Edit filter log

'{{Short description|City in Apulia, Italy}} {{About|the city in Italy}} {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Bari | official_name = Comune di Bari | native_name = {{native name|nap|Bare}} | image_skyline = {{multiple image |border = infobox |perrow = 1/2/3/2 |total_width = 290 |caption_align = center |image1 = A volo di gabbiano (cropped).jpg |caption1 = Lungomare di Bari |image2 = Bari - Teatro Petruzzelli vista frontale.jpg |caption2 = [[Teatro Petruzzelli]] |image3 = 054 Piazza del Ferrarese (Bari), amb el Palazzo Starita a la dreta.jpg |caption3 = Piazza del ferrarese |image4 = Bari - basilica di San Nicola - 202209171552.jpg |caption4 = [[Basilica di San Nicola]] |image5 = Bari - Piazza Mercantile - 2023-09-23 21-06-18 009.jpg |caption5 = Piazza Mercantile }} | image_flag = Flag of Bari.svg | image_shield = CoA Città di Bari.svg | shield_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map = Italy#Apulia#Europe | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|41|07|31|N|16|52|0|E|type:city(317,000)_region:IT-75|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Apulia]] | metropolitan_city = [[Metropolitan City of Bari|Bari]] (BA) | frazioni = | mayor_party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]] | mayor = [[Antonio Decaro]] | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 117 | population_footnotes =<ref>'City' population (i.e. that of the ''[[comune]]'' or municipality) from [https://demo.istat.it/popres/index.php?anno=2019&lingua=ita], [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]].</ref> | population_total = 316491 | population_as_of = 1 January 2019 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Barese | telephone= | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 5 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | postalcode= | istat=072006 | saint = [[Saint Nicholas]] | day = 8 May | postal_code = 70121-70132 | area_code = 080 | website = {{URL|http://www.comune.bari.it}} | footnotes = }} '''Bari''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑːr|i}} {{respell|BAR|ee}}, {{IPA-it|ˈbaːri|lang|It-Bari.ogg}}; {{lang-nap|label=[[Barese dialect|Barese]]|Bare}} {{IPA-nap|ˈbæːrə|}}; {{lang-lat|Barium}}) is the capital city of the [[Metropolitan City of Bari]] and of the [[Apulia]] [[Regions of Italy|region]], on the [[Adriatic Sea]], southern [[Italy]]. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland [[Southern Italy]] after [[Naples]]. It is a [[port]] and [[university]] city, as well as the city of [[Saint Nicholas]]. The city itself has a population of 315,284 inhabitants, and an area of over {{convert|116|km2|mi2}}, while the urban area has 750,000 inhabitants. The [[metropolitan area]] has 1.3&nbsp;million inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari - Place Explorer - Data Commons |url=https://datacommons.org/place/nuts/ITF47?utm_medium=explore&mprop=count&popt=Person&hl=en |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=datacommons.org}}</ref> Bari is made up of four different urban sections. To the north is the closely built old town on the peninsula between two modern harbours, with the [[Basilica di San Nicola|Basilica of Saint Nicholas]], the [[Cathedral of San Sabino]] (1035–1171) and the [[Castello Normanno-Svevo (Bari)|Norman-Swabian Castle]], which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat quarter (erected by [[Joachim Murat]]), the modern heart of the city, which is laid out on a rectangular grid-plan with a [[promenade]] on the sea and the major shopping district (the ''via Sparano'' and ''via Argiro''). Modern residential zones surrounding the centre of Bari were built during the 1960s and 1970s replacing the old suburbs that had developed along roads splaying outwards from gates in the city walls. In addition, the outer suburbs developed rapidly during the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari |url=https://www.uniba.it/en/living-in-bari |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro |language=en}}</ref> == History == {{For timeline}} === Ancient === Bari itself known in antiquity as ''Barium'', was a harbour of the [[Iapygians|Iapygian]] [[Peuceti]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |year=2012 |editor-first1=Simon |editor-last1=Hornblower |editor-first2=Antony |editor-last2=Spawforth |editor-first3=Esther |editor-last3=Eidinow |isbn=978-0-19-954556-8 |edition=4th |location=Oxford |oclc=959667246 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ |page=224}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Andriani|first=Luigi|year=2017|title=The syntax of the dialect of Bari|publisher=Homerton College - University of Cambridge|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131382669.pdf}}</ref> The authors of the [[Etymologicum Magnum]] have preserved an etymology by authors of antiquity about ''Barium'', which they explain as the word "house" in [[Messapic language|Messapic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Matzinger |first1=Joachim |title=Messapisch |date=2019 |publisher=Reichert Verlag |isbn=9783954907205 |page=8}}</ref> The city had strong Greek influences before the Roman era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bari-Italy|title = Bari &#124; Italy| date=15 October 2023 }}</ref> In [[ancient Greek]], it was known as ''Βάριον''. In the 3rd century BC, it became part of the [[Roman Republic]] and was subsequently Romanized. The city developed strategic significance as the point of junction between the coast road and the [[Via Traiana]] and as a port for eastward trade; a branch road to [[Taranto|Tarentum]] led from Barium. Its harbour, mentioned as early as 181 BC, was probably the principal one of the districts in ancient times, as it is at present, and was the centre of a fishery.