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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Futuristic concept of a global interconnected network}}[[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Opte Project]] visualization of [[routing|routing path]]s through a portion of the Internet. The connections and pathways of the internet could be seen as the pathways of [[neurons]] and [[synapse]]s in a global brain]]
The '''global brain''' is a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetary [[information and communications technology]] [[computer network|network]] that interconnects all [[Human|humans]] and their technological artifacts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heylighen|first1=F.|title=What is the global brain?|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html|website=Principa Cybernetica Web|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref> As this network stores ever more [[information]], takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from traditional organizations, and becomes increasingly [[intelligent]], it increasingly plays the role of a [[brain]] for the planet [[Earth]].
==Basic ideas==
Proponents of the global brain hypothesis claim that the [[Internet]] increasingly ties its users together into a single information processing system that functions as part of the collective [[nervous system]] of the planet. The intelligence of this network is [[collective intelligence|collective]] or [[distributed cognition|distributed]]: it is not centralized or localized in any particular individual, organization or computer system. Therefore, no one can command or control it. Rather, it [[self-organization|self-organizes]] or [[emergence|emerges]] from the [[dynamic network analysis|dynamic network]]s of [[human–computer interaction|interactions]] between its components. This is a property typical of [[complex adaptive systems]].<ref name=CAS-T-17/>
The [[World Wide Web]] in particular resembles the organization of a brain with its [[web page]]s (playing a role similar to [[neurons]]) connected by [[hyperlinks]] (playing a role similar to [[synapses]]), together forming an [[Association (psychology)|associative]] network along which information propagates.<ref name="pespmc1.vub.ac.be">{{cite conference | author-link1 = Francis Heylighen | last1 = Heylighen | first1 = Francis | last2 = Bollen | first2 = J. | date = 1996 | title = The World-Wide Web as a Super-Brain: from metaphor to model | editor-first = R. | editor-last = Trappl | conference = Cybernetics and Systems' 96 | publisher = Austrian Society For Cybernetics | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/WWW-Super-Brain.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113729/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/WWW-Super-Brain.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> This analogy becomes stronger with the rise of [[social media]], such as [[Facebook]], where links between personal pages represent relationships in a [[social network]] along which information propagates from person to person.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Weinbaum | first = D. | date = 2012 | title = A Framework for Scalable Cognition: Propagation of challenges, towards the implementation of Global Brain models | publisher = GBI working paper 2012-02 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ECCO/ECCO-Papers/Weaver-Attention.pdf | journal = | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002509/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ECCO/ECCO-Papers/Weaver-Attention.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Such propagation is similar to the [[spreading activation]] that [[neural networks]] in the brain use to process information in a parallel, distributed manner.
==History==
Although some of the underlying ideas were already expressed by [[Nikola Tesla]] in the late 19th century and were written about by many others before him, the term “global brain” was coined in 1982 by [[Peter Russell (writer)|Peter Russell]] in his book ''The Global Brain''.<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Peter Russell (physicist) | last = Russell | first = P. | date = 1983 | title = The Global Brain: speculations on the evolutionary leap to planetary consciousness | location = Los Angeles | publisher = JP Tarcher }}</ref> How the Internet might be developed to achieve this was set out in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Andrews | first = D. | date = February 1986 | title = Information routeing groups – Towards the global superbrain: or how to find out what you need to know rather than what you think you need to know | journal = Journal of Information Technology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–35 | doi=10.1057/jit.1986.5| s2cid = 29171232 }}</ref> The first peer-reviewed article on the subject was published by [[Gottfried Mayer-Kress]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayer-Kress | first1 = G. | last2 = Barczys | first2 = C. | date = 1995 | title = The global brain as an emergent structure from the Worldwide Computing Network, and its implications for modeling | journal = The Information Society | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–27 | url = http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf | doi = 10.1080/01972243.1995.9960177 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120907044231/http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf | archive-date = 2012-09-07 }}</ref> while the first [[algorithms]] that could turn the world-wide web into a collectively intelligent network were proposed by [[Francis Heylighen]] and [[Johan Bollen]] in 1996.<ref name="pespmc1.vub.ac.be"/><ref>{{cite conference | last1 = Bollen | first1 = J. | author-link2 = Francis Heylighen | last2 = Heylighen | first2 = Francis | date = 1996 | title = Algorithms for the self-organization of distributed, multi-user networks. Possible application to the future world wide web | editor-first = R. | editor-last = Trappl | conference = Cybernetics and Systems '96 | pages = 911–916 | publisher = Austrian Society For Cybernetics | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2017-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809023424/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Reviewing the strands of intellectual history that contributed to the global brain hypothesis, [[Francis Heylighen]] distinguishes four perspectives: ''“organicism”'', ''“encyclopedism”'', ''“emergentism”'' and ''“evolutionary cybernetics”''. He asserts that these developed in relative independence but now are converging in his own scientific re-formulation.<ref name="Conceptions of a Global Brain">{{cite book | author-link1 = Francis Heylighen | last1 = Heylighen | first1 = Francis | date = 2011 | chapter-url = http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf | chapter = Conceptions of a Global Brain: an historical review | title = Evolution: Cosmic, Biological, and Social | editor1-last = Grinin | editor1-first = L. E. | editor2-last = Carneiro | editor2-first = R. L. | editor3-last = Korotayev | editor3-first = A. V. | editor4-last = Spier | editor4-first = F. | publisher = Uchitel Publishing | pages = 274–289 | access-date = 2012-05-16 | archive-date = 2016-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155401/http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== Organicism ===
In the 19th century, the sociologist [[Herbert Spencer]] saw society as a [[social organism]] and reflected about its need for a nervous system. Entomologist [[William Morton Wheeler|William Wheeler]] developed the concept of the ant colony as a spatially extended organism, and in the 1930s he coined the term [[superorganism]] to describe such an entity.<ref>{{cite journal | author-link = William Morton Wheeler | last = Wheeler | first = William | date = 1911 | title = The Ant Colony as an Organism | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 307–325 | doi=10.1002/jmor.1050220206| s2cid = 85810040 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1427665 }}</ref> This concept was later adopted by thinkers such as [[Gregory Stock]] in his book [[Metaman]] and [[Joel de Rosnay]] to describe planetary society as a superorganism.
The mental aspects of such an organic system at the planetary level were perhaps first broadly elaborated by palaeontologist and Jesuit priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]. In 1945, he described a coming “planetisation” of humanity, which he saw as the next phase of accelerating human “socialisation”. Teilhard described both socialization and planetization as irreversible, irresistible processes of ''macrobiological development'' culminating in the emergence of a [[noosphere]], or global mind (see Emergentism below).<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration | chapter = Chap VII – The Planetisation of Man }}</ref>
The more recent [[living systems theory]] describes both organisms and social systems in terms of the "critical subsystems" ("organs") they need to contain in order to survive, such as an internal transport system, a resource reserve, and a decision-making system. This theory has inspired several thinkers, including Peter Russell and Francis Heylighen to define the global brain as the network of information processing subsystems for the planetary social system.
=== Encyclopedism ===
In the perspective of encyclopedism, the emphasis is on developing a universal knowledge network. The first systematic attempt to create such an integrated system of the world's knowledge was the 18th century ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]. However, by the end of the 19th century, the amount of knowledge had become too large to be published in a single synthetic volume. To tackle this problem, [[Paul Otlet]] founded the science of documentation, now called [[information science]]. In the 1930s he envisaged a [[World Wide Web]]-like system of associations between documents and telecommunication links that would make all the world's knowledge available immediately to anybody. [[H. G. Wells]] proposed a similar vision of a collaboratively developed world encyclopedia that would be constantly updated by a global university-like institution. He called this a [[World Brain]], as it would function as a continuously updated memory for the planet, although the image of humanity acting informally as a more organic global brain is a recurring motif in other of his works.<ref>{{cite book| author=H.G. Wells | title=The New Machiavelli| url=https://archive.org/details/thenewmachiavell01047gut | quote="But the ideas marched on, the ideas marched on, just as though men's brains were no more than stepping-stones, just as though some great brain in which we are all little cells and corpuscles was thinking them! ... And then I came back as if I came back to a refrain; — the ideas go on — as though we are all no more than little cells and corpuscles in some great brain beyond our understanding...."}}</ref>
[[Tim Berners-Lee]], the inventor of the [[World Wide Web]], too, was inspired by the free-associative possibilities of the brain for his invention. The brain can link different kinds of information without any apparent link otherwise; Berners-Lee thought that computers could become much more powerful if they could imitate this functioning, i.e. make links between any arbitrary piece of information.<ref>{{harv|Berners-Lee|1999|pp=4, 41}}</ref> The most powerful implementation of encyclopedism to date is Wikipedia, which integrates the associative powers of the world-wide-web with the collective intelligence of its millions of contributors, approaching the ideal of a global memory.<ref name="Conceptions of a Global Brain"/> The [[Semantic web]], also first proposed by Berners-Lee, is a system of protocols to make the pieces of knowledge and their links readable by machines, so that they could be used to make automatic [[inference]]s, thus providing this brain-like network with some capacity for autonomous "thinking" or reflection.
