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18:24, 29 March 2023: BauhausFan89 (talk | contribs) triggered filter 833, performing the action "edit" on Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Actions taken: none; Filter description: Newer user possibly adding unreferenced or improperly referenced material (examine | diff)

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The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe.
The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe.


[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid, 1945]]
[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Newer eastern part of Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid with the still standing outer walls which were used in the rebuild, 1945]]


In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses, six public buildings, nine watchtowers, and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg.
In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses(around 32 % of all houses), six public buildings and damaging nine watchtowers and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. Because incendiary bombs were used most outer walls still stood after the attack and were used to rebuilt the newer eastern part of the old town. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg.


===Post-war reconstruction===
===Post-war reconstruction===

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'/* Nazi Germany & World War II */ the watchtowers and wall were built in a way that they werent destroyed, as told to in the following paragraph. the outer walls still stood and showed their shadows as described in German in this video at 1:11:00 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXqd06QY7XA&t=4299s'
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'{{Infobox German location | type = Town | image_coa = Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg | image_photo = Rothenburg BW 4.JPG | image_caption = Plönlein with Kobolzeller Steige and Spitalgasse | image_plan = Rothenburg ob der Tauber in AN.svg | coordinates = {{coord|49|23|N|10|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | state = Bavaria | region = Middle Franconia | district = Ansbach | elevation = 430 | area = 41.68 | postal_code = 91541 | area_code = 09861 | licence = AN, DKB, FEU, ROT | Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 71 193 | website = [https://www.rothenburg.de/ www.rothenburg.de] | mayor = Markus Naser<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |Bürgermeistertitel = Lord Mayor | party = Independent }} '''Rothenburg ob der Tauber''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʁoːtn̩bʊʁk ʔɔp deːɐ̯ ˈtaʊbɐ|-|Rothenburg ob der Tauber.ogg}}) is a town in the district of [[Ansbach (district)|Ansbach]] of [[Mittelfranken]] (Middle Franconia), the [[Franconia]] region of [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]. It is well known for its well-preserved [[Middle Ages|medieval]] old town, a destination for tourists from around the world. It is part of the popular [[Romantic Road]] through southern Germany. Today it is one of only three towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls, the other two being [[Nördlingen]] and [[Dinkelsbühl]], both also in Bavaria. Rothenburg was a [[free imperial city]] from the late Middle Ages to 1803. In 1884 Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918) built ''Wildbad Rothenburg o.d.T.'' 1884–1903. ==Name== [[File:Rothenburg BW 28.JPG|thumb|left|Town Hall of Rothenburg]] [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Stadtbefestigung mit Klingentorturm.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval town wall and ''Klingentorturm'', a defensive tower]] [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber from the Castle garden.jpg|thumb|left|Southern view of Rothenburg from the castle garden]] The name "Rothenburg ob der Tauber" is [[German language|German]] for "Red castle above the Tauber". This is so because the town is located on a plateau overlooking the [[Tauber]] River. As to the name "Rothenburg", some say it comes from the German words ''rot'' (red) and ''burg'' (burgh, medieval fortified settlement), referring to the red color of the roofs of the houses which overlook the river. The name may also refer to the process of [[retting]] ("''rotten''" in German) [[flax]] for [[linen]] production. ==History== ===Middle Ages=== {{Infobox country |native_name = ''Reichsstadt Rothenburg'' |conventional_long_name = Imperial City of Rothenburg |common_name = Rothenburg ob der Tauber |era = [[Middle Ages]] |status = City |empire = Holy Roman Empire |government_type = Republic |year_start = 1274 |year_end = 1803 |event_pre = City founded |date_pre = possibly by Celts during the Celtic expansion of 275 B.C. |event_start = Granted ''[[Reichsfreiheit]]'' by [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] |date_start = |event1 = Sieged by [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] in the [[Thirty Years' War]] |date_event1 = October 1631 |event_end = [[German Mediatisation|Mediatised]] to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] |date_end = |p1 = Duchy of Swabia |flag_p1 = Arms of Swabia.svg |s1 = Electorate of Bavaria |flag_s1 = Flag of Bavaria (lozengy).svg |capital = <nowiki>Rothenburg</nowiki> }} The location was most likely inhabited by Celts before the first century CE. In 950, the [[Weir|weir system]] in today's castle garden was constructed by the Count of Comburg-Rothenburg. In 1070, the counts of Comburg-Rothenburg, who also owned the village of Gebsattel, built Rothenburg castle on the mountain top high above the River Tauber. The counts of the Comburg-Rothenburg dynasty died out in 1116. The last count, Count Heinrich, Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Heinrich V]] appointed instead his nephew Konrad von Hohenstaufen as the successor to the Comburg-Rothenburg properties. In 1142, Konrad von [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]], who became [[Conrad III of Germany|King Konrad III]] (1138–52) traded a part of the monastery of Neumünster in Würzburg above the village Detwang and built the Stauffer-Castle Rothenburg on this cheaper land. He held court there and appointed officials to act as caretakers. In 1170, the city of Rothenburg was founded at the time of the building of Staufer Castle. The center was the marketplace and [[St. James's Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]] (in German: the ''St. Jakob''). The development of the oldest fortification can be seen, the old cellar/old moat and the milk market. Walls and towers were built in the 13th century. Preserved are the “White Tower” and the Markus Tower with the Röder Arch. From 1194 to 1254, the representatives of the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Staufer]] dynasty governed the area around Rothenburg. Around this time, the [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Order of St. John]] and other orders were founded near St. James' Church and a Dominican nunnery (1258). From 1241 to 1242, the Staufer Imperial tax statistics recorded the names of the Jews in Rothenburg. [[Rabbi Meir Ben Baruch]] of Rothenburg (died 1293, buried 1307 in Worms) had a great reputation as a jurist in Europe. In 1274, Rothenburg was accorded privileges by King [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf of Habsburg]] as a [[free imperial city]]. Three famous fairs were established in the city and in the following centuries, the city expanded. The citizens of the city and the Knights of the Hinterland build the Franziskaner (Franciscan) Monastery and the Holy Ghost Hospital (1376/78 incorporated into the city walls). The [[Teutonic Order|German Order]] began the building of St. James' Church, which the citizens have used since 1336. The ''Heilig Blut'' (Holy Blood) pilgrimage attracted many pilgrims to Rothenburg, at the time one of the 20 largest cities of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The population was around 5,500 people within the city walls and another 14,000 in the {{convert|150|sqmi|km2}} of the surrounding territory. The Staufer Castle was destroyed by an earthquake in 1356, the St. Blaise chapel is the last remnant today. ===The Thirty Years' War=== [[File:Astronomische Uhr, Ratstrinkstube, Rothenburg ob der Tauber.webm|thumb|The Meistertrunk scene in the astronomical clock of the Ratstrinkstube]] In October 1631, during the [[Thirty Years' War]], the Catholic [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]], wanted to quarter his 40,000 troops in Protestant Lutheran Rothenburg. Rather than allow entrance, the town defended itself and intended to withstand a [[siege]]. However, Tilly's troops quickly defeated Rothenburg, losing only 300 soldiers. A popular legend called the ''Meistertrunk'' states that when General Tilly condemned the councilmen to death and was set to burn the city down, the councilmen tried to sway him with a large drink of 3 1/4 liters wine. Tilly proclaimed that if anyone could drink it all in one drink, he would spare the city. The mayor at the time, [[Georg Nusch]], succeeded, and General Tilly kept his word. However, the story is almost certainly apocryphal. It does not appear in the chronicle of Sebastian Dehner, written about fifteen years after the facts, the earliest account. The ''Meistertrunk'' appears for the first time in the chronicle of Georg Heinrich Schaffert, more than a century later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagen |first1=Joshua |title=Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351909136 |pages=102–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT102 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> After the winter, they left the town poor and nearly empty, and in 1634 a [[bubonic plague]] outbreak killed many more townsfolk. Without any money or power, Rothenburg stopped growing, thus preserving its 17th-century state. ===19th century=== Since 1803, the town has been a part of Bavaria. The famous German landscape painter [[Eugen Bracht]] visited Rothenburg in 1877; although he stayed only two days, he was clearly impressed.<ref>Joshua Hagen: Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past, p. 80</ref> Some years later, especially artists of [[Romanticism]], such as [[Hans Thoma]] and [[Carl Spitzweg]], visited Rothenburg, too, followed by the first tourists. Laws were created to prevent major changes to the town. In 1884 [[Friedrich Hessing]] built up till 1903 the "Hessingsche Wildbad". ===Nazi Germany & World War II=== Rothenburg held a special significance for Nazi ideologists. For them, it was the epitome of the German 'Home Town', representing all that was quintessentially German. Throughout the 1930s, the Nazi organization KDF (''Kraft durch Freude'') "[[Strength through Joy]]" organized regular day trips to Rothenburg from all across the Reich. This initiative was staunchly supported by Rothenburg's citizenry – many of whom were sympathetic to National Socialism – both for its perceived economic benefits and because Rothenburg was hailed as "the most German of German towns". In October 1938, Rothenburg expelled its Jewish citizens, much to the approval of Nazis and their supporters across Germany.<ref>Joshua Hagen, "The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94:1 (2004), pp. 207–227, ''passim''.</ref> The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe. [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid, 1945]] In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses, six public buildings, nine watchtowers, and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg. ===Post-war reconstruction=== Around 40% of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, mainly in the eastern half of the town, had to be repaired or rebuilt after being bombed in World War II (about 30% of the old town's area would have been completely destroyed and subsequently rebuilt from the ground up). Many of the rebuilt facades can now be distinguished from the surviving medieval structures as being plainer, reconstruction aiming not to replicate exactly what stood before, only to rebuild in the same style as the surviving buildings so that the new buildings would still fit into the overall aesthetic of the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223788113|title=Joshua Hagen: "Rebuilding the Middle Ages after the Second World War: The Cultural Politics of Reconstruction in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany," Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 1 (2005): pp 94-112}}</ref> Any surviving walls of bombed-out buildings were kept in their reconstructed facades as much as possible. In the case of more significant or iconic structures, such as the town hall, whose roof was destroyed, and parts of the town wall, restoration to their original state was done as accurately as possible, and they now appear exactly as they did before the war. Donations for the rebuilding works in Rothenburg were received from all over the world, and rebuilt parts of the walls feature commemorative bricks with donor names. Much of the eastern portion of Rothenburg was destroyed or damaged in World War II and was later restored. The older western section from which the medieval town originated and contains most of the town's historic monuments, did not suffer from the bombing. Thus, most of the buildings in the west and the south of Rothenburg still exist today in their original medieval or prewar state. It is also noteworthy that while the eastern walls and towers received bomb damage, they, unlike the houses in that part of town, remained relatively intact; many parts even survived completely because of their sturdy stone construction. In most cases, only the wooden upper portions or roofs of the eastern towers and walls needed to be rebuilt, and most of their stone structure had been preserved. ==Lord Mayors== * 1945–1952: Friedrich Hörner, SPD * 1952–1964: Dr. Erich Lauterbach (1879–1966), independent * 1964–1976: Alfred Ledertheil, SPD * 1976–1988: Oskar Schubert * 1988–2006: Herbert Hachtel (born 1941), SPD * 2006–2020: Walter Hartl (born 1956), independent * since 2020: Markus Naser (born 1981), independent ==Town== [[File:Rothenburg BW 7.JPG|thumb|The Burgtor (castle gate) on the western side of Rothenburg]] The ''Rathaus'' (town hall) is a notable renaissance building. The rear Gothic part of the building dates from 1250, and the attached front Renaissance