<ref name="EB1911" /> The first historical bishop of [[Bishopric of Bari|Bari]] was [[Gervasius and Protasius|Gervasius]] who was noted at the [[Council of Sardica]] in 347.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SERDICA - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/serdica_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/serdica_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> === Middle Ages === With the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476, it was invaded by [[Barbarian|Barbarians]] and occupied by the [[Ostrogoths]]. It was taken from them by the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the [[Gothic wars]] and disputed for the following two centuries with the [[Lombards]] of the [[Duchy of Benevento]], who made it a steward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari tra oriente e occidente, dal medioevo ad oggi |url=https://www.basilicasannicola.it/page.php?id_art=266&id_cat=196&id_sottocat1=292&id_sottocat2=0&id_sottocat3=0&titolo=Bari%20tra%20oriente%20e%20occidente,%20dal%20medioevo%20ad%20oggi |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Basilica Pontificia San Nicola |language=it}}</ref> Throughout this period, and indeed throughout the Middle Ages, Bari served as one of the major [[slavery|slave]] depots of the Mediterranean, providing a central location for the trade in [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] slaves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin_italiamedievale |date=2008-02-09 |title=I secoli degli schiavi slavi |url=https://www.italiamedievale.org/i-secoli-degli-schiavi-slavi/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Italia Medievale |language=it-IT}}</ref> The slaves were mostly captured by [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] from [[Dalmatia]], by the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from what is now [[Eastern germany|Eastern Germany]] and [[Poland]], and by the Byzantines from elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine Empire and (most frequently) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean: the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], the [[Emirate of Sicily]], and the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions of Sakalaba [[Mamluk]]s).<ref>{{Cite book | title = The Cartoon History of the Universe III – From the Rise of Arabia to the Renaissance (Volumes 14–19)| publisher = Doubleday| year = 2002| isbn = 0-393-32403-6}}</ref> For 20 years, Bari was the centre of the [[Emirate of Bari]]; the city was captured by its first emirs [[Kalfun]] in 847, who had been part of the mercenary garrison installed there by [[Radelchis I of Benevento]].<ref name=Wickham62>{{cite book |author=Chris Wickham |title=Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000 |location=Totowa |publisher=Barnes and Noble |year=1981 |pages=62, 154 |isbn=978-0-389-20217-2}}</ref> The city was conquered and the emirate extinguished in 871 following [[Louis II's campaign against Bari (866–871)|five-year campaign]] by [[Emperor Louis II]], assisted by a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet.<ref>{{Setton-A History of the Crusades | volume = 1 | chapter = The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095 |first=Hilmar C. |last=Krueger |page=48}}</ref> Chris Wickham states Louis spent five years campaigning to reduce then occupy Bari, "and then only to a Byzantine/Slav naval blockade"; "Louis took the credit" for the success, adding "at least in Frankish eyes", then concludes by noting that by remaining in southern Italy long after this success, he "achieved the near-impossible: an alliance against him of the Beneventans, Salernitans, Neapolitans and Spoletans; later sources include [[Sawdan|Sawadān]] as well."<ref name=Wickham62/> In 885, Bari became the residence of the local Byzantine ''[[catapan]]'', or governor. The failed revolt (1009–1011) of the Lombard nobles [[Melus of Bari]] and his [[brother-in-law]] Dattus, against the Byzantine governorate, though it was firmly repressed at the [[Battle of Cannae (1018)]], offered their [[Normans|Norman]] adventurer allies a first foothold in the region.{{cn|date=June 2023}} In 1025, under the [[Byzantius (archbishop of Bari)|Archbishop Byzantius]], Bari became attached to the [[Holy See|see of Rome]] and was granted "[[province|provincial]]" status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BISANZIO - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bisanzio_res-355bc01a-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bisanzio_res-355bc01a-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> In 1071, Bari was captured by [[Robert Guiscard]], following a [[Siege of Bari|three-year siege]], ending what remained of the Byzantine power in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robèrto I il Guiscardo duca di Puglia, detto l'Astuto - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-i-il-guiscardo-duca-di-puglia-detto-l-astuto/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/roberto-i-il-guiscardo-duca-di-puglia-detto-l-astuto/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> In 1095, [[Peter the Hermit]] [[Preaching|preach]]ed the [[first crusade]] there.<ref name="EB1911" /> In October 1098, [[Urban II]], who had consecrated the Basilica in 1089, convened the [[Council of Bari]], one of a series of [[synod]]s convoked with the intention of reconciling the [[Eastern Church|Eastern]] and [[Western Church]] on the question of the [[filioque]] clause in the Creed, which [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]] ably defended, seated at the [[pope]]'s side.