=== Emergentism ===
This approach focuses on the emergent aspects of the evolution and development of [[complexity]], including the spiritual, psychological, and moral-ethical aspects of the global brain, and is at present the most speculative approach. The global brain is here seen as a natural and emergent process of planetary evolutionary development. Here again [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] attempted a synthesis of science, social values, and religion in his [[The Phenomenon of Man]], which argues that the ''[[Telos (philosophy)|telos]]'' (drive, purpose) of universal evolutionary process is the development of greater levels of both complexity and consciousness. Teilhard proposed that if life persists then planetization, as a biological process producing a global brain, would necessarily also produce a global mind, a new level of planetary consciousness and a technologically supported network of thoughts which he called the ''[[noosphere]]''. Teilhard's proposed technological layer for the noosphere can be interpreted as an early anticipation of the Internet and the Web.<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration | chapter = Chap X – The Formation of the Noosphere }}</ref>
===Evolutionary cybernetics===
[[Systems theory|Systems theorists]] and [[cybernetics|cyberneticists]] commonly describe the emergence of a higher order system in evolutionary development as a “[[metasystem transition]]” (a concept introduced by [[Valentin Turchin]]) or a “major evolutionary transition”.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The major evolutionary transitions | author-link1 = Eörs Szathmáry | first1 = Eörs | last1 = Szathmáry | author-link2 = John Maynard Smith | first2 = John | last2 = Maynard Smith | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 374 | issue = 6519 | pages = 227–232 | date = 16 March 1995 | doi = 10.1038/374227a0 | pmid=7885442| bibcode = 1995Natur.374..227S | s2cid = 4315120 }}</ref> Such a metasystem consists of a group of subsystems that work together in a coordinated, goal-directed manner. It is as such much more powerful and intelligent than its constituent systems. [[Francis Heylighen]] has argued that the global brain is an emerging metasystem with respect to the level of individual human intelligence, and investigated the specific evolutionary mechanisms that promote this transition.{{sfn|Heylighen|2007}}
In this scenario, the Internet fulfils the role of the network of “nerves” that interconnect the subsystems and thus coordinates their activity. The cybernetic approach makes it possible to develop mathematical models and simulations of the processes of [[self-organization]] through which such coordination and [[collective intelligence]] emerges.
== Recent developments ==
In 1994 [[Kevin Kelly (editor)|Kevin Kelly]], in his popular book ''[[Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World|Out of Control]]'', posited the emergence of a "[[Collective consciousness|hive mind]]" from a discussion of cybernetics and evolutionary biology.<ref name=ooc>{{Cite book| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0201577938| author-link = Kevin Kelly (editor)| last = Kelly| first = Kevin| title = Out of control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization| location = Reading, Mass| date = 1994| pages = [https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolrise00kell/page/5 5–28]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>
In 1996, [[Francis Heylighen]] and [[Ben Goertzel]] founded the Global Brain group, a discussion forum grouping most of the researchers that had been working on the subject of the global brain to further investigate this phenomenon. The group organized the first international conference on the topic in 2001 at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]].
After a period of relative neglect, the Global Brain idea has recently seen a resurgence in interest, in part due to talks given on the topic by [[Tim O'Reilly]], the Internet forecaster who popularized the term [[Web 2.0]],<ref>{{cite video | author-link = Tim O'Reilly | first = Tim | last = O'Reilly | url = http://www.greenbiz.com/video/2012/03/22/towards-global-brain?ms=42144 | title = Towards a Global Brain | series = One Great Idea | date = March 2012 }}</ref> and [[Yuri Milner]], the social media investor.<ref>{{cite web | first = Chrystia | last = Freeland | website = blogs.reuters.com | url = http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926195749/http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-09-26 | title = The advent of the global brain | date = 2011-09-23 }}</ref> In January 2012, the Global Brain Institute (GBI) was founded at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]] to develop a mathematical theory of the “brainlike” propagation of information across the Internet. In the same year, [[Thomas W. Malone]] and collaborators from the [[MIT Center for Collective Intelligence]] have started to explore how the global brain could be “programmed” to work more effectively,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = A. | last2 = Klein | first2 = M. | author-link3 = Thomas W. Malone | last3 = Malone | first3 = Thomas W. | date = 2012 | title = Programming the Global Brain | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | page = 41 | url = http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf | doi = 10.1145/2160718.2160731 | hdl = 1721.1/75216 | s2cid = 9288529 | access-date = 2012-08-27 | archive-date = 2012-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120813004006/http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> using mechanisms of [[collective intelligence]]. The complexity scientist [[Dirk Helbing]] and his NervousNet group have recently started developing a "Planetary Nervous System", which includes a "Global Participatory Platform", as part of the large-scale [[FuturICT]] project, thus preparing some of the groundwork for a Global Brain.<ref>{{cite book | author-link1 = Dirk Helbing | last1 = Helbing | first1 = Dirk | date = 2015 | chapter = Creating (“Making”) a Planetary Nervous System as Citizen Web | title = Thinking Ahead – Essays on Big Data, Digital Revolution, and Participatory Market Society | pages = 189–194 | publisher = Springer International Publishing | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15078-9_13 | isbn = 978-3-319-15077-2 }}</ref>
In July 2017, [[Elon Musk]] founded the company [[Neuralink]], which aims to create a [[Brain computer interface|brain-computer interface (BCI)]] with significantly greater [[information bandwidth]] than traditional [[human interface devices]]. Musk predicts that [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence systems]] will rapidly outpace human abilities in most domains and views them as an existential threat. He believes an advanced BCI would enable human cognition to remain relevant for longer. The firm raised $27m from 12 Investors in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-startup-a7916891.html|title=Elon Musk could be about to spend $100m linking human brains to computers|date=2017-08-28|work=The Independent |first=Chantal |last=da Silva |access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Criticisms==
A common criticism of the idea that humanity would become directed by a global brain is that this would reduce individual diversity and freedom,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rayward | first = W. B. | date = 1999 | title = H. G. Wells' s idea of a World Brain: A critical reassessment | journal = Journal of the American Society for Information Science | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = 557–573 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.85.1010 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:7<557::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-m}}</ref> and lead to [[mass surveillance]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Brooks | first = M. | date = June 24, 2000 | url = http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0006/msg00182.html | title = Global brain | journal = New Scientist | issue = 2244 | page = 22 }}</ref> This criticism is inspired by [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] forms of government, as exemplified by [[George Orwell]]'s character of "[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]". It is also inspired by the analogy between collective intelligence or [[swarm intelligence]] and [[insect societies]], such as beehives and ant colonies, in which individuals are essentially interchangeable. In a more extreme view, the global brain has been compared with the [[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Goertzel | first = Ben | date = 2002 | title = Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild computing, distributed digital consciousness, and the emerging global brain | publisher = Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers | url = {{google books|id=Vnzb-xLdvv8C|plainurl=yes}} | isbn = 9780306467356 }}</ref> a race of collectively thinking cyborgs conceived by the ''[[Star Trek]]'' science fiction franchise.
Global brain theorists reply that the emergence of distributed intelligence would lead to the exact opposite of this vision.<ref>{{cite journal | author-link = Francis Heylighen | last = Heylighen | first = Francis | date = 2007 | title = The Global Superorganism: an evolutionary-cybernetic model of the emerging network society | journal = Social Evolution & History | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 58–119 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/Superorganism.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160606222120/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Superorganism.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author-link = Francis Heylighen | last = Heylighen | first = Francis | date = 2002 | chapter = Das Globale Gehirn als neue Utopia | trans-chapter = The global brain as a new utopia | publisher = Suhrkamp | location = Frankurt | chapter-url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf | editor1-first = R. | editor1-last = Maresch | editor2-first = F. | editor2-last = Rötzer | title = Renaissance der Utopie | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155341/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The reason is that effective [[collective intelligence]] requires [[diversity (politics)|diversity]] of opinion, [[decentralization]] and individual independence, as demonstrated by [[James Surowiecki]] in his book ''[[The Wisdom of Crowds]]''. Moreover, a more distributed form of decision-making would decrease the power of governments, corporations or political leaders, thus increasing democratic participation and reducing the dangers of totalitarian control.
