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'{{AfC submission|t||ts=20230109130428|u=Makeandtoss|ns=118|demo=}}<!-- Important, do not remove this line before article has been created. --> {{Infobox historical event |Event_Name = Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem |Image_Name = |Image_Caption = |aka = Orthodox Cause |cause = |motive = [[Arab nationalism]] |Location = Palestine and Jordan |Date = 1909–present |Result = }} '''Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem''' is a movement aiming for the [[Arabization]] of Jerusalem's [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Greek Orthodox Patriarchate]], the ecclesiastical body overseeing the Orthodox communities in Palestine and Jordan. ==Background== {{See also|Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem}} The [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] is regarded as [[Jerusalem]]'s most prominent [[patriarchate]], and the largest and oldest church in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name="jstor1">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879643|title=The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent over Real Estate|work=Itamar Katz and Ruth Kark|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=10 January 2023|date=4 November 2005}}</ref> It was established in by a decree issued from the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451 AD, which elevated the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]] to the rank of [[Patriarch]], ranking fifth after the sees of [[Latin Church|Rome]], [[Orthodox Church of Constantinople|Constantinople]], [[Greek Church of Alexandria|Alexandria]], and [[Church of Antioch|Antioch]] (known as the [[Pentarchy]]).<ref name="LBJ">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_U-DwAAQBAJ|title=Liturgy and Byzantinization in Jerusalem|author=Daniel Galadza|accessdate=11 January 2023|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=20}}</ref> The patriarchate's jurisdiction spreads over the regions of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]] and the [[Sinai Peninsula]].<ref name="jstor1"/> Succession to the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|patriarch]] position has been dominated by Greeks since the death of the last Arab Palestinian Patriarch in 1543, [[Dorotheus II of Jerusalem|Dorotheus II]], who was known as Atallah in Arabic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/pefqs/1914_01_033.pdf|title=The Episcopal Succession in Jerusalem|work=Archdeacon Dowling|accessdate=10 January 2023}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Germanus of Jerusalem|Germanus]], a Greek from [[Morea]] who pretended to be an Arab, owing to his thorough knowledge of the Arabic language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrvHHROsgt8C|title=Modern Christianity in the Holy Land: Development of the Structure of Churches and the Growth of Christian Institutions in Jordan and Palestine|publisher= AuthorHouse|year=2010|author= Hanna Kildani|page=20-21}}</ref> Germanus initiated a process of Hellenization of the Church, for example by removing the names of Arab patriarchs who had served prior, and appointing Greeks in the higher ranks of patriarchate.<ref name="jstor1"/> He also took steps to ensure that successive patriarchs are handed to only Greeks, by establishing the [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]], whose membership was exclusively Greek in composition. Germanus and the Greek patriarchs who succeeded him handled the patriarchate from their residence in [[Constantinople]] until 1834.<ref>{{cite book|title=Catholics and Sultans:The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Catholics_and_Sultans/X6DM4szwUpEC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=22 June 2006|accessdate=10 January 2023|author=Charles A. Frazee|page=62-63}}</ref> Starting in the 17th century, [[Mutassarifate of Jerusalem|Ottoman Palestine]] was targeted by western European powers, claiming to protect non-Muslim Ottoman communities. They supported Catholic and Protestant missionaries against the Palestinian Orthodox community, earning the ire of Russia, who claimed to defend all of the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox Christian communities; tensions which led to the [[Crimean War]] in 1853-1856, after the Orthodox Palestinian community had rose up in arms. Inspiration for Arab Orthodox movements was influenced by the precedents set by Balkan nationalists (Serbian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Greek Orthodox), who combined demands for religious reforms and national emancipation within the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century (for example [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1832). In the context of rising [[Arab nationalism]], Arab Orthodox revolts against the Greek clergy intensified across Syrian and Palestine. Succeeding in Syria, [[Meletius II of Antioch]] was appointed Patriarch of the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]], covering Syria and Lebanon, becoming the first Arab Syrian Patriarch of non-Greek origin in 1899. This was called by [[Sati' al-Husri]] to be "the first real victory of Arab nationalism".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/165351|title=Issa al Issa's Unorthodox Orthodoxy: Banned in Jerusalem, Permitted in Jaffa|work=Salim Tamari|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies|accessdate=10 January 2023}}</ref> The movement, however, failed in Palestine. A delegation of Orthodox Arab Palestinians travelled to [[Istanbul]] in 1909 and negotiated with the Ottoman government, the [[Sublime Porte]], for the establishment of a mixed council that ensured representation for the Palestinian Arab community, and which would be funded by the Patriarchate for a sum thirty thousand Ottoman gold pounds annually for educational and social community projects. None of the demands was realized, which was blamed due to the Patriarchate's influence with the Sublime Porte. This triggered a series of popular demonstrations among the Arab Orthodox community demanding the agreements' implementation. The restoration of the [[Second Constitutional Era|Ottoman Constitution]] by the [[Young Turk Revolution]] in 1908, led to the abolishment of press censorship, and several newspapers, magazines and periodical appeared across Ottoman Palestine. The lead organ of the Orthodox movement became the [[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin newspaper]], established in 1911. ==Early Orthodox Conferences== {{rquote|right|"If Palestine has a right to say that it has fallen under two mandatories, a British one and a Zionist one, the Orthodox community has the right to say that it has fallen under three mandatories, a British one, a Zionist one, and yet a third Greek one. These three mandatories have combined to aid one another in depriving Palestinian Arabs of their rights."|[[Issa El-Issa]], founder and editor of the [[Falastin (newspaper)|Falastin newspaper]] in October 1931.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Russian_Presence_in_Syria_and_Palest/4AocAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=filastin|title=The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843-1914:Church and Politics in the Near East|author=Derek Hopwood|publisher=Clarendon P.|year=1969}}</ref>}} * The First Arab Orthodox conference was held in Haifa on July 15, 1923. * The Second Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jaffa on October 28, 1931. [[File:Second Orthodox Conference in Jaffa, 1931.png|thumb|The Second Orthodox Conference held in Jaffa on 28 October 1931, with delegates from various Palestinian and Transjordanian cities.]] * The Third Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jerusalem on September 23 and 24,1944. * The Fourth Arab Orthodox conference was held in Jerusalem on March 23, 1956 * The Fifth Arab Orthodox conference was held in Amman on December 8, 1992. ==1958 Jordanian law== ==1990s activism== ==Land sale controversies== ==Greek opposition== == References == <!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --> {{reflist}}'