<ref>{{Cite web |title=URBANO II, papa - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-urbano-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-urbano-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> === Early modern period === [[File:XIX century print, Il porto di Bari.jpg|thumb|19th century image of the port of Bari.]] A long period of decline characterized the city under the dominations of [[Aldoino Filangieri di Candida]], and those of the [[Kings of Naples]], which held the control of the entire mainland Southern Italy from 1282 to 1806. This decline was interrupted, however, by the splendor under the [[Sforzas]], first with the dukes [[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico]] and [[Beatrice d'Este]], then with the duchesses [[Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan|Isabella of Aragon]] and [[Bona Sforza]]. Bari also underwent Venetian domination, which led to the expansion of the port and a very prosperous period, also favored by the trade of inland products, which were in great demand on foreign markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parte 2 -1440/1480 |url=http://rilievo.stereofot.it/studenti/aa00/trentadue/relazione/1440-1480.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=rilievo.stereofot.it}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-08 |title=Isabella d'Aragona e Bona Sforza: donne che hanno rivoluzionato la città di Bari. |url=https://www.pugliaculturaeterritorio.it/isabella-daragona-e-bona-sforza-donne-che-hanno-rivoluzionato-la-citta-di-bari/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Puglia Cultura e Territorio |language=it-IT}}</ref> In 1556, Princess Bona Sforza of Aragon, second wife of the [[Sigismund I the Old|King of Poland Sigismund I]], left Poland and settled in Bari, whose principality she had inherited from her parents. During her reign, she fortified the city's castle, as evidenced by an inscription in bronze letters on the cornice around the courtyard, as well as building several churches, a monastery, two water cisterns and made many donations to the monks of the Basilica of San Nicola. Bona Sforza died in the city in 1557.<ref name=":0" /> Following her death, the city of Bari came under the direct rule of the kings of Naples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BONA Sforza, regina di Polonia - Treccani |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bona-sforza-regina-di-polonia_(Dizionario-Biografico)/,%20https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bona-sforza-regina-di-polonia_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=Treccani |language=it}}</ref> In 1813, [[Joachim Murat]], [[Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)|King of Naples]] in the [[Napoleonic era]], began a new urbanization, changing the face of the city and setting a new "chessboard" growth model, which continued for many years to come. The village built at the time on the outskirts of the old city still retains its name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Traversa |first=Michele |date=2011-02-23 |title=Bari, storia di una città. E venne un Re, l'incontro di Gioacchino Murat a Bari |url=https://www.lsdmagazine.com/2011/02/23/bari-storia-di-una-citta-e-venne-un-re-lincontro-di-gioacchino-murat-a-bari/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=LSD Magazine |language=it-IT}}</ref> Water arrived in the city of Bari on 24 April 1915: it was the first cry of the Apulian Aqueduct. During the twenty years of [[Italian fascism|fascism]], thanks to the commitment of the mayor and then minister [[Araldo di Crollalanza]], the city experienced the urban development of the seafront.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feudis |first=Michele De |title=Don Araldo di Crollalanza, il costruttore della Bari moderna |url=https://www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it/news/bari/1342649/don-araldo-di-crollalanza-130-anni-senza-il-costruttore-della-bari-moderna.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.lagazzettadelmezzogiorno.it |language=it}}</ref> === World War II === {{More citations needed|1=section|date=June 2022}} On 11 September 1943, in connection with the [[Armistice of Cassibile]], Bari was taken without resistance by the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]], then during October and November 1943, New Zealand troops from the 2nd New Zealand Division assembled in Bari. The [[Balkan Air Force]] supporting the [[Yugoslav partisans]] was based at Bari. ==== The 1943 chemical warfare disaster ==== {{further|Air raid on Bari}} Through a tragic coincidence intended by neither of the opposing sides in [[World War II]], Bari gained the unwelcome distinction of being the only European city in the course of that war to experience effects like those of [[chemical warfare]].{{cn|date=July 2023}} On the night of 2 December 1943, 105 German [[Junkers Ju 88]] bombers attacked the port of Bari, which was a key supply centre for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces fighting their way up the [[Italian Peninsula]]. Over 20 Allied ships were sunk in the overcrowded harbour, including the U.S. [[Liberty ship]] ''[[SS John Harvey|John Harvey]]'', which was carrying [[mustard gas]]; mustard gas was also reported to have been stacked on the quayside awaiting transport (the chemical agent was intended for retaliation if German forces had initiated chemical warfare). The presence of the gas was highly classified and the U.S. had not informed the British military authorities in the city of its existence.