blockquote><p>"The state prison is at Raleigh, although most of the convicts are distributed upon farms owned and operated by the state. The lease system does not prevail, but the farming out of convict labor is permitted by the constitution; such labor is used chiefly for the building of railways, the convicts so employed being at all times cared for and guarded by state officials. A reformatory for white youth between the ages of seven and sixteen, under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_Manual_Training_and_Industrial_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School">Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School</a>, was opened at Concord in 1909, and in March 1909 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foulk_Reformatory_and_Manual_Training_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School (page does not exist)">Foulk Reformatory and Manual Training School</a> for negro youth was provided for. Charitable and penal institutions are under the supervision of a Board of Public Charities, appointed by the governor for a period of six years, the terms of the different members expiring in different years. Private institutions for the care of the insane, idiots, feeble-minded, and inebriates may be established, but must be licensed and regulated by the state board and become legally a part of the system of public charities."</p></blockquote>
<p>In 21st-century Illinois, several prisons continue to run farms to produce food for wards of the state, including the prisoners themselves. The 1911 Britannica also reported that the state of Rhode Island had a farm of 667 acres (2.70 km<sup>2</sup>) in the southern part of Cranston City housing (and presumably taking labor from):
</p>
<blockquote><p>"the state prison, the Providence county jail, the state workhouse and the house of correction, the state almshouse, the state hospital for the insane, the Sockanosset school for boys, and the Oaklawn school for girls, the last two being departments of the state reform school."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>There are prison farms in other countries. Canada had six prison farms, where up to 800 inmates did everything from tending pigs to milking cows until they were closed in 2010 by the Conservative government. In 2015, the Liberal government began conducting feasibility studies to determine if the program can be restarted.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> In 2018, the Liberal government announced plans to reopen 2 of the prison farms previously closed by the end of 2019.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_fiction">In fiction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Films and television shows featuring prison farms and forced prison labor:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_a_Fugitive_from_a_Chain_Gang" title="I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang">I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang</a></i> is a movie released in 1932, which depicted the degrading and inhumane treatment on <a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">chain gangs</a> in the post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> era.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Highway_(1932_film)" title="Hell's Highway (1932 film)">Hell's Highway</a></i> (1932)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Farm_(film)" title="Prison Farm (film)">Prison Farm</a></i> (1938)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939) scenes of Scarlett O'Hara's leased convicts at work in her lumber mills</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Travels" title="Sullivan's Travels">Sullivan's Travels</a></i> (1941)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Without_Men" title="City Without Men">City Without Men</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i>Chain Gang</i> (1950) starred <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kennedy_(actor)" title="Douglas Kennedy (actor)">Douglas Kennedy (actor)</a> as a reporter working as a guard to expose corruption and brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Hand_Luke" title="Cool Hand Luke">Cool Hand Luke</a></i> (1967)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sounder_(film)" title="Sounder (film)">Sounder</a></i> (1972)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Papillon_(1973_film)" title="Papillon (1973 film)">Papillon</a></i> (1973)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_(1973_film)" title="Scarecrow (1973 film)">Scarecrow</a></i> (1973)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_in_Badham_County" title="Nightmare in Badham County">Nightmare in Badham County</a></i> (1976)</li>
<li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckstone_County_Prison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buckstone County Prison (page does not exist)">Buckstone County Prison</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/They_Went_That-A-Way_%26_That-A-Way" title="They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way">They Went That-A-Way & That-A-Way</a></i> (1978)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Brubaker" title="Brubaker">Brubaker</a></i> (1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)" title="MacGyver (1985 TV series)">MacGyver</a></i> (1988), "Jack of Spies", Season 3. Mac's friend Jack Dalton tricks him to be arrested by a corrupt police officer to be incarcerated in a prison farm that uses the inmates to work in an underground gold mine to find a stash of hidden money.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_(1999_film)" title="Life (1999 film)">Life</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Brand" title="Civil Brand">Civil Brand</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li>In "<a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, which has had several movie adaptations, the character <a href="/wiki/Jean_Valjean" title="Jean Valjean">Jean Valjean</a> is part of a chain gang ("le bagne", which is usually translated as "the galleys" or "the prison hulks") as part of his punishment for stealing bread.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Care_farming" title="Care farming">Care farming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gorgona_Agricultural_Penal_Colony" title="Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony">Gorgona Agricultural Penal Colony</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iwahig_Prison_and_Penal_Farm" title="Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm">Iwahig Prison and Penal Farm</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Murton" title="Tom Murton">Tom Murton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Lunau-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lunau_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLunau" class="citation web cs1">Lunau, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/MagazinesDetailsPage/MagazinesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Magazines&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA198933050">"Canada to shut down all prison farms"</a>. Maclean's, April 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+to+shut+down+all+prison+farms&rft.pub=Maclean%27s%2C+April+13%2C+2009&rft.aulast=Lunau&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fovic%2FMagazinesDetailsPage%2FMagazinesDetailsWindow%3FfailOverType%3D%26query%3D%26prodId%3DOVIC%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26contentModules%3D%26mode%3Dview%26displayGroupName%3DMagazines%26limiter%3D%26currPage%3D%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26source%3D%26sortBy%3D%26displayGroups%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26action%3De%26catId%3D%26activityType%3D%26scanId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CA198933050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McCall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCall_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX2588900094">"D.A. McCall, Secretary of the Mississippi Baptist Convention Board, Baptizes Convicts on a Prison Farm near Parchman on 18 August 1946"</a>. Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Sources , 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D.A.+McCall%2C+Secretary+of+the+Mississippi+Baptist+Convention+Board%2C+Baptizes+Convicts+on+a+Prison+Farm+near+Parchman+on+18+August+1946&rft.pub=Crime+and+Punishment%3A+Essential+Primary+Sources+%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fovic%2FReferenceDetailsPage%2FReferenceDetailsWindow%3FfailOverType%3D%26query%3D%26prodId%3DOVIC%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26contentModules%3D%26mode%3Dview%26displayGroupName%3DReference%26limiter%3D%26currPage%3D%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26source%3D%26sortBy%3D%26displayGroups%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26action%3De%26catId%3D%26activityType%3D%26scanId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CCX2588900094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132"><i>2014 Guinness World Records Limited</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/132">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9"><bdi>978-1-908843-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2014+Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.pages=132&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908843-15-9&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Convict_Leasing-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Convict_Leasing_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Convict_Leasing_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eji.org/news/history-racial-injustice-convict-leasing/">"Convict Leasing"</a>. <i>Equal Justice Initiative</i>. 2013-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equal+Justice+Initiative&rft.atitle=Convict+Leasing&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feji.org%2Fnews%2Fhistory-racial-injustice-convict-leasing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bop.gov/inmates/custody_and_care/work_programs.jsp">"BOP: Work Programs"</a>. <i>www.bop.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bop.gov&rft.atitle=BOP%3A+Work+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bop.gov%2Finmates%2Fcustody_and_care%2Fwork_programs.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=26">"Draper Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Doc.state.al.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draper+Correctional+Facility.+%282013%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Doc.state.al.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.state.al.us%2Ffacility.aspx%3Floc%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=17">"Fountain Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Doc.state.al.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fountain+Correctional+Facility.+%282013%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Doc.state.al.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.state.al.us%2Ffacility.aspx%3Floc%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.al.us/facility.aspx?loc=10">"Limestone Correctional Facility. (2013). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Doc.state.al.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limestone+Correctional+Facility.+%282013%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Doc.state.al.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.state.al.us%2Ffacility.aspx%3Floc%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.correct.state.ak.us/institutions/point-mackenzie-history">"Point Mackenzie Correctional Farm History. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Correct.state.ak.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point+Mackenzie+Correctional+Farm+History.+%28n.d.%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Correct.state.ak.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.correct.state.ak.us%2Finstitutions%2Fpoint-mackenzie-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10">Cummins Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235205/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=10">Archived</a> 2016-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13">East Arkansas Regional Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628034614/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=13">Archived</a> 2011-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=14">Grimes Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=19">North Central Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20">Ouachita River Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918014901/http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=20">Archived</a> 2015-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=21">Pine Bluff Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=3">Tucker Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adc.arkansas.gov/faciliities/Pages/facilityDetails.aspx?show=1">Wrightsville Unit. (2011). Retrieved June 9,2015</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430230338/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html">"California State Prison, Corcoran (CSP-COR). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/COR-Inmate_Programs.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+State+Prison%2C+Corcoran+%28CSP-COR%29.+%282014%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2FFacilities_Locator%2FCOR-Inmate_Programs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423101406/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html">"Central California Women's Facility (CCWF). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/CCWF-Inmate_Programs.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+California+Women%27s+Facility+%28CCWF%29.+%282014%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2FFacilities_Locator%2FCCWF-Inmate_Programs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/VSP.html">"Valley State Prison (VSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Cdcr.ca.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valley+State+Prison+%28VSP%29.+%282014%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Cdcr.ca.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2FFacilities_Locator%2FVSP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Facilities_Locator/WSP.html">"Wasco State Prison-Reception Center (WSP). (2014). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Cdcr.ca.gov. 2017-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wasco+State+Prison-Reception+Center+%28WSP%29.