== See also ==
* {{annotated link | Collective consciousness}}
* {{annotated link | Collective intelligence}}
* {{annotated link | Complex adaptive system}}
* {{annotated link | Gaia hypothesis}}
* {{annotated link | Government by algorithm}}
* {{annotated link | Knowledge ecosystem}}
* {{annotated link | Management cybernetics}}
* [[Technoself#Noeme|Noeme]] – a combination of a distinct physical brain function and that of an outsourced virtual one
* {{annotated link | Noogenesis}}
* {{annotated link | Noosphere}}, described by Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
* {{annotated link | Singleton (global governance)}}
* {{annotated link | Smart city}}
* {{annotated link | Social organism}}
* {{annotated link | Superorganism}}
* {{annotated link | Technological singularity}}
* {{annotated link | Ubiquitous computing}}
* {{annotated link | World Brain}}
* [http://www.GoPeaks.org Shared Brain]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite journal | title = Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System | url = http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf | journal = The International C2 Journal | access-date = 25 August 2012 | first = Paul W., Jr | last = Phister }}</ref>
}}
== Further reading ==
===Wide audience===
* {{cite book | author-link = Tim Berners-Lee | last = Berners-Lee | first = Tim | date = 1999 | title = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor | publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]] | isbn = 978-0-06-251586-5 | title-link = Weaving the Web }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Howard Bloom | last = Bloom | first = Howard | date = 2000 | title = Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Peter Russell (author) | last = Russell | first = Peter | date = 1982 | title = The Awakening Earth: The Global Brain | location = London | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul }} (emphasis on philosophy and consciousness)
* It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, like organisations and multinational corporations and a "global brain" (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/
* {{cite book | author-link = Gregory Stock | last = Stock | first = Gregory | date = 1993 | title = Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global Superorganism | title-link = Metaman }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Joel de Rosnay | last = de Rosnay | first = Joel | date = 1999 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/DeRosnay.TheSymbioticMan.pdf | title = The Symbiotic Man: A new understanding of the organization of life and a vision of the future | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies }} (new sciences and technologies).
* {{cite book | first1 = S. | last1 = Nambisan | first2 = M. | last2 = Sawhney | date = 2007 | title = The Global Brain }} (emphasis on global innovation management)
===Advanced literature===
* {{cite book | author-link = Ben Goertzel | last = Goertzel | first = B. | date = 2001 | title = Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, and the Emerging Global Brain | editor = Plenum }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration }} (The classic on physical and psychological/mental development of global brain and global mind).
* {{cite book |author-link=Francis Heylighen |last=Heylighen |first=Francis |date=2007 |chapter=Accelerating socio-technological evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the Global Brain |chapter-url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AcceleratingEvolution.pdf |editor1-link=George Modelski |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Modelski |editor2-first=Tessaleno |editor2-last=Devezas |editor3-first=William |editor3-last=Thompson |title=Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling global change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284 |place=London | publisher=Routledge | series=Rethinking Globalizations |isbn=978-0-415-77361-4 |pages=284–335|ref=none}} {{ISBN|978-1-135-97764-1}}.
For more references, check the [https://sites.google.com/site/gbialternative1/bibliography GBI bibliography]:
== External links ==
* [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html The Global Brain FAQ ] on the [[Principia Cybernetica Web]]
* [http://globalbraininstitute.org The Global Brain Institute] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Global Brain}}
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
[[Category:Hypothetical technology]]
[[Category:Holism]]
[[Category:Superorganisms]]
[[Category:Systems theory]]
[[Category:World]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Alex thinking. Selamün aleyküm
Halil.
==Basic ideas==
Proponents of the global brain hypothesis claim that the [[Internet]] increasingly ties its users together into a single information processing system that functions as part of the collective [[nervous system]] of the planet. The intelligence of this network is [[collective intelligence|collective]] or [[distributed cognition|distributed]]: it is not centralized or localized in any particular individual, organization or computer system. Therefore, no one can command or control it. Rather, it [[self-organization|self-organizes]] or [[emergence|emerges]] from the [[dynamic network analysis|dynamic network]]s of [[human–computer interaction|interactions]] between its components. This is a property typical of [[complex adaptive systems]].<ref name=CAS-T-17/>
The [[World Wide Web]] in particular resembles the organization of a brain with its [[web page]]s (playing a role similar to [[neurons]]) connected by [[hyperlinks]] (playing a role similar to [[synapses]]), together forming an [[Association (psychology)|associative]] network along which information propagates.<ref name="pespmc1.vub.ac.be">{{cite conference | author-link1 = Francis Heylighen | last1 = Heylighen | first1 = Francis | last2 = Bollen | first2 = J. | date = 1996 | title = The World-Wide Web as a Super-Brain: from metaphor to model | editor-first = R. | editor-last = Trappl | conference = Cybernetics and Systems' 96 | publisher = Austrian Society For Cybernetics | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/WWW-Super-Brain.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113729/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/WWW-Super-Brain.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> This analogy becomes stronger with the rise of [[social media]], such as [[Facebook]], where links between personal pages represent relationships in a [[social network]] along which information propagates from person to person.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Weinbaum | first = D. | date = 2012 | title = A Framework for Scalable Cognition: Propagation of challenges, towards the implementation of Global Brain models | publisher = GBI working paper 2012-02 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ECCO/ECCO-Papers/Weaver-Attention.pdf | journal = | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002509/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ECCO/ECCO-Papers/Weaver-Attention.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Such propagation is similar to the [[spreading activation]] that [[neural networks]] in the brain use to process information in a parallel, distributed manner.
==History==
Although some of the underlying ideas were already expressed by [[Nikola Tesla]] in the late 19th century and were written about by many others before him, the term “global brain” was coined in 1982 by [[Peter Russell (writer)|Peter Russell]] in his book ''The Global Brain''.<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Peter Russell (physicist) | last = Russell | first = P. | date = 1983 | title = The Global Brain: speculations on the evolutionary leap to planetary consciousness | location = Los Angeles | publisher = JP Tarcher }}</ref> How the Internet might be developed to achieve this was set out in 1986.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Andrews | first = D. | date = February 1986 | title = Information routeing groups – Towards the global superbrain: or how to find out what you need to know rather than what you think you need to know | journal = Journal of Information Technology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–35 | doi=10.1057/jit.1986.5| s2cid = 29171232 }}</ref> The first peer-reviewed article on the subject was published by [[Gottfried Mayer-Kress]] in 1995,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mayer-Kress | first1 = G. | last2 = Barczys | first2 = C. | date = 1995 | title = The global brain as an emergent structure from the Worldwide Computing Network, and its implications for modeling | journal = The Information Society | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–27 | url = http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf | doi = 10.1080/01972243.1995.9960177 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120907044231/http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf | archive-date = 2012-09-07 }}</ref> while the first [[algorithms]] that could turn the world-wide web into a collectively intelligent network were proposed by [[Francis Heylighen]] and [[Johan Bollen]] in 1996.<ref name="pespmc1.vub.ac.be"/><ref>{{cite conference | last1 = Bollen | first1 = J. | author-link2 = Francis Heylighen | last2 = Heylighen | first2 = Francis | date = 1996 | title = Algorithms for the self-organization of distributed, multi-user networks. Possible application to the future world wide web | editor-first = R. | editor-last = Trappl | conference = Cybernetics and Systems '96 | pages = 911–916 | publisher = Austrian Society For Cybernetics | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2017-08-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170809023424/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Reviewing the strands of intellectual history that contributed to the global brain hypothesis, [[Francis Heylighen]] distinguishes four perspectives: ''“organicism”'', ''“encyclopedism”'', ''“emergentism”'' and ''“evolutionary cybernetics”''. He asserts that these developed in relative independence but now are converging in his own scientific re-formulation.<ref name="Conceptions of a Global Brain">{{cite book | author-link1 = Francis Heylighen | last1 = Heylighen | first1 = Francis | date = 2011 | chapter-url = http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf | chapter = Conceptions of a Global Brain: an historical review | title = Evolution: Cosmic, Biological, and Social | editor1-last = Grinin | editor1-first = L. E. | editor2-last = Carneiro | editor2-first = R. L. | editor3-last = Korotayev | editor3-first = A. V. | editor4-last = Spier | editor4-first = F. | publisher = Uchitel Publishing | pages = 274–289 | access-date = 2012-05-16 | archive-date = 2016-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155401/http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== Organicism ===
In the 19th century, the sociologist [[Herbert Spencer]] saw society as a [[social organism]] and reflected about its need for a nervous system. Entomologist [[William Morton Wheeler|William Wheeler]] developed the concept of the ant colony as a spatially extended organism, and in the 1930s he coined the term [[superorganism]] to describe such an entity.<ref>{{cite journal | author-link = William Morton Wheeler | last = Wheeler | first = William | date = 1911 | title = The Ant Colony as an Organism | journal = Journal of Morphology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 307–325 | doi=10.1002/jmor.1050220206| s2cid = 85810040 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1427665 }}</ref> This concept was later adopted by thinkers such as [[Gregory Stock]] in his book [[Metaman]] and [[Joel de Rosnay]] to describe planetary society as a superorganism.