{{cn|date=June 2023}} This increased the number of fatalities, since British physicians—who had no idea that they were dealing with the effects of mustard gas—prescribed treatment proper for those suffering from exposure and immersion, which proved fatal in many cases. Because rescuers were unaware they were dealing with gas casualties, many additional casualties were caused among the rescuers, through contact with the contaminated skin and clothing of those more directly exposed to the gas.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Following the attack, the harbor was closed for operations for three weeks and it did not return to full capacity until February 1944.{{cn|date=June 2023}} A member of U.S. General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s medical staff, Stewart F. Alexander, was dispatched to Bari following the raid. Alexander had trained at the Army's [[Edgewood Arsenal]] in Maryland,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/maryland/edgewood-arsenal-md-283594995|title=Edgewood Arsenal, MD - Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland Map & Directions - MapQuest}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=Please check this reference; the link(?) identifies the Edgewood Arsenal as part of the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland|date=March 2016}} and was familiar with some of the effects of mustard gas. Although he was not informed of the cargo carried by the ''John Harvey'', and most victims suffered atypical symptoms caused by exposure to mustard diluted in water and oil (as opposed to airborne), Alexander rapidly concluded that mustard gas was present. Although he could not get any acknowledgement of this from the chain of command, Alexander convinced medical staffs to treat patients for mustard exposure and saved many lives as a result. He also preserved many tissue samples from autopsied victims at Bari. After World War II, these samples would result in the development of an early form of [[chemotherapy]] based on mustard, [[Mustine]].<ref name=Infield1976>{{cite book |title=Disaster at Bari |author=Glenn Infield |year=1976 |publisher=New English Library |isbn=978-0-450-02659-1}}.</ref> On the orders of Allied leaders [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Winston Churchill]], and Eisenhower, records were destroyed and the whole affair was kept secret for many years after the war. The U.S. records of the attack were declassified in 1959, but the episode remained obscure until 1967, when writer Glenn B. Infield exposed the story in his book ''Disaster at Bari''.<ref name=Infield1976/> Additionally, there is considerable dispute as to the exact number of fatalities. In one account: "[S]ixty-nine deaths were attributed in whole or in part to the mustard gas, most of them American merchant seamen".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-4.htm |title=US Naval Historical Center report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112101131/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq104-4.htm |archive-date=January 12, 2008}}</ref> Others put the count as high as "more than one thousand Allied servicemen and more than one thousand Italian civilians".<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1889901210 Amazon book summary] of {{cite book |title=Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup |year=2001 |author=Gerald Reminick |publisher=Glencannon Press |isbn=978-1-889-90121-3}}</ref> Part of the confusion and controversy derives from the fact that the German attack, which became nicknamed "The Little Pearl Harbor"{{cn|date=July 2023}} after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese air attack]] on the [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii|American naval base in Hawaii]], was highly destructive in itself, apart from the effects of the gas. Attribution of the causes of death to the gas, as distinct from the direct effects of the German attack, has proved far from easy.{{cn|date=July 2023}} The affair is the subject of two books: the aforementioned ''Disaster at Bari'', by Glenn B. Infield, and ''Nightmare in Bari: The World War II Liberty Ship Poison Gas Disaster and Coverup'', by Gerald Reminick. In 1988, through the efforts of [[Nick T. Spark]], U.S. Senators [[Dennis DeConcini]] and [[Bill Bradley]], Stewart Alexander received recognition from the [[Surgeon General of the United States Army]] for his actions during the Bari disaster.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tucson Senior Helps Retired Doctor Receive Military Honor |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=943&dat=19880520&id=-61PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eVMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3824,2173744 |newspaper=[[Mohave Daily Miner]] |location=Kingman, Arizona |date=May 20, 1988 |page=B8 |via=Google News}}</ref> ==== ''Charles Henderson'' explosion ==== The port of Bari was again struck by disaster on 9 April 1945 when the Liberty ship ''[[SS Charles Henderson|Charles Henderson]]'' exploded in the harbour while offloading 2.000 tons of aerial bombs (half of that amount had been offloaded when the explosion occurred). Three hundred and sixty people were killed and 1,730 were wounded. The harbour was again rendered non-operational, this time for a month. <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:Bari explosion view from Barracks crop sm.jpg|9 April 1945 – view from the barracks. Photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band. File:Bari Explosion 1.jpg|9 April 1945 – photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band File:Italy 4 Bari Explosion front b.jpg|9 