+%282014%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Cdcr.ca.gov&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcr.ca.gov%2FFacilities_Locator%2FWSP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex">BVCC - Buena Vista Correctional Complex | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610050041/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/bvcc-buena-vista-correctional-complex">Archived</a> June 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center">RCC - Rifle Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030711/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/rcc-rifle-correctional-center">Archived</a> June 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center">SCC - Skyline Correctional Center | Department of Corrections. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804060201/http://www.doc.state.co.us/facility/scc-skyline-correctional-center">Archived</a> August 4, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region1/101.html">"Apalachee Correctional Institution, West. (n.d.). Retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dc.state.fl.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apalachee+Correctional+Institution%2C+West.+%28n.d.%29.+Retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dc.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dc.state.fl.us%2Ffacilities%2Fregion1%2F101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region3/510.html">"Charlotte Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dc.state.fl.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlotte+Correctional+Institution.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dc.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dc.state.fl.us%2Ffacilities%2Fregion3%2F510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dc.state.fl.us/facilities/region2/213.html">"Union Correctional Institution. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dc.state.fl.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+Correctional+Institution.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dc.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dc.state.fl.us%2Ffacilities%2Fregion2%2F213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000256.html">"Arrendale State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dcor.state.ga.us. 2000-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrendale+State+Prison.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dcor.state.ga.us&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcor.state.ga.us%2FGDC%2FFacilityMap%2Fhtml%2FS_50000256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000205.html">"Dooly State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dcor.state.ga.us. 2000-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dooly+State+Prison.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dcor.state.ga.us&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcor.state.ga.us%2FGDC%2FFacilityMap%2Fhtml%2FS_50000205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000257.html">"Montgomery State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dcor.state.ga.us. 2000-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montgomery+State+Prison.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dcor.state.ga.us&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcor.state.ga.us%2FGDC%2FFacilityMap%2Fhtml%2FS_50000257.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000191.html">"Rogers State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dcor.state.ga.us. 2000-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rogers+State+Prison.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dcor.state.ga.us&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcor.state.ga.us%2FGDC%2FFacilityMap%2Fhtml%2FS_50000191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/GDC/FacilityMap/html/S_50000209.html">"Washington State Prison. (n.d.). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dcor.state.ga.us. 2000-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+State+Prison.+%28n.d.%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dcor.state.ga.us&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcor.state.ga.us%2FGDC%2FFacilityMap%2Fhtml%2FS_50000209.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dps.hawaii.gov/halawa/">"Halawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dps.hawaii.gov. 2018-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halawa+Correctional+Facility.+%282015%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dps.hawaii.gov&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdps.hawaii.gov%2Fhalawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dps.hawaii.gov/wc/">"Waiawa Correctional Facility. (2015). retrieved June 9, 2015"</a>. Dps.hawaii.gov. 2018-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waiawa+Correctional+Facility.+%282015%29.+retrieved+June+9%2C+2015&rft.pub=Dps.hawaii.gov&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdps.hawaii.gov%2Fwc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp">"The Mission of the Mississippi State Penitentiary"</a>. <i>Mississippi Department of Corrections</i>. Mississippi Department of Corrections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Department+of+Corrections&rft.atitle=The+Mission+of+the+Mississippi+State+Penitentiary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdoc.ms.gov%2FInstitutions%2FPages%2FState-Prisons.aspx%23msp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agricultural_Enterprises_(MS)_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/Agricultural-Enterprises.aspx">"Agricultural Enterprises"</a>. <i>Mississippi Department of Corrections</i>. Mississippi Department of Corrections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Department+of+Corrections&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Enterprises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdoc.ms.gov%2FInstitutions%2FPages%2FAgricultural-Enterprises.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdoc.ms.gov/Institutions/Pages/State-Prisons.aspx#msp">"South Mississippi Correctional Institution"</a>. <i>Mississippi Department of Corrections</i>. Mississippi Department of Corrections<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Department+of+Corrections&rft.atitle=South+Mississippi+Correctional+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdoc.ms.gov%2FInstitutions%2FPages%2FState-Prisons.aspx%23msp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Caledonia-Correctional-Institution">"Caledonia Correctional Institution"</a>. <i>North Carolina Department of Public Safety</i>. North Carolina Department of Public Safety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Department+of+Public+Safety&rft.atitle=Caledonia+Correctional+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdps.gov%2FAdult-Corrections%2FPrisons%2FPrison-Facilities%2FCaledonia-Correctional-Institution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHart2017" class="citation web cs1">Hart, John (4 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmprogress.com/corn/caledonia-where-prisoners-have-grown-their-food-125-years">"Caledonia: Where prisoners have grown their food for 125 years"</a>. <i>FarmProgress</i>. Informa Markets<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FarmProgress&rft.atitle=Caledonia%3A+Where+prisoners+have+grown+their+food+for+125+years&rft.date=2017-04-04&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmprogress.com%2Fcorn%2Fcaledonia-where-prisoners-have-grown-their-food-125-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.state.nc.us/DOP/DanRiver/farm.htm">"Dan River Prison Work Farm -- Farming operations"</a>. <i>North Carolina Department of Correction Division of Prisons</i>. North Carolina Department of Public