building was started in 1572. This building served as the seat of government for the city-state during the medieval ages and for the city of Rothenburg since the formation of the federalist government. The town hall tower of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is one of the only accessible towers in the town of Rothenburg. The other is the Roedertor tower at the east end of the city and is open daily for visitors to climb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismus.rothenburg.de/index.php?id=596|title=Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Rödertor|website=www.tourismus.rothenburg.de}}</ref> It is almost {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall. At the top of the tower, an admission fee of 2 euros is charged to enter the room with a scenic view of almost the entire town. The room also contains manuscripts providing the visitor with historical information about the construction and relevant history of the city wall. [[File:ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg|thumb|The eastern side of Rothenburg. Houses here were rebuilt after 1945]] [[File:RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg|thumb|Garden in Rothenburg (2005)]] While buildings within the walled city reflect the city's medieval history, this part of the city is in many ways a normal, modern German town with some concession to the tourist trade. Many stores and hotels catering to tourists are clustered around the Town Hall Square and along several major streets (such as Herrngasse, Schmiedgasse). Also in the town is a Criminal Museum, containing various punishment and torture devices used during the Middle Ages. A staple pastry of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is the ''[[Schneeball (pastry)|Schneeball]]'', deep-fried dough shaped like a snowball and covered in either confectioner's sugar or chocolate. From 1988 until March 2006, Herbert Hachtel ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) was the mayor of Rothenburg. He was succeeded by Walter Hartl. ==Main sights== ===Museums=== [[File:RodT Kriminalmuseum 7033.jpg|thumb|[[Ducking stool]] at the medieval Criminal Museum]] * The Criminal Museum (''Kriminalmuseum'') gives an insight into judicial punishment over the last 1000 years. Exhibits include [[instruments of torture]], [[shrew's fiddle]]s, [[scold's bridle]]s, medieval legal texts, and guidance on witch trials. * Imperial City Museum (''Reichsstadtmuseum'') with the municipal collections and a weapon collection * Doll and Toy Museum (''Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum'') * Shepherds' Dance Museum (''Schäfertanz Museum'') * [[Käthe Wohlfahrt|Christmas Museum]] (''Weihnachtsmuseum "Käthe Wohlfahrt"'') * Craft House (''Handwerkerhaus'') 11 rooms showing the everyday life of craftsmen's families in Rothenburg * Historical vaulting and state dungeon ===Buildings=== [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber 018.JPG|thumb|The Holy Blood reredos in the town church of St. James, made from 1500 to 1505]] * [[St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]] with its Holy Blood reredos by [[Tilman Riemenschneider]], another Riemenschneider altar (Altar of the Holy Cross) is in the Detwang church. * Town wall * Plönlein * Spital bastion (''Spitalbastei''), a [[barbican]] with an ''[[abwurfdach]]'' built by Rothenburg architect and stonemason, Leonhard Weidmann * St. Wolfgang's Church by the ''Klingentor'' gate ([[fortified church]]) * Great hall of the castle (St. Blasius' Chapel) * Toppler Castle in the Tauber valley * [[Tauber Bridge, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Double bridge]] over the Tauber * The ''{{ill|Wildbad Rothenburg|de|Wildbad (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)}}'' was built between 1898 and 1903 by [[Friedrich Hessing]] as a spa hotel. Since 1982 it has been used as an Evangelical conference centre. * Historic town hall with clock tower and ''Meistertrunk'' clock * [[Altes Brauhaus (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)|Altes Brauhaus]] * Rödertor * [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Detwang]] [[File:Rothenburg BW 12.JPG|thumb|View from the Castle Gate (''Burgtor'')]] [[File:RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png|thumb|Map of Rothenburg ob der Tauber's old town]] * Old Smithy * Old Town Hall * Monastery * [[Franciscan Friary, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Franciscan church]] <!-- ===Regelmäßige Veranstaltungen=== [[File:Rotenburgclocktower.jpg|thumb|upright|Die 1446 erbaute Ratstrinkstube, 2010]] * Der Meistertrunk:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meistertrunk.de/de/|title=Zum Festspiel Meistertrunk|website=meistertrunk.de|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Glaubt man dem [[Theaterstück|Stück]] von [[Adam Hörber]], dann soll sich die Geschichte folgendermaßen zugetragen haben (tatsächlich gibt es allerdings keine historischen Belege dafür, dass [[Johann t’Serclaes von Tilly|Tilly]] die eroberte Stadt überhaupt betreten hat): Tilly hatte die Ratsherren zum Tode verurteilt und wollte die Stadt brandschatzen lassen. In ihrer Not boten die Ratsherren Tilly als Willkommenstrunk [[Wein]] in einem prachtvollen bunten Glasbecher dar, der 3{{frac|1|4}} Liter fasste. Tilly wurde dadurch milde gestimmt und sagte, wenn jemand diesen Becher voll Wein in einem Zuge austrinken könne, würde er die Stadt verschonen. Altbürgermeister Georg Nusch<ref>Georg Nusch (8. Januar 1588–8. Januar 1668) war im Jahr 1630 regierender Bürgermeister und Spitalpfleger. Nusches Wohnhaus war das sogenannte „Jaxtheimerische“ gegenüber dem Rothenburger Rathaus in der heutigen Marienapotheke. Sein Geburtshaus war die Weinwirtschaft „Zum Roten Hahn“ (heute ein Hotel).</ref> meldete sich freiwillig, und zu jedermanns Erstaunen gelang es ihm, den Becher in einem Zuge zu leeren. Tilly war dadurch so beeindruckt, dass er die Stadt verschonte. * Die Münzer von Rothenburg o. d. T. * Reichsstadttage * [[Taubertal-Festival]] * Weihnachtsmarkt „Reiterlesmarkt“ * Schäfertanz * Kirchenmusik in St. Jakob * Toppler-Theater * Volksfest mit Krämermarkt * Herbstmesse --> ==Cultural references== Rothenburg has appeared in several films, notably fantasies. It was the inspiration for the village in the 1940 Walt Disney movie ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]''. It was the location for the Vulgarian village scenes in the 1968 family movie, ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]''. It is sometimes mistaken as the town at the end of ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1971); that town was [[Nördlingen]]. The town served as a loose basis for the fictional town of Lebensbaum ("life tree") in the video game ''[[Shadow of Memories]]'' (''Shadow of Destiny'' in the American market).<ref>[http://www.adventurearchiv.de/s/memoriesreviewe.htm Shadow of Memories], review on ''Adventure Archive''.</ref> Pictures of the town were used in some parts of ''[[The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm]]'' and the trailer for the film. The camera [[Aerial survey|flies over]] the town from the direction of the valley towards the Town Hall.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9Bbr0Z2LvM], Trailer of "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" on YouTube</ref> A plaque exists on the rebuilt town wall to commemorate this. Filming was done in Rothenburg for ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' (2010) and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|Part 2]]'' (2011). Robert Shackleton's ''Unvisited Places of Old Europe'' contains a chapter, "The Old Red City of Rothenburg", about the city and its history. Rothenburg is the primary location for [[Elizabeth Peters]]'s mystery novel, ''Borrower of the Night'' (1973) about the search for a missing [[Tilman Riemenschneider]] sculpture. The town featured as the location in the Belgian comic book, The Adventures of ''[[Yoko Tsuno]]'' in the episode of ''[[La Frontière de la vie]]'' (''On the Edge of Life'', 1977) and it inspired the look of the town in the Japanese manga and anime series ''[[A Little Snow Fairy Sugar]]'' (2001).<ref>Shackleton, Robert, Unvisited Places of Old Europe, Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Co., 1922, pp. 189-203.</ref> Rothenburg's famous street Kobolzeller Steige and Spitalgasse is depicted on the cover of two [[Blackmore's Night]] albums, 1999's ''[[Under a Violet Moon]]'' and their 2006 album ''[[Winter Carols]]''. It is often thought to have inspired the town center of Mêlée Island in the 1990 point-and-click graphic adventure game ''[[The Secret of Monkey Island]]'', but creator Ron Gilbert has claimed the resemblance is a coincidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/grumpygamer/status/577282909284929536|title=Ron Gilbert on Twitter}}</ref> The video game ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' features a map titled "Rottenburg", a play on the original's namesake along with visually similar architecture. The southern part of the marketplace is prominently featured in the video game ''[[Gabriel Knight 2]]'' depicting the fictional town of Rittersberg. The WWII-era first-person shooter ''[[Medal of Honor: Allied Assault]]'', from the ''[[Medal of Honor (video game series)|Medal of Honor]]'' video game series, features a level in which the player must fight their way through a snowy town near the Siegfried Line in Germany that is strikingly similar to Rothenburg, buildings with similar architecture can be seen throughout the town, as well as similar-looking streets, as the player makes their way through. ==Twin towns== * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Athis-Mons|Athis-Mons, France]] * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Suzdal|Suzdal, Russia]] * {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Telč|Telč, Czech Republic]] * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Montagnana|Montagnana, Italy]] * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Uchiko, Ehime|Uchiko, Japan]] ==Notable people== *Georg Falck (1630–1689), organist at the [[St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]], composer and music theorist *[[Franz Leydig]] (1821–1908), german zoologist and comparative anatomist *Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918), constructor of "Hessingsches Wildbad" *Franz Boll (1867–1924), science historian and librarian *Wilhelm Borkholder (1886–1945), jurist and Lord Mayor of Ansbach *Friedrich Uebelhoer (1893–1945), politician (NSDAP) *Wilhelm Heer (1894–1961), politician (NSDAP), Member of Reichstag *Christof Stählin (1942–2015), author *Otto A. Böhmer (born 1949), author *Christian Mittermeier (born 1965), cook ==See also== * [[Romantic Road]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Rothenburg ob der Tauber}} {{wikivoyage|Rothenburg ob der Tauber}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber}} * [https://www.rothenburg.de/tourismus/ Rothenburg o.d.T. Tourist Office website] * [http://www.rothenburgobdertauber.org/ Rothenburg travel guide] {{in lang|en}} * [http://www.kriminalmuseum.eu/ Criminalistics museum] * [https://www.picturechoice.org/franconia/rothenburg_ob_der_tauber/indexd.html Images of Rothenburg ob der Tauber] {{in lang|en|de}} * [http://www.spielzeugmuseum.rothenburg.de/ Doll and Toy Museum (Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum)] {{Free Imperial Cities}} {{Franconian Circle}} {{Cities and towns in Ansbach (district)}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rothenburg Ob Der Tauber}} [[Category:Rothenburg ob der Tauber| ]] [[Category:Landmarks in Germany]] [[Category:Franconian Circle]] [[Category:Free imperial cities]] [[Category:Fortified settlements]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]'
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'{{Infobox German location | type = Town | image_coa = Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg | image_photo = Rothenburg BW 4.JPG | image_caption = Plönlein with Kobolzeller Steige and Spitalgasse | image_plan = Rothenburg ob der Tauber in AN.svg | coordinates = {{coord|49|23|N|10|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | state = Bavaria | region = Middle Franconia | district = Ansbach | elevation = 430 | area = 41.68 | postal_code = 91541 | area_code = 09861 | licence = AN, DKB, FEU, ROT | Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 71 193 | website = [https://www.rothenburg.de/ www.rothenburg.de] | mayor = Markus Naser<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |Bürgermeistertitel = Lord Mayor | party = Independent }} '''Rothenburg ob der Tauber''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʁoːtn̩bʊʁk ʔɔp deːɐ̯ ˈtaʊbɐ|-|Rothenburg ob der Tauber.ogg}}) is a town in the district of [[Ansbach (district)|Ansbach]] of [[Mittelfranken]] (Middle Franconia), the [[Franconia]] region of [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]. It is well known for its well-preserved [[Middle Ages|medieval]] old town, a destination for tourists from around the world. It is part of the popular [[Romantic Road]] through southern Germany. Today it is one of only three towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls, the other two being [[Nördlingen]] and [[Dinkelsbühl]], both also in Bavaria. Rothenburg was a [[free imperial city]] from the late Middle Ages to 1803. In 1884 Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918) built ''Wildbad Rothenburg o.d.T.'' 1884–1903. ==Name== [[File:Rothenburg BW 28.JPG|thumb|left|Town Hall of Rothenburg]] [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Stadtbefestigung mit Klingentorturm.