The mental aspects of such an organic system at the planetary level were perhaps first broadly elaborated by palaeontologist and Jesuit priest [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]]. In 1945, he described a coming “planetisation” of humanity, which he saw as the next phase of accelerating human “socialisation”. Teilhard described both socialization and planetization as irreversible, irresistible processes of ''macrobiological development'' culminating in the emergence of a [[noosphere]], or global mind (see Emergentism below).<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration | chapter = Chap VII – The Planetisation of Man }}</ref>
The more recent [[living systems theory]] describes both organisms and social systems in terms of the "critical subsystems" ("organs") they need to contain in order to survive, such as an internal transport system, a resource reserve, and a decision-making system. This theory has inspired several thinkers, including Peter Russell and Francis Heylighen to define the global brain as the network of information processing subsystems for the planetary social system.
=== Encyclopedism ===
In the perspective of encyclopedism, the emphasis is on developing a universal knowledge network. The first systematic attempt to create such an integrated system of the world's knowledge was the 18th century ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]]. However, by the end of the 19th century, the amount of knowledge had become too large to be published in a single synthetic volume. To tackle this problem, [[Paul Otlet]] founded the science of documentation, now called [[information science]]. In the 1930s he envisaged a [[World Wide Web]]-like system of associations between documents and telecommunication links that would make all the world's knowledge available immediately to anybody. [[H. G. Wells]] proposed a similar vision of a collaboratively developed world encyclopedia that would be constantly updated by a global university-like institution. He called this a [[World Brain]], as it would function as a continuously updated memory for the planet, although the image of humanity acting informally as a more organic global brain is a recurring motif in other of his works.<ref>{{cite book| author=H.G. Wells | title=The New Machiavelli| url=https://archive.org/details/thenewmachiavell01047gut | quote="But the ideas marched on, the ideas marched on, just as though men's brains were no more than stepping-stones, just as though some great brain in which we are all little cells and corpuscles was thinking them! ... And then I came back as if I came back to a refrain; — the ideas go on — as though we are all no more than little cells and corpuscles in some great brain beyond our understanding...."}}</ref>
[[Tim Berners-Lee]], the inventor of the [[World Wide Web]], too, was inspired by the free-associative possibilities of the brain for his invention. The brain can link different kinds of information without any apparent link otherwise; Berners-Lee thought that computers could become much more powerful if they could imitate this functioning, i.e. make links between any arbitrary piece of information.<ref>{{harv|Berners-Lee|1999|pp=4, 41}}</ref> The most powerful implementation of encyclopedism to date is Wikipedia, which integrates the associative powers of the world-wide-web with the collective intelligence of its millions of contributors, approaching the ideal of a global memory.<ref name="Conceptions of a Global Brain"/> The [[Semantic web]], also first proposed by Berners-Lee, is a system of protocols to make the pieces of knowledge and their links readable by machines, so that they could be used to make automatic [[inference]]s, thus providing this brain-like network with some capacity for autonomous "thinking" or reflection.
=== Emergentism ===
This approach focuses on the emergent aspects of the evolution and development of [[complexity]], including the spiritual, psychological, and moral-ethical aspects of the global brain, and is at present the most speculative approach. The global brain is here seen as a natural and emergent process of planetary evolutionary development. Here again [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]] attempted a synthesis of science, social values, and religion in his [[The Phenomenon of Man]], which argues that the ''[[Telos (philosophy)|telos]]'' (drive, purpose) of universal evolutionary process is the development of greater levels of both complexity and consciousness. Teilhard proposed that if life persists then planetization, as a biological process producing a global brain, would necessarily also produce a global mind, a new level of planetary consciousness and a technologically supported network of thoughts which he called the ''[[noosphere]]''. Teilhard's proposed technological layer for the noosphere can be interpreted as an early anticipation of the Internet and the Web.<ref>{{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration | chapter = Chap X – The Formation of the Noosphere }}</ref>
===Evolutionary cybernetics===
[[Systems theory|Systems theorists]] and [[cybernetics|cyberneticists]] commonly describe the emergence of a higher order system in evolutionary development as a “[[metasystem transition]]” (a concept introduced by [[Valentin Turchin]]) or a “major evolutionary transition”.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The major evolutionary transitions | author-link1 = Eörs Szathmáry | first1 = Eörs | last1 = Szathmáry | author-link2 = John Maynard Smith | first2 = John | last2 = Maynard Smith | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 374 | issue = 6519 | pages = 227–232 | date = 16 March 1995 | doi = 10.1038/374227a0 | pmid=7885442| bibcode = 1995Natur.374..227S | s2cid = 4315120 }}</ref> Such a metasystem consists of a group of subsystems that work together in a coordinated, goal-directed manner. It is as such much more powerful and intelligent than its constituent systems. [[Francis Heylighen]] has argued that the global brain is an emerging metasystem with respect to the level of individual human intelligence, and investigated the specific evolutionary mechanisms that promote this transition.{{sfn|Heylighen|2007}}
In this scenario, the Internet fulfils the role of the network of “nerves” that interconnect the subsystems and thus coordinates their activity. The cybernetic approach makes it possible to develop mathematical models and simulations of the processes of [[self-organization]] through which such coordination and [[collective intelligence]] emerges.
== Recent developments ==
In 1994 [[Kevin Kelly (editor)|Kevin Kelly]], in his popular book ''[[Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World|Out of Control]]'', posited the emergence of a "[[Collective consciousness|hive mind]]" from a discussion of cybernetics and evolutionary biology.<ref name=ooc>{{Cite book| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0201577938| author-link = Kevin Kelly (editor)| last = Kelly| first = Kevin| title = Out of control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization| location = Reading, Mass| date = 1994| pages = [https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolrise00kell/page/5 5–28]| title-link = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World}}</ref>
In 1996, [[Francis Heylighen]] and [[Ben Goertzel]] founded the Global Brain group, a discussion forum grouping most of the researchers that had been working on the subject of the global brain to further investigate this phenomenon. The group organized the first international conference on the topic in 2001 at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]].