Safety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Department+of+Correction+Division+of+Prisons&rft.atitle=Dan+River+Prison+Work+Farm+--+Farming+operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.state.nc.us%2FDOP%2FDanRiver%2Ffarm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncdps.gov/Adult-Corrections/Prisons/Prison-Facilities/Tyrrell-Prison-Work-Farm">"Tyrrell Prison Work Farm"</a>. <i>North Carolina Department of Public Safety</i>. North Carolina Department of Public Safety<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Department+of+Public+Safety&rft.atitle=Tyrrell+Prison+Work+Farm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncdps.gov%2FAdult-Corrections%2FPrisons%2FPrison-Facilities%2FTyrrell-Prison-Work-Farm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b.html">"Beto (B)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Beto+%28B%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/db.html">"Briscoe (DB)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Briscoe+%28DB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fdb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/du.html">"Byrd (DU)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Byrd+%28DU%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fdu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/cn.html">"Clemens (CN)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Clemens+%28CN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fcn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/bc.html">"Clements (BC)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Clements+%28BC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fbc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/co.html">"Coffield (CO)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Coffield+%28CO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fco.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gv.html">"Crain (GV)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Crain+%28GV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fgv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/dl.html">"Daniel (DL)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Daniel+%28DL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fdl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/da.html">"Darrington (DA)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Darrington+%28DA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ea.html">"Eastham (EA)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Eastham+%28EA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e.html">"Ellis (E)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Ellis+%28E%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/e2.html">"Estelle (E2)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Estelle+%28E2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fe2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/fe.html">"Ferguson (FE)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Ferguson+%28FE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Ffe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gg.html">"Goodman (GG)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Goodman+%28GG%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fgg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/gr.html">"Goree (GR)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Goree+%28GR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fgr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nd.html">"Gurney (ND)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Gurney+%28ND%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fnd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ht.html">"Hilltop (HT)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Hilltop+%28HT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/hb.html">"Hobby (HB)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Hobby+%28HB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fhb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/nf.html">"Holliday (NF)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Holliday+%28NF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fnf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/ah.html">"Hughes (AH)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Hughes+%28AH%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j1.html">"Jester I (J1)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Jester+I+%28J1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fj1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j3.html">"Jester III (J3)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Jester+III+%28J3%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fj3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/jt.html">"Johnston (JT)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Johnston+%28JT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fjt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p2.html">"Luther (P2)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Luther+%28P2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fp2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mi.html">"Michael (MI)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Michael+%28MI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fmi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/mv.html">"Mountain View (MV)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Mountain+View+%28MV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fmv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/lm.html">"Murray (LM)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Murray+%28LM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Flm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/kn.html">"Neal (KN)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Neal+%28KN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fkn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/p1.html">"Pack (P1)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Pack+%28P1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fp1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/tl.html">"Polunsky (TL)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Polunsky+%28TL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Ftl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/b2.html">"Powledge (B2)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Powledge+%28B2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fb2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r1.html">"Ramsey (R1)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Ramsey+%28R1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fr1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/rv.html">"Scott (RV)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Scott+%28RV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Frv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r2.html">"Stringfellow (R2)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Stringfellow+%28R2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fr2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/to.html">"Telford (TO)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Telford+%28TO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/r3.html">"Terrell (R3)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Terrell+%28R3%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fr3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/j2.html">"Vance (J2)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Vance+%28J2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fj2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wl.html">"Wallace (WL)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Wallace+%28WL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fwl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/unit_directory/wy.html">"Wynne (WY)"</a>. <i>Texas Department of Criminal Justice</i>. Texas Department of Criminal Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Department+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=Wynne+%28WY%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdcj.texas.gov%2Funit_directory%2Fwy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cranston"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cranston">"Cranston" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cranston&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=378&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/strong-support-for-reopening-prison-farms-government-consultation-finds-1.3153380">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Strong support' for reopening prison farms, government consultation finds | CTV News"</a>. Ctvnews.ca. 2016-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Strong+support%27+for+reopening+prison+farms%2C+government+consultation+finds+%26%23124%3B+CTV+News&rft.pub=Ctvnews.ca&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fstrong-support-for-reopening-prison-farms-government-consultation-finds-1.3153380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/70569/Chain-Gang/">Chain Gang (1950)</a> Turner Classic Movies</span>
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<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucor.gov.ph/facilities/ippf.html">"Iwahig Penal Farm"</a>. Philippine Bureau of Corrections:accessdate=21 Nov 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iwahig+Penal+Farm&rft.pub=Philippine+Bureau+of+Corrections%3Aaccessdate%3D21+Nov+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bucor.gov.ph%2Ffacilities%2Fippf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prison"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Prison">"Prison § <i>Prison Industries</i>" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+%C2%A7+Prison+Industries&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=369&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrison+farm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Thomas, Nicki (Producer: Scott Croteau) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalnews.ca/index.php/news/prison-farms-facing-execution">Prison farms facing execution</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_News_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital News Online">Capital News Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Carleton_University" title="Carleton University">Carleton University</a> School of Journalism and Communication. March 5, 2010.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Oshinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="David M. Oshinsky">David M. Oshinsky</a>, "Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> Justice," On the origins of the penal farm in Mississippi and the preceding <a href="/wiki/Convict_lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict lease">convict lease</a> system.</li>
<li>Sample, Albert. <i>Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy.</i> Austin: Eakin Press, 1984.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prison_farm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Incarceration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Incarceration" title="Template:Incarceration"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Incarceration" title="Template talk:Incarceration"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Incarceration&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Incarceration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Incarceration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Criminal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">Detainee</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">Prisoner of conscience</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">Prisoner of war</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Prisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">Black site</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">Corrective labor colony</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors'</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Farm</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_island" title="Prison island">Island</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labor camp</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Battalion</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chain_gang" title="Chain gang">Chain gang</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_prison" title="Military prison">Military</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">Penal colony</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private</a> </span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">Ship</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youth_detention_center" title="Youth detention center">Youth detention center</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Security levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">House arrest</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detention</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_prison" title="Open prison">Open</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison#Security_levels" title="Prison">Maximum security</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermax_prison" title="Supermax prison">Supermax</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cell" title="Prison cell">Cell</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_cemetery" title="Prison cemetery">Cemetery</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_commissary" title="Prison commissary">Commissary</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_food" title="Prison food">Food</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Library</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_nursery" title="Prison nursery">Nursery</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_officer" title="Prison officer">Officer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trusty_system_(prison)" title="Trusty system (prison)">Trusty system</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_warden" title="Prison warden">Warden</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prison_escape" title="Prison escape">Escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_escapes" title="List of prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Helicopter</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisoner-of-war_escapes" title="List of prisoner-of-war escapes">Prisoner-of-war escapes</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Film</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Gang</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Literature</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_prison_literature" title="American prison literature">American</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_blogs" title="Prison blogs">Blogs</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_ring" title="Prison ring">Ring</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_slang" title="Prison