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval town wall and ''Klingentorturm'', a defensive tower]] [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber from the Castle garden.jpg|thumb|left|Southern view of Rothenburg from the castle garden]] The name "Rothenburg ob der Tauber" is [[German language|German]] for "Red castle above the Tauber". This is so because the town is located on a plateau overlooking the [[Tauber]] River. As to the name "Rothenburg", some say it comes from the German words ''rot'' (red) and ''burg'' (burgh, medieval fortified settlement), referring to the red color of the roofs of the houses which overlook the river. The name may also refer to the process of [[retting]] ("''rotten''" in German) [[flax]] for [[linen]] production. ==History== ===Middle Ages=== {{Infobox country |native_name = ''Reichsstadt Rothenburg'' |conventional_long_name = Imperial City of Rothenburg |common_name = Rothenburg ob der Tauber |era = [[Middle Ages]] |status = City |empire = Holy Roman Empire |government_type = Republic |year_start = 1274 |year_end = 1803 |event_pre = City founded |date_pre = possibly by Celts during the Celtic expansion of 275 B.C. |event_start = Granted ''[[Reichsfreiheit]]'' by [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] |date_start = |event1 = Sieged by [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] in the [[Thirty Years' War]] |date_event1 = October 1631 |event_end = [[German Mediatisation|Mediatised]] to [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] |date_end = |p1 = Duchy of Swabia |flag_p1 = Arms of Swabia.svg |s1 = Electorate of Bavaria |flag_s1 = Flag of Bavaria (lozengy).svg |capital = <nowiki>Rothenburg</nowiki> }} The location was most likely inhabited by Celts before the first century CE. In 950, the [[Weir|weir system]] in today's castle garden was constructed by the Count of Comburg-Rothenburg. In 1070, the counts of Comburg-Rothenburg, who also owned the village of Gebsattel, built Rothenburg castle on the mountain top high above the River Tauber. The counts of the Comburg-Rothenburg dynasty died out in 1116. The last count, Count Heinrich, Emperor [[Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor|Heinrich V]] appointed instead his nephew Konrad von Hohenstaufen as the successor to the Comburg-Rothenburg properties. In 1142, Konrad von [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]], who became [[Conrad III of Germany|King Konrad III]] (1138–52) traded a part of the monastery of Neumünster in Würzburg above the village Detwang and built the Stauffer-Castle Rothenburg on this cheaper land. He held court there and appointed officials to act as caretakers. In 1170, the city of Rothenburg was founded at the time of the building of Staufer Castle. The center was the marketplace and [[St. James's Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]] (in German: the ''St. Jakob''). The development of the oldest fortification can be seen, the old cellar/old moat and the milk market. Walls and towers were built in the 13th century. Preserved are the “White Tower” and the Markus Tower with the Röder Arch. From 1194 to 1254, the representatives of the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Staufer]] dynasty governed the area around Rothenburg. Around this time, the [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Order of St. John]] and other orders were founded near St. James' Church and a Dominican nunnery (1258). From 1241 to 1242, the Staufer Imperial tax statistics recorded the names of the Jews in Rothenburg. [[Rabbi Meir Ben Baruch]] of Rothenburg (died 1293, buried 1307 in Worms) had a great reputation as a jurist in Europe. In 1274, Rothenburg was accorded privileges by King [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolf of Habsburg]] as a [[free imperial city]]. Three famous fairs were established in the city and in the following centuries, the city expanded. The citizens of the city and the Knights of the Hinterland build the Franziskaner (Franciscan) Monastery and the Holy Ghost Hospital (1376/78 incorporated into the city walls). The [[Teutonic Order|German Order]] began the building of St. James' Church, which the citizens have used since 1336. The ''Heilig Blut'' (Holy Blood) pilgrimage attracted many pilgrims to Rothenburg, at the time one of the 20 largest cities of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The population was around 5,500 people within the city walls and another 14,000 in the {{convert|150|sqmi|km2}} of the surrounding territory. The Staufer Castle was destroyed by an earthquake in 1356, the St. Blaise chapel is the last remnant today. ===The Thirty Years' War=== [[File:Astronomische Uhr, Ratstrinkstube, Rothenburg ob der Tauber.webm|thumb|The Meistertrunk scene in the astronomical clock of the Ratstrinkstube]] In October 1631, during the [[Thirty Years' War]], the Catholic [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]], wanted to quarter his 40,000 troops in Protestant Lutheran Rothenburg. Rather than allow entrance, the town defended itself and intended to withstand a [[siege]]. However, Tilly's troops quickly defeated Rothenburg, losing only 300 soldiers. A popular legend called the ''Meistertrunk'' states that when General Tilly condemned the councilmen to death and was set to burn the city down, the councilmen tried to sway him with a large drink of 3 1/4 liters wine. Tilly proclaimed that if anyone could drink it all in one drink, he would spare the city. The mayor at the time, [[Georg Nusch]], succeeded, and General Tilly kept his word. However, the story is almost certainly apocryphal. It does not appear in the chronicle of Sebastian Dehner, written about fifteen years after the facts, the earliest account. The ''Meistertrunk'' appears for the first time in the chronicle of Georg Heinrich Schaffert, more than a century later.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hagen |first1=Joshua |title=Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351909136 |pages=102–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hayoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT102 |access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> After the winter, they left the town poor and nearly empty, and in 1634 a [[bubonic plague]] outbreak killed many more townsfolk. Without any money or power, Rothenburg stopped growing, thus preserving its 17th-century state. ===19th century=== Since 1803, the town has been a part of Bavaria. The famous German landscape painter [[Eugen Bracht]] visited Rothenburg in 1877; although he stayed only two days, he was clearly impressed.<ref>Joshua Hagen: Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past, p. 80</ref> Some years later, especially artists of [[Romanticism]], such as [[Hans Thoma]] and [[Carl Spitzweg]], visited Rothenburg, too, followed by the first tourists. Laws were created to prevent major changes to the town. In 1884 [[Friedrich Hessing]] built up till 1903 the "Hessingsche Wildbad". ===Nazi Germany & World War II=== Rothenburg held a special significance for Nazi ideologists. For them, it was the epitome of the German 'Home Town', representing all that was quintessentially German. Throughout the 1930s, the Nazi organization KDF (''Kraft durch Freude'') "[[Strength through Joy]]" organized regular day trips to Rothenburg from all across the Reich. This initiative was staunchly supported by Rothenburg's citizenry – many of whom were sympathetic to National Socialism – both for its perceived economic benefits and because Rothenburg was hailed as "the most German of German towns". In October 1938, Rothenburg expelled its Jewish citizens, much to the approval of Nazis and their supporters across Germany.<ref>Joshua Hagen, "The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94:1 (2004), pp. 207–227, ''passim''.</ref> The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe. [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Newer eastern part of Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid with the still standing outer walls which were used in the rebuild, 1945]] In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses(around 32 % of all houses), six public buildings and damaging nine watchtowers and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. Because incendiary bombs were used most outer walls still stood after the attack and were used to rebuilt the newer eastern part of the old town. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg. ===Post-war reconstruction=== Around 40% of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, mainly in the eastern half of the town, had to be repaired or rebuilt after being bombed in World War II (about 30% of the old town's area would have been completely destroyed and subsequently rebuilt from the ground up). Many of the rebuilt facades can now be distinguished from the surviving medieval structures as being plainer, reconstruction aiming not to replicate exactly what stood before, only to rebuild in the same style as the surviving buildings so that the new buildings would still fit into the overall aesthetic of the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223788113|title=Joshua Hagen: "Rebuilding the Middle Ages after the Second World War: The Cultural Politics of Reconstruction in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany," Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 1 (2005): pp 94-112}}</ref> Any surviving walls of bombed-out buildings were kept in their reconstructed facades as much as possible. In the case of more significant or iconic structures, such as the town hall, whose roof was destroyed, and parts of the town wall, restoration to their original state was done as accurately as possible, and they now appear exactly as they did before the war. Donations for the rebuilding works in Rothenburg were received from all over the world, and rebuilt parts of the walls feature commemorative bricks with donor names. Much of the eastern portion of Rothenburg was destroyed or damaged in World War II and was later restored. The older western section from which the medieval town originated and contains most of the town's historic monuments, did not suffer from the bombing. Thus, most of the buildings in the west and the south of Rothenburg still exist today in their original medieval or prewar state. It is also noteworthy that while the eastern walls and towers received bomb damage, they, unlike the houses in that part of town, remained relatively intact; many parts even survived completely because of their sturdy stone construction. In most cases, only the wooden upper portions or roofs of the eastern towers and walls needed to be rebuilt, and most of their stone structure had been preserved. ==Lord Mayors== * 1945–1952: Friedrich Hörner, SPD * 1952–1964: Dr. Erich Lauterbach (1879–1966), independent * 1964–1976: Alfred Ledertheil, SPD * 1976–1988: Oskar Schubert * 1988–2006: Herbert Hachtel (born 1941), SPD * 2006–2020: Walter Hartl (born 1956), independent * since 2020: Markus Naser (born 1981), independent ==Town== [[File:Rothenburg BW 7.JPG|thumb|The Burgtor (castle gate) on the western side of Rothenburg]] The ''Rathaus'' (town hall) is a notable renaissance building. The rear Gothic part of the building dates from 1250, and the attached front Renaissance building was started in 1572. This building served as the seat of government for the city-state during the medieval ages and for the city of Rothenburg since the formation of the federalist government. The town hall tower of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is one of the only accessible towers in the town of Rothenburg. The other is the Roedertor tower at the east end of the city and is open daily for visitors to climb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourismus.rothenburg.de/index.php?id=596|title=Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Rödertor|website=www.tourismus.rothenburg.de}}</ref> It is almost {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall. At the top of the tower, an admission fee of 2 euros is charged to enter the room with a scenic view of almost the entire town. The room also contains manuscripts providing the visitor with historical information about the construction and relevant history of the city wall. [[File:ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg|thumb|The eastern side of Rothenburg. Houses here were rebuilt after 1945]] [[File:RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg|thumb|Garden in Rothenburg (2005)]] While buildings within the walled city reflect the city's medieval history, this part of the city is in many ways a normal, modern German town with some concession to the tourist trade. Many stores and hotels catering to tourists are clustered around the Town Hall Square and along several major streets (such as Herrngasse, Schmiedgasse). Also in the town is a Criminal Museum, containing various punishment and torture devices used during the Middle Ages. A staple pastry of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is the ''[[Schneeball (pastry)|Schneeball]]'', deep-fried dough shaped like a snowball and covered in either confectioner's sugar or chocolate. From 1988 until March 2006, Herbert Hachtel ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]) was the mayor of Rothenburg. He was succeeded by Walter Hartl. ==Main sights== ===Museums=== [[File:RodT Kriminalmuseum 7033.jpg|thumb|[[Ducking stool]] at the medieval Criminal Museum]] * The Criminal Museum (''Kriminalmuseum'') gives an insight into judicial punishment over the last 1000 years. Exhibits include [[instruments of torture]], [[shrew's fiddle]]s, [[scold's bridle]]s, medieval legal texts, and guidance on witch trials. * Imperial City Museum (''Reichsstadtmuseum'') with the municipal collections and a weapon collection * Doll and Toy Museum (''Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum'') * Shepherds' Dance Museum (''Schäfertanz Museum'') * [[Käthe Wohlfahrt|Christmas Museum]] (''Weihnachtsmuseum "Käthe Wohlfahrt"'') * Craft House (''Handwerkerhaus'') 11 rooms showing the everyday life of craftsmen's families in Rothenburg * Historical vaulting and state dungeon ===Buildings=== [[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber 018.JPG|thumb|The Holy Blood reredos in the town church of St. James, made from 1500 to 1505]] * [[St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]] with its Holy Blood reredos by [[Tilman Riemenschneider]], another Riemenschneider altar (Altar of the Holy Cross) is in the Detwang church. * Town wall * Plönlein * Spital bastion (''Spitalbastei''), a [[barbican]] with an ''[[abwurfdach]]'' built by Rothenburg architect and stonemason, Leonhard Weidmann * St. Wolfgang's Church by the ''Klingentor'' gate ([[fortified church]]) * Great hall of the castle (St. Blasius' Chapel) * Toppler Castle in the Tauber valley * [[Tauber Bridge, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Double bridge]] over the Tauber * The ''{{ill|Wildbad Rothenburg|de|Wildbad (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)}}'' was built between 1898 and 1903 by [[Friedrich Hessing]] as a spa hotel. Since 1982 it has been used as an Evangelical conference centre. * Historic town hall with clock tower and ''Meistertrunk'' clock * [[Altes Brauhaus (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)|Altes Brauhaus]] * Rödertor * [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Detwang]] [[File:Rothenburg BW 12.JPG|thumb|View from the Castle Gate (''Burgtor'')]] [[File:RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png|thumb|Map of Rothenburg ob der Tauber's old town]] * Old Smithy * Old Town Hall * Monastery * [[Franciscan Friary, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Franciscan church]] <!