After a period of relative neglect, the Global Brain idea has recently seen a resurgence in interest, in part due to talks given on the topic by [[Tim O'Reilly]], the Internet forecaster who popularized the term [[Web 2.0]],<ref>{{cite video | author-link = Tim O'Reilly | first = Tim | last = O'Reilly | url = http://www.greenbiz.com/video/2012/03/22/towards-global-brain?ms=42144 | title = Towards a Global Brain | series = One Great Idea | date = March 2012 }}</ref> and [[Yuri Milner]], the social media investor.<ref>{{cite web | first = Chrystia | last = Freeland | website = blogs.reuters.com | url = http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926195749/http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2011-09-26 | title = The advent of the global brain | date = 2011-09-23 }}</ref> In January 2012, the Global Brain Institute (GBI) was founded at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]] to develop a mathematical theory of the “brainlike” propagation of information across the Internet. In the same year, [[Thomas W. Malone]] and collaborators from the [[MIT Center for Collective Intelligence]] have started to explore how the global brain could be “programmed” to work more effectively,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bernstein | first1 = A. | last2 = Klein | first2 = M. | author-link3 = Thomas W. Malone | last3 = Malone | first3 = Thomas W. | date = 2012 | title = Programming the Global Brain | journal = Communications of the ACM | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | page = 41 | url = http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf | doi = 10.1145/2160718.2160731 | hdl = 1721.1/75216 | s2cid = 9288529 | access-date = 2012-08-27 | archive-date = 2012-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120813004006/http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> using mechanisms of [[collective intelligence]]. The complexity scientist [[Dirk Helbing]] and his NervousNet group have recently started developing a "Planetary Nervous System", which includes a "Global Participatory Platform", as part of the large-scale [[FuturICT]] project, thus preparing some of the groundwork for a Global Brain.<ref>{{cite book | author-link1 = Dirk Helbing | last1 = Helbing | first1 = Dirk | date = 2015 | chapter = Creating (“Making”) a Planetary Nervous System as Citizen Web | title = Thinking Ahead – Essays on Big Data, Digital Revolution, and Participatory Market Society | pages = 189–194 | publisher = Springer International Publishing | doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-15078-9_13 | isbn = 978-3-319-15077-2 }}</ref>
In July 2017, [[Elon Musk]] founded the company [[Neuralink]], which aims to create a [[Brain computer interface|brain-computer interface (BCI)]] with significantly greater [[information bandwidth]] than traditional [[human interface devices]]. Musk predicts that [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence systems]] will rapidly outpace human abilities in most domains and views them as an existential threat. He believes an advanced BCI would enable human cognition to remain relevant for longer. The firm raised $27m from 12 Investors in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-startup-a7916891.html|title=Elon Musk could be about to spend $100m linking human brains to computers|date=2017-08-28|work=The Independent |first=Chantal |last=da Silva |access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-GB}}</ref>
==Criticisms==
A common criticism of the idea that humanity would become directed by a global brain is that this would reduce individual diversity and freedom,<ref>{{cite journal | last = Rayward | first = W. B. | date = 1999 | title = H. G. Wells' s idea of a World Brain: A critical reassessment | journal = Journal of the American Society for Information Science | volume = 50 | issue = 7 | pages = 557–573 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.85.1010 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:7<557::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-m}}</ref> and lead to [[mass surveillance]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Brooks | first = M. | date = June 24, 2000 | url = http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0006/msg00182.html | title = Global brain | journal = New Scientist | issue = 2244 | page = 22 }}</ref> This criticism is inspired by [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] forms of government, as exemplified by [[George Orwell]]'s character of "[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]". It is also inspired by the analogy between collective intelligence or [[swarm intelligence]] and [[insect societies]], such as beehives and ant colonies, in which individuals are essentially interchangeable. In a more extreme view, the global brain has been compared with the [[Borg (Star Trek)|Borg]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Goertzel | first = Ben | date = 2002 | title = Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild computing, distributed digital consciousness, and the emerging global brain | publisher = Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers | url = {{google books|id=Vnzb-xLdvv8C|plainurl=yes}} | isbn = 9780306467356 }}</ref> a race of collectively thinking cyborgs conceived by the ''[[Star Trek]]'' science fiction franchise.
Global brain theorists reply that the emergence of distributed intelligence would lead to the exact opposite of this vision.<ref>{{cite journal | author-link = Francis Heylighen | last = Heylighen | first = Francis | date = 2007 | title = The Global Superorganism: an evolutionary-cybernetic model of the emerging network society | journal = Social Evolution & History | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 58–119 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/Superorganism.pdf | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160606222120/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Superorganism.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author-link = Francis Heylighen | last = Heylighen | first = Francis | date = 2002 | chapter = Das Globale Gehirn als neue Utopia | trans-chapter = The global brain as a new utopia | publisher = Suhrkamp | location = Frankurt | chapter-url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf | editor1-first = R. | editor1-last = Maresch | editor2-first = F. | editor2-last = Rötzer | title = Renaissance der Utopie | access-date = 2012-07-22 | archive-date = 2016-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155341/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The reason is that effective [[collective intelligence]] requires [[diversity (politics)|diversity]] of opinion, [[decentralization]] and individual independence, as demonstrated by [[James Surowiecki]] in his book ''[[The Wisdom of Crowds]]''. Moreover, a more distributed form of decision-making would decrease the power of governments, corporations or political leaders, thus increasing democratic participation and reducing the dangers of totalitarian control.
== See also ==
* {{annotated link | Collective consciousness}}
* {{annotated link | Collective intelligence}}
* {{annotated link | Complex adaptive system}}
* {{annotated link | Gaia hypothesis}}
* {{annotated link | Government by algorithm}}
* {{annotated link | Knowledge ecosystem}}
* {{annotated link | Management cybernetics}}
* [[Technoself#Noeme|Noeme]] – a combination of a distinct physical brain function and that of an outsourced virtual one
* {{annotated link | Noogenesis}}
* {{annotated link | Noosphere}}, described by Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
* {{annotated link | Singleton (global governance)}}
* {{annotated link | Smart city}}
* {{annotated link | Social organism}}
* {{annotated link | Superorganism}}
* {{annotated link | Technological singularity}}
* {{annotated link | Ubiquitous computing}}
* {{annotated link | World Brain}}
* [http://www.GoPeaks.org Shared Brain]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite journal | title = Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System | url = http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf | journal = The International C2 Journal | access-date = 25 August 2012 | first = Paul W., Jr | last = Phister }}</ref>
}}
== Further reading ==
===Wide audience===
* {{cite book | author-link = Tim Berners-Lee | last = Berners-Lee | first = Tim | date = 1999 | title = Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor | publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]] | isbn = 978-0-06-251586-5 | title-link = Weaving the Web }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Howard Bloom | last = Bloom | first = Howard | date = 2000 | title = Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Peter Russell (author) | last = Russell | first = Peter | date = 1982 | title = The Awakening Earth: The Global Brain | location = London | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul }} (emphasis on philosophy and consciousness)
* It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, like organisations and multinational corporations and a "global brain" (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/
* {{cite book | author-link = Gregory Stock | last = Stock | first = Gregory | date = 1993 | title = Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global Superorganism | title-link = Metaman }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Joel de Rosnay | last = de Rosnay | first = Joel | date = 1999 | url = http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/DeRosnay.TheSymbioticMan.pdf | title = The Symbiotic Man: A new understanding of the organization of life and a vision of the future | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies }} (new sciences and technologies).
* {{cite book | first1 = S. | last1 = Nambisan | first2 = M. | last2 = Sawhney | date = 2007 | title = The Global Brain }} (emphasis on global innovation management)
===Advanced literature===
* {{cite book | author-link = Ben Goertzel | last = Goertzel | first = B. | date = 2001 | title = Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, and the Emerging Global Brain | editor = Plenum }}
* {{cite book | author-link = Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | last = Teilhard de Chardin | first = Pierre | date = 1964 | title = The Future of Man | url = https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil | url-access = registration }} (The classic on physical and psychological/mental development of global brain and global mind).
* {{cite book |author-link=Francis Heylighen |last=Heylighen |first=Francis |date=2007 |chapter=Accelerating socio-technological evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the Global Brain |chapter-url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AcceleratingEvolution.pdf |editor1-link=George Modelski |editor1-first=George |editor1-last=Modelski |editor2-first=Tessaleno |editor2-last=Devezas |editor3-first=William |editor3-last=Thompson |title=Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling global change |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284 |place=London | publisher=Routledge | series=Rethinking Globalizations |isbn=978-0-415-77361-4 |pages=284–335|ref=none}} {{ISBN|978-1-135-97764-1}}.
For more references, check the [https://sites.google.com/site/gbialternative1/bibliography GBI bibliography]:
== External links ==
* [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html The Global Brain FAQ ] on the [[Principia Cybernetica Web]]
* [http://globalbraininstitute.org The Global Brain Institute] at the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Global Brain}}
[[Category:Cybernetics]]
[[Category:Hypothetical technology]]
[[Category:Holism]]
[[Category:Superorganisms]]
[[Category:Systems theory]]
[[Category:World]]' |
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-{{Short description|Futuristic concept of a global interconnected network}}[[File:Internet map 1024.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Opte Project]] visualization of [[routing|routing path]]s through a portion of the Internet. The connections and pathways of the internet could be seen as the pathways of [[neurons]] and [[synapse]]s in a global brain]]
-The '''global brain''' is a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetary [[information and communications technology]] [[computer network|network]] that interconnects all [[Human|humans]] and their technological artifacts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heylighen|first1=F.|title=What is the global brain?|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html|website=Principa Cybernetica Web|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref> As this network stores ever more [[information]], takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from traditional organizations, and becomes increasingly [[intelligent]], it increasingly plays the role of a [[brain]] for the planet [[Earth]].
+Alex thinking. Selamün aleyküm
+Halil.