slang">Slang</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_tattooing" title="Prison tattooing">Tattooing</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Abuse</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner abuse in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_contemplative_programs" title="Prison contemplative programs">Contemplative programs</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Education</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_informants" class="mw-redirect" title="Jailhouse informants">Informants</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_in_prison" title="LGBT people in prison">LGBT</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill_people_in_United_States_jails_and_prisons" title="Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons">Mentally ill people in the United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_overcrowding" title="Prison overcrowding">Overcrowding</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pay-to-stay_(imprisonment)" title="Pay-to-stay (imprisonment)">Pay-to-stay</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Private_prison" title="Private prison">Private prisons</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States#Privatization" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protective_custody" title="Protective custody">Protective custody</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Rape</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States" title="Prison rape in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_religion" title="Prison religion">Religion</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_United_States_prisons" title="Religion in United States prisons">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">Riots</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_sexuality" title="Prison sexuality">Sexuality</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">Solitary confinement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Strikes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_suicide" title="Prisoner suicide">Suicide</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_violence" title="Prison violence">Violence</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women" title="Incarceration of women">Women in prison</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration of women in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Assistance_of_the_Convicted" title="Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted">Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted</a> (Brazil)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Pink" title="Black and Pink">Black and Pink</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Justice_Institute" title="Florida Justice Institute">Florida Justice Institute</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Network_of_Prison_Ministries" title="International Network of Prison Ministries">International Network of Prison Ministries</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Action" title="Justice Action">Justice Action</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Defenders" title="Justice Defenders">Justice Defenders</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais_College" title="Mount Tamalpais College">Mount Tamalpais College</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/POA_(trade_union)" title="POA (trade union)">POA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" title="Prison abolition movement">Prison abolition movement</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Advice_and_Care_Trust" title="Prison Advice and Care Trust">Prison Advice and Care Trust</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison-Ashram_Project" title="Prison-Ashram Project">Prison-Ashram Project</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship" title="Prison Fellowship">Prison Fellowship</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Fellowship_International" title="Prison Fellowship International">Prison Fellowship International</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Legal_News" title="Prison Legal News">Prison Legal News</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Officers%27_Association_(Ireland)" title="Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)">Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Prison_Phoenix_Trust" title="The Prison Phoenix Trust">The Prison Phoenix Trust</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Radio" title="Prison Radio">Prison Radio</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prison_Reform_Trust" title="Prison Reform Trust">Prison Reform Trust</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/WriteAPrisoner.com" title="WriteAPrisoner.com">WriteAPrisoner.com</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaving prison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Work_release" title="Work release">Work release</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Countries by incarceration rate</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons" title="List of prisons">Prisons</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prison_films" title="List of prison films">Films featuring prisons</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Penal_systems_by_country" title="Category:Penal systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punishment_in_Australia" title="Punishment in Australia">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Chile" title="Prisons in Chile">Chile</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Estonia" title="Prisons in Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Germany" title="Prisons in Germany">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Iceland" title="List of prisons in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">India</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prisons in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland, Republic of</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Jamaica" title="List of prisons in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_of_Japan" title="Penal system of Japan">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_New_Zealand" title="List of prisons in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">North Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Penitentiary_Institute_(Peru)" title="National Penitentiary Institute (Peru)">Peru</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Russia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Prisons_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Prisons in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Turkey" title="Prisons in Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Ukraine" title="Prisons in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">United Kingdom </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Department_of_Corrections" title="Bermuda Department of Corrections">Bermuda</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="Her Majesty's Prison Service">England & Wales</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Prison_Service" title="Scottish Prison Service">Scotland</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" title="Category:Imprisonment and detention">Imprisonment and detention</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Imprisonment and detention">Commons</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1650550108 |