-- ===Regelmäßige Veranstaltungen=== [[File:Rotenburgclocktower.jpg|thumb|upright|Die 1446 erbaute Ratstrinkstube, 2010]] * Der Meistertrunk:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meistertrunk.de/de/|title=Zum Festspiel Meistertrunk|website=meistertrunk.de|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref> Glaubt man dem [[Theaterstück|Stück]] von [[Adam Hörber]], dann soll sich die Geschichte folgendermaßen zugetragen haben (tatsächlich gibt es allerdings keine historischen Belege dafür, dass [[Johann t’Serclaes von Tilly|Tilly]] die eroberte Stadt überhaupt betreten hat): Tilly hatte die Ratsherren zum Tode verurteilt und wollte die Stadt brandschatzen lassen. In ihrer Not boten die Ratsherren Tilly als Willkommenstrunk [[Wein]] in einem prachtvollen bunten Glasbecher dar, der 3{{frac|1|4}} Liter fasste. Tilly wurde dadurch milde gestimmt und sagte, wenn jemand diesen Becher voll Wein in einem Zuge austrinken könne, würde er die Stadt verschonen. Altbürgermeister Georg Nusch<ref>Georg Nusch (8. Januar 1588–8. Januar 1668) war im Jahr 1630 regierender Bürgermeister und Spitalpfleger. Nusches Wohnhaus war das sogenannte „Jaxtheimerische“ gegenüber dem Rothenburger Rathaus in der heutigen Marienapotheke. Sein Geburtshaus war die Weinwirtschaft „Zum Roten Hahn“ (heute ein Hotel).</ref> meldete sich freiwillig, und zu jedermanns Erstaunen gelang es ihm, den Becher in einem Zuge zu leeren. Tilly war dadurch so beeindruckt, dass er die Stadt verschonte. * Die Münzer von Rothenburg o. d. T. * Reichsstadttage * [[Taubertal-Festival]] * Weihnachtsmarkt „Reiterlesmarkt“ * Schäfertanz * Kirchenmusik in St. Jakob * Toppler-Theater * Volksfest mit Krämermarkt * Herbstmesse --> ==Cultural references== Rothenburg has appeared in several films, notably fantasies. It was the inspiration for the village in the 1940 Walt Disney movie ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]''. It was the location for the Vulgarian village scenes in the 1968 family movie, ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]''. It is sometimes mistaken as the town at the end of ''[[Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory]]'' (1971); that town was [[Nördlingen]]. The town served as a loose basis for the fictional town of Lebensbaum ("life tree") in the video game ''[[Shadow of Memories]]'' (''Shadow of Destiny'' in the American market).<ref>[http://www.adventurearchiv.de/s/memoriesreviewe.htm Shadow of Memories], review on ''Adventure Archive''.</ref> Pictures of the town were used in some parts of ''[[The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm]]'' and the trailer for the film. The camera [[Aerial survey|flies over]] the town from the direction of the valley towards the Town Hall.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9Bbr0Z2LvM], Trailer of "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" on YouTube</ref> A plaque exists on the rebuilt town wall to commemorate this. Filming was done in Rothenburg for ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' (2010) and ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|Part 2]]'' (2011). Robert Shackleton's ''Unvisited Places of Old Europe'' contains a chapter, "The Old Red City of Rothenburg", about the city and its history. Rothenburg is the primary location for [[Elizabeth Peters]]'s mystery novel, ''Borrower of the Night'' (1973) about the search for a missing [[Tilman Riemenschneider]] sculpture. The town featured as the location in the Belgian comic book, The Adventures of ''[[Yoko Tsuno]]'' in the episode of ''[[La Frontière de la vie]]'' (''On the Edge of Life'', 1977) and it inspired the look of the town in the Japanese manga and anime series ''[[A Little Snow Fairy Sugar]]'' (2001).<ref>Shackleton, Robert, Unvisited Places of Old Europe, Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Co., 1922, pp. 189-203.</ref> Rothenburg's famous street Kobolzeller Steige and Spitalgasse is depicted on the cover of two [[Blackmore's Night]] albums, 1999's ''[[Under a Violet Moon]]'' and their 2006 album ''[[Winter Carols]]''. It is often thought to have inspired the town center of Mêlée Island in the 1990 point-and-click graphic adventure game ''[[The Secret of Monkey Island]]'', but creator Ron Gilbert has claimed the resemblance is a coincidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/grumpygamer/status/577282909284929536|title=Ron Gilbert on Twitter}}</ref> The video game ''[[Team Fortress 2]]'' features a map titled "Rottenburg", a play on the original's namesake along with visually similar architecture. The southern part of the marketplace is prominently featured in the video game ''[[Gabriel Knight 2]]'' depicting the fictional town of Rittersberg. The WWII-era first-person shooter ''[[Medal of Honor: Allied Assault]]'', from the ''[[Medal of Honor (video game series)|Medal of Honor]]'' video game series, features a level in which the player must fight their way through a snowy town near the Siegfried Line in Germany that is strikingly similar to Rothenburg, buildings with similar architecture can be seen throughout the town, as well as similar-looking streets, as the player makes their way through. ==Twin towns== * {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Athis-Mons|Athis-Mons, France]] * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Suzdal|Suzdal, Russia]] * {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Telč|Telč, Czech Republic]] * {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Montagnana|Montagnana, Italy]] * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Uchiko, Ehime|Uchiko, Japan]] ==Notable people== *Georg Falck (1630–1689), organist at the [[St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber|St. James' Church]], composer and music theorist *[[Franz Leydig]] (1821–1908), german zoologist and comparative anatomist *Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918), constructor of "Hessingsches Wildbad" *Franz Boll (1867–1924), science historian and librarian *Wilhelm Borkholder (1886–1945), jurist and Lord Mayor of Ansbach *Friedrich Uebelhoer (1893–1945), politician (NSDAP) *Wilhelm Heer (1894–1961), politician (NSDAP), Member of Reichstag *Christof Stählin (1942–2015), author *Otto A. Böhmer (born 1949), author *Christian Mittermeier (born 1965), cook ==See also== * [[Romantic Road]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Rothenburg ob der Tauber}} {{wikivoyage|Rothenburg ob der Tauber}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber}} * [https://www.rothenburg.de/tourismus/ Rothenburg o.d.T. Tourist Office website] * [http://www.rothenburgobdertauber.org/ Rothenburg travel guide] {{in lang|en}} * [http://www.kriminalmuseum.eu/ Criminalistics museum] * [https://www.picturechoice.org/franconia/rothenburg_ob_der_tauber/indexd.html Images of Rothenburg ob der Tauber] {{in lang|en|de}} * [http://www.spielzeugmuseum.rothenburg.de/ Doll and Toy Museum (Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum)] {{Free Imperial Cities}} {{Franconian Circle}} {{Cities and towns in Ansbach (district)}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rothenburg Ob Der Tauber}} [[Category:Rothenburg ob der Tauber| ]] [[Category:Landmarks in Germany]] [[Category:Franconian Circle]] [[Category:Free imperial cities]] [[Category:Fortified settlements]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]'
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'@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer [[Adolf Hitler]] as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe. -[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid, 1945]] +[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Newer eastern part of Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid with the still standing outer walls which were used in the rebuild, 1945]] -In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses, six public buildings, nine watchtowers, and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg. +In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses(around 32 % of all houses), six public buildings and damaging nine watchtowers and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. Because incendiary bombs were used most outer walls still stood after the attack and were used to rebuilt the newer eastern part of the old town. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg. ===Post-war reconstruction=== '
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[ 0 => '[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Newer eastern part of Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid with the still standing outer walls which were used in the rebuild, 1945]]', 1 => 'In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses(around 32 % of all houses), six public buildings and damaging nine watchtowers and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. Because incendiary bombs were used most outer walls still stood after the attack and were used to rebuilt the newer eastern part of the old town. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg.' ]
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[ 0 => '[[File:Rothenburg ob der Tauber Bomben Zerstörung Weltkrieg 1945.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid, 1945]]', 1 => 'In March 1945, during [[World War II]], German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses, six public buildings, nine watchtowers, and over {{convert|2000|ft|m}} of the wall. The U.S. Assistant [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[John J. McCloy]], knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General [[Jacob L. Devers]] not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander [[Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)|Frank Burke]], a future [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, ordered six soldiers of the [[12th Infantry Regiment (United States)|12th Infantry Regiment]], 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of [[Hammond, Indiana]], Private William M. Dwyer of [[Trenton, New Jersey]], Private Herman Lichey of [[Glendale, California]], Private Robert S. Grimm of [[Tower City, Pennsylvania]], and Private Peter Kick of [[Lansing, Illinois]] were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<ref>William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen ({{lang-de|Ehrenbürger}}) of Rothenburg.' ]
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padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Rothenburg ob der Tauber within Ansbach district</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="noresize" style="height: 233px; width: 240px; "><map name="ImageMap_7fb9e45f9e5846f2"><area href="/wiki/Donau-Ries" shape="poly" 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height="233" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_in_AN.svg/360px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_in_AN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_in_AN.svg/480px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_in_AN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="778" usemap="#ImageMap_7fb9e45f9e5846f2" /><div style="margin-left: 220px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_in_AN.svg" title="About this image"><img alt="About this image" src="/w/extensions/ImageMap/resources/desc-20.png?15600" style="border: none;" /></a></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r997900035">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber is located in Germany"><img alt="Rothenburg ob der Tauber is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a><div class="od" style="top:72.367%;left:46.83%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rothenburg ob der Tauber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber" width="6" height="6" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Rothenburg ob der Tauber </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r997900035"/><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber is located in Bavaria"><img alt="Rothenburg ob der Tauber is located in Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/250px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/375px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bavaria_location_map.svg/500px-Bavaria_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="855" /></a><div class="od" style="top:37.113%;left:24.864%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rothenburg ob der Tauber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber" width="6" height="6" class="notpageimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="font-size:91%;width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Rothenburg ob der Tauber </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Bavaria</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1073938472">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;params=49_23_N_10_11_E_type:city(11238)_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°11′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.383°N 10.183°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">49.383; 10.183</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1073938472"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;params=49_23_N_10_11_E_type:city(11238)_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°23′N</span> <span class="longitude">10°11′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.383°N 10.183°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">49.383; 10.183</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Admin. region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ansbach_(district)" title="Ansbach (district)">Ansbach </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">&#160;•&#160;<a href="/wiki/Lord_mayor" title="Lord mayor">Lord mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2020&#8211;26) </span></th><td class="infobox-data">Markus Naser<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">&#160;•&#160;Total</th><td class="infobox-data">41.68&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (16.09&#160;sq&#160;mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">430&#160;m (1,410&#160;ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>(2021-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">&#160;•&#160;Total</th><td class="infobox-data">11,238</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">&#160;•&#160;Density</th><td class="infobox-data">270/km<sup>2</sup> (700/sq&#160;mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">&#160;•&#160;Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">91541</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">09861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AN, DKB, FEU, ROT</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothenburg.de/">www.rothenburg.