==Basic ideas==
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1 => 'The '''global brain''' is a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetary [[information and communications technology]] [[computer network|network]] that interconnects all [[Human|humans]] and their technological artifacts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heylighen|first1=F.|title=What is the global brain?|url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html|website=Principa Cybernetica Web|access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref> As this network stores ever more [[information]], takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from traditional organizations, and becomes increasingly [[intelligent]], it increasingly plays the role of a [[brain]] for the planet [[Earth]].'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Alex thinking. Selamün aleyküm
Halil.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Basic_ideas"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Basic ideas</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Organicism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Organicism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Encyclopedism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Encyclopedism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Emergentism"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Emergentism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Evolutionary_cybernetics"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Evolutionary cybernetics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Recent_developments"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Recent developments</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Criticisms"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Criticisms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Wide_audience"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wide audience</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Advanced_literature"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Advanced literature</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_ideas">Basic ideas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic ideas" data-section="1" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<p>Proponents of the global brain hypothesis claim that the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> increasingly ties its users together into a single information processing system that functions as part of the collective <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> of the planet. The intelligence of this network is <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distributed_cognition" title="Distributed cognition">distributed</a>: it is not centralized or localized in any particular individual, organization or computer system. Therefore, no one can command or control it. Rather, it <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organizes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emerges</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">dynamic networks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">interactions</a> between its components. This is a property typical of <a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex adaptive systems">complex adaptive systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAS-T-17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAS-T-17-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> in particular resembles the organization of a brain with its <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web pages</a> (playing a role similar to <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>) connected by <a href="/wiki/Hyperlinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlinks">hyperlinks</a> (playing a role similar to <a href="/wiki/Synapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapses">synapses</a>), together forming an <a href="/wiki/Association_(psychology)" title="Association (psychology)">associative</a> network along which information propagates.<sup id="cite_ref-pespmc1.vub.ac.be_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pespmc1.vub.ac.be-2">[2]</a></sup> This analogy becomes stronger with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, where links between personal pages represent relationships in a <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> along which information propagates from person to person.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
Such propagation is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Spreading_activation" title="Spreading activation">spreading activation</a> that <a href="/wiki/Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">neural networks</a> in the brain use to process information in a parallel, distributed manner.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" data-section="2" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<p>Although some of the underlying ideas were already expressed by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> in the late 19th century and were written about by many others before him, the term “global brain” was coined in 1982 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Russell_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Russell (writer) (page does not exist)">Peter Russell</a> in his book <i>The Global Brain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> How the Internet might be developed to achieve this was set out in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The first peer-reviewed article on the subject was published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gottfried_Mayer-Kress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gottfried Mayer-Kress (page does not exist)">Gottfried Mayer-Kress</a> in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> while the first <a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> that could turn the world-wide web into a collectively intelligent network were proposed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Bollen" title="Johan Bollen">Johan Bollen</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-pespmc1.vub.ac.be_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pespmc1.vub.ac.be-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Reviewing the strands of intellectual history that contributed to the global brain hypothesis, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a> distinguishes four perspectives: <i>“organicism”</i>, <i>“encyclopedism”</i>, <i>“emergentism”</i> and <i>“evolutionary cybernetics”</i>. He asserts that these developed in relative independence but now are converging in his own scientific re-formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Organicism">Organicism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organicism" data-section="3" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<p>In the 19th century, the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> saw society as a <a href="/wiki/Social_organism" title="Social organism">social organism</a> and reflected about its need for a nervous system. Entomologist <a href="/wiki/William_Morton_Wheeler" title="William Morton Wheeler">William Wheeler</a> developed the concept of the ant colony as a spatially extended organism, and in the 1930s he coined the term <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganism</a> to describe such an entity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> This concept was later adopted by thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Gregory Stock</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Metaman" title="Metaman">Metaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_de_Rosnay" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel de Rosnay">Joel de Rosnay</a> to describe planetary society as a superorganism.
</p><p>The mental aspects of such an organic system at the planetary level were perhaps first broadly elaborated by palaeontologist and Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a>. In 1945, he described a coming “planetisation” of humanity, which he saw as the next phase of accelerating human “socialisation”. Teilhard described both socialization and planetization as irreversible, irresistible processes of <i>macrobiological development</i> culminating in the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a>, or global mind (see Emergentism below).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The more recent <a href="/wiki/Living_systems_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Living systems theory">living systems theory</a> describes both organisms and social systems in terms of the "critical subsystems" ("organs") they need to contain in order to survive, such as an internal transport system, a resource reserve, and a decision-making system. This theory has inspired several thinkers, including Peter Russell and Francis Heylighen to define the global brain as the network of information processing subsystems for the planetary social system.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Encyclopedism">Encyclopedism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Encyclopedism" data-section="4" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<p>In the perspective of encyclopedism, the emphasis is on developing a universal knowledge network. The first systematic attempt to create such an integrated system of the world's knowledge was the 18th century <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a>. However, by the end of the 19th century, the amount of knowledge had become too large to be published in a single synthetic volume. To tackle this problem, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Otlet" title="Paul Otlet">Paul Otlet</a> founded the science of documentation, now called <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>. In the 1930s he envisaged a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>-like system of associations between documents and telecommunication links that would make all the world's knowledge available immediately to anybody. <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> proposed a similar vision of a collaboratively developed world encyclopedia that would be constantly updated by a global university-like institution. He called this a <a href="/wiki/World_Brain" title="World Brain">World Brain</a>, as it would function as a continuously updated memory for the planet, although the image of humanity acting informally as a more organic global brain is a recurring motif in other of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, too, was inspired by the free-associative possibilities of the brain for his invention. The brain can link different kinds of information without any apparent link otherwise; Berners-Lee thought that computers could become much more powerful if they could imitate this functioning, i.e. make links between any arbitrary piece of information.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The most powerful implementation of encyclopedism to date is Wikipedia, which integrates the associative powers of the world-wide-web with the collective intelligence of its millions of contributors, approaching the ideal of a global memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain-8">[8]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Semantic_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic web">Semantic web</a>, also first proposed by Berners-Lee, is a system of protocols to make the pieces of knowledge and their links readable by machines, so that they could be used to make automatic <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inferences</a>, thus providing this brain-like network with some capacity for autonomous "thinking" or reflection.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Emergentism">Emergentism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergentism" data-section="5" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<p>This approach focuses on the emergent aspects of the evolution and development of <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a>, including the spiritual, psychological, and moral-ethical aspects of the global brain, and is at present the most speculative approach. The global brain is here seen as a natural and emergent process of planetary evolutionary development. Here again <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> attempted a synthesis of science, social values, and religion in his <a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenon_of_Man" title="The Phenomenon of Man">The Phenomenon of Man</a>, which argues that the <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (philosophy)">telos</a></i> (drive, purpose) of universal evolutionary process is the development of greater levels of both complexity and consciousness. Teilhard proposed that if life persists then planetization, as a biological process producing a global brain, would necessarily also produce a global mind, a new level of planetary consciousness and a technologically supported network of thoughts which he called the <i><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a></i>. Teilhard's proposed technological layer for the noosphere can be interpreted as an early anticipation of the Internet and the Web.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Evolutionary_cybernetics">Evolutionary cybernetics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary cybernetics" data-section="6" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Systems theorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cyberneticists</a> commonly describe the emergence of a higher order system in evolutionary development as a “<a href="/wiki/Metasystem_transition" title="Metasystem transition">metasystem transition</a>” (a concept introduced by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a>) or a “major evolutionary transition”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Such a metasystem consists of a group of subsystems that work together in a coordinated, goal-directed manner. It is as such much more powerful and intelligent than its constituent systems. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a> has argued that the global brain is an emerging metasystem with respect to the level of individual human intelligence, and investigated the specific evolutionary mechanisms that promote this transition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylighen2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylighen2007-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In this scenario, the Internet fulfils the role of the network of “nerves” that interconnect the subsystems and thus coordinates their activity. The cybernetic approach makes it possible to develop mathematical models and simulations of the processes of <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organization</a> through which such coordination and <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a> emerges.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent developments" data-section="7" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<p>In 1994 <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a>, in his popular book <i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Control:_The_New_Biology_of_Machines,_Social_Systems,_and_the_Economic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World">Out of Control</a></i>, posited the emergence of a "<a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">hive mind</a>" from a discussion of cybernetics and evolutionary biology.<sup id="cite_ref-ooc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ooc-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Ben Goertzel</a> founded the Global Brain group, a discussion forum grouping most of the researchers that had been working on the subject of the global brain to further investigate this phenomenon. The group organized the first international conference on the topic in 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>.