April 1945 – photo by WOJG Hubert Platt Henderson who was stationed at Bari as the Director of the 773rd Band </gallery> == Geography == Bari is the largest urban and metro area on the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]]. It is located in [[Southern Italy]], at a more northerly latitude than [[Naples]], further south than [[Rome]]. === Climate === Bari has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa'') bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa'') with mild winters and hot, dry summers. {{Weather box | width = auto | collapsed = yes | metric first = yes | single line = yes | location = [[Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport]] (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1932–present) | Jan record high C = 24.0 | Feb record high C = 25.1 | Mar record high C = 31.6 | Apr record high C = 32.6 | May record high C = 39.1 | Jun record high C = 45.5 | Jul record high C = 45.6 | Aug record high C = 44.8 | Sep record high C = 39.1 | Oct record high C = 35.2 | Nov record high C = 28.7 | Dec record high C = 24.0 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 12.6 | Feb high C = 13.2 | Mar high C = 15.7 | Apr high C = 19.0 | May high C = 23.6 | Jun high C = 28.2 | Jul high C = 30.6 | Aug high C = 30.5 | Sep high C = 26.2 | Oct high C = 21.9 | Nov high C = 17.6 | Dec high C = 13.9 | year high C = 21.1 | Jan mean C = 8.3 | Feb mean C = 8.7 | Mar mean C = 10.9 | Apr mean C = 13.9 | May mean C = 18.5 | Jun mean C = 23.0 | Jul mean C = 25.4 | Aug mean C = 25.4 | Sep mean C = 21.2 | Oct mean C = 17.2 | Nov mean C = 13.2 | Dec mean C = 9.6 | year mean C = 16.3 | Jan low C = 4.1 | Feb low C = 4.2 | Mar low C = 6.0 | Apr low C = 8.9 | May low C = 13.0 | Jun low C = 17.3 | Jul low C = 20.0 | Aug low C = 20.1 | Sep low C = 16.5 | Oct low C = 12.6 | Nov low C = 9.0 | Dec low C = 5.8 | year low C = 11.5 | Jan record low C = -7.6 | Feb record low C = -3.0 | Mar record low C = -5.4 | Apr record low C = -0.9 | May record low C = 3.6 | Jun record low C = 7.8 | Jul record low C = 11.8 | Aug record low C = 12.4 | Sep record low C = 8.4 | Oct record low C = 4.0 | Nov record low C = -1.0 | Dec record low C = -3.6 | year record low C = | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 50.8 | Feb precipitation mm = 37.0 | Mar precipitation mm = 41.0 | Apr precipitation mm = 42.0 | May precipitation mm = 30.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 29.4 | Jul precipitation mm = 17.8 | Aug precipitation mm = 13.3 | Sep precipitation mm = 41.7 | Oct precipitation mm = 53.9 | Nov precipitation mm = 62.0 | Dec precipitation mm = 47.4 | year precipitation mm = 466.6 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 7.4 | Feb precipitation days = 5.6 | Mar precipitation days = 6.5 | Apr precipitation days = 6.0 | May precipitation days = 4.5 | Jun precipitation days = 3.0 | Jul precipitation days = 1.9 | Aug precipitation days = 2.3 | Sep precipitation days = 4.8 | Oct precipitation days = 5.5 | Nov precipitation days = 7.0 | Dec precipitation days = 7.0 | year precipitation days = 61.4 | Jan humidity = 71.8 | Feb humidity = 69.7 | Mar humidity = 69.1 | Apr humidity = 67.8 | May humidity = 66.3 | Jun humidity = 64.2 | Jul humidity = 60.4 | Aug humidity = 63.3 | Sep humidity = 68.3 | Oct humidity = 73.2 | Nov humidity = 74.9 | Dec humidity = 73.1 | year humidity = 68.5 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/BariPalese_16270.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bari |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = February 4, 2024}}</ref> | source 2 = [[Servizio Meteorologico]] (extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari Palese |website=Temperature estreme in Toscana |date= |access-date=4 February 2024 |url= http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/bari-palese/ |language=it}}</ref> }} === Quarters === [[File:Municipalities of Bari with numbers.svg|right|thumb|Municipi of Bari]] Bari is divided into five municipalities (''Municipi''), constituted in 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.comune.bari.it/i-municipi | title=I Municipi di Bari | language=it}}</ref> The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods ("[[quartiere|quartieri]]").<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/23/Default.aspx |publisher=Palapa.it |title=Quartieri |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=31 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813042322/http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/23/Default.aspx |archive-date=13 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! width="10%" | Codice ! width="50%" | Nome ! width="15%" | Area ! width="15%" | Abitanti |- | style="text-align:center" | '''1''' | Municipio 1 | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:24.07}} km² | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:113378}} |- | style="text-align:center" | '''2''' | Municipio 2 | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:15.44}} km² | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:91303}} |- | style="text-align:center" | '''3''' | Municipio 3 | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:22.51}} km² | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:50742}} |- | style="text-align:center" | '''4''' | Municipio 4 | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:33.16}} km² | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:38566}} |- | style="text-align:center" | '''5''' | Municipio 5 | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:21.56}} km² | style="text-align:right" | {{formatnum:30209}} |} == Architectural landmarks == [[File:Bari al tramonto - fotografia di Augusto