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rothenburg ob der Tauber</b> (<small>German pronunciation:&#32;</small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁoːtn̩bʊʁk ʔɔp deːɐ̯ ˈtaʊbɐ]</a></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.ogg" class="internal" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span>) is a town in the district of <a href="/wiki/Ansbach_(district)" title="Ansbach (district)">Ansbach</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mittelfranken" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelfranken">Mittelfranken</a> (Middle Franconia), the <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. It is well known for its well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> old town, a destination for tourists from around the world. It is part of the popular <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Road" title="Romantic Road">Romantic Road</a> through southern Germany. Today it is one of only three towns in Germany that still have completely intact city walls, the other two being <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a>, both also in Bavaria. </p><p>Rothenburg was a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> from the late Middle Ages to 1803. In 1884 Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918) built <i>Wildbad Rothenburg o.d.T.</i> 1884–1903. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Thirty_Years&#39;_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">The Thirty Years' War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#19th_century"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">19th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nazi_Germany_&amp;_World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nazi Germany &amp; World War II</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Post-war_reconstruction"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-war reconstruction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lord_Mayors"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lord Mayors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Town"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Town</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Main_sights"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Main sights</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Museums"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Museums</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Buildings"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Buildings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Cultural_references"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Twin_towns"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Name">Name</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG/220px-Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG/330px-Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG/440px-Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="2602" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_28.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Town Hall of Rothenburg</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber,_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg/220px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg/330px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg/440px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber%2C_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber,_Stadtbefestigung_mit_Klingentorturm.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Medieval town wall and <i>Klingentorturm</i>, a defensive tower</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg/220px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg/330px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg/440px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_from_the_Castle_garden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Southern view of Rothenburg from the castle garden</div></div></div> <p>The name "Rothenburg ob der Tauber" is <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for "Red castle above the Tauber". This is so because the town is located on a plateau overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Tauber" title="Tauber">Tauber</a> River. As to the name "Rothenburg", some say it comes from the German words <i>rot</i> (red) and <i>burg</i> (burgh, medieval fortified settlement), referring to the red color of the roofs of the houses which overlook the river. The name may also refer to the process of <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a> ("<i>rotten</i>" in German) <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> for <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> production. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Imperial City of Rothenburg</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Reichsstadt Rothenburg</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1274–1803</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free Imperial City</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">Rothenburg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Republic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;City founded </div></th><td class="infobox-data">possibly by Celts during the Celtic expansion of 275 B.C.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Granted <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfreiheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfreiheit">Reichsfreiheit</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1274</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Sieged by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Tilly</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years&#39; War">Thirty Years' War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 1631</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/wiki/German_Mediatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="German Mediatisation">Mediatised</a> to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1803</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arms_of_Swabia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Swabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="806" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The location was most likely inhabited by Celts before the first century CE. </p><p>In 950, the <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir system</a> in today's castle garden was constructed by the Count of Comburg-Rothenburg. </p><p>In 1070, the counts of Comburg-Rothenburg, who also owned the village of Gebsattel, built Rothenburg castle on the mountain top high above the River Tauber. </p><p>The counts of the Comburg-Rothenburg dynasty died out in 1116. The last count, Count Heinrich, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Heinrich V</a> appointed instead his nephew Konrad von Hohenstaufen as the successor to the Comburg-Rothenburg properties. </p><p>In 1142, Konrad von <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">King Konrad III</a> (1138–52) traded a part of the monastery of Neumünster in Würzburg above the village Detwang and built the Stauffer-Castle Rothenburg on this cheaper land. He held court there and appointed officials to act as caretakers. </p><p>In 1170, the city of Rothenburg was founded at the time of the building of Staufer Castle. The center was the marketplace and <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Church,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="St. James&#39;s Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber">St. James' Church</a> (in German: the <i>St. Jakob</i>). The development of the oldest fortification can be seen, the old cellar/old moat and the milk market. Walls and towers were built in the 13th century. Preserved are the “White Tower” and the Markus Tower with the Röder Arch. </p><p>From 1194 to 1254, the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Staufer</a> dynasty governed the area around Rothenburg. Around this time, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)" title="Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)">Order of St. John</a> and other orders were founded near St. James' Church and a Dominican nunnery (1258). </p><p>From 1241 to 1242, the Staufer Imperial tax statistics recorded the names of the Jews in Rothenburg. <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir_Ben_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Meir Ben Baruch">Rabbi Meir Ben Baruch</a> of Rothenburg (died 1293, buried 1307 in Worms) had a great reputation as a jurist in Europe. </p><p>In 1274, Rothenburg was accorded privileges by King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolf of Habsburg</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a>. Three famous fairs were established in the city and in the following centuries, the city expanded. The citizens of the city and the Knights of the Hinterland build the Franziskaner (Franciscan) Monastery and the Holy Ghost Hospital (1376/78 incorporated into the city walls). The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">German Order</a> began the building of St. James' Church, which the citizens have used since 1336. The <i>Heilig Blut</i> (Holy Blood) pilgrimage attracted many pilgrims to Rothenburg, at the time one of the 20 largest cities of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The population was around 5,500 people within the city walls and another 14,000 in the 150 square miles (390&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) of the surrounding territory. </p><p>The Staufer Castle was destroyed by an earthquake in 1356, the St. Blaise chapel is the last remnant today. </p> <h3><span id="The_Thirty_Years.27_War"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Thirty_Years'_War">The Thirty Years' War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: The Thirty Years&#039; War">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm/220px--Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="thumbimage" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="144" data-mwtitle="Astronomische_Uhr,_Ratstrinkstube,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm/Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="356784" data-framerate="30000.3" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm/Astronomische_Uhr%2C_Ratstrinkstube%2C_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="496448" data-framerate="30000.3" /></video> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronomische_Uhr,_Ratstrinkstube,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Meistertrunk scene in the astronomical clock of the Ratstrinkstube</div></div></div> <p>In October 1631, during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years&#39; War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly" title="Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly">Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly</a>, wanted to quarter his 40,000 troops in Protestant Lutheran Rothenburg. Rather than allow entrance, the town defended itself and intended to withstand a <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>. However, Tilly's troops quickly defeated Rothenburg, losing only 300 soldiers. A popular legend called the <i>Meistertrunk</i> states that when General Tilly condemned the councilmen to death and was set to burn the city down, the councilmen tried to sway him with a large drink of 3 1/4 liters wine. Tilly proclaimed that if anyone could drink it all in one drink, he would spare the city. The mayor at the time, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Nusch" title="Georg Nusch">Georg Nusch</a>, succeeded, and General Tilly kept his word. However, the story is almost certainly apocryphal. It does not appear in the chronicle of Sebastian Dehner, written about fifteen years after the facts, the earliest account. The <i>Meistertrunk</i> appears for the first time in the chronicle of Georg Heinrich Schaffert, more than a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>After the winter, they left the town poor and nearly empty, and in 1634 a <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> outbreak killed many more townsfolk. Without any money or power, Rothenburg stopped growing, thus preserving its 17th-century state. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Since 1803, the town has been a part of Bavaria. The famous German landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Bracht" title="Eugen Bracht">Eugen Bracht</a> visited Rothenburg in 1877; although he stayed only two days, he was clearly impressed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> Some years later, especially artists of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thoma" title="Hans Thoma">Hans Thoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a>, visited Rothenburg, too, followed by the first tourists. Laws were created to prevent major changes to the town. In 1884 <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hessing" title="Friedrich Hessing">Friedrich Hessing</a> built up till 1903 the "Hessingsche Wildbad". </p> <h3><span id="Nazi_Germany_.26_World_War_II"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nazi_Germany_&amp;_World_War_II">Nazi Germany &amp; World War II</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany &amp; World War II">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Rothenburg held a special significance for Nazi ideologists. For them, it was the epitome of the German 'Home Town', representing all that was quintessentially German. Throughout the 1930s, the Nazi organization KDF (<i>Kraft durch Freude</i>) "<a href="/wiki/Strength_through_Joy" class="mw-redirect" title="Strength through Joy">Strength through Joy</a>" organized regular day trips to Rothenburg from all across the Reich. This initiative was staunchly supported by Rothenburg's citizenry – many of whom were sympathetic to National Socialism – both for its perceived economic benefits and because Rothenburg was hailed as "the most German of German towns". In October 1938, Rothenburg expelled its Jewish citizens, much to the approval of Nazis and their supporters across Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The creation of an ideal Nazi community reminded the peoples of Germany of the way the Nazis wanted them to live as a family and as a community; Rothenburg simply exemplified this Nazi ideology as idealized family life. Additionally, other German towns followed the 'example' set by Rothenburg for the Nazis, this began a trend of Nazi German Nationalism which led to the creation of an "ideal" Nazi community in Rothenburg. This then grew to reveal the ideal Nazi family, as illustrated in the propaganda of the time. This ideal lifestyle was taken further when an approved upbringing for the sons of Nazi Germany was introduced, first growing up in a Nazi or Hitler Youth organization, then protecting the ideals of both Nazi Germany and the Führer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as a civilian or as military personnel, thus forming the core idea of Nazi patriotism, protecting their own beliefs. In many ways, Rothenburg demonstrated key elements of Nazi ideology and epitomized their desire to expand National Socialist thinking throughout Germany and in all areas with German-speaking people across Europe. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg/300px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg/450px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg/600px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="576" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_Bomben_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Weltkrieg_1945.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Newer eastern part of Rothenburg following Allied bombing raid with the still standing outer walls which were used in the rebuild, 1945</div></div></div> <p>In March 1945, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, German soldiers were stationed in Rothenburg to defend it. On March 31, bombs were dropped over Rothenburg by 16 planes, killing 37 people and destroying 306 houses(around 32&#160;% of all houses), six public buildings and damaging nine watchtowers and over 2,000 feet (610&#160;m) of the wall. Because incendiary bombs were used most outer walls still stood after the attack and were used to rebuilt the newer eastern part of the old town. The U.S. Assistant <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a>, knew about the historic importance and beauty of Rothenburg, so he ordered US Army General <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a> not to use artillery in taking Rothenburg. Battalion commander <a href="/wiki/Frank_Burke_(Medal_of_Honor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Burke (Medal of Honor)">Frank Burke</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient, ordered six soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/12th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="12th Infantry Regiment (United States)">12th Infantry Regiment</a>, 4th Division to march into Rothenburg on a three-hour mission and negotiate the surrender of the town. First Lieutenant Noble V. Borders of <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, First Lieutenant Edmund E. Austingen of <a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana" title="Hammond, Indiana">Hammond, Indiana</a>, Private William M. Dwyer of <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, New Jersey</a>, Private Herman Lichey of <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>, Private Robert S. Grimm of <a href="/wiki/Tower_City,_Pennsylvania" title="Tower City, Pennsylvania">Tower City, Pennsylvania</a>, and Private Peter Kick of <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Illinois" title="Lansing, Illinois">Lansing, Illinois</a> were sent on the mission. When stopped by a German soldier, Private Lichey, who spoke fluent German and served as the group's translator, held up a white flag and explained, “We are representatives of our division commander. We bring you his offer to spare the city of Rothenburg from shelling and bombing if you agree not to defend it. We have been given three hours to get this message to you. If we haven’t returned to our lines by 1800 hours, the town will be bombed and shelled to the ground.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> The local military commander Major Thömmes gave up the town, ignoring the order of Hitler for all towns to fight to the end and thereby saving it from total destruction by artillery. American troops of the 12th Infantry Regiment, 4th Division occupied the town on April 17, 1945, and in November 1948, McCloy was named an honorary citizen (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ehrenbürger</i>) of Rothenburg. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-war_reconstruction">Post-war reconstruction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war reconstruction">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Around 40% of Rothenburg ob der Tauber, mainly in the eastern half of the town, had to be repaired or rebuilt after being bombed in World War II (about 30% of the old town's area would have been completely destroyed and subsequently rebuilt from the ground up). Many of the rebuilt facades can now be distinguished from the surviving medieval structures as being plainer, reconstruction aiming not to replicate exactly what stood before, only to rebuild in the same style as the surviving buildings so that the new buildings would still fit into the overall aesthetic of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Any surviving walls of bombed-out buildings were kept in their reconstructed facades as much as possible. In the case of more significant or iconic structures, such as the town hall, whose roof was destroyed, and parts of the town wall, restoration to their original state was done as accurately as possible, and they now appear exactly as they did before the war. Donations for the rebuilding works in Rothenburg were received from all over the world, and rebuilt parts of the walls feature commemorative bricks with donor names. </p><p>Much of the eastern portion of Rothenburg was destroyed or damaged in World War II and was later restored. The older western section from which the medieval town originated and contains most of the town's historic monuments, did not suffer from the bombing. Thus, most of the buildings in the west and the south of Rothenburg still exist today in their original medieval or prewar state. It is also noteworthy that while the eastern walls and towers received bomb damage, they, unlike the houses in that part of town, remained relatively intact; many parts even survived completely because of their sturdy stone construction. In most cases, only the wooden upper portions or roofs of the eastern towers and walls needed to be rebuilt, and most of their stone structure had been preserved. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lord_Mayors">Lord Mayors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Lord Mayors">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>1945–1952: Friedrich Hörner, SPD</li> <li>1952–1964: Dr. Erich Lauterbach (1879–1966), independent</li> <li>1964–1976: Alfred Ledertheil, SPD</li> <li>1976–1988: Oskar Schubert</li> <li>1988–2006: Herbert Hachtel (born 1941), SPD</li> <li>2006–2020: Walter Hartl (born 1956), independent</li> <li>since 2020: Markus Naser (born 1981), independent</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Town">Town</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Town">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG/220px-Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG/330px-Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG/440px-Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="3460" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_7.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Burgtor (castle gate) on the western side of Rothenburg</div></div></div> <p>The <i>Rathaus</i> (town hall) is a notable renaissance building. The rear Gothic part of the building dates from 1250, and the attached front Renaissance building was started in 1572. This building served as the seat of government for the city-state during the medieval ages and for the city of Rothenburg since the formation of the federalist government. The town hall tower of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is one of the only accessible towers in the town of Rothenburg. The other is the Roedertor tower at the east end of the city and is open daily for visitors to climb.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> It is almost 61 meters (200 feet) tall. At the top of the tower, an admission fee of 2 euros is charged to enter the room with a scenic view of almost the entire town. The room also contains manuscripts providing the visitor with historical information about the construction and relevant history of the city wall. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg/220px-ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg/330px-ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg/440px-ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3674" data-file-height="2243" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:ROTHfromCITYTOWER.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The eastern side of Rothenburg. Houses here were rebuilt after 1945</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg/220px-RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg/330px-RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg/440px-RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RothenburgTauberBauerngarten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Garden in Rothenburg (2005)</div></div></div> <p>While buildings within the walled city reflect the city's medieval history, this part of the city is in many ways a normal, modern German town with some concession to the tourist trade. Many stores and hotels catering to tourists are clustered around the Town Hall Square and along several major streets (such as Herrngasse, Schmiedgasse). Also in the town is a Criminal Museum, containing various punishment and torture devices used during the Middle Ages. A staple pastry of Rothenburg ob der Tauber is the <i><a href="/wiki/Schneeball_(pastry)" title="Schneeball (pastry)">Schneeball</a></i>, deep-fried dough shaped like a snowball and covered in either confectioner's sugar or chocolate. </p><p>From 1988 until March 2006, Herbert Hachtel (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>) was the mayor of Rothenburg. He was succeeded by Walter Hartl. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Main_sights">Main sights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Main sights">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Museums">Museums</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Museums">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg/220px-RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg/330px-RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg/440px-RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RodT_Kriminalmuseum_7033.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Ducking_stool" title="Ducking stool">Ducking stool</a> at the medieval Criminal Museum</div></div></div> <ul><li>The Criminal Museum (<i>Kriminalmuseum</i>) gives an insight into judicial punishment over the last 1000 years. Exhibits include <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of torture">instruments of torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew%27s_fiddle" title="Shrew&#39;s fiddle">shrew's fiddles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scold%27s_bridle" title="Scold&#39;s bridle">scold's bridles</a>, medieval legal texts, and guidance on witch trials.</li> <li>Imperial City Museum (<i>Reichsstadtmuseum</i>) with the municipal collections and a weapon collection</li> <li>Doll and Toy Museum (<i>Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum</i>)</li> <li>Shepherds' Dance Museum (<i>Schäfertanz Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Wohlfahrt" title="Käthe Wohlfahrt">Christmas Museum</a> (<i>Weihnachtsmuseum "Käthe Wohlfahrt"</i>)</li> <li>Craft House (<i>Handwerkerhaus</i>) 11 rooms showing the everyday life of craftsmen's families in Rothenburg</li> <li>Historical vaulting and state dungeon</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Buildings">Buildings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Buildings">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG/220px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG/330px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG/440px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4266" data-file-height="3394" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_018.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Holy Blood reredos in the town church of St. James, made from 1500 to 1505</div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Church,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber">St. James' Church</a> with its Holy Blood reredos by <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>, another Riemenschneider altar (Altar of the Holy Cross) is in the Detwang church.