</p><p>After a period of relative neglect, the Global Brain idea has recently seen a resurgence in interest, in part due to talks given on the topic by <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly" title="Tim O'Reilly">Tim O'Reilly</a>, the Internet forecaster who popularized the term <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Milner" title="Yuri Milner">Yuri Milner</a>, the social media investor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> In January 2012, the Global Brain Institute (GBI) was founded at the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> to develop a mathematical theory of the “brainlike” propagation of information across the Internet. In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Malone" title="Thomas W. Malone">Thomas W. Malone</a> and collaborators from the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Center_for_Collective_Intelligence" title="MIT Center for Collective Intelligence">MIT Center for Collective Intelligence</a> have started to explore how the global brain could be “programmed” to work more effectively,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> using mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a>. The complexity scientist <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Helbing" title="Dirk Helbing">Dirk Helbing</a> and his NervousNet group have recently started developing a "Planetary Nervous System", which includes a "Global Participatory Platform", as part of the large-scale <a href="/wiki/FuturICT" class="mw-redirect" title="FuturICT">FuturICT</a> project, thus preparing some of the groundwork for a Global Brain.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2017, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> founded the company <a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a>, which aims to create a <a href="/wiki/Brain_computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain computer interface">brain-computer interface (BCI)</a> with significantly greater <a href="/wiki/Information_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Information bandwidth">information bandwidth</a> than traditional <a href="/wiki/Human_interface_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Human interface devices">human interface devices</a>. Musk predicts that <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence systems</a> will rapidly outpace human abilities in most domains and views them as an existential threat. He believes an advanced BCI would enable human cognition to remain relevant for longer. The firm raised $27m from 12 Investors in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms">Criticisms</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticisms" data-section="8" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<p>A common criticism of the idea that humanity would become directed by a global brain is that this would reduce individual diversity and freedom,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> and lead to <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> This criticism is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of government, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s character of "<a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>". It is also inspired by the analogy between collective intelligence or <a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">swarm intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect societies">insect societies</a>, such as beehives and ant colonies, in which individuals are essentially interchangeable. In a more extreme view, the global brain has been compared with the <a href="/wiki/Borg_(Star_Trek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borg (Star Trek)">Borg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> a race of collectively thinking cyborgs conceived by the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> science fiction franchise.
</p><p>Global brain theorists reply that the emergence of distributed intelligence would lead to the exact opposite of this vision.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> The reason is that effective <a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">collective intelligence</a> requires <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> of opinion, <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> and individual independence, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/James_Surowiecki" title="James Surowiecki">James Surowiecki</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wisdom_of_Crowds" title="The Wisdom of Crowds">The Wisdom of Crowds</a></i>. Moreover, a more distributed form of decision-making would decrease the power of governments, corporations or political leaders, thus increasing democratic participation and reducing the dangers of totalitarian control.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" data-section="9" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness"> Collective consciousness</a> – Shared beliefs and ideas in society</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence"> Collective intelligence</a> – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system"> Complex adaptive system</a> – System whose behavior is not automatically predictable from its parts</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis"> Gaia hypothesis</a> – Paradigm that living organisms interact with their surroundings in a self-regulating system</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm"> Government by algorithm</a> – Alternative form of government or social ordering</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_ecosystem" title="Knowledge ecosystem"> Knowledge ecosystem</a> – Approach to knowledge management</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Management_cybernetics" title="Management cybernetics"> Management cybernetics</a> – Application of cybernetics to management and organizations</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technoself#Noeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Technoself">Noeme</a> – a combination of a distinct physical brain function and that of an outsourced virtual one</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Noogenesis"> Noogenesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere"> Noosphere</a> – Philosophical concept referring to humankind's rational activities, described by Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_(global_governance)" title="Singleton (global governance)"> Singleton (global governance)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city"> Smart city</a> – City using integrated information and communication technology</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Social_organism" title="Social organism"> Social organism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism"> Superorganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity"> Technological singularity</a> – Hypothetical point in time when technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing"> Ubiquitous computing</a> – Concept in software engineering and computer science</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_Brain" title="World Brain"> World Brain</a> – Collection of essays by H. G. Wells</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.GoPeaks.org">Shared Brain</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" data-section="10" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMayer-KressBarczys1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer-Kress, G.; Barczys, C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907044231/http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf">"The global brain as an emergent structure from the Worldwide Computing Network, and its implications for modeling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Information Society</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.1995.9960177">10.1080/01972243.1995.9960177</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccsr.uiuc.edu/web/Techreports/1990-94/CCSR-94-22.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Information+Society&rft.atitle=The+global+brain+as+an+emergent+structure+from+the+Worldwide+Computing+Network%2C+and+its+implications+for+modeling&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01972243.1995.9960177&rft.aulast=Mayer-Kress&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Barczys%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccsr.uiuc.edu%2Fweb%2FTechreports%2F1990-94%2FCCSR-94-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBollenHeylighen1996" class="citation conference cs1">Bollen, J.; <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a> (1996). Trappl, R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809023424/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf"><i>Algorithms for the self-organization of distributed, multi-user networks. Possible application to the future world wide web</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cybernetics and Systems '96. Austrian Society For Cybernetics. pp. 911–916. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/AlgorithmsWeb.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Algorithms+for+the+self-organization+of+distributed%2C+multi-user+networks.+Possible+application+to+the+future+world+wide+web&rft.pages=911-916&rft.pub=Austrian+Society+For+Cybernetics&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bollen&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Heylighen%2C+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2Fpapers%2FAlgorithmsWeb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conceptions_of_a_Global_Brain_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHeylighen2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155401/http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf">"Conceptions of a Global Brain: an historical review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Grinin, L. E.; Carneiro, R. L.; Korotayev, A. V.; Spier, F. (eds.). <i>Evolution: Cosmic, Biological, and Social</i>. Uchitel Publishing. pp. 274–289. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcp.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptions+of+a+Global+Brain%3A+an+historical+review&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+Cosmic%2C+Biological%2C+and+Social&rft.pages=274-289&rft.pub=Uchitel+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Heylighen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcp.vub.ac.be%2Fpapers%2FGB-conceptions-Rodrigue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Morton_Wheeler" title="William Morton Wheeler">Wheeler, William</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1427665">"The Ant Colony as an Organism"</a>. <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 307–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1050220206">10.1002/jmor.1050220206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85810040">85810040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=The+Ant+Colony+as+an+Organism&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-325&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1050220206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85810040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1427665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard_de_Chardin1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre</a> (1964). "Chap VII – The Planetisation of Man". <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil"><i>The Future of Man</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap+VII+%E2%80%93+The+Planetisation+of+Man&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Man&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofman00teil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFH.G._Wells" class="citation book cs1">H.G. Wells. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thenewmachiavell01047gut"><i>The New Machiavelli</i></a>. <q>But the ideas marched on, the ideas marched on, just as though men's brains were no more than stepping-stones, just as though some great brain in which we are all little cells and corpuscles was thinking them! ... And then I came back as if I came back to a refrain; — the ideas go on — as though we are all no more than little cells and corpuscles in some great brain beyond our understanding....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Machiavelli&rft.au=H.G.+Wells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthenewmachiavell01047gut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBerners-Lee1999">Berners-Lee 1999</a>, pp. 4, 41)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard_de_Chardin1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre</a> (1964). "Chap X – The Formation of the Noosphere". <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil"><i>The Future of Man</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap+X+%E2%80%93+The+Formation+of+the+Noosphere&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Man&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofman00teil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSzathmáryMaynard_Smith1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6rs_Szathm%C3%A1ry" title="Eörs Szathmáry">Szathmáry, Eörs</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">Maynard Smith, John</a> (16 March 1995). "The major evolutionary transitions". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>374</b> (6519): 227–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.374..227S">1995Natur.374..227S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F374227a0">10.1038/374227a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7885442">7885442</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4315120">4315120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+major+evolutionary+transitions&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=6519&rft.pages=227-232&rft.date=1995-03-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F374227a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4315120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7885442&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Natur.374..227S&rft.aulast=Szathm%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=E%C3%B6rs&rft.au=Maynard+Smith%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylighen2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeylighen2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeylighen2007">Heylighen 2007</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ooc-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ooc_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKelly1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kelly, Kevin</a> (1994). <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Control:_The_New_Biology_of_Machines,_Social_Systems,_and_the_Economic_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World"><i>Out of control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization</i></a>. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofcontrolrise00kell/page/5">5–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201577938" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201577938"><bdi>978-0201577938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+control%3A+The+Rise+of+Neo-Biological+Civilization&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass&rft.pages=5-28&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0201577938&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2012" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly" title="Tim O'Reilly">O'Reilly, Tim</a> (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbiz.com/video/2012/03/22/towards-global-brain?ms=42144"><i>Towards a Global Brain</i></a>. One Great Idea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Global+Brain&rft.series=One+Great+Idea&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbiz.com%2Fvideo%2F2012%2F03%2F22%2Ftowards-global-brain%3Fms%3D42144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFFreeland2011" class="citation web cs1">Freeland, Chrystia (2011-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926195749/http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/">"The advent of the global brain"</a>. <i>blogs.reuters.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.reuters.com/chrystia-freeland/2011/09/23/the-advent-of-the-global-brain/">the original</a> on 2011-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.reuters.com&rft.atitle=The+advent+of+the+global+brain&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=Freeland&rft.aufirst=Chrystia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fchrystia-freeland%2F2011%2F09%2F23%2Fthe-advent-of-the-global-brain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinKleinMalone2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, A.; Klein, M.; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Malone" title="Thomas W. Malone">Malone, Thomas W.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813004006/http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf">"Programming the Global Brain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>55</b> (5): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2160718.2160731">10.1145/2160718.2160731</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F75216">1721.1/75216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9288529">9288529</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cci.mit.edu/publications/CCIwp2011-04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Programming+the+Global+Brain&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F75216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9288529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2160718.2160731&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Klein%2C+M.&rft.au=Malone%2C+Thomas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcci.mit.edu%2Fpublications%2FCCIwp2011-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHelbing2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Helbing" title="Dirk Helbing">Helbing, Dirk</a> (2015). "Creating ("Making") a Planetary Nervous System as Citizen Web". <i>Thinking Ahead – Essays on Big Data, Digital Revolution, and Participatory Market Society</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. 189–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15078-9_13">10.1007/978-3-319-15078-9_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15077-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-15077-2"><bdi>978-3-319-15077-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creating+%28%E2%80%9CMaking%E2%80%9D%29+a+Planetary+Nervous+System+as+Citizen+Web&rft.btitle=Thinking+Ahead+%E2%80%93+Essays+on+Big+Data%2C+Digital+Revolution%2C+and+Participatory+Market+Society&rft.pages=189-194&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-15078-9_13&rft.isbn=978-3-319-15077-2&rft.aulast=Helbing&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva2017" class="citation news cs1">da Silva, Chantal (2017-08-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-startup-a7916891.html">"Elon Musk could be about to spend $100m linking human brains to computers"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Elon+Musk+could+be+about+to+spend+%24100m+linking+human+brains+to+computers&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft.aulast=da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Felon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-startup-a7916891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRayward1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rayward, W. B. (1999). "H. G. Wells' s idea of a World Brain: A critical reassessment". <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science</i>. <b>50</b> (7): 557–573. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.85.1010">10.1.1.85.1010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4571%281999%2950%3A7%3C557%3A%3Aaid-asi2%3E3.0.co%3B2-m">10.1002/(sici)1097-4571(1999)50:7<557::aid-asi2>3.0.co;2-m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science&rft.atitle=H.+G.+Wells%27+s+idea+of+a+World+Brain%3A+A+critical+reassessment&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=557-573&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.85.1010%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4571%281999%2950%3A7%3C557%3A%3Aaid-asi2%3E3.0.co%3B2-m&rft.aulast=Rayward&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, M. (June 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-0006/msg00182.html">"Global brain"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i> (2244): 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Global+brain&rft.issue=2244&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2000-06-24&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nettime.org%2FLists-Archives%2Fnettime-l-0006%2Fmsg00182.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGoertzel2002" class="citation book cs1">Goertzel, Ben (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vnzb-xLdvv8C"><i>Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild computing, distributed digital consciousness, and the emerging global brain</i></a>. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306467356" title="Special:BookSources/9780306467356"><bdi>9780306467356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Internet+Intelligence%3A+Wild+computing%2C+distributed+digital+consciousness%2C+and+the+emerging+global+brain&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780306467356&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnzb-xLdvv8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHeylighen2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606222120/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/Superorganism.pdf">"The Global Superorganism: an evolutionary-cybernetic model of the emerging network society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Evolution & History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 58–119. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/Superorganism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=The+Global+Superorganism%3A+an+evolutionary-cybernetic+model+of+the+emerging+network+society&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-119&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Heylighen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2Fpapers%2FSuperorganism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHeylighen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417155341/http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf">"Das Globale Gehirn als neue Utopia"</a> [The global brain as a new utopia] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Maresch, R.; Rötzer, F. (eds.). <i>Renaissance der Utopie</i>. Frankurt: Suhrkamp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/papers/GB-Utopia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Globale+Gehirn+als+neue+Utopia&rft.btitle=Renaissance+der+Utopie&rft.place=Frankurt&rft.pub=Suhrkamp&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Heylighen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2Fpapers%2FGB-Utopia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" data-section="11" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wide_audience">Wide audience</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wide audience" data-section="12" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Weaving_the_Web" title="Weaving the Web"><i>Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by its inventor</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251586-5"><bdi>978-0-06-251586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weaving+the+Web%3A+The+Original+Design+and+Ultimate+Destiny+of+the+World+Wide+Web+by+its+inventor&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-06-251586-5&rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBloom2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Bloom" title="Howard Bloom">Bloom, Howard</a> (2000). <i>Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Brain%3A+The+Evolution+of+Mass+Mind+from+the+Big+Bang+to+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFRussell1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Russell_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Russell (author) (page does not exist)">Russell, Peter</a> (1982). <i>The Awakening Earth: The Global Brain</i>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+Earth%3A+The+Global+Brain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span> (emphasis on philosophy and consciousness)</li>
<li>It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, like organisations and multinational corporations and a "global brain" (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/">http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFStock1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stock" title="Gregory Stock">Stock, Gregory</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/Metaman" title="Metaman"><i>Metaman: The Merging of Humans and Machines into a Global Superorganism</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaman%3A+The+Merging+of+Humans+and+Machines+into+a+Global+Superorganism&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFde_Rosnay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_de_Rosnay" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel de Rosnay">de Rosnay, Joel</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/DeRosnay.TheSymbioticMan.pdf"><i>The Symbiotic Man: A new understanding of the organization of life and a vision of the future</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. McGraw-Hill Companies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbiotic+Man%3A+A+new+understanding+of+the+organization+of+life+and+a+vision+of+the+future&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=de+Rosnay&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2Fbooks%2FDeRosnay.TheSymbioticMan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span> (new sciences and technologies).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFNambisanSawhney2007" class="citation book cs1">Nambisan, S.; Sawhney, M. (2007). <i>The Global Brain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Brain&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nambisan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Sawhney%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span> (emphasis on global innovation management)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Advanced_literature">Advanced literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Advanced literature" data-section="13" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h3>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGoertzel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel, B.</a> (2001). Plenum (ed.). <i>Creating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, and the Emerging Global Brain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Internet+Intelligence%3A+Wild+Computing%2C+Distributed+Digital+Consciousness%2C+and+the+Emerging+Global+Brain&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTeilhard_de_Chardin1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre</a> (1964). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofman00teil"><i>The Future of Man</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Man&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Teilhard+de+Chardin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutureofman00teil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span> (The classic on physical and psychological/mental development of global brain and global mind).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Heylighen, Francis</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/AcceleratingEvolution.pdf">"Accelerating socio-technological evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the Global Brain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Modelski" title="George Modelski">Modelski, George</a>; Devezas, Tessaleno; Thompson, William (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA284"><i>Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling global change</i></a>. Rethinking Globalizations. London: Routledge. pp. 284–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77361-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77361-4"><bdi>978-0-415-77361-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accelerating+socio-technological+evolution%3A+from+ephemeralization+and+stigmergy+to+the+Global+Brain&rft.btitle=Globalization+as+evolutionary+process%3A+Modeling+global+change&rft.place=London&rft.series=Rethinking+Globalizations&rft.pages=284-335&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77361-4&rft.aulast=Heylighen&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpespmc1.vub.ac.be%2FPapers%2FAcceleratingEvolution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+brain" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97764-1">978-1-135-97764-1</a>.</li></ul>
<p>For more references, check the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/gbialternative1/bibliography">GBI bibliography</a>:
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_brain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" data-section="14" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit-base20 edit-page mw-ui-icon-flush-right mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet">Edit</a></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/GBRAIFAQ.html">The Global Brain FAQ </a> on the <a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Principia Cybernetica Web">Principia Cybernetica Web</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalbraininstitute.org">The Global Brain Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a></li></ul></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1662490873' |