Aulenta.jpg|center|thumb|716x716px|Old town view at sunset]] [[File:Teatro Margherita dall'alto.jpg|thumb|Teatro Margherita]] [[File:Bari teatro piccinni.jpg|thumb|The ''Teatro Piccinni'' in Bari]] [[File:The port of Bari, Italy (L. Massoptier).jpg|thumb|A view of the old port of Bari]] * ''[[Teatro Margherita]]''. * ''[[Teatro Piccinni]]''. * ''[[Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bari]]'', a [[botanical garden]]. * ''Santa Chiara'', once church of the [[Teutonic Knights]] (as ''Santa maria degli Alemanni'') and now houses a museum. It was restored in 1539. * The Acquedotto Pugliese * The medieval church of San Marco dei Veneziani, with a [[rose window]] in the façade. * ''[[Conservatory of Bari]]'' * ''San Giorgio degli Armeni''. * ''Santa Teresa dei Maschi'', the main Baroque church in the city (1690–1696). * ''Pane e Pomodoro'' Beach is the main beach within reach of the city. Its reputation has for several years suffered from the apparent presence of asbestos from nearby industrial plants. * Bari features two sea harbours: the Old Port and the New Port, constructed in 1850. === Basilica of Saint Nicholas === [[File:Bari Basilica San Nicola.jpg|thumb|St. Nicholas Basilica]] The ''[[Basilica di San Nicola]]'' (Saint Nicholas) was founded in 1087 to receive the relics of this saint, which were brought from [[Myra]] in [[Lycia]], and now lie beneath the [[altar]] in the [[crypt]]. The church is one of the four Palatine churches of Apulia (the others being the [[cathedral]]s of [[Acquaviva delle Fonti]] and [[Altamura#Main sights|Altamura]], and the church of [[Monte Sant'Angelo]] sul Gargano).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bari (town)|display=Bari|volume=3|page=400}}<!-- Material on p401 not used --></ref> === Bari Cathedral === [[Bari Cathedral]], dedicated to [[Saint Sabinus of Canosa]] (''San Sabino''), was begun in [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine style]] in 1034, but was destroyed in the sack of the city of 1156. A new building was thus built between 1170 and 1178, partially inspired by that of San Nicola. Of the original edifice, only traces of the pavement are today visible in the [[transept]]. === Petruzzelli Theatre === The [[Teatro Petruzzelli|Petruzzelli Theatre]], founded in 1903, hosted different forms of live entertainment, or nineteenth century "Politeama". The theatre was all but destroyed in a fire on October 27, 1991. It was reopened in October 2009, after 18 years. === Swabian Castle === {{See also|Castello Svevo}} [[File:Puglia Bari2.jpg|thumb|Swabian Castle]] [[File:Bari BW 2016-10-19 12-32-30.jpg|thumb|Swabian Castle]] [[File:BariDec042021 02.jpg|thumb|The Old Town as seen from the sea]] [[File:Castle and Old Town of Bari - September 2017.jpg|thumb|The Old Town as seen from the Swabian Castle]] The Norman-Hohenstaufen Castle, widely known as the ''Castello Svevo'' (Swabian Castle), was built by [[Roger II of Sicily]] around 1131. Destroyed in 1156, it was rebuilt by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II of Hohenstaufen]]. The castle now serves as a gallery for a variety of temporary exhibitions in the city. === Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari === The [[Pinacoteca Provinciale di Bari]] (Provincial Picture Gallery of Bari) is the most important art gallery in Apulia. It was first established in 1928 and contains many paintings from the 15th century up to the days of contemporary art. === The Russian Church === The [[Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas, Bari|Russian Church of Saint Nicholas]], in the Carrassi district of Bari, was built in the early 20th century to welcome Russian pilgrims who came to the city to visit the church of Saint Nicholas in the old city where the relics of the saint remain. The city council and Italian national government were recently{{when|date=June 2023}} involved in a [[trade-off]] with the Putin government in [[Moscow]], exchanging the piece of land on which the church stands, for, albeit indirectly, a [[Barracks|military barracks]] near Bari's [[Bari Centrale railway station|central railway station]].{{cn|date=June 2023}} === ''Barivecchia'' === ''Barivecchia'', or Old Bari, is a sprawl of streets and passageways making up the section of the city to the north of the modern Murat area. A large-scale redevelopment plan began with a new sewerage system, followed by the development of the two main squares, Piazza Mercantile and Piazza Ferrarese. == Demographics == {{As of|2019}}, there were 316,491 people residing in Bari (about 1.6&nbsp;million lived in the greater Bari area in 2015), located in the province of Bari, [[Apulia]], of whom 47.9% were male and 52.1% were female.<ref>{{cite web |website=Comuni-Italiani.it |title=Popolazione Bari 2001-2015 |language=it |url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/072/006/statistiche/recenti.html |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> {{As of|2007}}, minors (children ages 18 and younger) totaled 17.90 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 19.08 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bari residents is 42 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Bari grew by 2.69 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |publisher=Demo.istat.it |access-date=2009-05-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html| archive-date= 26 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> The current [[birth rate]] of Bari is 8.67 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bari: what to see and what to do |url=https://viaggiart.com/en/bari |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=ViaggiArt |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, 3.8% of the population was foreign residents.