</li> <li>Town wall</li> <li>Plönlein</li> <li>Spital bastion (<i>Spitalbastei</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">barbican</a> with an <i><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">abwurfdach</a></i> built by Rothenburg architect and stonemason, Leonhard Weidmann</li> <li>St. Wolfgang's Church by the <i>Klingentor</i> gate (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">fortified church</a>)</li> <li>Great hall of the castle (St. Blasius' Chapel)</li> <li>Toppler Castle in the Tauber valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauber_Bridge,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Tauber Bridge, Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Double bridge</a> over the Tauber</li> <li>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildbad_Rothenburg&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildbad Rothenburg (page does not exist)">Wildbad Rothenburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildbad_(Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber)" class="extiw" title="de:Wildbad (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)">de</a>&#93;</span></i> was built between 1898 and 1903 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hessing" title="Friedrich Hessing">Friedrich Hessing</a> as a spa hotel. Since 1982 it has been used as an Evangelical conference centre.</li> <li>Historic town hall with clock tower and <i>Meistertrunk</i> clock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altes_Brauhaus_(Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber)" title="Altes Brauhaus (Rothenburg ob der Tauber)">Altes Brauhaus</a></li> <li>Rödertor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter_and_St._Paul%27s_Church,_Detwang" title="St. Peter and St. Paul&#39;s Church, Detwang">St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Detwang</a></li></ul> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG/220px-Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG/330px-Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG/440px-Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="9121" data-file-height="3626" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_12.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>View from the Castle Gate (<i>Burgtor</i>)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png/220px-RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png/330px-RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png/440px-RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="3629" data-file-height="3410" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:RothenburgObDerTauberAltstadt2022OSM.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Map of Rothenburg ob der Tauber's old town</div></div></div> <ul><li>Old Smithy</li> <li>Old Town Hall</li> <li>Monastery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friary,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Franciscan Friary, Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Franciscan church</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural references">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Rothenburg has appeared in several films, notably fantasies. It was the inspiration for the village in the 1940 Walt Disney movie <i><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)" title="Pinocchio (1940 film)">Pinocchio</a></i>. It was the location for the Vulgarian village scenes in the 1968 family movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)">Chitty Chitty Bang Bang</a></i>. It is sometimes mistaken as the town at the end of <i><a href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory" title="Willy Wonka &amp; the Chocolate Factory">Willy Wonka &amp; the Chocolate Factory</a></i> (1971); that town was <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a>. The town served as a loose basis for the fictional town of Lebensbaum ("life tree") in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Memories" title="Shadow of Memories">Shadow of Memories</a></i> (<i>Shadow of Destiny</i> in the American market).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> Pictures of the town were used in some parts of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_the_Brothers_Grimm" title="The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm">The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm</a></i> and the trailer for the film. The camera <a href="/wiki/Aerial_survey" title="Aerial survey">flies over</a> the town from the direction of the valley towards the Town Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> A plaque exists on the rebuilt town wall to commemorate this. Filming was done in Rothenburg for <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</a></i> (2010) and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Part 2</a></i> (2011). </p><p>Robert Shackleton's <i>Unvisited Places of Old Europe</i> contains a chapter, "The Old Red City of Rothenburg", about the city and its history. Rothenburg is the primary location for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Peters">Elizabeth Peters</a>'s mystery novel, <i>Borrower of the Night</i> (1973) about the search for a missing <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a> sculpture. </p><p>The town featured as the location in the Belgian comic book, The Adventures of <i><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tsuno" title="Yoko Tsuno">Yoko Tsuno</a></i> in the episode of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Fronti%C3%A8re_de_la_vie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontière de la vie">La Frontière de la vie</a></i> (<i>On the Edge of Life</i>, 1977) and it inspired the look of the town in the Japanese manga and anime series <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Snow_Fairy_Sugar" title="A Little Snow Fairy Sugar">A Little Snow Fairy Sugar</a></i> (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Rothenburg's famous street Kobolzeller Steige and Spitalgasse is depicted on the cover of two <a href="/wiki/Blackmore%27s_Night" title="Blackmore&#39;s Night">Blackmore's Night</a> albums, 1999's <i><a href="/wiki/Under_a_Violet_Moon" title="Under a Violet Moon">Under a Violet Moon</a></i> and their 2006 album <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Carols" title="Winter Carols">Winter Carols</a></i>. </p><p>It is often thought to have inspired the town center of Mêlée Island in the 1990 point-and-click graphic adventure game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island" title="The Secret of Monkey Island">The Secret of Monkey Island</a></i>, but creator Ron Gilbert has claimed the resemblance is a coincidence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The video game <i><a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a></i> features a map titled "Rottenburg", a play on the original's namesake along with visually similar architecture. </p><p>The southern part of the marketplace is prominently featured in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Knight_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Knight 2">Gabriel Knight 2</a></i> depicting the fictional town of Rittersberg. </p><p>The WWII-era first-person shooter <i><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor:_Allied_Assault" title="Medal of Honor: Allied Assault">Medal of Honor: Allied Assault</a></i>, from the <i><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(video_game_series)" title="Medal of Honor (video game series)">Medal of Honor</a></i> video game series, features a level in which the player must fight their way through a snowy town near the Siegfried Line in Germany that is strikingly similar to Rothenburg, buildings with similar architecture can be seen throughout the town, as well as similar-looking streets, as the player makes their way through. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Athis-Mons" title="Athis-Mons">Athis-Mons, France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal, Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel%C4%8D" title="Telč">Telč, Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Montagnana" title="Montagnana">Montagnana, Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uchiko,_Ehime" title="Uchiko, Ehime">Uchiko, Japan</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_people">Notable people</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Georg Falck (1630–1689), organist at the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Church,_Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James Church, Rothenburg ob der Tauber">St. James' Church</a>, composer and music theorist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Franz Leydig</a> (1821–1908), german zoologist and comparative anatomist</li> <li>Johann Friedrich (von) Hessing (1838–1918), constructor of "Hessingsches Wildbad"</li> <li>Franz Boll (1867–1924), science historian and librarian</li> <li>Wilhelm Borkholder (1886–1945), jurist and Lord Mayor of Ansbach</li> <li>Friedrich Uebelhoer (1893–1945), politician (NSDAP)</li> <li>Wilhelm Heer (1894–1961), politician (NSDAP), Member of Reichstag</li> <li>Christof Stählin (1942–2015), author</li> <li>Otto A. Böhmer (born 1949), author</li> <li>Christian Mittermeier (born 1965), cook</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_Road" title="Romantic Road">Romantic Road</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/">Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayerisches_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik">Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik</a>, 15 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&amp;code=12411-003r&amp;leerzeilen=false&amp;language=de">"Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_offices_in_Germany" title="List of statistical offices in Germany">Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik</a>. June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tabelle+12411-003r+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes%3A+Gemeinden%2C+Stichtag&amp;rft.pub=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&amp;rft.date=2022-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdaten.bayern.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%3Foperation%3Dresult%26code%3D12411-003r%26leerzeilen%3Dfalse%26language%3Dde&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothenburg+ob+der+Tauber" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHagen2016" class="citation book cs1">Hagen, Joshua (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hayoDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT102"><i>Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past</i></a>. Routledge. pp.&#160;102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351909136" title="Special:BookSources/9781351909136"><bdi>9781351909136</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Preservation%2C+Tourism+and+Nationalism%3A+The+Jewel+of+the+German+Past&amp;rft.pages=102-103&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=9781351909136&amp;rft.aulast=Hagen&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhayoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothenburg+ob+der+Tauber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Hagen: Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism: The Jewel of the German Past, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Hagen, "The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber", Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94:1 (2004), pp. 207–227, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Dwyer, “So Long for Now: A World War II Memoir," Xlibris Corporation (2009), pp 118-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223788113">"Joshua Hagen: "Rebuilding the Middle Ages after the Second World War: The Cultural Politics of Reconstruction in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany," Journal of Historical Geography 31, no. 1 (2005): pp 94-112"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Joshua+Hagen%3A+%22Rebuilding+the+Middle+Ages+after+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+Reconstruction+in+Rothenburg+ob+der+Tauber%2C+Germany%2C%22+Journal+of+Historical+Geography+31%2C+no.+1+%282005%29%3A+pp+94-112&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223788113&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothenburg+ob+der+Tauber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourismus.rothenburg.de/index.php?id=596">"Rothenburg ob der Tauber - Rödertor"</a>. <i>www.tourismus.rothenburg.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tourismus.rothenburg.de&amp;rft.atitle=Rothenburg+ob+der+Tauber+-+R%C3%B6dertor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismus.rothenburg.de%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D596&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothenburg+ob+der+Tauber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventurearchiv.de/s/memoriesreviewe.htm">Shadow of Memories</a>, review on <i>Adventure Archive</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9Bbr0Z2LvM">[1]</a>, Trailer of "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" on YouTube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shackleton, Robert, Unvisited Places of Old Europe, Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Co., 1922, pp. 189-203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/grumpygamer/status/577282909284929536">"Ron Gilbert on Twitter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ron+Gilbert+on+Twitter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fgrumpygamer%2Fstatus%2F577282909284929536&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothenburg+ob+der+Tauber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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<span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber#Q153494" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1134653256"/><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"/> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber">Rothenburg-ob-der-Tauber</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothenburg.de/tourismus/">Rothenburg o.d.T. Tourist Office website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rothenburgobdertauber.org/">Rothenburg travel guide</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kriminalmuseum.eu/">Criminalistics museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.picturechoice.org/franconia/rothenburg_ob_der_tauber/indexd.html">Images of Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spielzeugmuseum.rothenburg.de/">Doll and Toy Museum (Puppen- und Spielzeugmuseum)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_imperial_cities" title="Template talk:Free imperial cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Free_imperial_cities&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_imperial_cities_of_the_23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&amp;#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> of the <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Buchau" title="Bad Buchau">Buchau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Buchhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Eßlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengenbach" title="Gengenbach">Gengenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessenich" title="Kessenich">Kessenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mülhausen</a><sup><small>D, S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenburg" title="Offenburg">Offenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottweil" title="Rottweil">Rottweil</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg in Bayern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zell_am_Harmersbach" title="Zell am Harmersbach">Zell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" class="image"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire 1648 Imperial cities.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/150px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/225px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png/300px-Holy_Roman_Empire_1648_Imperial_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="595" /></a><br /><small>Free Imperial Cities as of 1648</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lost_imperial_immediacy_or_no_longer_part_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_by_1792" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lost <a href="/wiki/Imperial_immediacy" title="Imperial immediacy">imperial immediacy</a> or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bern" title="History of Bern">Bern</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakel,_Germany" title="Brakel, Germany">Brakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diessenhofen" title="Diessenhofen">Diessenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCren" title="Düren">Düren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haguenau" title="Haguenau">Hagenau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysersberg" title="Kaysersberg">Kaysersberg</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Kolmar</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Haut-Rhin" title="Munster, Haut-Rhin">Munster</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obernai" title="Obernai">Obernai</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfeddersheim" title="Pfeddersheim">Pfeddersheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosheim" title="Rosheim">Rosheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Schlettstadt</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seltz" title="Seltz">Seltz</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a><sup><small>H</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Straßburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turckheim" title="Turckheim">Turckheim</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller" title="Verden an der Aller">Verden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg" title="Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Weißenburg in Elsaß</a><sup><small>D</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" title="History of Zürich">Zürich</a><sup><small>S</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>D</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a></li> <li><sup><small>H</small></sup> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><sup><small>S</small></sup> Member or associate of the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&amp;#124;border&amp;#124;Flag_of_the_Franconian_Circle_Franconian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franconian_Circle" title="Template:Franconian Circle"><abbr 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Franconia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Franconia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Franconia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Franconia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Franconia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Franconia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" />&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Bamberg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Eichst%C3%A4tt" title="Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt">Eichstätt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Franconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg" class="image" title="Map indicating the Franconian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Franconian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg/125px-Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="122" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg/188px-Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg/250px-Locator_Franconian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bayreuth" title="Principality of Bayreuth">Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Henneberg" title="House of Henneberg">Henneberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe" title="Hohenlohe">Hohenlohe-Waldenburg</a> <small>(from 1744/64)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenstein-Wertheim" title="Löwenstein-Wertheim">Löwenstein-Wertheim</a> <small>(from 1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzenberg" title="House of Schwarzenberg">Schwarzenberg-Gimborn</a> <small>(from 1671)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Graf" title="Graf">Counts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Castell" title="County of Castell">Castell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbach_im_Odenwald" title="Erbach im Odenwald">Erbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausen,_Upper_Franconia" title="Hausen, Upper Franconia">Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe" title="Hohenlohe">Hohenlohe</a> <small>(until 1744/64)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaildorf" title="Gaildorf">Limpurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aub" title="Aub">Reichelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Rieneck" title="County of Rieneck">Rieneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzenberg" title="House of Schwarzenberg">Schwarzenberg</a> <small>(until 1671)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinsheim" title="Seinsheim">Seinsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welzheim" title="Welzheim">Welzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertheim_am_Main" title="Wertheim am Main">Wertheim</a> <small>(until 1711)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesentheid" title="Wiesentheid">Wiesentheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg_in_Bayern" title="Weißenburg in Bayern">Weißenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Windsheim" title="Bad Windsheim">Windsheim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <b>Franconian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span> · <span class="nowrap">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Ansbach_(district)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Ansbach_(district)" title="Template:Cities and towns in Ansbach (district)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Ansbach_(district)" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Ansbach (district)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Ansbach_(district)&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Ansbach_(district)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns and municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Ansbach_(district)" title="Ansbach (district)">Ansbach (district)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelshofen,_Middle_Franconia" title="Adelshofen, Middle Franconia">Adelshofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arberg" title="Arberg">Arberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurach,_Germany" title="Aurach, Germany">Aurach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechhofen" title="Bechhofen">Bechhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruckberg,_Middle_Franconia" title="Bruckberg, Middle Franconia">Bruckberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buch_am_Wald" title="Buch am Wald">Buch am Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgoberbach" title="Burgoberbach">Burgoberbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burk,_Bavaria" title="Burk, Bavaria">Burk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmberg" title="Colmberg">Colmberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentlein" title="Dentlein">Dentlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diebach" title="Diebach">Diebach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietenhofen" title="Dietenhofen">Dietenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domb%C3%BChl" title="Dombühl">Dombühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrrwangen" title="Dürrwangen">Dürrwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehingen,_Middle_Franconia" title="Ehingen, Middle Franconia">Ehingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuchtwangen" title="Feuchtwangen">Feuchtwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flachslanden" title="Flachslanden">Flachslanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebsattel" title="Gebsattel">Gebsattel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerolfingen" title="Gerolfingen">Gerolfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geslau" title="Geslau">Geslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilsbronn" title="Heilsbronn">Heilsbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrieden" title="Herrieden">Herrieden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insingen" title="Insingen">Insingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langfurth" title="Langfurth">Langfurth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrberg" title="Lehrberg">Lehrberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutershausen" title="Leutershausen">Leutershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtenau,_Bavaria" title="Lichtenau, Bavaria">Lichtenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkendorf,_Bavaria" title="Merkendorf, Bavaria">Merkendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteleschenbach" title="Mitteleschenbach">Mitteleschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchsroth" title="Mönchsroth">Mönchsroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuendettelsau" title="Neuendettelsau">Neuendettelsau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neusitz" title="Neusitz">Neusitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberdachstetten" title="Oberdachstetten">Oberdachstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrenbach" title="Ohrenbach">Ohrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornbau" title="Ornbau">Ornbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersaurach" title="Petersaurach">Petersaurach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ckingen" title="Röckingen">Röckingen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgland" title="Rügland">Rügland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsen_bei_Ansbach" title="Sachsen bei Ansbach">Sachsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schillingsf%C3%BCrst" title="Schillingsfürst">Schillingsfürst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnelldorf" title="Schnelldorf">Schnelldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schopfloch,_Bavaria" title="Schopfloch, Bavaria">Schopfloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinsfeld" title="Steinsfeld">Steinsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterschwaningen" title="Unterschwaningen">Unterschwaningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassertr%C3%BCdingen" title="Wassertrüdingen">Wassertrüdingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weidenbach,_Bavaria" title="Weidenbach, Bavaria">Weidenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihenzell" title="Weihenzell">Weihenzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiltingen" title="Weiltingen">Weiltingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wettringen,_Bavaria" title="Wettringen, Bavaria">Wettringen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieseth" title="Wieseth">Wieseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburgstetten" title="Wilburgstetten">Wilburgstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windelsbach" title="Windelsbach">Windelsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsbach" title="Windsbach">Windsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittelshofen" title="Wittelshofen">Wittelshofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolframs-Eschenbach" title="Wolframs-Eschenbach">Wolframs-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6rnitz" title="Wörnitz">Wörnitz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg" class="image" title="Coat of Arms of Ansbach district"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Ansbach district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="33" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg/45px-Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg/60px-Wappen_des_Landkreises_Ansbach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153494#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153494#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153494#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210672/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129657859">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80145332/">WorldCat Identities</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-239445144/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119853298">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119853298">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4050698-8">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007561901105171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80145332">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ge134458&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2dcbd63f-6cb0-4177-a2d6-9b35146160de">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077783891">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>'
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
'1680114278'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/34758334"