<ref>{{cite web |website=Comuni-Italiani.it |title=Cittadini Stranieri - Bari |language=it |trans-title=Foreigners - Bari |url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/072/006/statistiche/stranieri.html |access-date=2018-03-13}}</ref> {| ! Residents by Region !! Residents by Nationality |- | {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- | Central / Eastern Europe || 2,047 |- | European Union || 1,983 |- | Western Asia || 1,948 |- | South / Central Asia || 1,732 |- | East Africa || 1,486 |- | East Asia || 1,343 |- | West Africa || 1,000 |- | North Africa || 492 |- | South / Central America || 368 |- | North America || 54 |- | South / Central Africa || 22 |} | {| class="wikitable" align="center" |- | Georgia || 1,664 |- | Albania || 1,390 |- | Romania || 1,171 |- | Bangladesh || 828 |- | China || 731 |- | Mauritius || 689 |- | Philippines || 561 |- | Nigeria || 474 |- | Pakistan || 353 |- | India || 300 |- | Somalia || 291 |} |} ===Migration=== According to an urban migration study in Bari, return migration gain to urban areas is higher than migration loss from urban areas. People migrating from urban destinations tend to migrate to different places in comparison to people migrating from rural areas. These findings are based on the background and behavior of a sample of 211 return migrants to Bari, Italy. Bari is a port city, making it historically important because of its strong trade links with Greece, North Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. Bari's economic structure is based on industry, commerce, services, and administration. Around two-thirds of the city's employment is in the tertiary sector with its port, commerce, and administrative functions. The highest percentage of Bari's working population is employed in services, with 45.6%. From 1958 to 1982, around 20% of migrants left Bari for other Italian communes, while around 17% or migrants came to Bari from other Italian communes. Under 2% of migrants left Bari to go abroad and came to the city from abroad.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Russel |last2=Strachan |first2=Alan |last3=Mortimer |first3=Jill |title=The Urban Dimension of European Return Migration: The Case of Bari, Southern Italy |journal=Urban Studies |date=June 1985 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=219–235 |jstor=43192080 |doi=10.1080/00420988520080361|bibcode=1985UrbSt..22..219K |s2cid=154608219 }}</ref> == Culture == === Fiera del Levante === The Fiera del Levante, held in September in the Fiera site on the west side of Bari city center, focuses on agriculture and industry. There is also a "Fair of Nations" which displays handcrafted and locally produced goods from all over the world. === Cuisine and gastronomy === [[File:Orecchiette al Pomodoro.jpg|thumb|right|A dish of ''[[orecchiette]]'']] Bari's cuisine is based on three typical agricultural products found within the surrounding region of Apulia, namely wheat, olive oil and wine.{{cn|date=November 2023}} The local cuisine is also enriched by the wide variety of fruit and vegetables produced locally. Local flour is used in homemade bread and pasta production including, most notably, the famous ''[[orecchiette]]'' ear-shaped pasta, ''recchietelle'' or ''strascinate'', ''chiancarelle'' (orecchiette of different sizes) and ''[[cavatelli]]''.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Homemade dough is also used for baked ''[[calzoni]]'' stuffed with onions, anchovies, capers, olives, etc.; fried ''[[panzerotti]]'' with mozzarella and/or [[ricotta forte]]; ''focaccia alla barese'' with tomatoes, olives and oregano; little savoury ''[[taralli]]'', and larger ''friselle''; and ''sgagliozze'', fried slices of polenta; all making up the Barese culinary repertoire.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Vegetable minestrone, chick peas, [[Vicia faba|broad beans]], chicory, celery and fennel are also often served as first courses or [[side dish]]es.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Meat dishes and the local Barese ''[[ragù]]'' often include lamb and pork. {{cn|date=November 2023}} [[Pasta al forno]], a baked pasta dish, is very popular in Bari and was historically a Sunday dish, or a dish used at the start of [[Lent]] when all the rich ingredients such as eggs and pork had to be used for religious reasons. The recipe commonly consists of ''[[penne]]'' or similar tubular pasta shapes, a tomato sauce, small beef and pork meatballs and halved hard-boiled eggs. The pasta is then topped with ''[[mozzarella]]'' or similar cheese and then baked in the oven to make the dish have its trademark crispy texture.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Another popular pasta dish is the [[spaghetti all'assassina]]. It is a slightly crunchy spaghetti dish, cooked in an iron pan with garlic, olive oil, chili pepper, tomato sauce and tomato broth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacucinaitaliana.it/storie/piatti-tipici/spaghetti-assassina-piatto-barese/|title=Spaghetti all'assassina: Dove mangiarli a Bari e la ricetta per farli a casa|date=9 March 2021}}</ref> Fresh fish and seafood are often eaten raw. Octopus, sea urchins and mussels feature heavily. Perhaps Bari's most famous dish is the oven-baked ''patate, riso e cozze'' (potatoes with rice and mussels). Bari and the whole Apulian region have a range of wines, including [[Primitivo]], [[Castel del Monte (Apulia)|Castel del Monte]], and [[Muscat (grape and wine)|Muscat]], notably [[Moscato di Trani]].{{cn|date=November 2023}} === Language === {{Main|Bari dialect}} The dialect of Bari belongs to the upper-southern Italo-Romance family, and currently coexists with Italian; generally these are used in different contexts. {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} == Sport == [[File:Stadio San Nicola Bari 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Stadio San Nicola]]]] Local football club [[S.S.C. Bari]], currently competing in [[Serie B]] (as of the 2022–2023 season), plays in the [[Stadio San Nicola]], an architecturally innovative 58,000-seater stadium purpose-built for the [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]. The stadium also hosted the [[1991 European Cup final]]. ==Education== *[[Conservatory of Bari]] *[[Polytechnic University of Bari]] *[[University of Bari]] == Transport == [[File:Bari Central Station.jpg|thumb|Bari Central Station]] Bari has its own airport, [[Bari Karol Wojtyła Airport]], which is located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of the centre of Bari. It is connected to the centre by train services from [[Bari Aeroporto railway station]]. [[Bari Centrale railway station|Bari Central Station]] lies on the [[Adriatic railway]] and has connection to cities such as [[Rome]], [[Milan]], [[Bologna]], [[Turin]] and [[Venice]]. Another mainline is connection southwards by the [[Bari-Taranto railway]]. The [[Bari metropolitan railway service]] operates local commuter services; while regional services also operate to [[Foggia]], [[Barletta]], [[Brindisi]], [[Lecce]], [[Taranto]] and other towns and villages in the Apulia region. Bari has an old fishery port (''Porto Vecchio'') and a so-called new port in the north, as well as some marinas. The Port of Bari is an important cargo transport hub to [[Southeast Europe]]. Various passenger transport lines include some seasonal ferry lines to [[Albania]], [[Montenegro]] or [[Dubrovnik]]. Bari – [[Igoumenitsa]] is a popular ferry route to Greece. Some cruise ships call at Bari. == In popular culture == The Guido Guerrieri novels by [[Gianrico Carofiglio]] are set in Bari, where Guerrieri is a criminal lawyer, and include many descriptions of the town. Bari is one of the primary settings of the detective novel ''[[The Black Mountain (novel)|The Black Mountain]]'' by [[Rex Stout]]. It is the characters' point of embarkation to [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Communist Yugoslavia]]. In the 1995 film ''[[The Bridges of Madison County (film)|The Bridges of Madison County]]'', Italian housewife Francesca Johnson ([[Meryl Streep]]), is mentioned as being from Bari and growing up in Naples. The 2020 Edoardo Ponti film ''[[The Life Ahead|La vita davanti a sé]]'', starring [[Sophia Loren]], is set in Bari. == Notable people == {{div col|colwidth=13em}} * [[Licia Albanese]] * [[Giovanni Alemanno]] * [[Emanuele Arciuli]] * [[Argyrus (catepan of Italy)]] * [[Francesco Attolico]] * [[Lino Banfi]] * [[Alessio Bax]] * [[Pope Benedict XIII]] * [[Gioia Bruno]] * [[Gianrico Carofiglio]] * [[Antonio Cassano]] * [[Riccardo Cucciolla]] * [[Niccolò dell'Arca]] * [[Chiara Fumai]] * [[Franco Giordano]] * [[Alfredo Giovine]] * [[Ivan Iusco]] * [[Gaetano Latilla]] * [[Guido Marzulli]] * [[Antonio Matarrese]] * [[Domenico Modugno]] * [[Aldo Moro]] * [[Pomponio Nenna]] * [[Mario Nuzzolese]] * [[Joe Orlando]] * [[Anna Oxa]] * [[Pino Pascali]] * [[Nico Perrone]] * [[Niccolò Piccinni]] * [[Victor Posa]] * [[Lazarus Racanelli]] * [[Francesco Racanelli]] * [[Francesco Riefolo]] * [[Rocco Rodio]] * [[Sergio Rubini]] * [[Gaetano Salvemini]] * [[Bona Sforza]] * [[Cesare Stea]] * [[Catia Summaria]] * [[Pope Urban VI]] * [[Nichi Vendola]] * [[Checco Zalone]] * [[Dulcita Lieggi]] {{div col end}} ==International relations== ===Twin towns — sister cities=== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}} Bari is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=I sedici gemellaggi di Bari|url=https://quotidianodibari.it/i-sedici-gemellaggi-di-bari/|website=quotidianodibari.it|publisher=Quotidiano di Bari|language=it|date=2017-07-11|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *[[Banja Luka]], Bosnia and Herzegovina *[[Batumi]], Georgia *[[Corfu (city)|Corfu]], Greece *[[Durrës]], Albania *[[Guangzhou]], China *[[Kostroma]], Russia *[[Mar del Plata]], Argentina *[[Monte Sant'Angelo]], Italy *[[Palma de Mallorca]], Spain *[[Patras]], Greece *[[San Giovanni Rotondo]], Italy *[[Słupsk]], Poland *[[Szczecin]], Poland *[[Sumgait]], Azerbaijan <!--rest - not twinning or twinning ended--> {{div col end}} == See also == {{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}} * [[Youmanity|Accademia Apulia]] * [[Bar, Montenegro|Antivari]] (means "opposite Bari") * [[Bari Light]] – the Punta San Cataldo di Bari Lighthouse * [[Durrës]] * [[Province of Bari]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == {{See also|Timeline of Bari#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Bari}} * Glenn B. Infield. 1973. ''Disaster at Bari''. Ace Books. New York, N.Y. * Vito Antonio Melchiorre. 2001. ''Note storiche su Bari''. == External links == {{Commons category|Bari}} {{Wikivoyage|Bari}} * [http://www.comune.bari.it/ City of Bari] * [http://www.provincia.ba.it/ Province of Bari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508080909/http://provincia.ba.it/ |date=2021-05-08 }} * [http://www.regione.puglia.it/ Region of Apulia] {{Province of Bari}} {{Cities in Italy}} {{Regional Capitals of Italy}} {{Mediterranean Games}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bari| ]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Apulia]] [[Category:Coastal towns in Apulia]] [[Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy]] [[Category:Port cities and towns of the Adriatic Sea]]'